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CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA Emissions Inventory Conference Andrew Hoekzema, CAPCOG April 16, 2015

Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

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Page 1: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

CAPITAL AREA COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENTS

Modeling Truck IdlingEmissions in Central Texas

2015 EPA Emissions Inventory Conference

Andrew Hoekzema, CAPCOG

April 16, 2015

Page 2: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Presentation Overview

5/11/2015 2Capital Area Council of Governments

• Background

• Estimation of Extended Truck Idling in Central Texas

• Estimation of Short-Term Truck Idling in Central Texas

• Truck Idling Driver Survey

• Conclusion, Implications, and Recommendations

Page 3: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Extended Truck Idling

• Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping

• Duration: 1 hour or more

• Assumed duration: 8 hours

• Assumed to operate at high RPM with AC or heat

• Occurs off-network at truck stops, rest areas, parking lots, frontage roads

Short-Term Truck Idling

• Idling while waiting to pick up or deliver goods

• Duration: less than 1 hour

• Any kind of truck

• Occurs off-network anywhere that trucks operate

• Unclear that it is fully accounted for in MOVES

5/11/2015Capital Area Council of Governments Be Air

Aware3

Assumptions About Truck Idling in MOVES Model

Page 4: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Idling Restrictions in Central Texas

5/11/2015 4Capital Area Council of Governments

• Locally Enforced Idling Restrictions Since 2004

• Restricts Idling >5 minutes

• Applies to All Vehicles with GVWR > 14,000 lbs

• Enforceable Against Truck Drivers, Owners, and Property Owners

• Exemptions for Federally Mandated Rest Periods:– May 2006 – September 2009: Legislative Exemption

– September 2009 – August 11, 2011: No Exemption

– August 11, 2011 – Present: Administrative Exemption

– Not exempt if within 2 miles of facility with idle reduction infrastructure

• Exemptions for PTO use, emergency vehicles, etc.

Page 5: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Central Texas & Austin-Round Rock MSA

5/11/2015 5Capital Area Council of Governments

Page 6: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Central Texas & Austin-Round Rock MSA

5/11/2015 6Capital Area Council of Governments

Page 7: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Data Collection at Truck Stops

5/11/2015 7Capital Area Council of Governments

Page 8: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Truck Stop Observations

5/11/2015 8Capital Area Council of Governments

• Data Collection Period: 7/13/2011 – 8/13/2011

• Summary Statistics:– 7 Truck Stops Observed in Austin-Round Rock MSA

– 170 Hourly Observations

– 6,632 Parking Space-Hours Observed

– 3,837 Truck-Hours Observed (56% Occupancy Rate)

– 2,102 trucks idling (55% idling rate)

– Avg. Idling Rate = 0.32 trucks idling per parking space

• Statistical Analysis:– Significant Variation by Day Type and Time of Day

– 1 Location Had Unique Profile

Page 9: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Idling Rate Profiles

5/11/2015 9Capital Area Council of Governments

Time Period Facility TypeMon.-Thu.

Fri. Sat. Sun.

12 am – 6 am IH-35 Truck Stops 0.65 0.65 0.37 0.286 am – 8 am IH-35 Truck Stops 0.39 0.39 0.31 0.238 am – 8 pm IH-35 Truck Stops 0.26 0.12 0.19 0.15

8 pm – 12 pm IH-35 Truck Stops 0.47 0.27 0.27 0.2024 Hours IH-35 Truck Stops 0.40 0.30 0.26 0.2024 Hours Mustang Ridge 0.12 0.10 0.06 0.04

Trucks Idling Per Parking Space Per Hour

Page 10: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Idling Location Inventories – Aerial Imagery

5/11/2015 10Capital Area Council of Governments

Dirt Parking Area

50 Spaces Added in 2012

Page 11: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Extended Idling Activity Comparison

5/11/2015 11Capital Area Council of Governments

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

Exte

nd

ed

Idlin

g H

ou

rs P

er

Day

TTI CAPCOG EPA (% of rural restricted highway VMT)

Page 12: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Short-Term Idling – Truck Trips by NAICS Codes

5/11/2015 12Capital Area Council of Governments

NAICS Codes

Description Employees Daily Truck Trips

212 Mining & Quarrying 895 4,310

31-33 Manufacturing 37,419 3,080

42 Wholesale Trade 39,368 2,363

44-45 Retail Trade 90,874 15,449

Page 13: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Short-Term Idling – Idling Duration

5/11/2015 13Capital Area Council of Governments

7

23

8

25

Retail Basic

Avg. Duration of Short-Term Idling by Establishment Type (minutes per truck trip)

Idling > 5 Minutes

All Idling

Page 14: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Emissions Estimates for Austin-Round Rock MSA

5/11/2015 14Capital Area Council of Governments

Idling Type Hours CO NOX VOC CO2 PM10 PM2.5

Short-Term 5,958 0.48 0.54 0.08 151.06 0.0259 0.0252

Extended 5,176 0.51 1.09 0.29 52.19 0.0265 0.0244

Combined 11,134 0.99 1.63 0.37 203.24 0.0524 0.0496

2012 Summer Weekday Activity and Emissions (tpd)

Page 15: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Truck Idling Driver Survey

5/11/2015 15Capital Area Council of Governments

• Surveys conducted in July & August 2011

• Total responses: 118 drivers

– Sleeper Cabs (Combination Long-Haul Trucks): 71

– Day Cabs (Combination Short-Haul Trucks): 46

• Questions:

– Truck & Engine Characteristics

– Trip Characteristics

– Idling Behavior

– Idling Control Strategies

Page 16: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Truck Driver Survey Results - Engine Idling Speed

5/11/2015 16Capital Area Council of Governments

80% 82%

20% 18%

Idling < 1 Hour Idling 1+ Hours

Engine Speed While Idling?"Low" Speed (RPM <1000) "High" Speed (RPM >=1000)

Page 17: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Literature Review - Idling Engine Speed

5/11/2015 17Capital Area Council of Governments

Study Sample Size Average RPM

Brodrick (2001) 233 850

Irick (2002) – Drivers 100 965

Irick (2002) – Fleets 100 964

Lutsey (2003) 315 866

Texas TransportationInstitute (2003)

16 838

TOTAL 764 886

• MOVES Assumes All Idling Occurs in “High” RPM Setting with A/C• Avg. of 1991-2006 “High RPM/AC” Data = 1050 RPM• Potential Implication: Idling Emission Rates May be Too High

Page 18: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Truck Driver Survey Results – Control Strategies

5/11/2015 18Capital Area Council of Governments

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Sleeper Cab Day Cab MY <2003 MY 2003+

Presence of On-Board Idle Reduction Technology

None Diesel Gen-Set

Diesel Heater Automatic Stop-Start Controls

Battery-Powered APU Thermal Storage Cooling

Engine Coolant Heaters Other

Page 19: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Truck Driver Survey Results – Control Strategies

5/11/2015 19Capital Area Council of Governments

60%

29%

42%

On-Board IdleEquipment Present

On-Board IdleEquipment Not

Present

All Responses

Willing to Use Idle Reduction Infrastructure?

% "Yes"

Page 20: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Truck Driver Survey Results – Control Strategies

5/11/2015 20Capital Area Council of Governments

42%

31%

43%

19%15%

51%

Are There Idling Restrictions in Place? Would You Be Willing to Comply?

Awareness of Idling Restrictions and Compliance

No Unsure Yes

Page 21: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Conclusions, Implications, and Recommendations

5/11/2015 21Capital Area Council of Governments

• Bottom-Up Data Collection Efforts

• Extended Idling v. Short-Term Idling

• Engine Speed Assumptions

• On-Board Idling Technology Assumptions

• Challenges for Control Strategies

– Truck Stop Electrification

– Idling Restrictions

Page 22: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

5/11/2015 22

Questions?

Capital Area Council of Governments

Page 23: Modeling Truck Idling Emissions in Central Texas 2015 EPA ... · Extended Truck Idling • Idling while combination long-haul driver is sleeping • Duration: 1 hour or more • Assumed

Capital Area Council of Governments

Air Quality Program

http://www.capcog.org/airquality

5/11/2015 23

THANK YOU!

Capital Area Council of Governments

Andrew Hoekzema

Air Quality Program Manager

[email protected]

(512) 916-6043