14
Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

Module 8:Cell Respiration and

Photosynthesis(Option C for SL only)

8.1 Cell Respiration

Page 2: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

8.1.1 State that oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, whereas reduction involves a gain of electrons; and that oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, whereas reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen.

Word Meaning

Oxidation Electrons lostOxygen gainedHydrogen lost (H+ also called proton)

Reduction Electrons gainedOxygen lostHydrogen gained (H+)

Phosphorylation The addition of a phosphate group

Decarboxylation The removal of a carbon

Page 3: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation.

(G3P)

(fructose-1,6-bisphosphate)

Reduction

Substrate level phosphorylation – phosphate added directly onto ADP

Page 4: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs.

Label: Cristae, inner membrane, outer member, intermembrane space, matrix, ribosomes

Page 5: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen.

• Pyruvate enters mitochondrion• Enzymes in matrix remove a carbon (decarboxylation) and

hydrogen (oxidation)• Hydrogen is accepted by NAD+ (forms NADH)• The whole process is called oxidative decarboxylation• The product is an acetyl group that reacts with coenzymeA

(CoA)• Acetyl CoA then enters the Krebs Cycle

Page 6: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen.

Page 7: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen.

• Occurs in matrix of mitochondrion• Decarboxylation occurs• Oxidation/removal of hydrogen by NAD and FAD• Substrate level phosphorylation

Page 8: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen.

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120071/bio11.swf

Page 9: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen.

• Transfer of hydrogen to inner membrane carriers• Hydrogen is pumped across inner membrane• Creates a concentration gradient• Electrons transferred between carriers• Chemiosmosis• Hydrogen ions passes down concentration gradient through

ATP synthase• Oxygen is the final electron acceptor and this forms water

Page 10: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

8.1.5 Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis.

• This involves the movement of protons (H+) to provide energy for the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP using the electron transport chain (ETC)

• ATP synthase found on the inner mitochondrial membrane uses the H+ gradient to make ATP

• H+ move passively down the concentration gradient back

into the matrix• 1 NADH = 3 ATP• 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

Page 11: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

8.1.6 Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function.

• Cristae increase SA for ETC function• Membranes provides barrier for proton accumulation• Enzymes embedded in membranes in order for ETC and

chemiosmosis to occur.

Page 12: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

Location Reactants Products Oxygen required?

Glycolysis

Link Reaction

Krebs Cycle

ETC + Chemiosmosis

Summary Chart (1 glucose)

Task: Try filling the chart out!

Page 13: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

Location Reactants Products Oxygen required?

Glycolysis Cytoplasm 1 glucose2 ATP

2 pyruvate2 ATP2 NADH

No

Link Reaction Mitochondrial matrix

2 pyruvate 2 acetyl CoA2 NADH

No (but will occur in the presence of O2)

Krebs Cycle Mitochondrial matrix

2 acetyl CoA 2 ATP6 NADH2 FADH2

4 CO2 (released)

No

ETC + Chemiosmosis

Inner mitochondrial membrane + intermembrane space

6 NADH2 FADH2

3 x 6NADH = 182 x 2FADH2 =422 ATP

Yes

Summary Chart (1 glucose)

Page 14: Module 8: Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis (Option C for SL only) 8.1 Cell Respiration

ATP used ATP made NADH, FADH2 made

Total ATP

Glycolysis 2 4 2 NADH x 3 = 6 (but 2 ATP are used to transport pyruvate into mitochondria)

8

Link Reaction 0 0 2 NADH x 3 = 6 6Krebs Cycle 0 2 ------------------- 2ETC and chemiosmosis

0 0 6 NADH x 3 =

182 FADH2 x 2= 4

22

Total 38

ATP Count