Presented by: Anna Monina dela Cruz Presented to: Dr. Elena A. Salinas

Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. -Nelson Mandela

"Timeline of Education - shows highlights of learning and education - (especially related to Western education)Reference: http://www.worldwidelearn.com/education-timeline/educationtimeline.htm#1990

Basis of moral standard for human conduct y Tested principles y Philosophies y Dogmas - of different thinkers, philosophers, theologians, and educators from antiquity to post modernity

Pythagoras (582-500 BC)Man s intellect is higher than his sensual nature and the best way of life is devoted to mental discipline.

Confucius (551-479 BC)y Human actions are based

on five virtues:1) Kindness 2) Uprightness 3) Decorum 4) Wisdom 5) Faithfulness

Gautama Buddha (563-483 BC)Good deeds are inevitably rewarded and evil deeds punished. - karmic process Life must be devoted to universal compassion and brotherhood.

Socrates (469-399 BC)Education can make people moral. The unexamined life is not worth living. Virtue is good both for the individual and for the society.

Antisthenes (444-371 BC)The essence of virtue is selfcontrol and that it is capable of being taught. Two kinds of good: 1) External good personal property, sensual pleasure, and other luxuries 2) Internal good truth and knowledge of the soul

Plato (428-347 BC)3 elements of the human soul 1) Intellect (wisdom) 2) Will (courage) 3) Emotion (self-control) By acting justly, people live together with the gods.

Aristotle (384-322 BC)The highest form of human existence is when man exercises his rational faculties to the fullest extent. Moral virtues are habits of action that conform to the Golden Mean and the principle of moderation.

Mencius (371-289 BC)Only when the people had a stable livelihood would they have a steady heart.

Epictetus (55-135 BC)Humans are limited and irrational beings. God is the only perfect being.

Epicurus (341-270 BC)To attain pleasure, one has to maintain his state of serenity by eliminating all emotional disturbances Good life must be regulated by selfdiscipline.

Titus Lucretius Carus (C 94-C 55 BC)Man, by nature, seeks pleasure and avoids pain. Man s goal is to attain the maximum of pleasure and the minimum of pain, but he will succeed only if he can overcome the fear of death and of the gods.

Jesus Christ (4 BC-AD 29)Emphasized moral sincerity, rather than strict adherence to religious ritual and memorization of law Taught that people should give up everything in order to obtain what was most precious.

Saint Augustine of Tagaste (354-430 AD)God did not deprive people of their free will even when they turned to sin because it was preferable to bring good out of evil than to prevent the evil from coming into existence.

Muhammad (570-632 AD)Each person would be held accountable for his moral struggle at the end of time.

Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)Individual human acts are not acts in abstract definition, but acts in concrete performance. They will be evaluated to be either morally good or morally evil, but never indifferent.

Martin Luther (1483-1546)Moral conduct or good works is a Christian requirement, but one s salvation comes from personal faith alone.

Hugo Grotius (1583-1645)Natural law is part of divine law and is based on human nature, which exhibits a desire for peaceful association with others and a tendency to follow general principles in conduct.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)Human life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Human beings are evil and need a strong state to repress them. People seek security by entering into a contract in which each person s original power is yielded to a sovereign, who regulates conduct.

Baruch Espinoza (1632-1677)All things are morally neutral from the point of view of eternity. Only human needs and interests determine what is considered good and evil.

David Hume (1711-1776)The concept of right and wrong is not rational but depends on one s own happiness, thus, emotive. Moral system aims at the happiness of others and at the happiness of self.

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)Reason is the final authority of morality The morality of an act must be judged by its intention, which is good.

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)Human actions are motivated by a desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain. Highest good is the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)Morality is a matter of individual conscience. Concept of budhi

Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)The ethical way of life involves an intense, passionate commitment to duty and to obligations.

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900)Traditional values represented a slave morality. Nothingness or nihilism devaluation of the highest values posited by the ascetic ideal God is dead because all things become meaningless.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)The problem of good and evil in each individual us to struggle between the drive of the instinctual self to satisfy all its desires, and the necessity of the social self to control these impulses.

John Dewey (1859-1952)The good is that which is chosen after reflecting upon both the means and the probable consequences of realizing the good.

George Edward Moore (1873-1958)The good refers to a simple, unanalyzable, indefinable quality of things and situation.

Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)Human beings are alone in the universe, since God does not exist, and must make their ethical decisions with the constant awareness of death and meaninglessness of life.

Jean Paul Sartre (1905-1980)Human beings create their own world by rebelling against authority and by accepting personal responsibility for their actions, unaided by society, traditional morality, or religious faith.

Something to ponder on:The principles and thinking of Filipinos toward good and bad were brought into being through a long and chained process of colonialism.

Freedom- A primordial gift of God to man and other creatures - Premise: men are equal before the law and enjoy equal protection from it - BUT Freedom also denotes responsibility for all actions.

Freedom- Word freedom from Latin liber, meaning free - Freedom is the right of an individual to think, act, or live as he chooses without being subjected to any restraints - BUT! Make sure the freedom of others is not curtailed.

Responsibilityy From the Latin term respondare, which

means give back in returny An act of any individual taking a stance of

being accountable for himself, somebody or something

Elements connected in the exercise of freedom and responsibility 1) To oneself 2) To others 3) To the environment

Justicey A moral virtue in which an individual has the

constant and perpetual will to render to everyone what is due to him Three features: 1) Conformity to law 2) Action for the common good 3) Natural right

Social Justicerefers to the economic welfare of groups in society in which demands an equal share of the nation s wealth among the different groups and regions

Social JusticeCan be obtained only in respecting the dignity of man

Three prevalent human acts contrary to the principle of social justice

1) Graft and corruption 2) Dishonesty in trades 3) Unjust wages

Faithfulness- virtue by which a person remains true to his conviction, word and promise, and does not disappoint another in justified hopes

Truthfulness and faithfulness go hand-in-hand to attain its goal.

Friendshipyis the mutual feeling of trust and

affection and the behavior that typifies relationship between two or more people who are friends.

MarriageyHigher than friendship in terms of

mutual relationship because such union responds to the call of God to be his co-creator and steward of creation

3 vital elements of marriage1) Procreation and education of

children 2) Conjugal fidelity 3) Marital indissolubility or permanent bond