MODERN EAST ASIA 28.0 | As stated

MODERN CHINA 1839-1949 The Opium War Britain’s unfavorable balance of trade

British goods to India; Indian cotton to China; Chinese tea to Britain Silver flowed TO China

Britain replaced Indian cotton with Indian opium The balance of trade was reversed

China banned the evil opium in 1836 Canton destroys 6 month’s supply of opium 1839

Britain declares war 1839 Its modernized army crushed the Chinese: Treaty of Nanjing 1842

Hong Kong

Cities in the far east became hubs for Western trade Hong Kong as example; other cities to follow by US, France, et

cetera

REBELLIONS AGAINST THE MANCHU 1850-73 Absolutely catastrophic and unrecognized as one of the most devastating periods of conflict in human history WWII: c. 50-60 million Nain, Muslim, and Taiping Rebellions: c. 60 million

The Taipings Influenced by Protestant ideas Their leader believed he was the brother of Jesus His Christian duty was to purge China of all non-Christians

Qing (Manchu) Dynasty too weak to respond Nain and Muslim uprisings (Uyghur)

THE SCHOLARS SAVE CHINA Reform movements sprung up to implement cooperation Avoid autonomy and a “warring states period”

Western powers invited in to remodel and stabilize China Rebellion put down by 1873

The cost? Britain and France exert influence for their efforts Treaty ports: Chinese ports owned by Western powers and free from

Chinese rule Unregulated dumping of Western goods FAVORABLE balance of trade Domestic industries crushed: unable to compete

Pressure from Russia, Japan, and France strained the empire Korea “freed” by Japan 1876 French Indochina 1893

PRESSURE AND NATIONALISM Economic and political encroachment led to nationalist zeal in China

The Boxer [Righteous and Harmonious Fists] Rebellion 1898 Attacked foreigners and Chinese Christians [West intervenes] Europe/US won a huge settlement and stationed troops Russia received Manchuria from China

Reforms sweep China to fix its problems Nationalist China: Received support from the newly reformed USSR 1923 Leninism’s “cult of personality” atop a strong reform-based state [Chiang

Kai-shek]

Divided camp: The Chinese Communist Party was also popular

CHINA DIVIDED Chiang Kai-Shek’s “people’s principles” Nationality, livelihood, and rights

Began march north to unify Chinese parties Killing and dispersing of communist forces

Fled to the mountains to hide

By 1928 Nationalist forces were mostly recognized Pockets of “warlords” and communist forces existed however

1934-5 Communists’ Long March Unifying communist forces to confront Chiang K-S Mao Zedong wrests control of CCP from the Leninist elitists

Communism by the peasant; for the peasant

COMMUNISM TAKES CHINA WWII put the conflict on hold to fight Japan 1945 the conflict erupts again: Chiang K-S’s advantage US-backed and USSR recognized

The better-motivated Maoist troops [PRC] push Nationalist forces south All the way to Taiwan, where they remain (Republic of China)

MODERN JAPAN 1853-1945 The overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate Its isolationist policy ended with Matthew Perry 1853

Intimidation and demands

Rapid Westernization and industrialization The Meji State 1868-1890

Centralization of Power: Edo reborn as Tokyo Breaking of hegemonic shogunate tradition Adopted a Prussian-style constitution and military state

Emperor remained a figurehead

Unshackled and expansive economy Farmers could pursue what they wished; samurai could farm Fertilizers and farm equipment imported: production doubled

EXPLODING INTO THE MODERN Phase 1 Modeled Western industries develop

Phase 2 Railroad and industry expansion [same problems that West had] Miles of railroad 1872: 18

1894: 2,100 1934: 14,500

Phase 3 Modernization of society Banking systems and health care

Phase 4 Great Depression hurt Japan but recovery was quick Military production expanded [navy]

JAPANESE IMPERIAL POLITICS The Sino-Japanese War 1894-5 Japan annexes Korea from China [1910] + economic advantages

Involvement in Boxer Rebellion Acting like a Western nation

Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902 Japan seen as “equal” in alliance with Britain

Britain wanted to protect its Eastern interests

The Russo-Japanese War 1904-5 Japan single-handedly crushes a Western nation Gains Manchuria and catapulted to Imperial level Begins establishing colonies [Pacific]

Dangerous militarism War with China again 1937; Tripartite Pact with Nazi’s 1940