Mon., 12/3 Something to think about…READ it, write a paragraph. Mon., 12/3 Something to think about…READ it, write a paragraph.

When you’re in a crowd, look around at all the different When you’re in a crowd, look around at all the different people. Notice their clothes, faces, hair, sizes. Look at people. Notice their clothes, faces, hair, sizes. Look at their gestures and movements, noticing if they are their gestures and movements, noticing if they are loose, stiff, or free. Just take it in, loose, stiff, or free. Just take it in, withoutwithout judgmentjudgment, as , as if you were looking at a garden of people. Then see if you were looking at a garden of people. Then see them all as energy fields, the same as you. Just energy. them all as energy fields, the same as you. Just energy. As you continue watching, think to yourself, Every As you continue watching, think to yourself, Every person here has had to live every day, decide what to person here has had to live every day, decide what to wear, face loss, success, hurt, shame, just like me. wear, face loss, success, hurt, shame, just like me. Everyone fell down while learning to walk, everyone Everyone fell down while learning to walk, everyone probably felt anxious on their first day of school, just probably felt anxious on their first day of school, just like me. Each person has a story to tell. Some of the like me. Each person has a story to tell. Some of the chapters are heroic. Some of them are about loss, some chapters are heroic. Some of them are about loss, some about fear, some about achievement or joy, just like my about fear, some about achievement or joy, just like my story. When you encounter someone, story. When you encounter someone, remember that remember that you are a moment in their story. Make it a story that you are a moment in their story. Make it a story that doesn’t leave a scar.doesn’t leave a scar.

• How would How would youyou ORGANIZE these items ORGANIZE these items into categories? into categories?

17. 1 KEY CONCEPT 17. 1 KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be Organisms can be classified based on classified based on

physical similarities!physical similarities!

Linnaeus Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system developed the scientific naming system still used today.still used today.

the science of naming and the science of naming and classifying organismsclassifying organisms

• A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system.

White oak:White oak:QuercusQuercus albaalba

– 2-part scientific name2-part scientific name– Latin/GreekLatin/Greek– ALWAYSALWAYS underline or italics !!!underline or italics !!!

– Includes 1 or more speciesIncludes 1 or more species– Species in same Species in same genusgenus = closely = closely

relatedrelated– Genus name is ALWAYS Genus name is ALWAYS

CAPITALIZED!!!CAPITALIZED!!!

Ex:Ex:

2nd part of scientific name

ALWAYS ALWAYS lowercaselowercase

always follows genus name, always follows genus name,

(never written alone)(never written alone)

Ex:Ex:

TytoTyto albaalba

• So, What’s the big deal?!?!?!So, What’s the big deal?!?!?!– Some species have Some species have very similar common namesvery similar common names..– Some species have Some species have manymany commoncommon namesnames..

•Unique to the Unique to the organism!organism! Ex: Ex: •INTERNATIONALINTERNATIONAL use!use!

K P C O F K P C O F G SG S

• 7 levels, each included in the 1 above it.

• Kingdom = general; Species = specific

What’s the order????What’s the order????

13.1 Ecologists Study RelationshipsYOUR Classification!

•Homo sapiens– Kingdom – Animalia– Phylum – Chordata– Class – Mammalia– Order – Primate– Family – Hominidae– Genus – Homo– Species – sapiens

The Linnaean classification system has limitations!!

• Didn’t include Didn’t include molecularmolecular evidence. evidence.– Technology didn’t Technology didn’t

exist yetexist yet– Based only on Based only on

physicalphysical similarities. similarities.

• Physical similarities Physical similarities are not always the are not always the result of close result of close relationships. relationships. • RED PANDA RED PANDA

• ACTUALLYACTUALLY: : closer to closer to raccoon than raccoon than panda!panda!• Genetic Genetic

similarities similarities more more accuratelyaccurately show show evolutionary evolutionary relationships!relationships!

REVIEW!REVIEW!

• How do you properly write a scientific How do you properly write a scientific name? (use any example!)name? (use any example!)

– 11stst part = part =

– 22ndnd part = part =

• Which two are Which two are more closely relatedmore closely related::

–UrsusUrsus maritimusmaritimus

–UrsusUrsus americanusamericanus

–BufoBufo americanusamericanus

Geological Time Scale ActivityGeological Time Scale Activity

PBS VideosPBS Videos

17.2 KEY CONCEPT 17.2 KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on Modern classification is based on evolutionaryevolutionary relationships. relationships.

CladisticsCladistics is classification based is classification based on common ancestry!!!on common ancestry!!!

1.1. PhylogenyPhylogeny: the evolutionary history for a : the evolutionary history for a group of species.group of species.

4. 4. UseUse evidenceevidence fromfrom: : • living species, fossil record, and living species, fossil record, and

molecular datamolecular data

DiagramsDiagrams??2. Phylogenetic trees2. Phylogenetic trees

– Scientific diagram, biologists use to classify species & common ancestors

• Constructed by identifying– (#3) evolutionary relationships

• Speciation = branch• Extinction = loss of branch!

Ex. - Phylogenetic treeEx. - Phylogenetic tree

Some Some show show time time

& & orderorder

Hmmm…Hmmm…• Which Which

groups are groups are mostmost closely closely related?related?

• • Which Which groups are groups are leastleast closely closely related?related?

• • Which group Which group diverged diverged firstfirst (longest (longest ago) in the ago) in the lineage?lineage?

Cladogram = evolutionary tree made Cladogram = evolutionary tree made using cladistics.using cladistics.

group of species group of species that share a that share a commoncommon ancestorancestor..

– Each species in a clade shares some traits Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor.with the ancestor.

BUT…BUT…– Each species also has traits that have Each species also has traits that have

changedchanged overover timetime

Cladistics is a common method to make Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees.evolutionary trees.

– classification based on common classification based on common ancestryancestry

– species species placed in orderplaced in order that they that they descended from common ancestordescended from common ancestor

group of species group of species that share a that share a commoncommon ancestorancestor..

•“New” trait•Evolution: more related = share more traits•Arranging diagram!

• @ Branch splits off@ Branch splits off• Represents Represents mostmost

recentrecent common common ancestor of a cladeancestor of a clade

Derived characters = traits shared Derived characters = traits shared in different degrees by clade in different degrees by clade members.members.

– more more closely closely related related species species share share moremore derived derived characterscharacters

– hash markshash marks

FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS

Tetrapoda clade1

Amniota clade2

Reptilia clade3Diapsida clade4

Archosauria clade5

EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID

OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL

SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW

FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS.

SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE

DERIVED CHARACTER

FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS

Tetrapoda clade1

Amniota clade2

Reptilia clade3Diapsida clade4

Archosauria clade5

EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID

OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL

SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW

FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS.

SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE

NODE

DERIVED CHARACTER

CLADE

p. 527—p. 527—

Which groups are Which groups are in the amniota in the amniota clade?clade?

Who’s more Who’s more closely related to closely related to turtles…rabbits turtles…rabbits or birds?or birds?

• Molecular data Molecular data – may confirm classification based on physical may confirm classification based on physical

similarities.similarities.– Or…lead scientists to propose a NEW classification!Or…lead scientists to propose a NEW classification!

So, Scientists use a VARIETY of So, Scientists use a VARIETY of evidence, right?!?!?! evidence, right?!?!?!

• DNA is usually given the last word by scientists. DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.

Let’s Practice this so it makes Let’s Practice this so it makes sense!sense!

1. Critter Cladogram Activity1. Critter Cladogram Activity

–BY YOURSELF!BY YOURSELF!

2. Another one with REAL data!2. Another one with REAL data!

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–BY YOURSELF!BY YOURSELF!