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Multilingualism for all: European Language Policy & Frisian Language Planning Language Vitality – Multilingualism and Language Planning September 17, 2012 Alex RIEMERSMA Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning www.mercator-research.eu

Multilingualism for all: European Language Policy & Frisian Language Planning

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Multilingualism for all: European Language Policy & Frisian Language Planning. Language Vitality – Multilingualism and Language Planning September 17, 2012 Alex RIEMERSMA Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning www.mercator-research.eu. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Multilingualism for all: European Language Policy & Frisian Language Planning

Language Vitality – Multilingualism and

Language Planning

September 17, 2012

Alex RIEMERSMA

Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning

www.mercator-research.eu

Page 2: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Overview of presentation

- Linguistic Diversity

- Scope of European Language Policies

- Language Vitality

- Frisian in Education

- Language Policies & Planning

Page 3: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Linguistic Diversity

Globe: 6,000 Languages (in oral use) 600 à 700 Languages

with basic infrastructure: Orthography, Dictionary, Grammar Book

475 Languages with complete Bible translation +1,240 languages with New Testament +823 languages with (small) part of Bible

Page 4: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Linguistic Diversity

United Nations (195 member states): 6 working languages

Council of Europe (47 member states):6 working languages> numerous minority languages

European Union (27 member states):23 official languages> 60 Regional and Minority Languages > 175 Immigrant Languages

Page 5: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Kaart fan NOS

Page 6: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Language versus Dialect

Linguistic Distance in terms of:vocabulary, phonology, morphology, syntax

Language infrastructure such as:legislation, provisions, organisation

Language planning:Corpus planningStatus planningPlanning of Transmission / Education

Page 7: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Unesco Language Vitality (2003)

Page 8: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

What makes Frisian / Valenciana vital language ?

Page 9: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Language Vitality Planning

Balance of community language will and infrastructure / programmes on:

Corpus planning / standardisation

Status planning / legislation

Language transmission / learning

Page 10: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Fryske Akademy – 1938

Page 11: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Wurdboek - Dictionary

Page 12: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Fryske Akademy / Linguistics

Language Databases

Scientific Dictionary Frysk – Dutch Standardisation:

orthography and grammar

Frysk-Frysk dictionary = Frisian monolingual dictionary

Survey on Frisian language

Page 13: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Frisian Language Vitality Language command of all 640.00

inhabitants province of Fryslân:

94 % Understanding

74 % Speaking

65 % Reading

26 % Writing-------------------------------------------------

54 % Frisian Mother tongue (350.000)

Page 14: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Frisian in Education Pre-school: > 100 Frisian medium &

bilingual provisions

Primary school: obligatory subject> 100 schools use “clil” > 43 trilingual schools: integrated Dutch, Frisian & English

Secondary education: obligatory subject; optional exam subject

Page 15: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Frisian in Education Secondary education:

obligatory subject optional exam subjectconcept of multilingual clil

Teacher training (pabo): additional special courses (7 ECTS; 9 ECTS)

Teacher training (secondary): regular bachelor & master training

Page 16: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Frisian in Education Development from

transitional bilingualism > “full bilingualism, biliteracy” (Fishman)

Results:awareness and language attitudeequal command Dutchmuch better command Frisian self confidence in English

Page 17: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

EU Language Policies

EU shall respect Linguistic Diversity:“all languages are equal and equally treated”

23 official languages, but in fact …3, 2 or 1 working language

Education: Mother tongue + two,but in fact national language + one

Page 18: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

EU Language Policy

EU programs in favour of English Principle of “subsidiarity”

is in favour of national languages

Process of “mainstreaming”prevents EU Language Policy & discourages vitality of RMLs & IMLs

Page 19: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

RML + IML citizens in EU

> 10% of EU population = 45 – 50 million plurilingual people

Present in all member states = Multilingual societies >>>

Co-responsibility for language planning of EU/Coe, national and regional level

Page 20: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (CoE / 1998)

25 ratifications (< 47 CoE member states)

13 ratifications (< 27 EU member states)

Key words: To protect and to promote

Part II: General objectives:Non-discriminationright on language transmission

Page 21: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (CoE / 1998)

Part III: Menu-system of undertakings in the Domains: education (pre-school … higher education) justice / public services / media / culture / economic and social life /cross border exchanges

Page 22: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

EU Language Policy

EU shall respect … linguistic diversity

European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages of the Council of Europe (1998)

used as entry exam for new EU member states (2004; 2007)

Page 23: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Unesco Language Vitality (2003)

Page 24: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Language Vitality factors (6)

Intergenerational transmission

Absolute number of speakers

Proportion of speakers within total population

Trends in existing domains

Response to new domains & media

Materials for Education and Literacy

Page 25: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Language Vitality factors (3)

Governmental and Institutional Language Attitudes & Politics

Community Member’s Attitudes towards their own languages

Documentation (& corpus planning)

Page 26: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Degrees of Endangerment 5: safe

The language is used by all ages, from children up. 4: unsafe

The language is used by some children in all domains; it is used by all children in limited domains.

3: definitively endangered The language is used mostly by the parental generation and up.

2: severely endangered The language is used mostly by the grandparental generation and up.

1: critically endangered The language is used mostly by very few speakers, of great-grandparental generation.

0: extinct There exists no speaker.

Page 27: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Language Vitality Planning

Balance of community language will and infrastructure / programmes on:

Corpus planning / standardisation

Status planning / legislation

Language transmission / learning

Page 28: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

EU Parliament Resolutions

1981 Arfé > EBLUL 1982 – 2006

1983 Jaak Vandenmeulenbroecke) > earmarked budget line € 1,2 million

1987 Willy Kuijpers > Mercator project (1987-2006) 3 partners (80 % funding)

2004 Michael Ebner > EU Agency onLinguistic Diversity (failed)

Page 29: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

EU Commission Actions

Budget line for EBLUL 1982 – 2006;

Budget line for Mercator project (1987-2006) 3 partners

Action Programme (2004-2006)

2001: European Year of Languages

2005: Feasibility Study > Networks

Page 30: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

EU Commission Actions

2007: High Level Group Multilingualism+ on line consultation

2008: EU Communication 2008: Amin Maalouf Report

A Rewarding Challenge (adoptive language)

2011: Civil Society Platform on Multilingualism

Page 31: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

EU funded Networks

2008-2011: Network to Promote Linguistic Diversity (NPLD): 11 regional authorities & 16 NGO’s

2009-2011: Mercator Network

2009-2011: RML2future

2010-2012: European Network of Universities on Multilingualism (EUNoM)

Page 32: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Coherent EU Language Policy

Legal base / treaty partner to European Charter for RML

Vitality & empowerment of all languages Co-responsibility in stead of “subsidiarity” Incentive to inclusiveness of RML / IML Partnership to permanent networks of

stakeholders for regular strategic review

Page 33: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

EU fitting Programmes

Linguistic Diversity as a priority

Co-operation between EU and the Council of Europe & ECML (= European Centre for Modern Languages in Graz)

National EU Agencies to raise awareness and assist endangered language communities to apply

Page 34: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Research Agenda

Eurobarometer on Languages to include:Mother tongue + father tongue

Multilingual education: continuity & common standards

Media >>> Social media

Plurilingual Literacy

Page 35: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Application of CoE instruments

Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR): - can do – statements for L1, L2, Lf - parallel assessments of L1, L2, Lf

European Language Portfolio:- electronic - plurilingual approach

Page 36: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Common Standards Education

Mercator Analysis & Recommendations (2007):- Informed choice & access- Educational goals- Teaching time (subject & medium) - Teaching materials- Teacher training- Inspectorate

Page 37: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

Plurilingual Teacher Training

Subject & medium

Continuity of teaching & learning

School as centres of excellence

Plurilingual language pedagogy

Minor (30 ECTS) in bachelor

Master (60 ECTS) on Multilingualism and multilingual education

Page 38: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning
Page 39: Multilingualism for all:   European Language Policy  & Frisian Language Planning

• Eskerrik asko

• Mange Takk

• Diolch

Tankewol

• Trugarez

• Grazia

• Graciis

• Dankscheen • Mercé plan

• Kiitos

• Dz'akuju so

• Köszönöm

• Hvala

• Multumesc

• Merci