Mišljenje Udruženja banaka Srbije iz 2009. godine

8/13/2019 Miljenje Udruenja banaka Srbije iz 2009. godine

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U

novom sistemu platnog prometa

menica je dobila veoma znaajnu

ulogu u sistemu plaanja i izmirivanja

meusobnih obaveza uesnika, obezbeujuibrz postupak naplate potraivanja.

Osnovno pitanje koje se postavlja u naoj

poslovnoj praksi jeste: kakvo je ovlaenje

potrebno za punovano preuzimanje menineobaveze od strane punomonika pravnog lica,pa je danas prisutno razliito ponaanje banaka

i ne retko odbanje realizace menice.Po naem miljenju, problemi nastaju zbog

neusklaenih i prevazienih zakonskih reenja.

Pravni sistem se neprestano menja donoenjemnovih propisa i svaka takva promena utie i naznaenje postojeih normi, to predstavlja jednu

od potekoa prava, inei ga veoma sloenim.Ovo stoga to se jedna norma ne tumai samaza sebe, nego ceo sistem preko tumaenja jedne

norme. Da bi ilustrovali navedene konstatacenavodimo zakonska reenja koja vae u naempravnom sistemu:

1. Zakon o menici(lan 101.) predvideo je da

se svako lice menino moe obavezati, saglasnograanskom ili trgovakom zakonodavstvu.

Ko se na menici potpie kao zastupnik bez

ovlaenja, lino je odgovoran. Isto vai i za

zastupnika koji je prekoraio svoje ovlaenje

(lan 8.).

2. Zakon o obligacionim odnosima u

pogledu obima punomoja izriito propisuje

da punomonik ne moe bez posebnog

ovlaenja za svaki pojedini sluaj preuzetimeninu obavezu, zakljuiti ugovor o jemstvu,o poravnanju, o izabranom sudu, kao ni odreise nekog prava bez naknade (lan 91. stav 4.).

Za pravna lica vane su odredbe Zakona

o obligacionim odnosima koje se odnose na

poslovno punomoje kojim se punomonik

ovlauje da zakljuuje ugovore i obavlja

ostale poslove koji su uobiajeni u vrenju

njihove poslovne delatnosti. Za razliku od

opteg punomoja, Zakon predvia i posebno(specalno) punomoje koje ovlauje na

preduzimanje tano odreenog posla, odnosno

vrste poslova i obuhvata ovlaenja koja

izlaze iz kruga redovnog poslovanja koja nisu

uobiajena u prometu.

Prema odredbi lana 95. stav 2 ovog Zakona

punomonik ne moe preuzeti menine

obaveze ili obaveze jemstva, ako ne dobio

posebno ovlaenje za svaki takav posao.U

pogledu obima poslovnog punomoja Zakonne pravi razliku izmeu obinog i poslovnog

punomoja.Restriktivni pristup Zakona o obligacionim

odnosima, koji je usvojen pre tri decene,

moe se razumeti u uslovima dominace

Autor rubrike: Emica Zdravkovi, specalni savetnik za pravne poslove UBS

pitanja i odgovori

KOJA SU OVLAENA

LICA ZA PUNOVANOPREUZIMANJE MENINEOBAVEZE?


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dravne, odnosno drutvene svojine, kada

preuzimanje menine obaveze ne bilo

uobiajeno u pravnom prometu i izlazilo je izkruga redovnog poslovanja.

3. Zakon o platnom prometu1ini znaajan

pomak u pogledu uloge menice u sistemuplaanja. Odredbama lana 46. stav 1. Zakonapredvieno je da pravna lica i zika lica kojaobavljaju delatnost mogu meusobne novaneobaveze izmirivati neposredno, prenosom

harta od vrednosti, ili saglasno lanu 47, stav 1,

taka 3 Zakona, na osnovu naloga poverilaca na

osnovu dospelih harta od vrednosti, menica

ili ovlaenja koje je dunik dao svojoj banci isvom poveriocu.

Na ovaj nain u novom sistemu platnogprometa, menica je postala sredstvo plaanja

koja se redovno i masovno koristi i omoguavabrzu naplatu sredstava bezgotovinski,

prenosom indosamentom ili prezentacom

banci dunika uz nalog poverioca za naplatu

sredstava s rauna dunika.Na osnovu ovlaenja iz Zakona o platnom

prometu (lan 3, st. 4, l. 36, st. 2) Narodna

banka Srbe posebnom odlukom propisala je

uslove i nain otvaranja -

voenja i gaenja rauna kodbanke. Odlukom je propisano da podnosilac

zahteva za otvaranje rauna uz zahtev, izmeuostalog podnosi i karton deponovanih potpisalica ovlaenih za potpisivanje naloga, radi

raspolaganja sredstvima sa rauna, koji jepotpisalo ovlaeno lice iz reenja o upisu

u registar kod nadlenog organa i koji je

overen peatom. Karton deponovanih potpisasadri ovlaenje za raspolaganje sredstvima

sa rauna, koje moe biti samostalno ili

kolektivno, ogranieno ili neogranieno.

Ogranienje se moe odnositi na visinu iznosa

do kog ovlaena lica mogu potpisivati nalogeili na osnove raspolaganja sredstvima.Prema navedenom, ovlaeno lice za

zastupanje iz reenja u upisu u registar kod

nadlenog organa odreuje lica ovlaena za

potpisivanje i utvruje im prava koja oni imajukod potpisivanja instrumenata plaanja.

U pogledu menine sposobnosti u praksi

banaka je prisutno razliito postupanje.Ta praksa se odnosi prvenstveno na meninu

sposobnost punomonika - lica sa depo kartona.Pri tome se pravi razlika u odnosu na funkcumenice. Jedan broj banaka, u sluaju menice

kao instrumenta plaanja, na osnovu lana

4 Zakona o platnom prometu, ovlaenim

punomonikom smatra lica sa depo kartona, jer

su izriito ovlaena za raspolaganje sredstvima

na osnovu dospelih harta od

vrednosti, menica

ili ovlaenja

koje dunik daje svojoj banci i svompoveriocu. Pojedine banke ne prihvataju lica

sa depo kartona, te je u tom sluaju poverilac

prinuen da svoje potraivanje ostvaruje putem

suda.U ovom sluaju se Zakon o platnom prometu

pojavljuje u odnosu na Zakon o obligacionim

odnosima i kao lex specialis, a je pravnasnaga superiorna u odnosu na opti zakon

koji drugae ureuje istu ili slinu zakonsku

1 Zakon o platnom prometu (Slubeni list SRJ, br. 3/02 i 5/03 i Slubeni glasnik R. Srbe, br.43/04 i 62/06).


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of exchange obligations or assurances, unlesshe/she has obtained the special authorizationfor each such operation. In respect of the

scope of the power of aorney, the Law makesno dierence between the regular and business

power of aorney.The restrictive approach of the Law onObligations, adopted three decades ago,

may be understood in the circumstances of

domination by the state, i. e. social property,

when the assumption of the bill of exchange

obligation was not common in the legal

circulation, and was outside the scope of the

regular operations.3. Law on Payments Operations1brings a

signicant progress in respect of the role thebill of exchange plays in the payments system.The provisions of the Article 46, Paragraph 1

of the Law stipulate that the legal entities andnatural persons who conduct an activity may

sele the mutual monetary obligations directly,

by transferring securities, or, pursuant to the

Article 47, Paragraph 1, Item 3 of the Law, on the

basis of the creditors order based on maturedsecurities, bills of exchange or authorizations

that the debtors gave to their bank and theircreditor.

This way, in the new payments system,

the bill of exchange became an instrument of

payment used regularly and on a mass scale,

enabling quick non-cash collection of funds,

by an endorsement transfer or by presentationto the debtors bank with the creditors order

for the collection of funds from the debtors

account.

On the basis of the authorization fromthe Law on Payments Operations (Article 3,

Paragraph 4, Art. 36, Para. 2), the National

Bank of Serbia issued a special decision,

prescribing the conditions and the way of

opening, maintaining and closing an account

with a bank. The decision prescribes that the

submier of a request for an account opening,along with the request, among other things

submits the deposited signatures card of the

persons authorized for signing the ordersenabling disposal with the funds from the

account, signed by an authorized person fromthe decision on registration with the competent

court, and veried by a seal. The deposited

signatures card contains the authorization

for disposal with the funds from the account,

which may be individual or collective, limitedor unlimited. The limitation may refer tothe level of amount to which the authorized

persons may sign the orders, or to the groundsof funds disposal.

According to the above mentioned, the

authorized representative from the decision

at the registration with the competent body

appoints the persons to be authorized for

signing the orders, and determines their

rights at the occasion of signing the paymentinstruments.

In respect of the bill of exchange capability,there are dierent approaches present in the

banks practice.This practice primarily refers to the bill

of exchange capability of the representative

person from the deposited signatures card,

the dierence being made in respect of the billof exchange function. Some banks, in case of

the bill of exchange as a payment instrument,and according to the Article 4 of the Law on

Payment Operations, consider the persons

from the deposited signatures card to be the

authorized representatives, because they havethe explicit authorization for funds disposal on

the basis of matured securities, bills of exchange

or authorizations given by the debtors to theirbanks and their creditors. Certain banks,

however, do not accept the persons from the

deposited signatures card, thus the creditorsare forced to collect their claims through the

court.In this case, the Law on Payments Operations

functions as a lex specialis in relation to the Law

on Obligations, its legal strength being superior

to the general law, which is regulating the same

or similar legal subject-maer in a dierent

way.However, if the bill of exchange is used

as an instrument of securing the receivables,certain banks apply the solutions from the

1 Law on Payments Operations (Ocial Gazee of the FRY, No 3/02 and 5/03, and Ocial Gazee of the RS, No 43/04 and62/06).


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materu.Meutim, ako se menica koristi kao

sredstvo obezbeenja potraivanja pojedine

banke primenjuju reenja iz l. 95. Zakona o

obligacionim odnosima koja ne odgovaraju

potrebama brzog, pouzdanog i savremenogpravnog prometa, naroito u privrednim

odnosima.Sadanji i budui odnosi nesumnjivo

ukazuju da bi zakonska reenja o meninoj

sposobnosti punomonika trebalo promeniti i

prilagoditi savremenom i ekasnom pravnomprometu.

Kako bi se razreila postojea neusklaenost

u regulativi i omoguilo da menica u poslovnoj

praksi dobe ono mesto koje po zakonu ima,Udruenje se obratilo Komisi za izradu

graanskog zakonika koju je obrazovala VladaRepublike Srbe, za tumaenje odredbe lana

95. stav 2. Zakona o obligacionim odnosima.

Prema stavu Komise od 19.03.2009. godine

saglasno sada vaeem Zakonu o platnom prometukarton deponovanih potpisa lica ovlaenih za

potpisivanje naloga radi raspolaganja sredstvima

sa rauna je dovoljno ovlaenje dato poslovnom

punomoniku i za preuzimanje menine obaveze,jer je menica i instrument plaanja.

Stoga je karton deponovanih potpisa u

smislu Zakona o obligacionim odnosima

posebno poslovno punomoje za raspolaganje

sredstvima sa rauna koje obuhvata i

preuzimanje menine obaveze. Ovo stoga to u

izmenjenim poslovno-privrednim okolnostima

preuzimanje menine obaveze u okviru je

redovnog poslovanja i uobiajeno u prometu.

Zbog masovne upotrebe instrumenata platnogprometa ne mogue izdavati ovlaenje za

svako pojedinano preuzimanje menineobaveze, jer bi to usporilo pravni promet. Po

ovom pitanju identian je i stav Narodne banke

Srbe.Osim toga, u privrednim odnosima uesnici

su profesionalci za koje vai pretpostavka

o potpunom znanju, obavetenosti o svim

relevantnim pravnim i faktikim pitanjima,

kao i zahtev za posebnom panjom. Na toj

osnovi nastala su brojna pravila modernog

ugovornog prava. Pri tome treba imati u vidui izriite odredbe Zakona o menici o linoj

odgovornosti zastupnika bez ovlaenja ili

prekoraenja ovlaenja kod preuzimanja

menine obaveze.Kao ovlaena lica za preuzimanje menine

obaveze, na osnovu svega napred reenog, su: lice koje je ovlaeno za zastupanje pravnog

lica i koje je kao takvo upisano u registar kod

nadlenog organa;

lice koje je upisano na kartonu deponovanihpotpisa lica ovlaenih za potpisivanje

naloga radi raspolaganja sredstvima s

rauna otvorenog kod banke; lice koje ima posebno ovlaenje za

preduzimanje konkretne menine obaveze,sa njegovim overenim potpisom.


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Article 95 of the Law on Obligations that do not

meet the need for quick, reliable and modern

legal circulation, especially when it comes to

economic relations.The present and the future relations

undoubtedly indicate that the legal solutionsrelated to the bill of exchange capability of

the representative should be changed and

adjusted to the contemporary and ecient

legal circulation.In order to solve the existing non-

coordination in the regulations, and enable

the bill of exchange to acquire the position it

deserves according to the law, the Associationappealed to the Commission for the Preparation

of the Civil Code, formed by the SerbianGovernment, for the interpretation of the

provision of the Article 95, Paragraph 2 of theLaw on Obligations. According to the opinionof the Commission, as of 19.3.2009 pursuant tothe now existing Law on Payments Operations, the

deposited signatures card of the persons authorized

to sign the orders for disposal with the funds from

the accounts is a sucient authorization given to the

business representative for the assumption of the bill

of exchange obligation, since the bill of exchange isan instrument of payment, too.

Thus the deposited signatures card

represents, in terms of the Law on Obligations,

a special business authorization for disposal

with the funds from the accounts, including

the assumption of the bill of exchange

obligation. This is due to the fact that in the

altered business-economic circumstances the

assumption of the bill of exchange obligation

is within the regular business operations and

is common in commerce. Due to the mass useof the payment operations instruments, it is

not possible to issue authorizations for each

individual assumption of the bill of exchange

obligation, since it would slow down the legalcirculation. The National Bank of Serbia has thesame opinion on this issue.

Apart from this, the participants in

economic relations are professionals assumed

to possess the complete knowledge, and to befully informed on all relevant legal and factualissues, and who are also required to be highlyaentive. This was the basis for the numerousrules of the modern contractual law. In addition,

what should also be taken into account are theexplicit provisions of the Bill of Exchange Lawin respect of the personal accountability of therepresentative without authorization or the

exceeding of the authorization while assumingthe bill of exchange obligation.

Based on all above-mentioned, the personsauthorized for the assumption the bill of

exchange obligation are the following: Person authorized for representing a legal

entity, registered as such with the competentbody;

Person whose name is found in the deposited

signatures card of the persons authorized

for signing the orders for disposing with

the funds at an account with a bank; Person with a special authorization for the

assumption of a concrete bill of exchange

obligation, with the veried signature.

Documents

Mišljenje Udruženja banaka Srbije iz 2009. godine