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Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A

Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

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Page 1: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

Module AFire Behavior

Battery C36FF3 Mod A

Page 2: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.1.1. Charles’ Law: This law gives the relationship This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant. If the volume of a container amount are held constant. If the volume of a container is increased, the temperature increases. If the volume is increased, the temperature increases. If the volume of a container is decreases, the temperature decreases. of a container is decreases, the temperature decreases. Suppose the temperature is increased. This means gas Suppose the temperature is increased. This means gas molecules will move faster and they will impact the molecules will move faster and they will impact the container walls more often. This means the gas container walls more often. This means the gas pressure inside the container will increase (but only for pressure inside the container will increase (but only for an instant.) Think of a short span of time. The greater an instant.) Think of a short span of time. The greater pressure on the inside of the container walls will push pressure on the inside of the container walls will push them outward, thus increasing the volume. When this them outward, thus increasing the volume. When this happens, the gas molecules will now have farther to go, happens, the gas molecules will now have farther to go, thereby lowering the number of impacts and dropping thereby lowering the number of impacts and dropping the pressure back to its constant value.the pressure back to its constant value.

Page 3: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

An example of Charles's Law would be what happens An example of Charles's Law would be what happens when a hot air balloon has air heated. The air expands when a hot air balloon has air heated. The air expands and fills the balloon. Of course, other physical and fills the balloon. Of course, other physical principles cause the balloon to rise against the principles cause the balloon to rise against the gravitational force. As the air inside the balloon gravitational force. As the air inside the balloon expands the balloon gets bigger and displaces more expands the balloon gets bigger and displaces more air. The displaced air produces a buoyant force that air. The displaced air produces a buoyant force that counters the gravitational force and causes the counters the gravitational force and causes the balloon to rise. balloon to rise.

Page 4: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.1.2. Boyles Law- His law gives the relationship between 3-2.1.2. Boyles Law- His law gives the relationship between pressure and volume if temperature and amount are held pressure and volume if temperature and amount are held constant. If the volume of a container is increased, the constant. If the volume of a container is increased, the pressure decreases. If the volume of a container decreases, pressure decreases. If the volume of a container decreases, the pressure increases. Suppose the volume is increased. the pressure increases. Suppose the volume is increased. This means gas molecules have farther to go and they will This means gas molecules have farther to go and they will impact the container walls less often per unit time. This impact the container walls less often per unit time. This means the gas pressure will be less because there are less means the gas pressure will be less because there are less molecule impacts per unit time. molecule impacts per unit time.

If the volume is decreased, the gas molecules have a shorter If the volume is decreased, the gas molecules have a shorter distance to go, thus striking the walls more often per unit distance to go, thus striking the walls more often per unit time. This results in pressure being increased because there time. This results in pressure being increased because there are more molecule impacts per unit time.are more molecule impacts per unit time.

The mathematical form of Boyle’s Law is: PV=k.The mathematical form of Boyle’s Law is: PV=k. This means that the pressure-volume product will always be This means that the pressure-volume product will always be

the same value if the temperature and amount remain the same value if the temperature and amount remain constant.constant.

Page 5: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

A practical application A practical application illustrating Boyles Law would be illustrating Boyles Law would be the action of a syringe. When we the action of a syringe. When we draw fluids into a syringe, we draw fluids into a syringe, we increase the volume inside the increase the volume inside the syringe, this correspondingly syringe, this correspondingly decreases the pressure on the decreases the pressure on the inside where the pressure on the inside where the pressure on the outside of the syringe is greater outside of the syringe is greater and forces fluid into the syringe. and forces fluid into the syringe. If we reverse the action and If we reverse the action and push the plunger in on the push the plunger in on the syringe we are decreasing the syringe we are decreasing the volume on the inside which will volume on the inside which will increase the pressure inside increase the pressure inside making the pressure greater making the pressure greater than on the outside and fluids than on the outside and fluids are forced out. are forced out.

Page 6: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.1.3. Heat of compression:3-2.1.3. Heat of compression: Generated when a gas is compressed. Due to the fact that the property of a certain gas is directly related to its molecular structure at ambient temperature, and since molecules are constantly in motion even at times colliding into each other, when that gas is compressed the molecules that make up that gas are made to contact each other more often, the increase in friction causes the temperature of the gas to rise.

Example: diesel engine.

Page 7: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

Types of fuel:Types of fuel: A. Duff: a) Small Twigs, roots, soil (peat) b) Leaves c) Needles on ground d)Very hard to extinguish, can

become deeply seated fires.

Page 8: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

Types of fuel:Types of fuel: B. Surface Fuels: a) Living vegetation b) Examples: i) Grass ii) Brush iii)Heavy limbs

Page 9: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

Types of fuel: C. Crown Fuels: a) Suspended and upright fuels b) Separated from ground fuels

to extent air can circulate freely around them increasing chance of ignition.

c)  Examples: i)  Branches ii) Moss iii) Snags

Page 10: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

A. Fuels size:A. Fuels size: Smaller fuel Smaller fuel particles (light or flash particles (light or flash fuels) ignite easier and burn fuels) ignite easier and burn faster. Can also include faster. Can also include field crops.field crops.

B. Compacted fuels burn B. Compacted fuels burn slower.slower.

C. Continuity:C. Continuity: Fuels close Fuels close together spread fire faster. together spread fire faster. Horizontally or vertically.Horizontally or vertically.

D. Volume:D. Volume: The more fuel, The more fuel, the greater the intensity.the greater the intensity.

Page 11: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

E. Wind:E. Wind: a) Fans fire into greater intensity.a) Fans fire into greater intensity. b) Supplies fresh air.b) Supplies fresh air. c) Dries damp areas.c) Dries damp areas. d) Can be created by medium or large size d) Can be created by medium or large size

fires as well.fires as well. F. Temperature:F. Temperature: a) Affects winds.a) Affects winds. b) Related to relative humidity.b) Related to relative humidity. c) Has drying effect.c) Has drying effect.

Page 12: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant
Page 13: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

G. Relative Humidity:G. Relative Humidity: impacts dead fuels because impacts dead fuels because of moisture content.of moisture content.

H. PrecipitationH. Precipitation: moisture : moisture content.content.

I. Steepness of Slope:I. Steepness of Slope: a) Affects rate of fire a) Affects rate of fire

spread.spread. b) Affects direction of travelb) Affects direction of travel C) steeper the slope faster C) steeper the slope faster

the spread.the spread.

Page 14: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

J. Slope Aspect:J. Slope Aspect: Southern exposures burn Southern exposures burn faster.faster.

K. Local terrain K. Local terrain features:features: Air Air movement.movement.

L. CanyonsL. Canyons: Increase : Increase wind velocity.wind velocity.

Page 15: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.4.1. British Thermal Unit (BTU):3-2.4.1. British Thermal Unit (BTU): Amount of heat necessary to raise the Amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one pound of water, temperature of one pound of water, one degree Fahrenheit.one degree Fahrenheit.

3-2.4.2. Fahrenheit (3-2.4.2. Fahrenheit (F):F): Temperature Temperature scale based on the freezing point (32scale based on the freezing point (32) ) and boiling point (212and boiling point (212) of water. ) of water.

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (b. May 24, 1686 in Gdansk,died Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (b. May 24, 1686 in Gdansk,died Sept. 16, 1736, The Hague)Sept. 16, 1736, The Hague)

Page 16: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.4.3. Celsius 3-2.4.3. Celsius ((C):C): Temperature of Temperature of scale based on the scale based on the freezing point (0freezing point (0) ) and boiling point and boiling point (100(100) of water.) of water.

3-2.4.4. Calorie 3-2.4.4. Calorie (C): (C): Amount of heat Amount of heat necessary to raise necessary to raise the temperature of the temperature of one gram of water one gram of water one degree Celsius.one degree Celsius.

Page 17: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant
Page 18: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

A. Surface to mass A. Surface to mass ratio: ratio:

a) Ratio of surface area of a) Ratio of surface area of the fuel to the mass of the the fuel to the mass of the fuel.fuel.

b) As ratio increases, fuel b) As ratio increases, fuel particles become smaller particles become smaller and more finely divided and more finely divided thus greatly increasing the thus greatly increasing the chance of ignitability.chance of ignitability.

c) As surface area c) As surface area increases, heat transfer is increases, heat transfer is easier and the material easier and the material heats easier thus heats easier thus accelerates pyrolysis.accelerates pyrolysis.

Page 19: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

B. Positioning:B. Positioning: Vertical vs. Vertical vs. horizontal- fuel horizontal- fuel stacked vertically stacked vertically increase likely hood increase likely hood of fire extension. of fire extension. This is due to super This is due to super heated air rising heated air rising and converting the and converting the vertically stacked vertically stacked material via material via pyrolysis into fuel pyrolysis into fuel much quicker.much quicker.

Page 20: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant
Page 21: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.5.      IDENTIFY THE HAZARD OF 3-2.5.      IDENTIFY THE HAZARD OF FINELY DIVIDED FUELS AS THEY RELATE FINELY DIVIDED FUELS AS THEY RELATE TO THE COMBUSTION PROCESS (4-5.1):TO THE COMBUSTION PROCESS (4-5.1):

C. Moisture C. Moisture content:content: Dry vs. Dry vs. moist materials. moist materials. Obviously drier Obviously drier materials are more materials are more likely to burn quicker.likely to burn quicker.

D. Arrangement D. Arrangement (air):(air): material packed material packed tightly v. material that tightly v. material that is loosely packed.is loosely packed.

Page 22: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.6.1. Flash point:3-2.6.1. Flash point: Minimum temperature Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapors to ignite momentarily near the surface of a ignite momentarily near the surface of a liquid. liquid. Vapors will flash but will not burn.Vapors will flash but will not burn.

3-2.6.2. Fire point:3-2.6.2. Fire point: Temperature at which Temperature at which liquid gives off sufficient vapor to liquid gives off sufficient vapor to support support combustion once ignited.combustion once ignited.

3-2.6.3. Ignition temperature:3-2.6.3. Ignition temperature: Minimum Minimum temperature to which a fuel, in air, must be temperature to which a fuel, in air, must be heated to start heated to start self-sustained combustion self-sustained combustion without outside ignition source.without outside ignition source.

Page 23: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.6.4. Law of Specific Heat:3-2.6.4. Law of Specific Heat: The The measure of the heat absorbing capacity of a substance. measure of the heat absorbing capacity of a substance. Amount of heat transferred is measure in BTU’s. Specific heat Amount of heat transferred is measure in BTU’s. Specific heat represents the amount of heat necessary to raise the represents the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a specified quantity of a material and an equal temperature of a specified quantity of a material and an equal amount of water.amount of water.

Page 24: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.6.5. Latent heat 3-2.6.5. Latent heat of vaporization:of vaporization: Quantity of heat absorbed by a Quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes substance when it changes from liquid to a vapor. Raising from liquid to a vapor. Raising temperature of one pound of temperature of one pound of water from 60water from 60 to 212 to 212 F F requires 152 BTU’s. To change requires 152 BTU’s. To change water at 212water at 212 F to steam vapor F to steam vapor of the same temperature, of the same temperature, requires an additional 970 requires an additional 970 BTU’s of heat energy (latent BTU’s of heat energy (latent heat). Latent heat explains heat). Latent heat explains potential extinguishing potential extinguishing capacity of water.capacity of water.

Page 25: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.7.1. Chemical:3-2.7.1. Chemical: A. Heat of combustionA. Heat of combustion: oxidation : oxidation

reaction, varies depending upon material reaction, varies depending upon material type, why some materials burn hotter.type, why some materials burn hotter.

B. Spontaneous heatingB. Spontaneous heating: organic : organic substance, occurs where sufficient air not substance, occurs where sufficient air not present and insulation prevents heat present and insulation prevents heat dissipation.dissipation.

C. Heat of decompositionC. Heat of decomposition: release of : release of heat from decomposing materials usually heat from decomposing materials usually bacterial, ex: compost piles.bacterial, ex: compost piles.

D. Heat of solutionD. Heat of solution: heat released by the : heat released by the solution of matter in liquid, some acids.solution of matter in liquid, some acids.

Page 26: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.7.2. Mechanical:3-2.7.2. Mechanical: A. FrictionA. Friction: created by : created by

the movement of 2 the movement of 2 surfaces against each surfaces against each other.other.

B. Compression:B. Compression: generated when a gas is generated when a gas is compressed, diesel engine, compressed, diesel engine, SCBA bottle filling.SCBA bottle filling.

Page 27: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.7.3. Electrical energy:3-2.7.3. Electrical energy: A. Resistance heating:A. Resistance heating: generated by generated by

current passing through conductor, current passing through conductor, increased if wire is not large enough, too increased if wire is not large enough, too much pull on system.much pull on system.

B. Dielectric heating:B. Dielectric heating: result of result of pulsating AC or DC at high frequency on pulsating AC or DC at high frequency on non- conductive materials, substance non- conductive materials, substance heated by being in constant contact with heated by being in constant contact with electricity.electricity.

C. Leakage current heatingC. Leakage current heating: occurs : occurs when wiring is not insulated well enough when wiring is not insulated well enough to contain all the current, current leaks to contain all the current, current leaks out of wires and heats surrounding out of wires and heats surrounding materials, outlet in wall mounted to a materials, outlet in wall mounted to a wall stud.wall stud.

Page 28: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

3-2.7.3. Electrical 3-2.7.3. Electrical energy:energy: (cont.) (cont.)

D. Heat from arcing:D. Heat from arcing: occurs when current flow occurs when current flow is interrupted, may be is interrupted, may be from a switch or loose from a switch or loose connection.connection.

E. Static electricity:E. Static electricity: buildup of positive buildup of positive charged on one surface charged on one surface and a negative charge on and a negative charge on another surface.another surface.

Page 29: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

Type 1 construction:Type 1 construction: 1. Designed to compartmentalize 1. Designed to compartmentalize

fire spread.fire spread. 2. Building itself is made of fire 2. Building itself is made of fire

noncombustible or limited noncombustible or limited combustible materials.combustible materials.

3. Provides structural integrity 3. Provides structural integrity during a fire.during a fire.

4. Primary hazards is building 4. Primary hazards is building contentscontents

5. Protection may be 5. Protection may be compromised:compromised:

a) Opening in partitions.a) Opening in partitions. b) Improperly designed HVAC b) Improperly designed HVAC

system (dampers)system (dampers) 6. Interior attack can be done 6. Interior attack can be done

with a greater deal of confidence.with a greater deal of confidence.

Page 30: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

Type 2 construction:Type 2 construction: a) Primary concern is contents a) Primary concern is contents

of building.of building. b) Heat build up can cause b) Heat build up can cause

structural collapse.structural collapse. Steel Steel trusses will absorb heat and can trusses will absorb heat and can fail very quickly (5-15 minutes).fail very quickly (5-15 minutes).

c) Materials with no fire c) Materials with no fire resistance ratings may be used resistance ratings may be used (ex: untreated wood)(ex: untreated wood)

d) Usual have flat, built-up d) Usual have flat, built-up roofs. These roofs can contain roofs. These roofs can contain felt, insulation, and roofing tar.felt, insulation, and roofing tar.

e) Fire extension can easily e) Fire extension can easily spread to roof and cause roof spread to roof and cause roof collapse.collapse.

Page 31: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

Type 3 construction Type 3 construction (ordinary):(ordinary):

a) Exterior walls and structural members a) Exterior walls and structural members are noncombustible or limited are noncombustible or limited combustible materials.combustible materials.

b) Interior structural members (walls, b) Interior structural members (walls, columns, beams, floors, and roof are columns, beams, floors, and roof are completely or partially constructed of completely or partially constructed of wood, which the wood is of a diameter wood, which the wood is of a diameter much smaller than heavy timber much smaller than heavy timber construction.)construction.)

c) Fire and smoke spread through c) Fire and smoke spread through concealed spaces.concealed spaces.

d) Heat may be conducted to concealed d) Heat may be conducted to concealed areas through finish materials (drywall, areas through finish materials (drywall, gypsum board or plaster).gypsum board or plaster).

e) Fire may burn within concealed e) Fire may burn within concealed spaces and if conditions are right (hot spaces and if conditions are right (hot enough)/enough)/

f) Hazards can be reduced by placing f) Hazards can be reduced by placing fire stops inside concealed spaces.fire stops inside concealed spaces.

Page 32: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

Type 4 construction Type 4 construction (heavy timber):(heavy timber):

a) Primary hazard is a) Primary hazard is massive amount of massive amount of combustible members.combustible members.

b) Because of heat given b) Because of heat given off by structural members off by structural members it presents serious it presents serious exposure hazards.exposure hazards.

Page 33: Module A Fire Behavior Battery C36 FF3 Mod A. This law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if pressure and amount are held constant

Type 5 construction (wood frame):Type 5 construction (wood frame): a) Almost unlimited potential for a) Almost unlimited potential for

fire extension throughout fire extension throughout structure.structure.

b) Concern for extension to exposures.b) Concern for extension to exposures.