MTE3133 – Penyelidikan Tindakan I – Matematik

Pendidikan Rendah (Kaedah)

Topik 7: Kaedah Pengumpulan Data

Dr. Ng Kok Fu, Jabatan Matematik, IPG-KSAH

Rujukan

• Mills, G. E. (2003). Action research: A guide for teacher researcher (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.

Pusat Sumber IPGKSAH: 370.722 MIL 2003

• Gay, L. R., Mills, G. E., & Airasian, P. (2009). Educational research: Competencies for analysis and applications (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Merrill Prentice Hall

Pusat Sumber: 370.72 GAY 2009

Hasil-hasil Pembelajaran

• Menghurai kaedah dan cara pengumpulan data

• Memperoleh kemahiran menggunakan pelbagai cara pengumpulan data

Pengumpulan Data Kualitatif

• Qualitative data collection or field work

– spending considerable time in the setting under study

– immersing oneself in this setting

– collecting relevant information unobtrusively.

Pengumpulan Data Kualitatif

• Descriptive narrative and visual data

• Collected to gain insights into the phenomena of interest.

• The type of data collected is largely determined by the nature of the problem.

Sumber-sumber Data

• Action research collects data through – observations, – interviews, – questionnaires, – phone calls – personal and official

documents – photographs – recordings – drawings – journals – e-mail messages – Informal conversations

Sumber-sumber Data

• Any source is acceptable

– collecting it ethically

– feasible / manageable

– contributes to the understanding of the phenomenon of interest

• The researcher is the primary data collection instrument

3 Strategi Pengumpulan Data

Experiencing (pengalaman): observation

– Participant Observation

– Fieldnotes

3 Strategi Pengumpulan Data

Enquiring (penyiasatan): questioning

– Interview

– Questionares

3 Strategi Pengumpulan Data

Examining (pemeriksaan): locating records

– Archival sources

– Student/Teachers journals

– Artifacts

1. Experiencing (pengalaman): observation

• When qualitative researchers obtain data by watching the participants, they are observing

• A researcher who becomes a part of and a participant in the situation under observation is called a participant observer (pemerhati turut serta) – active participant observer;

– privileged, active observer;

– passive observer

1. Experiencing (pengalaman): observation

What to look for when doing observation?

1. Physical setting

2. Activities

3. Human, social environment

4. Formal interactions

5. Informal interactions & unplanned activities

6. Nonverbal communication

7. Things that do not happen

1. Experiencing (pengalaman): observation

Fieldnotes (nota lapangan)

• are records of what the observer sees / hears

• contain literal descriptions as well as personal reactions and comments on what the observer has experienced and thought about during an observation session

Guidelines for fieldnotes

• Start slowly – Do not assume anything until having some experience in the setting

• Enter the field with no preconceptions – Remain open; try seeing things differently

– Look for contradictions or paradoxes

• Write fieldnotes in the field whenever possible, or as soon as possible after leaving the setting – Don’t discuss observations until they are written

• List key words related to your observation and then outline what was seen and heard

• Keep the descriptive and reflective field notes separated

• Write down hunches, questions, insights, thoughts, etc., after each observation

Guidelines for fieldnotes

• Start slowly – Do not assume anything until having some experience in the setting

• Enter the field with no preconceptions – Remain open; try seeing things differently

– Look for contradictions or paradoxes

• Write fieldnotes in the field whenever possible, or as soon as possible after leaving the setting – Don’t discuss observations until they are written

• List key words related to your observation and then outline what was seen and heard

• Keep the descriptive and reflective field notes separated

• Write down hunches, questions, insights, thoughts, etc., after each observation

Example

Contoh Protokol Pemerhatian

Setting: Individual observed: Observation #: Observer involvement: Date/Time: Place: Duration of observation:

Descriptive Notes

(detailed, chronological notes about what observer sees, hears; what occurred; the physical setting)

Reflective Notes

(Concurrent notes about the observer’s thoughts; personal reactions, experiences)

(Gay, Mills & Airasian, 2009, p. 370)

2. Enquiring (penyiasatan): questioning

• Data collected by teacher researchers through asking of questions using interviewing (temu bual) and questionnaire (soal selidik) techniques

• Observational data can suggest questions to ask in subsequent interviews or questionnaire

2. Enquiring (penyiasatan): questioning

• Unstructured Interview

– a casual conversation and allows the researcher to inquire into something that has presented itself as an opportunity to learn about their practice

– “5 Ws and H” gives ready set of questions to ask

2. Enquiring (penyiasatan): questioning

• Structured Interview – researcher has a specified

set of questions that elicits the same information from all respondents

• Some guidelines – include convergent and

divergent questions

– pilot questions on a similar group of respondents

– persevere with silence / wait time to get a response

– take notes during the interview, write notes after the interview

– audiotape or videotape the interview and later transcribe it

3. Examining (pemeriksaan): locating records

• This third category for data collection techniques requires teacher researchers to locate data sources that are naturally occurring within their school setting

– Archival documents

– Artifacts

3. Examining (pemeriksaan): locating records

Archival documents

• schools are repositories for all sorts of records: student records, minutes of meetings, newspaper clippings, reports, working papers, official letters, etc

• teacher researchers use these sources of data to

– gain valuable historical insights

– identify potential trends

– explain how things got to be the way they are

3. Examining (pemeriksaan): locating records

Artifacts

• Maps and seating charts

• Photographs, audiotapes, and videotapes

• Portfolios or less formal examples of student work

Taxonomy of Action Research Qualitative Data Collection Techniques

ACTION RESEARCH DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

(The 3 Es)

EXPERIENCING

(Through observation & field notes)

ENQUIRING

(When the researcher asks)

EXAMINING

(Using and making records)

Participant observation (Active participant)

Privileged, active

observer Passive observer

Informal interview Structured formal

interview

Archival documents

Artifacts

(Mills, 2003, p. 71)

Tutorial 7

Dalam kumpulan, bincang dan rancangkan

bagaimana anda akan:

1. memerhati satu sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran mata pelajaran

2. mengumpul maklumat dokumen yang ada di sekolah yang dapat membantu anda memahami sesi pemerhatian itu

3. menemubual murid untuk mendapatkan maklumbalas tentang kelakuan pengajaran dan pembelajaran itu