MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Bones Joints Ligaments Cartlage Muscles

SKELETON

Functions:Support Supports the body Provides framework for the body Gives shape to the body Protection Protects vital organs Protects soft tissues Movement Provides locomotion (walking, movement) by attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments Hematopoiesis Produces red blood cells Produces white blood cells Produces platelets Storage Provides calcium Provides phosphorus

Bones Classification: LONG BONES have an extended shape and provide the body with support and strength. Act as levers; support frameArms, legs, femur, tibia, radius

SHORT BONES approximately cube shaped Facilitate movement; transfer forcesWrists, ankles, feet

FLAT BONES Are flat and provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment Serve as muscle attachment and for protectionCranial, ribs, shoulder blades, hips

IRREGULAR BONESare similar to short bones, but are irregular in shape. For attachment of other structure and articulation

Sesamoid bone small, rounded bones They develop within joints and tendons

Structure Compact bone is hard and solid. It composes the

Spongy bone is composed of

shaft of long bones and the outer layer of other bones

small bony plates. It contains more spaces than compact bone.

MARROW hollow inner part of the bone is filled

with a soft substanceYELLOW MARROW RED MARROW

YELLOW MARROW

RED MARROW

is found in the central cavities of the long bones and is mostly fat

is found in the ends of long bones, in the bodies of the vertebrae, and in flat bones. Red bone marrow is responsible for the manufacturing of red blood cells, white blood cells, and

Periosteum is a hard, fibrous

connective tissue membrane that covers most of the outside of the bone.

Construction of the LONG bones The

Diaphysis

also known as shaft

of the long bone is hard and compact. The

Epiphysis

is spongelike and is

covered by shell of harder bone

Epiphyseal

growth plate

The place where the diaphysis and

epiphysis meet when full growth is achieved.

Markings Facet is a small plane of

smooth area. The most commonly known facets are those of the spinal column.

Condyle is a large, rounded

projection, usually for articulation with another bone.

Tuberosity is a large,

elevated, knoblike projection, usually for muscle attachment

Plate A flat projection or

area

dental plate (dorsal or roof plate)makes up the roof of the mouth

foot plateis the flat portion of the stapes, which is one of the tiny bones in the middle ear

Bony Process Any prominence Spine (spina) is a sharp Ridge

or projection of bone process

or crest

is a thin or

Tubercle is a small

rounded knob or nodule, usually for the attachment of a tendon or ligament

Open Areas Foramen A hole through

which blood vessels, ligaments, and nerves pass

Canal A long, tubelike

hole

Apical

foramen foramen canal

an opening in the

root of each tooth

Sciatic

in the hip bone

Alcocks

in the perineal area

carotid

canal

through which the

carotid blood vessels pass into the cranium

Infraorbital

canal

in the eye socket.

sinus is a sponge-like air

space within a bone, such as the paranasal sinuses within the skull bones

Fossa A dent, trench, or

depression

Ethmoid

Fossa

Where the

olfactory bulb lies

Glenoid

Fossa

Where the

mandible lies

JOINTS The

points at which bones attach to each other. It is also called as Articulation It aids in motion

Classification Synarthroses are immovable. Sutures

Syndesmosis is a type of

fibrous joint in which bones are united by fibrous connective tissue, forming an interosseous membrane or ligament

Gomphosis is a type of

fibrous joint in which a conical process is inserted into a socket type of structure.)

Amphiarthrose s as those of the

symphysis pubis or the articulations between the ribs and the spinal columnare slightly movable

Synchrondosisis a type of cartilaginous joint

Diarthroses

(synovial joints) are freely movable,

allowing movement in various directions. It is present at the end of the bones It contains ligaments and cartilage

Example of Synovial joints HINGE Known as

ginglymus joint Allows movement in only one plane Examples are:Knee Elbow Jaw

BALL-AND-SOCKET

joint Known as spheroidal

joint

PIVOT

joint

One bone pivots or

turns within a bony cartilaginous ring

Atlas Head rotating on the axis

GLIDING

joint

Known as

arthrodial/pla ne joint The bone slides against each other

CONDYLOID

joint Oval-shape

head of one bone moves within the elliptical cavity in another, permitting all movement except axial

SADDLE

joint

Movement can be

shifted in several directions

BURSAEare small, flat sacs lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. They help ease the movement, while reducing friction

LIGAMENTS Are

strong fibrous bands that holds bone together They connect bone to muscle or cartilage Support internal organs and other structures Allows for great flexibility, stretching and movement

Types: ARCUATE

ligament Connects the

diaphragm with the lowest rib and the first lumbar vertebrae

Broad

ligament of UTERUS

A part of the peritoneum that supports

the uterus Connects the uterus and the pelvic wall

Broad

ligament of LIVER

Known as falciform ligament Fold of peritoneum that help attach the

liver to the diaphragm, and also separates the right and left lobe of the liver

Cruciate ligament of kneeArises from the femur and attach to the tibia at the knee.

Henles

ligament

Attaches rectus abdominus muscle to the

pubic bone

Inguinal

Ligament Known as

pouparts ligament Attaches anterior superior spine of ilium to spine of pubis

Medial Ligament in the knee Known as the

patellar tendon Attaches quadriceps femoris to the patella and down to the tibia

Periodontal

Ligament Connective

tissue surrounding roots of the teeth in holding them in place

Pubofemoral

Ligament Connects

pubis and femur

Rhomboid

ligament Connects

cartilage of first rib to the underside of the clavicle

Round

Ligament of Femur Broad ligament

arising from acetabulum and inserting on head of femur

CARTILAGE Is

a type of connective tissue organized into a system of fibers. Articular Cartilage Covers the end of the long bones It helps reduce friction to the joint and to distribute weight

TYPES: HYALINE

cartilage

Hard, transparent material rich in

collagen and proteoglycan It covers the end of the bone to form the smooth articular surface of the joints.Found in the nose, larynx, between ribs and the sternum Bones grow via a hyaline cartilage by endochondrial ossification

ELASTIC

cartilage

It is a stiff cartilage yet elasticFound in:the pinna of the ears Eustachian tube The epiglottis

FIBROCARTILAGE It is a white, very tough material that

provides high tensile strength and support.It contains more collagen and less proteoglycan Found in:Intervertebral disc Symphysis pubis

DIVISIONS of the SKELETON AXIAL

skeleton skeleton

Bones in the center or axis ob the body

APPENDICULAR

contains the bones of the extremities and

appendages of the body

AXIAL skeleton Is

composed of:

Skull Vertebral column Thoracic Cage

SKULL CRANIUM PARIETAL bone (2) OCCIPITAL bone (1) FRONTAL bone (1) TEMPORAL bone (2) SPHENOID bone (1) ETHMOID bone (1)

ACTIONS: Protect the: Brain Eyes Ears

Fontanels

newborn

of the

Anterior (frontal)

Fontanel Fontanel

Diamond shaped

Posterior (occipital)Triangular shape

Sphenoidal

Fontanel Mastoid Fontanel

Purpose: Permits the skill of the infant to change

shape as it passes through the vaginal canal It allows growth of the infants head

FACIAL

bones

Nasal (2) Bridge of nose Vomer (1) Divides the nasal cavity Conchae (2) (inferior turbunates) Seen in the nostrils

Lacrimal (2) Orbitals Part of eye sockets

Zygomatic (2) Prominent part of

cheeks Base of eye socket

Palate (2) Palatines Back of hard palate

Maxillae

(2) (1)

Upper jaw Front of hard palate

Mandible

Lower jaw

They are light weight Shape are irregular Small The cranial and the facial bone: Gives the face its individual shape

Auditory

Ossicles in the Ear Malleus (pair) Hammer Incus (pair) anvil Stapes (pair) stirrup

Ossicles Are essential for hearing

The

cranial and the facial bone:

Gives the face its individual shape

HYOID

bone

Lies behind and

below the mandible and directly above the larynxIt seems to float It is attached with the tongue muscle to assist with swallowing

SINUSES Frontal Ethmoid Sphenoid MaxillaryMakes the skull lighter and enhance vocal sounds

VERTEBRAL COLUMN Holds the head Stiffens and

supports the middle portion of the body Provides attachment for the ribs and pelvic bones It protects the

Cervical

Vertebrae

(7) Located in the neck AtlasSupports the skull

AxisResponsible for head movement

Purpose: is to contain and protect the spinal cord,

support the skull, and enable diverse head movement

CERVICAL NERVES C1:

Head and neck C2: Head and neck C3: Diaphragm C4: Upper body muscles (e.g. Deltoids, Biceps) C5: Wrist extensors C6: Wrist extensors C7: Triceps C8: Hands

Thoracic

Vertebrae (12) Ribs are attached

Thoracic

Nerves

T3 T7 Chest Muscles T8 T11 Abdominal Muscles

Lumbar

Vertebrae

(5) are the largest

segments of the movable part of the vertebral column

Lumbar

Nerves

L1 L5 Leg Muscles

Sacral

Vertebrae

This is fused in

adults to form the SacrumAnchors the pelvis

Sacral

Nerves

S1 S3 Bowel and Bladder S4 S5 Sexual Function

Coccyx Commonly known

as the tailbone

Known as the coccygeal vertebrae in children, but is small and incomplete.

Intervertebral Disk act

as shock absorbers during: walking jumping falling

slipped

disk

refers to an

intervertebral disk that has shifted out of position

Factorsthat

leadto injury from a slipped disk: aging with associated degeneration and

loss of elasticity of the discs and supporting structures improper lifting twisting or turning excessive strain sudden forceful trauma.

For slipped disks in the neck Numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in the shoulder, neck, arm, or hand For slipped disks in the lower back Numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in the buttocks, back, legs, or feet Numbness and tingling around the anus or genitals Pain down the back of each leg from the buttocks to the knee (this is called sciatica) Pain with movement, straining, coughing, or doing leg raises Difficulty controlling bowel movements or bladder

Ruptured

disk

occurs when pressure

forces some less dense tissue sideways, causing a protrusion in the walls of the disk

Spine Abnormalities: Scoliosis is an abnormal

lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine. It occurs most commonly during adolescence and is more frequently found in girls than in boys.

Lordosis also known as

swayback, is an exaggeration of the normal lumbar spine curve in the small of the back.

Kyphosis commonly known as

widows hump or humpback may occur in aging and is more common in women

Thoracic (Rib) Cage Ribs

(costae).

is a cavity formed

by 12 pairs of flat, narrowed bones. elastic cartilageprovides room for the chest and the abdomen to expand

Thoracic cageprotects the heart, lungs, and the great thoracic blood vessels. It attaches to the diaphragm.true ribsThe first 7 ribs Known as the vertebro-sternal ribs They are attached to the thoracic vertebrae and the sternum

false ribsThe next 3 ribs Known as the vertebro-costal ribs

floating ribsThe last 2 ribs attached only posteriorly to the vertebrae and are not attached to each other.

Sternum The

front boundary of the upper part of the thorax. a flat, swordshaped bone in the middle of the chest opposite the thoracic vertebrae in the

The Appendicular Skeleton Upper

Extremities Lower Extremities Pelvic Girdle

Upper Extremities Shoulder Arms Shoulder Girdle Clavicle Scapula Humerus Forearm: Ulna Radius

Wrist Carpal Bones (8) Hamate Capitate Tapezium Scaphoid Lunate Pisiform Triquetral

Metacarpals Phalanges

Lower ExtremitiesFemur The upper bone of the leg Thigh bone Longest and strongest

bone

Head of the femurAttached to the acetabulum Neck Shaft

Tibia

Weight nearing long bone

Fibula Patella Medial Maleolus Lateral Maleolus

of the lower leg

Tarsal

Bones (7)

Talus Navicular Cuboid Cuneiforms Calcaneus

Metatarsal Phalanges

The

hands feet

are designed for fine and flexible

movements

The

are designed for support

Pelvic GirdleKnown as the pelvis This is known as the: IliumIdentified as the hip bone

IschiumThe stronger portion

PubisDuring fetal life

Women

has bigger pelvis to allow development of fetus.

The Muscles determine

a persons body shape Functions as: Aiding in body

movement Blood circulation Heat production

FUNCTIONS VoluntarynEnable

Movement

walking, standing, sitting, and other movements nMaintain body in upright position nParticipate in body balance

FUNCTIONS InvoluntarynMaintain

Muscle action

heartbeat to pump blood nProvide arterial blood flow nPromote lymphatic and venous blood return to heart nDilate and contract blood vessels to control blood flow nMaintain respiration nPerform digestion processes nPerform elimination processes nParticipate in reflexes nEnable all other involuntary actions of body

ProtectionnProtect

body in emergency by reflex action nCover, surround, and protect internal organs (viscera) nSupport internal organs

MiscellaneousnProduce

heat nAssist in maintaining stable body temperature nProvide shape to body

Muscle Classification Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Skeletal

and cardiac

muscles are striated meaning that they consist of fibers marked by bands crossing them, which gives them a striped appearance.

Smooth

muscle

is nonstriated

Muscles

are:

Involuntary are smooth, unicycle nucleated, nonbranching muscles that are not directly controllable at will.Cardiac Muscle Smooth muscle They are controlled by the CNS or hormones

Voluntary striated muscle that can be controlled voluntarilySkeletal muscle

SMOOTH MUSCLELOCATION: Wall of hollow organs, vessels, respiratory

CELL CHARACTERISTIC: CONTROL: ACTION: Tapered at each end, single nucleus, nonstriated Involuntary Produces peristalsis; contracts and relaxes; may

passageways

sustain contraction; helps maintain blood pressure by regulating size of arteries

controls

involuntary motions inside the body organs (viscera). also known as involuntary or visceral muscle. is responsible for:

propelling urine through the urinary tract moving food along the digestive tract dilating the pupils of the eyes dilating and contracting blood vessels to assist in blood circulation.respond to nervous stimulation in

CARDIAC MUSCLE LOCATION: Wall of heart CELL CHARACTERISTIC: Branching networks, single nucleus, lightly CONTROL: Involuntary ACTION: Pumps blood out of heart; self-excitatory but

striated

influenced by nervous system and hormones

is

the middle layer of the heart (myocardium). responsible for propelling blood through the blood vessels It works automatically

SKELETAL MUSCLELOCATION: CELL CHARACTERISTIC: Long and cylindrical; multinucleated; heavily Attached to bones

CONTROL: ACTION: Voluntary Produces movement at joints; stimulated by

striated

nervous system; contracts and relaxes rapidly; produces heat through aerobic production of energy; assists in blood return to heart

Skeletal Muscles control movements of the skeleton Under conscious control Constitute about 40% of body weight Functions: Locomotion Facial expression Posture

Structure of Skeletal Muscles are

considered organs lie in sheets and cords beneath the skin and cover the bones. are wrapped together in bundles, and several bundles

Fasciaa sheath of connective tissue, which separates individual muscles or surrounds muscle groups, forming compartments

The

ORIGIN

Is one end of the

muscle. It is immobile attached to the more stationary of the two bones needed for movement

The

INSERTION

is the part of the

muscle that attaches to the bone that undergoes the greatest movement.

The

BELLY

The main part of

the muscle

The

PERIOSTEUM

The fibrous muscle tissue that covers

bone

Tendons The

ends of fascia lengthen into tough cords attach muscle to bones

MUSCLES of the BodyNeck and Shoulder Muscles SternocleidomastoidLocated on the side of the neck Helps keep the head erect May cause torticollis if

Deltoid Found on the shoulders It moves upper arm outward the body It is one of the intramuscular injection sites

Arm

and Anterior Chest Muscles Biceps Found on the front of the upper arm Helps in the flexing of the forearms

Triceps Found in

the posterior of the biceps. Helps in the extending the forearm

Pectoralis Major, Minor Serratus anterior Found in the anterior

upper chest, anterior chest arising from ribs Helps in bring arms across the chest This is known as pecs

Muscles

for Respiration Diaphragm Seen between the abdominal and thoracic cavities It assist in the process of breathing

Intercostal Found between the Ribs Helps enlarge the chest cavity

Abdominal Muscles Internal Oblique,

External Oblique, Transversus abdominis, Rectus AbdominisThese are flat bands that stretch from ribs to pelvis, overlapping in layers from various angles They support the abdominal Organ These are known as ABS

Back and Posterior

Chest

Trapezius DorsiSeen across the back and posterior chest Helps to lift shoulder

Latissimus Dorsi and other back muscles Found across the

back and posterior chest They work in groups; help to stand erect, balance when heavy objects are carried, and

Gluteal Muscle Gluteus Maximus,

Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus

It forms the buttocks It helps change from sitting to standing position Helps in walking It is one of the intramuscular injection sites

Thigh

and Lower Leg Muscles Quadriceps Femoris

Group:

Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius, Vastus MedialisFound on the anterior thigh Helps extends legs and thigh They are known as quads Common site for

Hamstring Group: Biceps Femoris, Semimembranous, SemitendinosusLocated in the posterior thigh Helps in the flexion of the leg and thigh

Gracilis Located in the thigh Flexes and adducts leg and thigh

Sartorius Located in the thighs It flexes and rotates thigh and legs Called tailors muscle because it allows sitting in cross-legged position

Tibialis Anterior Situated in the anterior leg Helps in the elevation and flexion of the foot

Gastrocnemiu

s

Located in the calf Flexes foot and Leg

Soleus Located in the calf Extends and rotates foot

Peroneus longus Located in the calf Extends, abducts and avert foot

Achilles Tendon Attaches calf muscle to heel bone Allows extension of foot and gives spring to walk

Muscles

in the HEAD

Orbicularis oculi Moves eyes and wrinkles forehead Disorder may cause strabismus (cross-eye)

Orbicularis oris Moves mouth and surrounding facial structures

Masseter Assists in chewing by raising lower jaw

Buccinator Moves fleshly portion of cheek for smiling

Diaphragm and Intercostals the primary muscles of The contractions of the

respiration diaphragm and the intercostals work together to enlarge the chest space and to form negative pressure within the thoracic cavity. Relaxation of these muscles causes the thoracic cavity to become smaller, thereby forcing air out of the lungs and into the atmosphere.

Muscles of the Hands and FeetThe muscles and tendons of the hands and feet are arranged in a slightly different manner from those of the rest of the body. Many bones, muscles, and tendons in the hands and feet are necessary to provide movement for these complex body parts. Because bulky muscles would make clumsy motions, the larger muscles used to move the hands and feet are located in the forearms and the lower legs. Other muscles begin at the wrist and extend into long, thin tendons that attach to the bones of the fingers. This placement permits accuracy and a

Formation of Bone TissueOsteoblast Ossification Bone-building cells is the formation of bone by osteoblasts, and

Osteocyte

is the process by which bones become hardened, due to an increase in calcified tissue.

Osteoclast

hardened, mature bone cell Assist in the resorption or breakdown of cell This process allows bones to grow and

change shape

Factors that affect bone growth and maintenance: Heredity Nutrition Proteins, vitamins A, D, C and minerals:

Calcium and phosphurus

Exercise Hormones

BONE GROWTH INFANCY Rapid

CHILDHOOD Steady

ADOLESCENCE Rapid spurt before the Epiphyseal growth

plate closes

Muscle ContractionsContractility Extensibility Elasticity the ability to shorten and to become thicker the ability to stretch the ability to return to normal length after

Irritability

stretching

the ability to respond to stimulus, often a

nerve impulse that originates in the spinal cord and travels to a nerveDo not respond without stimuli

Contraction and Relaxation Prime

mover muscles

A single muscle or set of muscles that

instigate movement

Antagonist

This muscles take over when an opposite

movement is to be made Synergic

or synergistic muscles

These are muscles that assist one

another in movement

Power Source GLYCOGEN a special form of stored glucose the body

uses to fuel It is form by digested foods that furnish CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN FATTY

ACIDS

These fuels are called ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

BLOOD O2 and ATP (oxidation) Muscle cells Energy and Heat

Most

of the bodys heat originates from muscle activity. When muscles are very active, they draw on the reserve glycogen stored in their cells. When the body is cold, it uses the ability of muscles to produce heat rapidly by the automatic device of general muscle action (shivering). Total body shivering

OXIDATION Produces waste product of CO2 and Lactic AcidRemoved in the lungs Removed in the kidneys and the sweat gland

Causes muscle fatigue

muscle cell + food and oxygen heat and energy by-products: lactic acid and carbon dioxide

Muscle Tone The

state of slight contraction and the ability to spring into action Physical exercise improves the tone of the muscles and increases their size. An idle muscle loses its tone and wastes away. If a person does not use certain muscles or uses them very little, the muscles become flabby and weak (atonic) and may atrophy (waste away).

Isometric and Isotonic Contractions ISOMETRIC

CONTRACTION

do not increase the length of a muscle,

but do increase muscle tension

ISOTONIC

CONTRACTION

shorten and thicken the muscle, causing

movement

Mobility Newborns

are uncoordinated in their movements. Maturation of CNS is needed for them to

move purposely Sit up crawl stand takes steps with help walks without assistance climbing stairs running skipping hopping.

ADULT gait pattern develops between 3 y.o to 5 y.o Infants have a wide-based gait. As children mature, the base narrows.

Normal changes of aging cause the gait of older adults

They swing their arms in coordination. Stride and walking speed increase, and movements become smooth and graceful.

Range of motion (ROM) is the total amount of motion that a joint

is capable of. important for prevention and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal conditions

Effects of AGING in the system