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Chapter 26: The Cold War

(1945-1960)

Section 1: Origins of the Cold War Why was 1945 a critical year in United States foreign relations? What were the postwar goals of the United States and the Soviet Union? How did the iron curtain tighten the Soviet Union’s hold over Eastern Europe? How did the Truman Doctrine complement the policy of containment?

I. 1945—A Critical YearA. As the end of World War II approached, relations between the _______________________________ Soviet Union and its

wartime allies, the United States and Great Britain, grew increasingly tense. B. At a meeting at _______________________________ in February, Roosevelt, Churchill, and

_______________________________ agreed on the postwar division of Germany but disagreed on the future of Poland. C. In April, representatives of 50 countries, including the United States, adopted the charter for the United Nations, an organization

dedicated to cooperation in solving international problems.D. On April 12, Roosevelt died unexpectedly, making Vice President Truman the new President. Truman continued Roosevelt’s

negotiations with Stalin at the _______________________________ Conference in July.

II. Conflicting Postwar Goals (American and Soviet Goals)A. American Goals

1. Wanted conquered European nations to experience the democracy and economic _______________________________ that the United States had fought for during the war

2. Wanted to develop strong capitalist economies, which would provide good markets for American productsB. Soviet Goals

1. Wanted to _______________________________ Europe in ways that would help the Soviet Union recover from the huge losses it suffered during the war

2. Wanted to establish Soviet _______________________________ nations, countries subject to Soviet domination and sympathetic to Soviet goals

3. Wanted to promote the spread of communism throughout the world

III. Soviets Tighten Their HoldA. Communist Expansion in Eastern Europe

1. Albania and Bulgaria : Communists secure control by silencing opposition in Albania; Soviet troops seize Bulgaria.2. Czechoslovakia: Although it desperately tried to remain democratic, Czechoslovakia became a Soviet satellite nation in 1948.3. Hungary and Romania : By arresting _______________-Communist leaders in Hungary and forcing the appointment of a

Communist prime minister in Romania, Communists achieved power in both nations.4. East Germany : To make sure Germany could not threaten his nation again, Stalin established a

_______________________________ government, naming the state the German Democratic Republic.5. Finland and Yugoslavia : Both countries maintained their independence from Soviet control – Finland, by signing a treaty of

cooperation, and Yugoslavia, by following the leadership of Tito.B. The Iron Curtain

1. Churchill coined the phrase iron _______________________________ to describe the geographic and political divisions between Communist and capitalist nations in Europe.

IV. Containment and the Truman DoctrineA. The competition between the United States and the

Soviet Union for world influence came to be known as the _______________________________ War.

B. The American policy of containment accepted the fact that Eastern Europe was under Communist control, but sought to prevent Communist governments from forming elsewhere in the world.

C. The _______________________________ Doctrine, which applied the principles of _______________________________, stated that the

United States would support free peoples who resist attempted conquest. The Truman Doctrine was first applied in the cases of Greece and Turkey.

Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up How did the Marshall Plan, the Berlin airlift, and NATO help to achieve American goals in postwar Europe? How did Communist advances affect American foreign policy? How did the Cold War affect American life at home?

I. The Marshall PlanA. The United States wanted to help European nations recover from the war and become economically strong democracies. It also

wanted to prevent Communists from continuing to gain _______________________________ in Europe.B. The _______________________________ Plan was created in 1947 by U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall as a means to

achieve these goals. According to the Marshall Plan, participating nations would design _______________________________ programs and would receive financial aid from the United States.

C. Seventeen Western European nations joined the plan, receiving a total of $13 billion in aid.

II. The Berlin AirliftA. As part of the postwar division of Germany, the city of Berlin, located in Communist East Germany, was divided into West Berlin

(capitalist) and East Berlin (Communist).B. In June 1948, Stalin banned all _______________________________ to West Berlin through East Germany, creating a

_______________________________ which threatened to cut off supplies to the city.C. In response, Allied nations began the _______________________________ airlift, which delivered thousands of tons of food

and other supplies to West Berlin via air.D. Although the Soviet blockade ended in May 1949, Berlin remained a focal point of Cold War conflict.

III. NATOA. Why create a treaty organization?

1. Soviet vetoes prevented the United Nations from resolving a number of postwar problems.2. The United States sought to avoid the _______________________________ of post–World War I isolationism.3. The United States did not want to be the only nation in the Western Hemisphere committed to fighting communism. A

_______________________________ role in the treaty organization would be vital.B. What was NATO?

1. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (___________________) was formed in April 1949.2. In joining NATO, the United States, Canada, and ten Western European nations pledged to support one another against

attack, a principle known as collective security.3. In response, the Soviet Union created the _______________________________ Pact, a military alliance between the Soviet

Union and its satellite nations.

IV. Communist AdvancesA. The Soviet Atomic Threat

1. In September 1949, Truman announced that the Soviet Union had successfully tested an atomic bomb.2. In response, the United States began developing the even more powerful _______________________________ bomb,

reestablishing itself as the world’s leading nuclear power.3. The newly formed Federal Civil Defense Administration distributed information on how to survive a nuclear attack; this

information was ridiculed by experts.B. China Falls to the Communists

1. During World War II, competing factions in China had cooperated, but fighting between them resumed towards the end of the war.

2. At first, the United States supported Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi against Communist Mao _______________________________. However, the United States later decided to focus on Western Europe instead.

3. Many Americans viewed Mao Zedong’s creation of a _______________________________ state in China as a failure of Truman’s policies.

V. The Cold War at HomeA. During the late 1940s, fear of _______________________________ spies created a climate of suspicion in the United States.B. Truman established a federal employee loyalty program in 1947, checking the backgrounds of all new and existing federal

employees.C. The House Un-American Activities _______________________________ (HUAC) began investigating Hollywood

personalities who the committee claimed, had Communist leanings. When one group, known as the Hollywood ___________, refused to answer HUAC’s questions, they were cited for contempt of Congress and imprisoned.

D. Hollywood studios compiled a blacklist, a list circulated to employers naming persons who should not be hired. Blacklisted

individuals came from all sections of the industry and included anyone who seemed subversive.

VI. The Cold War at HomeA. Fueled by fears of disloyal immigrants from Communist countries, the 1952 _______________________________ -Walter Act

reestablished the immigration _______________________________ system from 1924. This act discriminated against potential immigrants from Asia and Southern and Central Europe.

B. Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies in the United States were sharing American secrets with foreign Communists. These were the cases of Alger Hiss and of Julius and Ethel _______________________________.

Section 3: The Korean War How did Communist expansion in Asia set the stage for the Korean War? Who fought in the Korean War, and what were the three stages of the war? What were the effects of the Korean War?

I. Communist Expansion in AsiaA. The Chinese Civil War

1. Civil war began in the mid-1920s and intensified after World War II.2. Mao Zedong won support for the Communists by redistributing land and offering schooling and healthcare.3. Jiang Jieshi’s Nationalist Party lost support because of harsh treatment of the population, high taxes, and corruption.4. When the Communists took power in 1949, the Nationalists fled to _______________________________.

B. The Division of Korea 1. World War II ended before a plan could be made for Korean independence from Japan.2. Korea was temporarily divided at the ________th parallel, the latitude line running through approximately the midpoint of

the peninsula.3. A pro-American government formed in South Korea, while a Communist government formed in North Korea.

II. The Korean ConflictA. In June 1950, the _______________________________ War broke out when North Korean troops invaded South Korea, aiming

to reunite the nation by force.B. A UN resolution, which passed because the Soviets were not there to veto it, called on member states to defend South Korea and

restore peace. Roughly 80 percent of the troops who served in the resulting UN police action were American.C. By attacking North Korean supply lines, General Douglas _______________________________ was able to gain an advantage

and push north. However, a stalemate developed after China helped the North Koreans push the UN forces back into South Korea.D. A truce signed in 1953 left Korea again divided near the thirty eighth parallel.

III. The Effects of the Korean WarA. Post-Korean War Changes in America

1. Warfare — Limited war, limited victory2. Integration of the Military — First war in which white Americans and African Americans served in the same units3. Increased Power of the Military — A _______________________________ -_______________________________

complex developed as the military established links with the corporate and scientific communities.4. Foreign Policy in Asia — September 1951 peace treaty signed with Japan; relations worsen with Communist China

Section 4: The Continuing Cold War What were the characteristics of the McCarthy era? How was the Cold War waged in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America during the 1950s? How did the arms race develop?

I. The McCarthy EraA. McCarthy’s Rise to Power

1. Wisconsin Senator Joseph _______________________________, up for reelection raised the specter of Communist _______________________________ within the United States.

2. McCarthy produced a list of 250 names of presumed Communist-_______________________________ government employees. Later, when scrutinized, this list was reduced to 57.

3. Although McCarthy’s accusations were usually baseless and unprovable, few were willing to risk their reputations by speaking out against him.

B. McCarthy’s Fall 1. In early 1954, _______________________________, the name given to McCarthy’s crusade, reached the army. 2. Democrats asked that the hearings between McCarthy and the army be televised, hoping to swing popular opinion against

McCarthy.3. By mid-June 1954, McCarthy had lost even his strongest supporters. The Senate formally condemned him for his actions.

II. The Cold War in the 1950sA. United States involvement around the world, 1947–1956

1. Eastern Europe — Wary of war with the Soviets, America did not support uprisings in East Germany, Poland, and Hungary.2. Southeast Asia — Korean War ends; former French colony of _______________________________ is divided into

Communist North and anti-Communist South.3. Middle East — United States supports _______________________________, backs groups that restore a pro-American Shah

in Iran; the Suez Crisis in Egypt erupts.4. Latin America — Organization of American States (OAS) is created; American aid helps anti-Communist leaders gain and

retain power.

III. The Arms RaceA. Throughout the 1950s, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in an __________________________race, a struggle to

gain weapons superiority.B. _______________________________, the policy of maintaining a military arsenal so strong that no enemy will attack for fear of

retaliation, resulted in the escalating development of powerful nuclear weapons.C. The American policy of brinkmanship involved bringing the United States to the brink of war without actually entering into war.

IV. The Arms Race in the SkiesA. To carry bombs to their targets, the Soviet Union developed long-range rockets known as intercontinental

_______________________________ missiles (ICBM).B. In 1957, one of these rockets was used to launch the Soviet satellite _______________________________, the first artificial

satellite to orbit Earth.C. When a Soviet guided missile shot down an American U-2 spy plane, the resulting _____________ incident shattered American

confidence

Key People, Terms, and Questions:Define the following terms and answer the questions in complete sentences on a separate sheet of paper.

NOT all answers are found in the notes; you will have to use your textbook to answer some of the questions.

Section 1: satellite nation iron curtain

Cold War containment

Truman Doctrine

1. What is a satellite nation? Why did Stalin want these satellites? 2. Why was the term iron curtain a good description of the Soviet presence in Eastern Europe? 3. What is the difference between the Cold War and a “hot” war? 4. How do the policy of containment and the Truman Doctrine complement one another?

Section 2: Marshall Plan Berlin airlift North Atlantic Treaty

Organization (NATO)

collective security Warsaw Pact House Un-American Activities

Committee (HUAC)

Hollywood Ten blacklist McCarran-Walter Act

5. What was the Marshall Plan, and why was it instituted? 6. What was the importance of the Berlin airlift? 7. How did NATO demonstrate the principle of collective security? 8. What did the HUAC hearings and the McCarran-Walter Act show about American attitudes?

Section 3: 38th parallel Korean War military-industrial complex

9. What was the importance of the 38th parallel? 10. How did the Korean War begin and fought on each side? 11. Why did President Truman fire General MacArthur? 12. Name two effects of the war.

Section 4: McCarthyism arms race deterrence

brinkmanship ICBM Sputnik

U-2 incident

13. What was McCarthyism? 14. What was the arms race? 15. How did the policy of deterrence influence U.S. actions during the Cold War? 16. How did Sputnik and the U-2 incident affect American public opinion and policy?