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Chapter 1

Introduction to Computer &

Information technology

• Definitions• Computer Tasks• Uses of Computer system • History of Computers & Computer

generations

The Contents

Definitions

• Computer : is an electronic machine that is

capable of performing arithmetic & logical

operations on an entered set of data ,

processing it and outputs information that is

useful for the user.

Arithmetic operations

Operation In Math In Computeraddition + +

Subtraction - -Multiplication × *

division ÷ /

are the four known math operations which are

And any other operation that’s refers to them like: square root , sine, cosine, tan ….

Logical operations

are the operations that have a result of either TRUE or FALSE but not together.like comparisons in math:

Description In Math In Computer

Greater than > >

Greater than or equal

≥ >=

Less than < <

Less than or equal ≤ <=

Equal = =

Not equal ≠ <>

Data

facts• ID, Name• Address• mark

observations• cloudy weather• fast cars

remarks or comments

• the mosque is crowded of students during exams

• medicine students always having higher marks

Ideas• letter• poem• essay

Data

Data

• is a set of facts, observations, remarks or comments and Ideas collected from a particular statistical society and entered to the computer for processing.

performing computer operations like arithmetic & logical operations on an entered set of data , in order to output information that is useful for the user.

Data Processing Information

Processing

Information is a set of results that are output from

the computer after processing the data.

Data Information

Marks Sum, Average, Sorting marks

Students names Arranging the in alphabetic order

Dirty picture Clean picture

Noisy song Filtered song

User : is the one who makes use of the computer, entering data and getting information

• Kind Of User :

1) Human

2) Another computer

User

•IT: is a term that encompasses all forms of technology used to create, store, exchange, and use information in its various forms (business data, voice conversations, still images, motion pictures, multimedia presentations, and other forms, including those not yet conceived). •It's a convenient term for including both telephony and computer technology in the same word.

IT (information technology)

Computer Tasks

Computer Tasks

Input

It accepts the data from the

user.

Storage

It stored the data until it is ready for use

hold data until it is needed

Processing

Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is responsible for processing all data and instructions given to the computer.

Output

returns the processed information to the user

Uses of Computer system

•Use Of Computers In Education•Uses of computer in business•Uses of Computers in Hospitals•Uses of Computers in Airports

Use Of Computers In Education

Advantages • Computers are the best way of teaching subjects to students.• Computers assist teachers in teaching their students easily and

quickly.• Students can search for the concepts which they wish to know

on websites.• Increasing the knowledge of these students greatly.• The students can be shown charts, diagrams and figures while

teaching practical oriented subjects such as Algebra, Geometry, Physics, Biology or Botany.

Uses of computer in business

• computers can be used in business from the stage of manufacturing till the stage of its sale.

• we can't think of a business without a computer.• business is all around of computers.• a manager's work is depends on computer

• scheduling controlling, communication, managing data and all the information about company and competitors.

• Computers can keep records of all the employees.

Uses of Computers in Hospitals

• computers in hospitals do not involve treating patients but help medical staff and doctors to handle information and data in a better manner.

Application of Computers in Hospitals1) Handling Medical Data 2) Scanning and Imaging3) Examination and Monitoring

Advantages of Computers in Hospitals1. Precise 'tests' and medical examinations2. Faster medical alerts, which are more accurate time-wise3. Enhanced data about patients medical history4. Precision in diagnosis5. Precision in billing6. Automated updating of medical history

Uses of Computers in Airports

Computers are used in airports to:

• Keep track of the planes' locations, speed, direction, status, etc.

• Monitor security devices like cameras, x-ray machines, and metal detectors

• Keep up with the departure/arrival status • Communicate over screens audio systems, and

paging devices • It is used for saving, who have booked the tickets

Computer History

• The First Generation: 1946-1958 (The Vacuum Tube Years)

• The first generation computers were huge, slow, expensive, and often undependable

• In 1946 built the ENIAC electronic computer which used vacuum tubes instead of the mechanical switches

• the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) and the UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer).

Computer History

• The First Generation: 1946-1958 (The Vacuum Tube Years) • Advantages:

– vacuum tubes could take very weak signals and make the signal stronger (amplify it).

– Vacuum tubes could also stop and start the flow of electricity instantly (switch).

• These two properties made the ENIAC computer possible.• Disadvantages:

– huge, slow, expensive. – The ENIAC gave off so much heat that they had to be cooled by large air

conditioners. • However even with these huge coolers, vacuum tubes still

overheated regularly.

The Second Generation: 1959-1964 (The Era of the Transistor)

• 1947 three scientists, John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain working at AT&T's Bell Labs invented what would replace the vacuum tube forever

• It was the transistor which functions like a vacuum tube in that it can be used to relay and switch electronic signals.

• The transistor was faster, more reliable, smaller, and much cheaper to build than a vacuum tube. ( One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes.)

• Transistors were found to conduct electricity faster and better than vacuum tubes.

• They were also much smaller and gave off virtually no heat compared to vacuum tubes

 The Third Generation: 1965-1970 (Integrated Circuits - Miniaturizing the

Computer)• The integrated circuit, or as it is sometimes referred to as

semiconductor chip, packs a huge number of transistors onto a single wafer of silicon

• Placing such large numbers of transistors on a single chip vastly increased the power of a single computer and lowered its cost considerably.

• Since the invention of integrated circuits, the number of transistors that can be placed on a single chip has doubled every two years, shrinking both the size and cost of computers even further and further enhancing its power

The Fourth Generation: 1971-Today (The Microprocessor)

• microprocessor (a single chip that could do all the processing of a full-scale computer).

• Because electricity travels about a foot in a billionth of a second, the smaller the distance the greater the speed of computers.

• It wasn't until the 1970's that people began buying computer for personal use.

• the earliest personal computers was the Altair 8800 computer kit.

• In 1975 you could purchase this kit and put it together to make your own personal computer.

• In 1977 the Apple II was sold to the public and in 1981 IBM entered the PC (personal computer).