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C O N T E N T S

Preface xiv

PART ONEBIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES 1

CHAPTER 1ZOOLOGY: AN EVOLUTIONARY ANDECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 2Outline 2Concepts 2Zoology: An Evolutionary Perspective 3Zoology: An Ecological Perspective 6Summary 9Selected Key Terms 9Critical Thinking Questions 9

CHAPTER 2CELLS, TISSUES, ORGANS, AND ORGANSYSTEMS OF ANIMALS 11Outline 11Concepts 11What Are Cells? 11Why Are Most Cells Small? 13Cell Membranes 13Movement Across Membranes 15Cytoplasm, Organelles, and Cellular Components 20The Nucleus: Information Center 25Levels of Organization in Various Animals 26Tissues 26Organs 32Organ Systems 32Summary 32Selected Key Terms 33Critical Thinking Questions 33

CHAPTER 3CELL DIVISION AND INHERITANCE 34Outline 34Concepts 34Eukaryotic Chromosomes 35Mitotic Cell Division 36Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual Reproduction 38DNA: The Genetic Material 40

Inheritance Patterns in Animals 46Summary 52Selected Key Terms 53Critical Thinking Questions 53

CHAPTER 4EVOLUTION: HISTORY AND EVIDENCE 55Outline 55Concepts 55Pre-Darwinian Theories of Change 56Darwin’s Early Years and His Journey 56Early Development of Darwin’s Ideas of Evolution 57The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection 59Microevolution, Macroevolution, and Evidence of

Macroevolutionary Change 61Summary 71Selected Key Terms 71Critical Thinking Questions 71

CHAPTER 5EVOLUTION AND GENE FREQUENCIES 72Outline 72Concepts 72Populations and Gene Pools 73Must Evolution Happen? 73Evolutionary Mechanisms 73Species and Speciation 78Rates of Evolution 80Molecular Evolution 81Mosaic Evolution 83Summary 83Selected Key Terms 83Critical Thinking Questions 84

CHAPTER 6ECOLOGY: PRESERVING THEANIMAL KINGDOM 85Outline 85Concepts 85Animals and Their Abiotic Environment 86Biotic Factors: Populations 87Biotic Factors: Interspecific Interactions 88Communities 91Trophic Structure of Ecosystems 93

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Cycling Within Ecosystems 94Ecological Problems 95Summary 99Selected Key Terms 99Critical Thinking Questions 99

PART TWOANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS

AND ANIMALIA 101

CHAPTER 7ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION, PHYLOGENY, AND ORGANIZATION 102Outline 102Concepts 102Classification of Organisms 103Evolutionary Relationships and Tree Diagrams 109Patterns of Organization 110Higher Animal Taxonomy 113Summary 117Selected Key Terms 117Critical Thinking Questions 117

CHAPTER 8ANIMAL-LIKE PROTISTS:THE PROTOZOA 118Outline 118Concepts 118Evolutionary Perspective 118Life Within a Single Plasma Membrane 119Symbiotic Lifestyles 121Protozoan Taxonomy 121Flagellated Protozoa 123Amoeboid Protozoa 124The Foraminifera 125The Coccidea 126The Ciliates 128Further Phylogenetic Considerations 131Summary 132Selected Key Terms 133Critical Thinking Questions 133

CHAPTER 9MULTICELLULAR AND TISSUE LEVELSOF ORGANIZATION 134Outline 134Concepts 134

Evolutionary Perspective 134Phylum Porifera 135Phylum Cnidaria 140Phylum Ctenophora 150Further Phylogenetic Considerations 151Summary 154Selected Key Terms 154Critical Thinking Questions 154

CHAPTER 10THE TRIPLOBLASTIC, ACOELOMATE BODY PLAN 155Outline 155Concepts 155Evolutionary Perspective 155Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms Are Acoelomates with

Gastrovascular Cavities 156Phylum Nemertea: Proboscis Worms Are Named for

Their Prey-Capturing Apparatus 168Phylum Gastrotricha 169Further Phylogenetic Considerations 170Summary 171Selected Key Terms 172Critical Thinking Questions 172

CHAPTER 11THE PSEUDOCOELOMATE BODY PLAN:ASCHELMINTH (LOPHOTROCHOZOAN ANDECDYSOZOAN PHYLA) 173Outline 173Concepts 173Evolutionary Perspective 173General Characteristics 175Aschelminthes That Do Not

Molt (Lophotrochozoan Phyla) 175Aschelminthes That Molt

(Ecdysozoan Phyla) 180Further Phylogenetic Considerations 188Summary 188Selected Key Terms 188Critical Thinking Questions 188

CHAPTER 12MOLLUSCAN SUCCESS 189Outline 189Concepts 189Evolutionary Perspective 189Molluscan Characteristics 190

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Class Gastropoda 193Class Bivalvia 195Class Cephalopoda 201Class Polyplacophora 203Class Scaphopoda 204Class Monoplacophora 205Class Aplacophora 205Further Phylogenetic Considerations 205Summary 207Selected Key Terms 208Critical Thinking Questions 208

CHAPTER 13ANNELIDA: THE METAMERICBODY FORM 209Outline 209Concepts 209Evolutionary Perspective 209Class Polychaeta 212Class Clitellata 217Further Phylogenetic Considerations 223Summary 224Selected Key Terms 224Critical Thinking Questions 224

CHAPTER 14THE ARTHROPODS: BLUEPRINTFOR SUCCESS 225Outline 225Concepts 225Evolutionary Perspective 225Metamerism and Tagmatization 226The Exoskeleton 227The Hemocoel 228Metamorphosis 229Subphylum Trilobitomorpha 229Subphylum Chelicerata 229Subphylum Crustacea 237Further Phylogenetic Considerations 244Summary 245Selected Key Terms 245Critical Thinking Questions 245

CHAPTER 15THE HEXAPODS AND MYRIAPODS:TERRESTRIAL TRIUMPHS 246Outline 246Concepts 246Evolutionary Perspective 246

Subphylum Myriapoda 247Subphylum Hexapoda 250Further Phylogenetic Considerations 259Summary 262Selected Key Terms 263Critical Thinking Questions 263

CHAPTER 16THE ECHINODERMS 264Outline 264Concepts 264Evolutionary Perspective 264Echinoderm Characteristics 265Class Asteroidea 266Class Ophiuroidea 269Class Echinoidea 271Class Holothuroidea 272Class Crinoidea 274Further Phylogenetic Considerations 275Summary 277Selected Key Terms 277Critical Thinking Questions 277

CHAPTER 17HEMICHORDATA ANDINVERTEBRATE CHORDATES 278Outline 278Concepts 278Evolutionary Perspective 278Phylum Hemichordata 279Phylum Chordata 282Further Phylogenetic Considerations 286Summary 288Selected Key Terms 288Critical Thinking Questions 288

CHAPTER 18THE FISHES: VERTEBRATE SUCCESSIN WATER 289Outline 289Concepts 289Evolutionary Perspective 289Survey of Fishes 291Evolutionary Pressures 298Further Phylogenetic Considerations 306Summary 308Selected Key Terms 309Critical Thinking Questions 309

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CHAPTER 19AMPHIBIANS: THE FIRSTTERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES 310Outline 310Concepts 310Evolutionary Perspective 310Survey of Amphibians 311Evolutionary Pressures 314Amphibians in Peril 323Further Phylogenetic Considerations 324Summary 325Selected Key Terms 325Critical Thinking Questions 325

CHAPTER 20REPTILES: THE FIRST AMNIOTES 326Outline 326Concepts 326Evolutionary Perspective 326Survey of the Reptiles 329Evolutionary Pressures 332Further Phylogenetic Considerations 339Summary 340Selected Key Terms 340Critical Thinking Questions 340

CHAPTER 21BIRDS: REPTILES BY ANOTHER NAME 341Outline 341Concepts 341Evolutionary Perspective 341Evolutionary Pressures 345Summary 358Selected Key Terms 358Critical Thinking Questions 358

CHAPTER 22MAMMALS: SPECIALIZED TEETH, HAIR,ENDOTHERMY, AND VIVIPARITY 359Outline 359Concepts 359Evolutionary Perspective 359Diversity of Mammals 360Evolutionary Pressures 364Human Evolution 376Summary 383Selected Key Terms 383Critical Thinking Questions 383

PART THREEFORM AND FUNCTION: ACOMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE 385

CHAPTER 23PROTECTION, SUPPORT, ANDMOVEMENT 386Outline 386Concepts 386Protection: Integumentary Systems 386Movement and Support: Skeletal Systems 391Movement: Nonmuscular Movement and

Muscular Systems 395Summary 403Selected Key Terms 404Critical Thinking Questions 404

CHAPTER 24COMMUNICATION I: NERVOUS ANDSENSORY SYSTEMS 405Outline 405Concepts 405Neurons: The Basic Functional Units of the

Nervous System 406Neuron Communication 407Invertebrate Nervous Systems 410Vertebrate Nervous Systems 412Sensory Reception 417Invertebrate Sensory Receptors 418Vertebrate Sensory Receptors 422Summary 430Selected Key Terms 431Critical Thinking Questions 431

CHAPTER 25COMMUNICATION II: THE ENDOCRINESYSTEM AND CHEMICAL MESSENGERS 433Outline 433Concepts 433Chemical Messengers 434Hormones and Their Feedback Systems 435Mechanisms of Hormone Action 436Some Hormones of Invertebrates 437An Overview of the Vertebrate Endocrine System 440Endocrine Systems of Vertebrates Other Than

Birds or Mammals 440Endocrine Systems of Birds and Mammals 443Summary 450

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Selected Key Terms 451Critical Thinking Questions 451

CHAPTER 26CIRCULATION AND GAS EXCHANGE 452Outline 452Concepts 452Internal Transport and Circulatory Systems 452Gas Exchange 461Summary 470Selected Key Terms 470Critical Thinking Questions 471

CHAPTER 27NUTRITION AND DIGESTION 472Outline 472Concepts 472Evolution of Nutrition 473The Metabolic Fates of Nutrients in Heterotrophs 473Digestion 476Animal Strategies for Getting and Using Food 477Diversity in Digestive Structures: Invertebrates 480Diversity in Digestive Structures: Vertebrates 481The Mammalian Digestive System 486Summary 493Selected Key Terms 493Critical Thinking Questions 493

CHAPTER 28TEMPERATURE AND BODY FLUIDREGULATION 494Outline 494Concepts 494Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation 495Control of Water and Solutes (Osmoregulation and

Excretion) 501Invertebrate Excretory Systems 502Vertebrate Excretory Systems 505Summary 513Selected Key Terms 513Critical Thinking Questions 514

CHAPTER 29REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 515Outline 515Concepts 515Asexual Reproduction in Invertebrates 515Sexual Reproduction in Invertebrates 518

Sexual Reproduction in Vertebrates 519Examples of Reproduction Among Various

Vertebrate Classes 519The Human Male Reproductive System 521The Human Female Reproductive System 525Prenatal Development and Birth 530Summary 533Selected Key Terms 534Critical Thinking Questions 534

CHAPTER 30*THE CHEMICAL BASIS OFANIMAL LIFE

OutlineConceptsAtoms and Elements: Building Blocks of All MatterCompounds and Molecules: Aggregates of AtomsAcids, Bases, and BuffersThe Molecules of AnimalsSummarySelected Key TermsCritical Thinking Questions

CHAPTER 31*ENERGY AND ENZYMES: LIFE’S DRIVINGAND CONTROLLING FORCES

OutlineConceptsWhat is Energy?The Laws of Energy TransformationsActivation EnergyEnzymes: Biological CatalystsCofactors and CoenzymesATP: The Cell’s Energy CurrencySummarySelected Key TermsCritical Thinking Questions

CHAPTER 32*HOW ANIMALS HARVEST ENERGYSTORED IN NUTRIENTS

OutlineConceptsGlycolysis: The First Phase of Nutrient MetabolismAerobic Respiration: The Major Source of ATPMetabolism of Fats and Proteins: Alternative Food MoleculesControl of MetabolismThe Metabolic PoolSummary

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Selected Key TermsCritical Thinking Questions

CHAPTER 33*EMBRYOLOGY

OutlineConceptsFertilizationEmbryonic Development, Cleavage, and Egg TypesThe Primary Germ Layers and Their DerivativesEchinoderm EmbryologyVertebrate EmbryologySummarySelected Key TermsCritical Thinking Questions

CHAPTER 34*ANIMAL BEHAVIOR

OutlineConcepts

Four Approaches to Animal BehaviorProximate and Ultimate CausesAnthropomorphismDevelopment of BehaviorLearningControl of BehaviorCommunicationBehavioral EcologySocial BehaviorSummarySelected Key TermsCritical Thinking Questions

Glossary 535Credits 563Index 567

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