8/13/2019 Naces Final

1/18

Solar photovoltaic technologies:Have we reached the physical

limit yet?

Foo Khai Zhen UTPSiti Khadijah bt Hajon UNIMAS

Presanth s/o Gobinath UPM

Mohd Shahrizi b Razali UiTM ShahAlam

Group 4

8/13/2019 Naces Final

2/18

8/13/2019 Naces Final

3/18

Carbon Footprint: A Fraction of

Conventional Sources900

850

400

262 245

45 35 12

Coal Oil Gas CC Coal +CCS

ICGS +CCS

Biomass PV Multi-Si

Wind

gCO2-eq./KWh

Adapted from: First Solar , Inc. (2013)

8/13/2019 Naces Final

4/18

Physical limits?

A restriction in range of motion, strength,endurance or balance.

8/13/2019 Naces Final

5/18

Have we reached the physical limits?NO!

Geometry: Space, Surface area

Efficiency: Energy conversion Resources: Solar power, materials

8/13/2019 Naces Final

6/18

Justifications

Solar PhotovoltaicTechnologies

Has not reachedphysical limits

yet

Geometry

Efficiency

Resources

8/13/2019 Naces Final

7/18

Resources Solar resource is virtually

inexhaustible, available and able

to be used in all countries The solar technologies resources

depend on the solar irradiance

Photovoltaic can take advantageof direct and indirect (diffuse)

insolation. As a result, PV modules need not

directly face that enabled PVsystems to have broadergeographical application

(a)

(b)

Figure 1: The global solar irradiance at theEarth surface (a) December, January, February,(b) June, July, August

(Retrieved from Arvizu et al., 2006)

2W/m

8/13/2019 Naces Final

8/18

Geometry Modifications on space limitation factor higher solarelectrical capacities

Figure 2: Expected future of Solar Electrical capacities

(Retrieved from Gorai et al., )

8/13/2019 Naces Final

9/18

Efficiency

Efficiency of solar photovoltaic technologies is continuouslyincreased

Depends on type of materials used for the solar panel

Figure 3: Performanceof commercial PVtechnologies

(Retrieved fromEPIA, 2011)

8/13/2019 Naces Final

10/18

8/13/2019 Naces Final

11/18

Black Silicon Solar Cell

Average reflectance of 0.3% Tenfolddecrease in reflectance over the solar

spectrum - increase in energy efficiency Less light is reflected more sunlight can be

converted into electricity.

8/13/2019 Naces Final

12/18

Quantum dot solar cells

Quantum dots : semiconductors only a fewnanometres in size, used to harvest electricity fromthe entire solar spectrum.

Mechanical flexibility, low cost, cleanpower generation, can be created quickly

efficiency of 65%

8/13/2019 Naces Final

13/18

Spherical Micro Solar Cell

Capture sunlight from all directions

Efficient shape the sphere.

Traditional flat solar cells problem: efficiencyrelies on their relative position to the sun.

8/13/2019 Naces Final

14/18

Solar Tracker Orients photovoltaic panels

towards the sun.

Minimize the incidenceangle between the incomingsunlight and the panelproduce more energythan fixed panels

Performance increase:20% inwinter

50% in summer

8/13/2019 Naces Final

15/18

Liquid Solar Cells

Produce more power at lower

manufacturing cost Plasmonic-enhanced organic PV materials

incorporated with metal nanoparticles optical absorption (better power conversion

efficiency) Promise of 60% efficiency rating.

Applicable to great variety of surfaces

8/13/2019 Naces Final

16/18

Conclusion

Many new technologies emerging to keep onpushing the limitations forward for a betterperformance.

Solar PV technology - a very promising solution

to reduce carbon footprint globally.

Should be commercialized for the optimizationof the technology.

The defined physical limits of Solar PVtechnology areyet to be reached.

8/13/2019 Naces Final

17/18

ReferencesBourzac K. (April 2010) Black Silicon Makes Solar Cells Cheaper. InEnergyNews. Retrieved November 9, 2013, fromhttp://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/

Nasrudin & Hasaruzzaman (2012). Energy Situation in Malaysia: Present & ItsFuture. Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment

Nealon C. (2013). Solar Panels as inexpensive as paint? It's possible due toresearch at University of Baffalo. Retrieved November 9, 2013,from http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2013/05/018.html

Ponnampalam, D. R. (2012). Liquid Solar Cells: a new phase in solartechnology development. RetrievedNovember 11, 2013,from http://pv.energytrend.com/research/Dino_PV_20120528.html

Scientists Achieve Highest Open-Circuit Voltage for Quantum Dot Solar Cells.(Sept 2013). InScience Daily. Retrieved November 9, 2013, fromhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130913114022.htm

http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2013/05/018.htmlhttp://pv.energytrend.com/research/Dino_PV_20120528.htmlhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130913114022.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130913114022.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130913114022.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130913114022.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130913114022.htmhttp://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130913114022.htmhttp://pv.energytrend.com/research/Dino_PV_20120528.htmlhttp://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2013/05/018.htmlhttp://www.buffalo.edu/news/releases/2013/05/018.htmlhttp://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/http://www.technologyreview.com/news/418300/black-silicon-makes-solar-cells-cheaper/

8/13/2019 Naces Final

18/18

Potential of PV Technology in Malaysia

Average Solar Radiation: 400 to 600 MJ/m2

10thMPRenewable Energy & Action Plan985MW (2015)55% Total Energy GenerationMix (Solar Energy expected to contribute: 50-80%)

Source: Nasrudin & Hasaruzzaman (2012).Energy Situation in Malaysia:Present & Its Future. Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment