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My Elective experience in Tanzania and India by Naomi Sabrina Oliver Introduction: My medical elective was something that I had been looking forward to ever since embarking on a career in medicine. The endless possibilities of infinite locations, rare conditions and new experiences excited me to say the least. And finally after much preparation, enduring horrible vaccines and lots of packing the time had arrived. I chose to do my elective in countries that I had not visited before that would provide me with a culturally enriching experience while placing me outside of my comfort zone. I wanted to be able to compare and contrast what I had previously experienced in the UK as a medical student. I decided to do a split placement, spending 4 weeks of my elective period in each country. By doing this I hoped to end up with a very unique elective experience. With the obvious advantage of being able to experience two different locations instead of one. So I decided to venture to Tanzania and Zanzibar first, followed by India I have always been extremely passionate about obstetrics and gynaecology so decided to pursue this speciality in both locations. I had previously looked at the statistics available on maternal deaths according to each country, noticing that a huge variation that exists. Tanzania reported an average figure of 790 deaths per 100, 000 and India which reported an average figure of 230 1 . Putting aside economical differences between countries and endemic disease, I wanted to explore whether women were receiving adequate care during their labours. So I conducted an audit looking into the monitoring women received during admission to the labour ward: including modalities and frequency of use. My main outcomes from my elective that I wanted to achieve were: To gain a better understanding as to why such a huge variation exists between maternal mortality statistics by carrying out my audit. To gain raw clinical exposure and experience And finally to compare and contrast Obstetric care given in other countries to familiar practice in the UK.

My#Elective#experience# inTanzaniaandIndiaby# …...My#Elective#experience# inTanzaniaandIndiaby# Naomi#Sabrina#Oliver# Introduction:+ My#medical#elective#was#something#that#I#had#been#looking#

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Page 1: My#Elective#experience# inTanzaniaandIndiaby# …...My#Elective#experience# inTanzaniaandIndiaby# Naomi#Sabrina#Oliver# Introduction:+ My#medical#elective#was#something#that#I#had#been#looking#

My  Elective  experience  in  Tanzania  and  India  by  Naomi  Sabrina  Oliver  

Introduction:  

My  medical  elective  was  something  that  I  had  been  looking  forward  to  ever  since  embarking  on  a  career  in  medicine.  The  endless  possibilities  of  infinite  locations,  rare  conditions  and  new  experiences  excited  me  to  say  the  least.  And  finally  after  much  preparation,  enduring  horrible  vaccines  and  lots  of  packing-­‐  the  time  had  arrived.  I  chose  to  do  my  elective  in  countries  that  I  had  not  visited  before  that  would  provide  me  with  a  culturally  enriching  experience  while  placing  me  outside  of  my  comfort  zone.  I  wanted  to  be  able  to  compare  and  contrast  what  I  had  previously  experienced  in  the  UK  as  a  medical  student.  I  decided  to  do  a  split  placement,  spending  4  weeks  of  my  elective  period  in  each  country.  By  doing  this  I  hoped  to  end  up  with  a  very  unique  elective  experience.    With  the  obvious  advantage  of  being  able  to  experience  two  different  locations  instead  of  one.  So  I  decided  to  venture  to  Tanzania  and  Zanzibar  first,  followed  by  India  

I  have  always  been  extremely  passionate  about  obstetrics  and  gynaecology  so  decided  to  pursue  this  speciality  in  both  locations.    I  had  previously  looked  at  the  statistics  available  on  maternal  deaths  according  to  each  country,  noticing  that  a  huge  variation  that  exists.  Tanzania  reported  an  average  figure  of  790  deaths  per  100,  000  and  India  which  reported  an  average  figure  of  2301.    Putting  aside  economical  differences  between  countries  and  endemic  disease,  I  wanted  to  explore  whether  women  were  receiving  adequate  care  during  their  labours.  So  I  conducted  an  audit  looking  into  the  monitoring  women  received  during  admission  to  the  labour  ward:  including  modalities  and  frequency  of  use.  

My  main  outcomes  from  my  elective  that  I  wanted  to  achieve  were:  

-­‐To  gain  a  better  understanding  as  to  why  such  a  huge  variation  exists  between  maternal  mortality  statistics  by  carrying  out  my  audit.  

-­‐To  gain  raw  clinical  exposure  and  experience  

-­‐And  finally  to  compare  and  contrast  Obstetric  care  given  in  other  countries  to  familiar  practice  in  the  UK.  

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I  spent  four  weeks  in  Tanzania  in  total.  Three  of  which  were  based  in  the  Amana  Hospital,  Dar  es  Salaam  followed  by  a  one  week  experience  in  Kivunge  village  hospital  in  Zanzibar.  

The  Amana  hospital  is  a  district  hospital  approximately  dealing  with  around  1400  people  a  day  and  delivering  around  80-­‐100  babies  a  day  on  average.  New  mothers  are  kept  in  hospital  for  around  4-­‐6  hours  following  delivery  before  later  being  discharged  home.  

Day  one  began  with  my  tour  of  the  Amana  hospital.  I  had  been  told  prior  to  arrival  that  the  hospital  was  extremely  busy  and  at  peak  could  have  up  to  100  births  per  day  yet  nothing  could  prepare  me  for  the  fast  paced  and  very  efficient  environment  I  was  about  to  embark  on.    

The  main  delivery  room  contained  eight  beds  grouped  in  two’s  where  labouring  women  were,  around  the  corner  to  that    was  a  bench  where  those  who  had  delivered  within  the  last  20minutes  or  so  were  sitting  followed  by  a  large  counter  where  lots  of  screaming  new  born  babies  were  placed.  I  had  never  seen  anything  so  busy  in  all  my  life.  And  to  add  to  the  pressure,  there  were  lots  of  women  waiting  in  the  next  ward  to  come  over  to  the  labour  ward  to  deliver.  There  was  so  much  going  on.  Babies  were  being  delivered  every  5  to  10  minutes  at  peak  with  new  patients  replacing  them  within  20minuites  of  the  births.  I  felt  completely  overwhelmed  and  decided  to  observe  and  attempt  to  take  it  all  in,  so  at  least  once  I  returned  the  next  day  I  would  have  a  better  idea  of  how  the  system  worked.  

 

Tanzania:  The  next  day  I  returned  with  lots  of  enthusiasm  eager  to  get  involved  and  help.  I  asked  a  midwife  if  she  could  show  me  what  should  happen  during  a  normal  delivery  in  the  hope  that  I  would  be  able  to  conduct  deliveries  by  myself  by  the  time  I  had  completed  my  placement.  She  was  all  too  keen  to  help  me.  The  only  problem  being  the  sheer  pace  of  the  department,  abundance  of  blood  everywhere  and  intense  heat  led  to  me  nearly  fainting  every  15minuites.  Lots  of  the  staff  found  this  very  amusing.  One  of  the  lead  consultants  for  obstetrics  and  gynaecology  came  to  see  me,  explaining  that  obstetrics  and  gynaecology  wasn’t  for  everyone  and  that  it  may  be  a  better  idea  to  move  me  to  a  different  department  such  as  paediatrics.  I  felt  very  disheartened  by  this;  it  wasn’t  like  I  had  never  seen  a  delivery  before.  How  could  the  fantastic  experience  I  had  been  looking  forward  to  be  over  so  quickly?  I  was  determined  or  maybe  too  stubborn  to  give  up.  I  asked  the  doctor  to  give  me  one  more  chance  and  put  my  fainting  down  to  the  intense  heat  and  such  an  extreme  change  in  environment.  I  returned  once  more  the  next  day,  this  time  dressed  in  cooler  attire  and  loaded  with  caffeinated  cool  drinks.  

 The  third  day  on  the  department  proved  to  be  one  of  the  most  challenging  of  all.  Thankfully  my  syncope  attacks  had  disappeared  which  was  great  however  I  was  about  to  learn  how  unpredictable  medicine  can  be.  Without  notice  a  maternal  cardiac  arrest  was  rushed  into  the  delivery  room.  All  the  doctors,  nurses,  midwives,  medical  students  and  spectators  rushed  over  to  her  assistance.  In  the  meanwhile  eight  women  were  actively  in  labour.  One  patient  let  out  a  loud  scream,  so  I  went  over  to  her  bed  only  to  discover  that  she  was  crowning.    

I  shouted  for  assistance  and  used  my  initiative  by  putting  on  a  gown  and  pair  of  gloves  while  getting  the  necessary  equipment  ready  to  deliver  the  baby.  By  this  time  the  midwife  had  arrived  and  agreed  to  supervise  me  while  I  attempted  to  deliver  the  baby.  I  then  supported  the  perineum  while  delivering  the  head  followed  by  the  body  under  supervision.  This  was  a  very  challenging  experience  to  me  as  this  was  the  first  baby  I  had  ever  delivered  however  I  tried  to  remain  calm  while  pressured  and  felt  some  security  in  knowing  I  possessed  the  background  knowledge  and  understanding  of  the  physiology  behind  labour.  Not  to  mention  the  experience  of  watching  a  few  births  both  in  the  UK  and  Tanzania.  

Luckily  the  labour  was  straight  forward  resulting  in  the  delivery  of  a  healthy  female  infant.  I  then  completed  the  delivery  by  giving  the  patient  an  injection  of  oxytocin  and  delivering  the  placenta.  I  felt  exhilarated  by  the  experience  and  had  a  deep  sense  of  satisfaction  that  I  already  achieved  one  of  my  goals  three  days  into  my  placement.  To  celebrate,  I  decided  to  deliver  another  baby,  so  I  did.  Two  babies  in  one  day,  I  was  really  on  a  roll.  After  the  staff  had  seen  the  huge  progress  that  I  had  made  in  such  a  short  period  of  time,  they  congratulated  me  and  told  me  that  I  should  stay  put  and  not  change  to  paediatrics.  

 

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Over  the  next  two  weeks  I  continued  to  build  on  my  experience  by  delivering  more  babies  and  assessing  patients  when  they  first  arrived.    I  also  had  the  opportunity  to  brush  up  on  my  cannulating,  catheterising  and  venepuncture  skills.  Things  were  going  well  until  one  day  I  was  asked  by  a  midwife  to  conduct  a  delivery,  I  agreed,  then  walked  over  to  the  patient…on  further  examination  the  patient  had  quite  a  small  fundal  height.  I  wondered  whether  I  had  been  given  a  non-­‐pregnant  patient  by  mistake.  I  looked  at  the  midwife  puzzled.  She  then  explained  that  this  patient  had  suffered  an  intrauterine  death  at  28weeks  gestation.  

 Immediately  I  felt  outside  my  comfort  zone  and  wanted  to  back  away.  I  was  unsure  if  I  would  be  able  to  cope  emotionally  with  delivering  a  dead  baby  and  felt  unsure  about  the  whole  process  itself.    However  when  talking  to  the  patient  she  seemed  very  upset  and  emotionally  fragile  as  one  would  expect.  I  showed  her  lots  of  empathy  and  support    while  building    a  rapport  so  by  the  time  it  came  to  delivering  her  baby  I  felt  as  if  I  ought  to  be  there  for  her  and  promised  not  to  leave  her  side  until  it  was  all  over.  The  delivery  was  very  quick,  although  the  patient  seemed  sad,  she  also  seemed  relieved  once  it  was  all  over.  As  was  I.  This  experience  has  taught  me  that  whatever  emotions  I’m  feeling  that  they  are  probably  10  times  worse  for  the  actual  patient  .  No  matter  how  I  feel  about  the  circumstances  or  case  im  involved  in,  it  is  always  important  for  one  to  remain  professional  and  level  headed.  

However  at  the  same  time,  I  felt  it  was  important  to  acknowledge  that  I  felt  uncomfortable  about  death  and  found  support  by  talking  to  the  other  medical  students    at  a  later  occasion.  

 

 

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i.  

So  what  have  I  Taken  away?  

   

• Raw  clinical  experience  of  labour  • Chance  to  refine  skills  of  cannulation,  catheterization  and  

venepuncture  • Awareness  of  some  of  the  issues  that  exist  outside  UK  • Greater  appreciation  for  ethics,  patient  autonomy  and  good  

patient  communication  • Realisation  of  my  capabilities  and  where  I  can  develop  further  

 

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India:        

I  worked  in  the  Medical  trust  hospital  which  is  a  private  hospital  based  in  Cochin,  Kerela  once  again  in  the  obstetrics  and  gynaecology  department.  The  Medical  trust  is  a  750  bed  hospital  multi  speciality  hospital  considered  to  be  one  of  the  most  well  equipped  hospitals  in  south  India.  It  was  established  by  the  founder  Mr.PA.Verghese  in  1973.    Over  1000  medical  professionals  work  there  to  efficiently  run  the  hospital  on  a  day  to  day  basis.  

I  welcomed  the  opportunity  to  spend  more  time  in  clinics  and  on  the  ward  as  I  had  not  done  much  of  this  in  Tanzania.  My  day  in  India  would  consist  of  morning  ward  rounds  at  9am  followed  by  outpatient  clinics  until  1pm.  Then  clinic  would  commence  again  from  4pm  to  6pm.  On  Tuesdays  and  Saturdays  elective  surgeries  took  place.  As  I  wanted  to  conduct  more  deliveries  and  complete  the  second  half  of  my  audit  I  had  given  my  number  to  the  staff  in  the  delivery  room,  so  that  in  the  event  of  a  delivery  they  would  call  me  at  any  time  throughout  the  day.  

 

At  first  when  based  in  clinic  I  struggled.  The  language  barrier  was  a  huge  obstacle  for  me,  I  could  occasionally  pick  out  the  odd  medical  word  from  a  conversation  to  try  and  deduce  what  was  going  on  but  most  of  the  time  I  felt  out  of  the  loop  and  bewildered.  However  the  consultant  noticed  this,  so  was  keen  to  debrief  with  me  after  every  patient  as  well  as  translating  each  patients  presenting  complaint.  This  really  helped.  During  the  consultations  the  two  doctors  I  worked  with  would  take  a  thorough  history  followed  by  examination.    I  relished  the  opportunity  to  do  some  examinations  and  performed  bi  manual  examinations,  vaginal  examinations,  obstetric  palpation  and  breast  examinations.  In  the  UK  I  had  practiced  such  examinations  but  I  hadn’t  been  given  so  much  opportunity  to  be  able  to  practice  such  examinations  and  refine  my  skills.    

I  felt  a  breech  presentation  for  the  first  time  was  taught  how  to  demonstrate  prolapses  and  practiced  distinguishing  between  benign  breast  lumps.  

Being  in  clinic  allowed  me  to  see  a  huge  array  of  conditions  that  I  had  not  had  the  privilege  of  seeing  before.  These  included:  Molar  pregnancies,  HELLP  syndrome,  Adenomyosis,  and  pre  ecclampsia.    

Another  aspect  of  the  placement  I  particularly  enjoyed  was  my  time  spent  in  theatre.  I  observed  lots  of  hysterectomies  and  the  removal  of  a  large  ovarian  mass.    After  surgery  the  consultant  would  often  challenge  me  by  saying  okay  so  if  you  were  to  perform  a  hysterectomy  how  would  you  do  it?  This  was  useful  as  in  the  UK  the  emphasis  of  my  degree  is  on  medicine  at  the  expense  of  learning  about  surgical  techniques  and  procedures  in  detail.  This  gave  me  a  real  incentive  to  read  up  on  lots  of  techniques  while  getting  the  chance  to  discuss  the  clinical  relevance  as  to  why  each  step  is  performed.  I  really  enjoyed  this  and  this  gave  me  a  thirst  for  surgery  unlike  any  I  had  ever  had  before.  

 

 

 

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I  unfortunately  didn’t  get  a  chance  to  complete  my  audit  in  India  as  there  were  simply  too  few  births  taking  place.  Out  of  the  allocated  two  weeks  dedicated  to  doing  my  audit  only  three  births  took  place,  one  of  which  I  missed  as  it  was  during  the  early  hours  of  the  morning  and  the  other  two  occurred  very  quickly  with  short  notice  not  giving  me  a  chance  to  observe  and  collate  data  on  how  often  maternal  and  foetal  monitoring  were  taking  place.  However  from  observing  a  patient  that  had  come  in  due  to  reduced  foetal  movements  it  was  evident  that  continuous  electrical  foetal  monitoring  and  ultrasounds  were  being  used-­‐  which  is  something  that  I  hadn’t  previously  seen  in  Tanzania  but  an  all  too  familiar  picture  of  what  I’ve  seen  in  the  UK.    

One  of  my  clinical  highlights  of  India  was  initially  seeing  a  patient  that  presented  with  a  large  abdominal  mass  investigations  showed  an  elevated  CA-­‐125.  The  patient  was  promptly  taken  into  theatre  to  remove  the  mass.  Histological  results  confirmed  that  the  large  mass  removed  was  not  yet  cancerous  and  revealed  a  good  prognosis  for  the  patient.  Continuity  of  care  was  excellent  in  this  case.  Due  to  such  small  obstetrics  and  gynaecology  teams  cases  are  followed  through  right  to  the  end.  All  too  often  in  the  UK  I  had  witnessed  a  number  of  different  health  professionals  involved  in  a  patients  care  and  found  it  difficult  myself  to  follow  patients  through  to  discharge.  

 

Another  doctor  I  had  been  working  with  was  keen  for  me  to  demonstrate  how  I  would  examine  an  obstetric  patient.  While  doing  so  she  asked  me  lots  of  questions,  some  of  which  I  answered  well  others  not  so  well.  However  the  greatest  lesson  to  me  of  all  was  that  with  some  things  in  medicine  that  I  had  learnt  in  the  UK,  I  had  learned  them  blindly  without  questioning  why  they  are  clinically  important  to  do.  This  made  me  go  away  and  think  to  myself,  ‘so  why  do  I  want  to  perform/order  this  investigation’.  Now  from  now  on  when  I’m  learning  new  information  I  will  try  to  learn  the  clinical  significance  of  it  too  at  the  same  time  as  well  as  indications  and  contraindications.  

I  thoroughly  enjoyed  my  time  spent  in  India,  particularly  time  spent  in  the  outpatient  department  and  during  ward  rounds.  

 

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So  what  have  I  taken  away?  

• The  opportunity  of  seeing  medical  conditions  that  I  haven’t  seen  in  the  UK  before  

• A  greater  appreciation  for  why  individual  investigations  are  performed  

• A  realisation  of  my  own  capabilities  and  areas  where  I  can  improve  

• The  importance  of  good  effective  team  work  • A  greater  appreciation  of  the  concept  ‘continuity  of  care’  

 

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Audit  results  As  I  was  unable  to  record  data  from  births  in  India.  This  just  contains  data  collated  from  Tanzania:  

In  total  40  patients  were  audited  in  a  two  week  period  between  the  hours  of  8.30  am  and  2PM.  Patients  that  had  arrived  more  than  1  hour  before  myself,  or  where  I  hadn’t  seen  all  of  the  observations  carried  out  on  them  were  excluded  from  my  study.  

Patients  who  I  actively  helped  without  being  asked  due  to  medical  reasons  are  also  excluded.  

Average  maternal  age  range:  20-­‐25  age  range,  40%  

Average  parity:  nulliparity  37.5%  

Average  gravadum:  1,  40%  

Outcome:    

Maternal  mortality  rate  first  6  hours  0%  

 Foetal  mortality  rate  first  6  hours  10%  

7.5%  Caesarean  sections  

60.%  Spontaneous  vaginal  deliveries  

32.5%  Induced  vaginal  deliveries  (use  of  oxytocin  or  ARM)    

 

Monitoring   Blood  pressure  

Pulse   Temp   Respiratory  rate  

Vaginal  examinations  

Palpation  

Maternal:              Frequency   9(22.5%)   5(12.5%)   1(2.5%)   2(5%)   12(30%)   7(17.5%)                Monitoring   Fetoscopes   Ultrasound   Continuous  

foetal  HR        

Foetal:              Frequency   19(47.5%)   0  (0%)   0(0%)                      Percentage  of  labours  observed  receiving  each  modality  or  observation  

 Discussion  of  results:  

My  results  of  Tanzania  demonstrate  that  just  under  half  of  all  labours  had  fetoscopes  used.    Fetoscopes  were  not  used  routinely,  when  they  were  used,  this  was  usually  because  of  a  delay  in  the  second  stage  of  labour  or  in  the  presence  of  meconium.    The  most  common  maternal  monitoring  that  was  performed  was  measuring  blood  pressure;  however  this  was  only  done  in  just  under  a  quarter  of  all  observed  cases.  

Observations  were  also  more  likely  to  be  done  in  the  morning  when  the  labour  ward  was  less  chaotic  compared  to  the  afternoon.  Also  on  two  of  the  days  I  audited,  observations  were  carried  out  on  all  patients  during  that  morning,  as  the  staff  had  mock  medical  exams  and  were  being  assessed.  

I  asked  a  nurse  as  to  why  she  thought  there  were  so  little  observations  being  done.  And  she  admitted  that  the  labour  ward  was  just  too  busy,  so  if  labour  was  progressing  well  it  was  allowed  to  continue  without  any  interruption  until  delivery  was  imminent.    However  ideally  observations  on  both  the  mother  and  child  should  be  carried  out  every  4  hours  during  labour.  

Conclusion:  

In  conclusion,  my  audit  results  have  given  me  a  small  insight  into  why  such  variations  exist  between  maternal  mortality  statistics.  Namely  that  there  are  other  pressures  such  as  being  under  resourced  both  equipment  and  staff  wise  which  then  makes  providing  adequate  care  for  each  patient  much  more  difficult.  However    there  is  so  much  more  to  explore  and  given  the  opportunity  I  will  continue  to  conduct  research  during  my  career.  

 

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I  would  like  to  thank  my  sponsors,  Wellbeing  of  Women,  Ethicon  and  the  Royal  College  of  Obstetricians  and  Gynaecologists  for  providing  me  with  funding  towards  the  cost  of  my  elective.  

I  would  also  like  to  thank  Work  the  World  (Tanzania)  and  Medics  away  (India)  The  two  companies  who  helped  with  the  organisation  of  my  placement.  

I  would  like  to  thank  Dr  Johannes  Marko  from  the  Amana  hospital  for  overseeing  my  audit  and  teaching  me  during  ward  rounds  (Tanzania)  

And  finally  I  would  like  to  thank  Dr  Girja  Gurdas  and  Dr  Anitha  Nathan  from  the  medical  trust  hospital  for  being  both  inspirational,  welcoming  and  teaching  me  all  about  the  wonderful  world  of  obstetrics  and  gynaecology.(India)  

References  

 

1. NCCWCH.  2007.  Intrapartum  care:  care  of  healthy  women  and  their  babies  during  childbirth.  National  Collaborating  Centre  for  Women's  and  Children's  Health.  London:  RCOG  Press.  www.nice.org.uk  [pdf  file  3.09MB;  Accessed  September  2008]      

 

 

 

Acknowledgements  and  Thank  you’s