mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebi · 2013-05-15 · ekonomika im disciplinaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, sadac mcire codnasac ki Sors mivyavarT. swored amitom aris ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelos

m. vaniSvili

mikro- da makroekonomikis

safuZvlebi

`teqnikuri universiteti”@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

m. vaniSvili

mikro- da makroekonomikis

safuZvlebi

damtkicebulia stu-s

saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo

sabWos mier

Tbilisi

2009

uak 330(042.2) v186

wignSi Tanmimdevruladaa ganxiluli mikro- da makroekonomikis sa-fuZvlebi iseTi mniSvnelovani Temebis mixedviT, rogoricaa: ekonomika da misi roli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi; ekonomikur sistemaTa formebi da tipebi; individualuri bazris analizi: bazari, fuli, moTxovna, miwodeba da fasi; warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebi da faqtoruli Semosavlebi; bizne-sis (samewarmeo saqmianobis) ekonomikuri safuZvlebi; ojaxis ekonomikis safuZvlebi; qveynis makroekonomikuri struqtura da erovnul angariSTa sistema; erovnuli meurneobis ekonomikuri zrda da ganviTareba; makroeko-nomikuri ganviTarebis arastabiluroba: ekonomikuri meryeoba, umuSevroba da inflacia; erovnuli meurneobis regulatorebi: sabazro TviTreguli-reba da saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba; ekonomikis saxelmwifoeb-rivi regulirebis safinanso-sabiujeto da sabanko-sakredito berketebi.

saxelmZRvaneloSi teqstis gadmocemis gamartivebis, advilad aRqmado-bisa da aTvisebis mizniT TiToeuli Tema dayofilia leqciebad. amasTan, yoveli Temis bolos mocemulia testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis, romlebic TemaTa sakvanZo sakiTxebis aTvisebis xarisxis gadamowmebis SesaZ-leblobas iZleva. garda amisa, wignSi, ZiriTadi Temebis dasrulebis Semdeg, motanilia rekomendebuli literaturuli wyaroebis CamonaTvali, rac mkiTxvels Sesaswavli masalis ufro siRrmiseulad aTvisebaSi daexmareba.

wigni gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis ekonomi-kur da sxva humanitarul specialobaTa studentebisaTvis, profesor-maswavleblebisaTvis, ekonomikis Tanamedrove Teoriisa da praqtikis sa-kiTxebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

mecnier-redaqtori ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, stu-s ekonomikuri

Teoriisa da biznesis marTvis mimarTulebis xel-mZRvaneli, sruli profesori karlo Rurwkaia

recenzenti ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, stu-s saerTaSoriso

ekonomikisa da turizmis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli, sruli profesori guram jolia

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-359-5 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,

ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu

meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis

gareSe.

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

32

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, 2009.

vaniSvili m. 2009.

ISBN

uak (UDK) 330(042.2) v186

wignSi Tanmimdevruladaa ganxiluli mikro- da makroekonomikissafuZvlebi iseTi mniSvnelovani Temebis mixedviT, rogoricaa: ekonomika damisi roli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi; ekonomikur sistemaTa formebi datipebi; individualuri bazris analizi: bazari, fuli, moTxovna, miwodebada fasi; warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebi da faqtoruli Semosavlebi; biznesis(samewarmeo saqmianobis) ekonomikuri safuZvlebi; ojaxis ekonomikissafuZvlebi; qveynis makroekonomikuri struqtura da erovnul angariSTasistema; erovnuli meurneobis ekonomikuri zrda da ganviTareba;makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis arastabiluroba: ekonomikuri meryeoba,umuSevroba da inflacia; erovnuli meurneobis regulatorebi: sabazroTviTregulireba da saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba; ekonomikis saxelmwifoeb-rivi regulirebis safinanso-sabiujeto da sabanko-sakredito berketebi.

saxelmZRvaneloSi teqstis gadmocemis gamartivebis, advilad aRqmadobisada aTvisebis mizniT TiToeuli Tema dayofilia leqciebad. amasTan, yoveliTemis bolos mocemulia testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis, romlebicTemaTa sakvanZo sakiTxebis aTvisebis xarisxis gadamowmebis SesaZleblobasiZleva. garda amisa, wignSi, ZiriTadi Temebis dasrulebis Semdeg, motaniliarekomendebuli literaturuli wyaroebis CamonaTvali, rac mkiTxvelsSesaswavli masalis ufro siRrmiseulad aTvisebaSi daexmareba.

wigni gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis ekonomikurda sxva humanitarul specialobaTa studentebisaTvis, profesor-maswav-leblebisaTvis, ekonomikis Tanamedrove Teoriisa da praqtikis sakiTxebiTdainteresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,stu-s ekonoikuri Teoriisa dabiznesis marTvis mimarTulebisxelmZRvaneli, sruli profesori karlo Rurwkaia

ekonomikuri akademiuri doqtori,stu-2 saerTaSoriso ekonomikisa daturizmis mimarTulebis xelmZRvanelisruli profesori guram jolia

avtoris werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe, mocemuli naSromis an misi romelimenawilis nebismieri formiT gadabeWdva an aslis gadaReba (kopireba) kanoniTdauSvebelia.

merab mixeilis Ze vaniSvili _

ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, 50-ze meti

naSromis avtori ekonomikuri Teoriis,

makroekonomikis, regionalistikis,

municipaluri finansebisa da agraruli

ekonomikis sferoebSi. GgansakuTrebuli

aRniSvnis Rirsia mis mier sadoqtoro

disertaciis Temaze gamocemuli

monografiuli gamokvleva: ̀ saqarTvelos

sasursaTo usafrTxoebis saSinao da

sagareo ekonomikuri aspeqtebi: Teoria,

meTodologia, praqtika~ (2003 w.), leqciebis kursi `safinanso-

sabanko statistika~ (2004 w.) da damxmare saxelmZRvaneloebi _

`municipaluri sabiujeto sistema da finansuri menejmenti~

(2005 w.); èkonomikis safuZvlebi~ wigni pirveli (2006 w.) da

wigni meore (2007 w.); `finansebi” (2007 w.).

samecniero-pedagogiuri saqmianoba daiwyo 1983 wels

saqarTvelos yofil saxelmwifo sagegmo komitetTan arsebul

saxalxo meurneobis ekonomikis, dagegmvisa da marTvis samecniero-

kvleviT institutSi da gaiara gza umcrosi mecnier muSakidan

ganyofilebis gamgis Tanamdebobamde. 1996-1997 w.w. iyo sa-

qarTvelos finansTa saministros fasebis, finansebisa da

sakredito politikis sammarTvelos ufrosis moadgile. 2000-

2002 w.w. muSaobda msoflio bankis `municipalur programaTa

ganxorcielebis sakoordinacio centrSi~ adgilobriv finansist-

konsultantad. 2001 wels gaiara staJireba poloneTisa (q.varSava)

da safrangeTis (q.anJe) saxelmwifo moxeleTa gadamzadebis presti-

Jul centrebSi.

amJamad aris saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis ekonomikisa da biznesis

marTvis departamentis asocirebuli profesori; qarTul-

evropuli universitetis sruli profesori, biznesisa da marTvis

fakultetis dekani.

54

sami ZiriTadi mizezi arsebobs:

pirveli, ekonomikasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba uamravi kiTxva

romlebmac SesaZloa Tqveni cnobismoyvareoba gaaRvivos. ratom

uxdian Jerar departies did Tanxas ama Tu im filmSi Sesrulebuli

rolisaTvis? ratom aris cxovrebis done ase dabali afrikis bevr

qveyanaSi? ratomaa zog qveyanaSi inflaciis done maRali, xolo

sxvagan _ fasebi stabiluri? ratom aris samuSaos Sovna ioli

garkveul wlebSi, sxva wlebTan SedarebiT? _ es mxolod mcire

nawilia im kiTxvebis grZeli siisa, romlebze pasuxis gacemaSic

mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis kursi dagexmarebaT.

meore, `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ kursis

daxmarebiT ukeT gaigebT ekonomikur procesebs. cxovrebis gzaze

mravali ekonomikuri xasiaTis gadawyvetilebis miReba mogiwevT.

debulebebi, romlebic Camoyalibebulia winamdebare wignSi, am

gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi dagexmarebaT.

mesame, `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ kursis

Seswavlis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba ekonomikuri politikis

potencialisa da limitebis gaanalizeba. Tqven, rogorc amomrCeveli,

xmas aZlevT im politikur Zalas, romelic sazogadoebrivi

resursebis ganawilebasa da gamoyenebas akontrolebs.

amgvarad, `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ codna

SeiZleba mraval cxovrebiseul situaciaSi gamoiyenoT. mniSvneloba

ara aqvs imas, Tu ras gaakeTebT momavalSi, _ ubralod wignebs

waikiTxavT, samRebro samuSaoebs SeasrulebT, firmas

uxelmZRvanelebT, Tu saxelmwifo moxele an politikosi iqnebiT,

_ yovelTvis kmayofili iqnebiT imiT, rom ̀ mikro- da makroekonomikis

safuZvlebis~ saswavlo kurss gadiodiT.

sanam winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos nebismieri Temis wakiTxvasa

da Seswavlas daiwyebT, albaT, jer Temis struqturas gaecnobiT

da gverdebis saerTo raodenobas daiTvliT, magram girCevT nu

SeSindebiT zogierTi Temis sididiT. vecade calkeul TemaTa

Sinaarsi saintereso, naTeli da gasagebi gamosuliyo, da momiteveT,

mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi

keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba `mikro- da makroekonomikis

safuZvlebis~ saswavlo kursSi. miuxedavad imisa, gegmavT ekonomikis

ufro Rrmad Seswavlas, vidre amis SesaZleblobas es wigni iZleva,

Tu igi iqneba Tqveni erTaderTi megzuri am yovlismomcveli

sagnis dasaufleblad, Cven vimedovnebT, rom Tqven miiRebT

kmayofilebas misi kiTxvisagan, da agreTve SeiqmniT zogad

warmodgenas ekonomikis samyaros Sesaxeb, romelSic cxovrobT, da

im ekonomikuri Zalebis Sesaxeb, romlebic kardinalur gavlenas

axdenen Cvens cxovrebaze.

im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven adre arasdros ar yofilxarT

dakavebuli ̀ mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ SeswavliT,

mainc ukve bevri ram iciT mis Sesaxeb. bolos da bolos, Tqven

praqtikulad yoveldRe RebulobT ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs.

yovelTvis, roca midixarT maRaziaSi, Tqven iqceviT rogorc

èkonomisti~, wyvetT ra sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeiZinoT

Tqvens gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuliT. magram ekonomistis rolSi

Tqven gamodixarT ara mxolod im SemTxvevebSi, roca raRacas

iZenT. ramdeni iSromoT, ramdeni iswavloT da, Tundac, dReSi

ramdeni dro dauTmoT ama Tu im saganSi mecadineobas _ yovelive

es raRaca xarisxiT ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebia. aRarafers

vambobT im ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze, romelsac Tqven

gaakeTebdiT, rogorc firmis menejeri an saxelmwifo moxele.

mtkiced mwams, rom is fundamenturi ideebi, romlebsac ̀ mikro-

da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ kursi gvTavazobs, yvelam unda

Seiswavlos. ekonomikis, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva disciplinis,

Seswavlis erT-erTi mizania meti informacia miawodos adamianebs

samyaros Sesaxeb, raTa xeli Seuwyos maTs moqalaqeobriv

ganviTarebas.

imisaTvis, Tu ratom unda daiwyoT Tqven, _ XXI saukunis

studentebma, ̀ mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~ Seswavla,

76

winasityvaoba

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi swavlis periodSi sagani,

romelmac yvelaze metad gamitaca, ekonomikis orsemestriani kursi

iyo. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am kursma Cemi profesiuli

interesebi daxvewa da mTeli Cemi cxovreba Secvala, Cems win

azrovnebisa da SemoqmedebiTi gamoxatvis axali SesaZleblobebi

warmoaCina.

ekonomika im disciplinaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, sadac mcire

codnasac ki Sors mivyavarT. swored amitom aris ekonomikis

saxelmZRvanelos dawera didi pativi da, amasTan, didi pasuxis-

mgeblobac. es politikur moRvaweobaze maRla dgas da, rogorc

g. menqiu SeniSnavs, ̀ ...erT-erTi saSualebaa, romlis daxmarebiTac

ekonomists SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos ukeTes xelisuflebas da

ukeTes momavals.~ ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb cnobili amerikeli

ekonomisti pol samuelsoni: àr madardebs, vin wers qveynis

kanonebs an awarmoebs qveynisTvis xelsayrel molaparakebebs, Tuki

me am qveynisTvis ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelos dawera SemiZlia.~

imisaTvis, rom farTo auditoria momepovebina, miznad davisaxe

ès wigni mokle yofiliyo~, ramdenadac, rogorc Zveli berZeni

poeti kalimaqosi werda, ̀ didi wigni, didi mowyenilobaa.~ ar vici,

ramdenad movaxerxe am miznis realizeba. es Tavad Tqven gansajeT!

Tumca, is, marTlac, bevrad ufro mcirea im standartul

saxelmZRvaneloebTan SedarebiT, romlebic ekonomikis Sesaswavlad

gamoiyeneba. misi Rirseba ZiriTadad imaSi mdgomareobs, rom aq

mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebi, maqsimalurad lakonurad

da Tanamedrove moTxovnebis donezea gadmocemuli.

rodesac saxelmZRvanelos momzadeba gadavwyvite, msurda

iseTi wigni damewera, romelic, p. samuelsonis sityvebiT, àr

Tuki am mcdelobis gamo zogierTi Tema moculobiT didic gamovida.

ar SeSindeT, Tu calkeuli Temebis Seswavlisas daiRlebiT

da mogeCvenebaT, rom, miuxedavad amdeni mecadineobisa, jer kidev

araferi iciT. ai, ra aqvs naTqvami sakuTar Tavze cnobil ekonomists

alfred marSals: ̀ rac ufro metad vuRrmavdebodi ekonomikuri

mecnierebis Seswavlas, miT ufro metad vxvdebodi, rom Cems mier

am sferoSi miRebuli codna gacilebiT naklebia, vidre me mWirdeba;

da axla, mxolod am mecnierebis TiTqmis 50-wliani Seswavlis

Semdeg, vxvdebi, rom maqvs gacilebiT naklebi codna, vidre maSin,

roca mis Seswavlas viwyebdi.~ da es arcaa gasakviri. ekonomika,

sxva mecnierul disciplinaTa msgavsad, xom iseTive saintereso

da amouwuravia, rogorc TiToeuli adamiani. mTavaria, ar daizaroT

da far-xmali ar dayaroT, gamoiCinoT àqlemis amtanoba~ da

`wmindanis moTmineba~, roca Temebis Seswavlisas raRac rTulad

mogeCvenebaT da daibneviT.

vimedovnebT, rom `mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~

SeswavlisaTvis gankuTvnili erTi Tu ori semestri Tqveni cxovrebis

sasiamovno da sasargeblo epizodi aRmoCndeba.

sakmarisia msjeloba! droa gadaSaloT saxelmZRvanelo!

saintereso, xalisian da nayofier swavlas gisurvebT!

merab vaniSvili

2008 wlis 19 dekemberi

98

dasawerad saWiro iyo masalis gadmocemis axali gzebis Zieba.

igi faqtobrivad yvela im ZiriTad sakiTxs moicavs, romelic

arsebiTia ekonomikis orsemestriani swavlebisaTvis. magram es

sakiTxebi yovelTvis tradiciuli TanmimdevrobiT ar aris

dalagebuli. qvemoT mocemulia saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsis

struqturis mokle mimoxilva, rac, vimedovneb, mkiTxvels garkveul

STabeWdilebas Seuqmnis teqstis nawilTa urTierTdamokidebulebis

Sesaxeb.

saxelmZRvaneloSi Tanmimdevruladaa gadmocemuli Semdegi

ZiriTadi Temebi:

ekonomika da misi roli sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi;

ekonomikur sistemaTa formebi da tipebi;

individualuri bazris analizi: bazari, fuli, moTxovna,

miwodeba da fasi;

warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebi da faqtoruli Semosavlebi;

biznesis (samewarmeo saqmianobis) ekonomikuri safuZvlebi;

ojaxis ekonomikis safuZvlebi;

qveynis makroekonomikuri struqtura da erovnul angariSTa

sistema;

erovnuli meurneobis ekonomikuri zrda da ganviTareba;

makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis arastabiluroba: ekonomikuri

meryeoba, umuSevroba da inflacia;

erovnuli meurneobis regulatorebi: sabazro TviTregulireba

da saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba;

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis safinanso-

sabiujeto da sabanko-sakredito berketebi.

winamdebare wigni daiwera erTi mTavari mizniT: _ Tanamedrove

moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mokled, gasagebad da mimzidvelad

unda iyos arc mosawyeni, arc Zneli~ da, romelsac studentobis

dros TviTonac siamovnebiT wavikiTxavdi. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

Cemi umTavresi mizani uxvsityvaobis Tavidan acileba iyo, kargad

maxsovda ra didi mwerlis robertTson devisis aforizmi _

`mwerlobaSi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani ramaa saTqmelis

mokled gadmocema, ise, rom yvelasTvis jojoxeTurad mosabezrebeli

ar gaxde.~

ekonomikis yvela axali saxelmZRvanelo mogviTxrobs resur-

sebis SezRudulobis Sesaxeb. magram am saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorTa

umravlesobas aviwydeba, rom studentTa dro swored erT-erTi

aseTi SezRuduli resursia. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sevecade Tavi

ameridebina zedmeti detalebisaTvis, romlebic students ZiriTadi

saqmisagan moacdendnen. imedi maqvs, winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo

amarTlebs Tavissave saTaurs _ `mikro- da makroekonomikis

safuZvlebi~.

imisaTvis, rom ekonomikaSi yvelaze arsebiTi momentebi

warmomeCina, unda gadamewyvita, Tu ra aris studentisaTvis

WeSmaritad ufro mniSvnelovani ekonomikis Seswavlisas. amis

gamo es wigni sxvebisagan ara marto originaluri formatiTa da

dizainiT, aramed orientaciiTac gamoirCeva.

saxelmZRvanelos weris dros maqsimalurad vcdilobdi _

Tavi dameyenebina im studentis adgilas, visac ekonomikis saswavlo

kursTan Sexeba pirvelad uwevs. Cemi mcdelobis mizania im masalis

gamokveTa, romelic gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa studentisaTvis.

amgvari mcdelobis erT-erTi Sedegi is aris, rom masSi meti

yuradReba eTmoba praqtikul sakiTxebsa da ekonomikur politikas,

vidre formalur ekonomikur Teorias, romelic ufro srulyofilad

ekonomikis sxva saxelmZRvaneloebSia warmodgenili.

mokle da studentebisaTvis mimzidveli saxelmZRvanelos

1110

1Tema

ganyofileba I

ekonomikis zogadi safuZvlebi

ekonomika da misi rolisazogadoebis cxovrebaSi

èkonomika aris is, rasac ekono-

mistebi akeTeben.~

i.vineri

SesaZloa, Tqven dRemde ar SegiswavliaT ekonomika. Tumca,

TiTqmis yoveldRiurad gaqvT masTan Sexeba: gadaSliT ra gazeTs,

_ kiTxulobT ̀ ekonomikis sakiTxebSi sakuTari korespondentis~

statias; CarTavT ra televizors, _ àxal ambebSi~ ismenT

`reportaJs ekonomikis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~; SedixarT ra inter-

netSi, _ `mogzaurobT~ ekonomikis samyaroSi; saubrobT ra

megobrebTan, _ xSirad ganixilavT fasebis problemas da arkvevT

sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, gaqvT Tu ara sakmarisi fuli sasurveli

nivTis SesaZenad.

saqme imaSia, rom ekonomika zegavlenas axdens Cvens yoveld-

Riur cxovrebaze. Cven yvelgan da yovelTvis vxvdebiT adgi-

lobrivi, saxelmwifoebrivi Tu saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis

ekonomikur problemebs. es Seexeba fasebisa da saprocento ganakve-

gadmocemuliyo uCveulod mniSvnelovani saswavlo disciplinis

_ ekonomikis Teoriul-meTodologiuri da praqtikul-gamoyenebiTi

xasiaTis fundamenturi sakiTxebi.Aamitom mocemul wigns aqvs

Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebi:

teqstis Sinaarsis gadmocemis orazrovnebisagan Tavisufali

da naTeli stili, romlis mizani yovelTvis maqsimaluri sicxade

da swrafi aRqmaa;

yoveli axali ganyofilebisa da Temis dasawyisSi wamZRva-

rebuli ganmarteba (amonaridi cnobil pirovnebaTa gamonaTqvamidan),

romelic migvaniSnebs teqstis ZiriTad Sinaarsze;

TiToeuli Temis warmodgena calkeuli saleqcio teqstebis

saxiT, rac iZleva masalis advilad aTvisebis SesaZleblobas;

mravalricxovani magaliTebis, grafikebis, sqemebisa da

sainformacio cxrilebis gamoyeneba Tanamedrove cxovrebidan

argumentaciaTa ilustrirebisaTvis, rac iZleva gansjis sagnis

gamococxlebisa da realur situaciaTa konteqstSi ganxilvis

saSualebas;

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis, romlebic

dagvexmareba aTvisebuli masalis ganmtkicebasa da SeZenili codnis

donis Semowmeba-SefasebaSi.

bunebrivia, wignSi warmodgenili masala kursis TemaTa Sinaarss

mTlianad ver amowuravs. kursis sruli moculobiT daufleba

da calkeuli Temebis ufro siRrmiseulad Seswavla saxelmZRva-

neloSi miTiTebuli literaturuli wyaroebis gamoyenebiT iqneba

SesaZlebeli.

1312

* k.r.makkoneli, s.l.briu. ekonomiksi, t.I. _ Tb., 2001, gv.24.

leqcia 1. ekonomikis fundamenturi

safuZvlebi da deficitis problema

èkonomika _ es metad mniSvnelo-

vani disciplinaa. amasTan erTad, es

Zalian saintereso sagania.~

p.samuelsoni

ekonomikis arsi da daniSnuleba. termini èkono-

mika~ pirvelad gamoiyena cnobilma berZenma filosofosma

qsenofontem (Cv. w/aR-mde VI-V s.s.), romelSic igi gulisxmobda

saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolis xelovnebas. am termins ufro

vrceli Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva misca aristotelem (Cv. w/aR-

mde IV s.). man ekonomikas miakuTvna sasargeblo nivTebis warmoeba

saojaxo moxmarebisaTvis. Semdgom, ekonomikuri sivrcis Tvisebrivad

Secvlisa da gafarToebis Sesabamisad, Tanmimdevrulad gamoiyo

ojaxis (individualuri meurneobis) ekonomika, dargis (magaliTad,

mrewvelobis) ekonomika, erovnuli (magaliTad, saqarTvelos)

ekonomika da msoflio ekonomika.

amJamad Cven ekonomikas, uwinares yovlisa, vuwodebT ojaxis,

sawarmos, qveynisa da mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis sameurneo

saqmianobas. imavdroulad, termini ̀ ekonomika~ aRniSnavs amgvari

saqmianobis Semswavlel mecnierebas. davesesxebiT èkonomikis~

cnobili saxelmZRvanelos avtorebs k.r.makkonelsa da s.l.brius

da winaswar SevniSnavT, rom ekonomikis, rogorc mecnierebis sagania

`brZola materialuri keTildReobis gaumjobesebisaTvis, Cveni

mcdeloba ̀ gamovimuSaoT sarCo sakuTari gadarCenisaTvis~.* ufro

zustad, ekonomika _ es aris sazogadoebis qcevis gamokvleva

Tebis cvlilebas, savaluto kursis meryeobas, umuSevrobas,

ekonomikur dacemasa da sagadasaxdelo balansis gauaresebasTan

dakavSirebul problemebs. Cven aseve mudmivad vawydebiT pirad

ekonomikur problemebs da vdgebiT ekonomikur gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebis aucileblobis winaSe: ra SeviZinoT maRaziaSi _

personaluri kompiuteri Tu musikaluri centri; gavadidoT

yoveldRiuri danaxarjebi, Tu davzogoT meti fuli saSvebu-

lebod; viswavloT institutSi, Tu movZebnoT samuSao. swori

gadawyvetilebis miRebis gasaRebs ekonomika iZleva.

maS, konkretulad, raSi mdgomareobs ekonomikis arsi da

daniSnuleba? rogoria misi struqtura? qvemoT SevecdebiT pasuxi

gavceT mocemul kiTxvebze da CamovayaliboT garkveuli warmodgena

im disciplinis sagnis Sesaxeb, romlis SeswavliTac Tqven

dakavdebiT winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos mixedviT.

1514

es ori fundamenturi faqti qmnis ekonomikis rogorc mecnierebis

safuZvels da, arsebiTad, gansazRvravs centralur ekonomikur

problemas.

centralur ekonomikur problemas warmoadgens deficitis

problema. igi arsebobs ara mxolod eTiopiasa da sudanSi, aramed,

agreTve saqarTveloSi, safrangeTSi, aSS-Si, iaponiasa da yvela

sxva danarCen qveyanaSi. ekonomistisaTvis deficits specifikuri

mniSvneloba gaaCnia. modiT, gavecnoT mas.

deficitis problemasTan gacnobis mizniT, saWiroa Tavdapir-

velad pasuxi gaeces erTi SexedviT TiTqosda martiv, magram

sinamdvileSi friad mravlismetyvel kiTxvas: romelia is dovlaTi,

romelic nebismier sazogadoebaSi aucilebelia adamianTa arsebobisa

da ganviTarebisaTvis? _ esaa kvebis produqtebi, tansacmeli,

fexsacmeli, Tavsamkauli, sacxovrebeli bina, aveji, WurWeli,

sxvadasxva saxis momsaxureba da a.S. yovelive es adamians iseve

sWirdeba, rogorc haeri da wyali. magram, haerisa da wylisagan

gansxvavebiT, isini bunebaSi mza saxiT ar moipoveba. amitom

aucilebelia maTi warmoeba, rac Sesabamis resursebs moiTxovs.

axla SevecdebiT dawvrilebiT avxsnaT zemoT aRniSnuli ori

fundamenturi faqti dasaxelebuli TanmimdevrobiT.

usazRvro da zrdadi materialuri moTxovni-

lebani. uwinares yovlisa, pirveli fundamenturi faqtis Sesaxeb:

materialuri moTxovnilebebi usazRvro da zrdadia. `materi-

aluri moTxovnilebebis~ cnebaSi igulisxmeba momxmarebelTa

survilebi SeiZinon da gamoiyenon saqoneli da momsaxureba,

romlebic maT sargeblobas aniWebs. sawarmoebsa da samTavrobo

uwyebebsac aseve gaaCniaT materialuri moTxovnilebebi. sawarmoebs

surT Tavis gankargulebaSi hqondeT Senobebi, nagebobebi, satvirTo

avtomanqanebi da yvelaferi is, rac maT warmoebrivi miznebis

realizebis saSualebas aZlevs. mTavrobas, sakuTari miznebis gamo-

devnebiT, surs aagos avtostradebi, aaSenos skolebi da saavad-

* Tavidanve SevniSnoT: ZiriTadi gansxvaveba saqonelsa da momsaxurebasSoris imaSi mdgomareobs, rom momsaxurebis gawevis dros adgili aqvsmoTxovnilebis uSualod dakmayofilebas, maSin, rodesac saqonlis SeZenisasmasze moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad moxmarebis damatebiTi aqtiasaWiro. saqonels TavisTavad, moxmarebis gareSe, ar SeuZlia moTxovnilebisdakmayofileba.

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis

procesSi, SezRuduli resursebis samyaroSi.*

bevrs miaCnia, rom ekonomika dakavebulia fulis sakiTxebis

SeswavliT. garkveuli gagebiT, es namdvilad asea. ekonomikaSi,

marTlac, mravali sakiTxia dakavSirebuli fulTan. magram, mi-

uxedavad fulTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis simravlisa, romelTanac

Cven TiTqmis yoveldRiurad gviwevs Sexeba, ekonomika mainc araa

mecniereba mxolod fulis Sesaxeb. igi dakavebulia Semdegi

ZiriTadi sakiTxebis SeswavliT:

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba: ramdens awarmoebs

mocemuli qveynis ekonomika, rogoria masSi saqonlisa da momsa-

xurebis Tanafardoba, ramdens awarmoebs TiToeuli sawarmo, rogor

teqnologiebs iyenebs igi, ramdeni adamiania dasaqmebuli masSi;

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moxmareba: ramdens xarjavs da

ramdens zogavs mocemuli qveynis mosaxleoba mTlianad, moxmarebis

rogori modeli funqcionirebs ekonomikaSi, ris SeZenas aniWeben

upiratesobas adamianebi, rogor gavlenas axdens fasebi da sxva

faqtorebi moxmarebaze.

magram zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebi ar moicavs ekonomikis

funqcionirebis yvela aspeqts. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuT-

rebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba Semdegi ori fundamenturi faqtis

gaTvaliswinebas: 1. sazogadoebis materialuri moTxovnilebebi

usazRvro da zrdadia; 2. ekonomikuri resursebi, anu saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis warmoebis saSualebebi SezRudulia (iSviaTia).

1716

igulisxmeba bunebrivi (miwa), SromiTi anu adamianiseuli (Sroma)

da adamianis mier Seqmnili yvela resursi (kapitali anu

`sainvesticio resursebi~), romlebsac iyeneben sazogadoebisaTvis

saWiro saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis. ufro

detalurad, ekonomikuri resursebis kategoriebi Semdegnairad

warmogvidgeba:

bunebrivi resursebi: niadagi, mdinareebi, tbebi, zRvebi, okeaneebi,mineraluri resursebi (ZiriTadad miwis sasargeblo wiaRiseuli),

satyeo resursebi da cxovelTa samyaro. am resursebs, Tavis

mxriv, yofen amouwurav (magaliTad, mzis energia, qaris energia da

sxv.) da amowurvad (magaliTad, sasargeblo wiaRiseuli, tyis

simdidre da sxv.) resursebad. amowurvadi resursebidan garkveuli

nawili ganaxlebadia (magaliTad, tyis resursebi), ufro didi

nawili ki _ saerTod ganuaxlebadi (magaliTad, navTobis, qvanaxSiris,

bunebrivi airis da a.S. maragi);

SromiTi anu adamianiseuli resursebi _ Sromisunariani

(16 wlis an meti asakis) mosaxleoba, romelic dasaqmebulia an

eZebs samuSaos;

adamianis mier Seqmnili materialuri resursebi: manqana-

iaraRebi, instrumentebi, mowyobiloba, kompiuteruli teqnika,

eleqtrogamomTvleli manqanebi da warmoebrivi daniSnulebis sxva

kapitaluri saqoneli.

xSirad ̀ ekonomikur resursebs~ iyeneben ̀ warmoebis faqtorebis~

sinonimad, rac ZiriTadad sworia, magram mTlad zusti ar aris.

mainc ra gansxvavebaa maT Soris? _ bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebi

warmoebis mxolod potenciuri komponentebia, e.i. maTi gamoyeneba

an SeiZleba moxdes, an _ ara. ̀ warmoebis faqtorebi~ ki ekonomikuri

kategoriaa da gamoxatavs warmoebis procesSi ukve realurad

CarTul resursebs. amdenad, ̀ ekonomikuri resursebi~ ufro farTo

cnebaa, vidre ̀ warmoebis faqtorebi~.

warmoeba misi faqtorebis organuli urTierTqmedebis

myofoebi, daagrovos samxedro teqnika da SeiaraReba.

mTlianobaSi, sazogadoebis materialuri moTxovnilebebi

usazRvroa, rac imas niSnavs, rom maTi sruli dakmayofileba

saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze SeuZlebelia. ufro metic, droTa

ganmavlobaSi moTxovnilebebi izrdeba, rasac aqvs myari da mudmivad

ganmeorebadi xasiaTi. albaT, xSirad gsmeniaT Semdegi Sinaarsis

SeniSvna: ̀ rac meti gagaCnia, miT ufro meti ginda~.

aq isic unda iTqvas, rom adamianis moTxovnileba konkretul

saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze usazRvro rodia. konkretuli

moTxovnilebis sruli dakmayofileba SeiZleba. magaliTad,

apenciditis erTi operacia amowuravs masze adamianis moTxovni-

lebas. isic SesaZlebelia, rom drois konkretul monakveTSi

adamians gaaCndes zogierTi dasaxelebis saqonlis (magaliTad,

kbilis pastis an ludis) iseTi raodenoba, rom mTlianad

daikmayofilos moTxovnileba maTze. magram drois mxolod

garkveul monakveTSi, e.i. manam, sanam moTxovnilebani ar Seicvleba.

saerTod, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovel mocemul momentSi

sazogadoeba, misi calkeuli individebi da institutebi mraval

daukmayofilebel moTxovnilebas ganicdian. droTa ganmavlobaSi

moTxovnilebebi icvleba da mravldeba axal nakeTobaTa gamoCenis,

reklamis gaaqtiurebisa da gasaRebis energiuli stimulirebis

zegavleniT.

mTeli sameurneo saqmianobis saboloo mizani da amocana

sazogadoebis mravalferovan materialur moTxovnilebaTa

maqsimalur dakmayofilebaSi mdgomareobs. am miznis miRweva ki

did winaaRmdegobas awydeba, vinaidan SezRuduli, anu iSviaTia is

ekonomikuri resursebi, romlebic aucilebelia sazogadoebisaTvis

saWiro saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad.

SezRuduli anu iSviaTi ekonomikuri resursebi.

axla ganvixiloT meore fundamenturi faqti: ekonomikuri resursebi

SezRuduli anu iSviaTia. èkonomikuri resursebis~ cnebaSi

1918

mniSvneloba icvleboda industriulamdelidan industriulze da

am ukanasknelidan postindustriul teqnologiaze gadasvlis

kvalobaze. industriulamdel sazogadoebaSi prioritetul rols

asrulebda bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebi, industriulSi _

adamianis SromiT Seqmnili materialuri resursebi, xolo postin-

dustriulSi prioritetuli resursebis rolSi gvevlineba

inteleqtualuri da informaciuli resursebi.

yvela ekonomikur resurss erTi saerTo Zireuli Tviseba

gaaCnia: isini iSviaTia da SezRuduli raodenobiT arsebobs. Cveni

`kosmosuri xomaldi _ dedamiwa~ resursebs Seicavs mxolod

gansazRvruli raodenobiT. maSasadame, ekonomikur resursTagan

bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi ganusazRvreli raodenobiT arc erTi

ar gvxvdeba. piriqiT, yoveli maTgani raodenobrivad met-naklebad

SezRudulia. SezRuduloba ekonomikuri resursebis naklebobaa

(simcirea), maTze moTxovnilebasTan SedarebiT

bunebrivi resursebis SezRuduloba umTavresad ganpirobe-

bulia imiT, rom dedamiwis zedapiris mxolod mcire nawilia

vargisi adamianTa sacxovreblad: dedamiwis 72% zRvebsa da

okeaneebs ukavia, xolo sul raRac 28% _ xmeleTs. TviT xmele-

Tis mniSvnelovani nawilic gamousadegaria adamianTa saarsebo

saSualebebis Sesaqmnelad, radganac dafarulia yinuliT an ukavia

udabnoebs, tropikul junglebsa da maRalmTian ferdobebs. saqar-

TveloSi intensiur sasoflo-sameurneo damuSavebas eqvemdeba-

reba teritoriis saerTo farTobis mxolod 17%. bunebrivi

resursebis SezRuduloba naTlad Cans sasargeblo wiaRiseulis

(navTobis, qvanaxSiris, bunebrivi airis da sxv.) maragis magaliTze.

isini, intensiuri eqsploataciis kvalobaze, TandaTanobiT mcirdeba

da sul ufro deficituri xdeba. axali sabadoebis aRmoCena da

aTviseba SezRudulobis problemas ver xsnis.

SromiTi anu adamianiseuli resursebis SezRuduloba Cvens

planetaze mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis arasakmarisobiT ki

araa ganpirobebuli, aramed imiT, rom mTlianobaSi es maCvenebeli* v.papava, postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomia da

saqarTvelos ekonomika. _ Tb., 2002, gv.188.

erTianobaa. warmoebis faqtorebi SeiZleba davyoT Semdeg oTx

jgufad:

warmoebis procesSi CarTuli bunebrivi resursebi;

kapitali, anu adamianis SromiT Seqmnili materialuri

resursebi;

SromiTi resursebis is nawili, romelic dasaqmebulia

warmoebis procesSi;

samewarmeo unari (gergilianoba).

ekonomikur literaturaSi savsebiT samarTlianad gvxvdeba

mosazreba sabazro ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos (mTavrobis)

ekonomikuri rolis warmoebis mexuTe (damoukidebel) faqtorad

aRiarebis Taobaze.* am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, mTavroba, asrulebs

ra zogierT aucilebel funqcias, did zegavlenas axdens sawarmoo

procesze. igi wyvets biznesis funqcionirebisaTvis iseT mniSvne-

lovan sakiTxebs, rogoricaa Tavisufali konkurenciis uzrunvel-

yofa, sawarmoo standartebis pirobebis SemuSaveba-ganxorcieleba

da a.S. garda amisa, sazogadoebis saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare,

saxelmwifo aregulirebs da akontrolebs biznesis funqcionirebas

qveynis masStabiT, zemoqmedebas axdens fasebsa da mTlianad bazarze,

gansazRvravs samuSao drois maqsimumsa da xelfasis minimums,

adgens damqiraveblebsa da daqiravebul muSakebs Soris urTierTobis

samarTlebriv sakiTxebs da wyvets biznesis moRvaweobasTan dakav-

Sirebul mraval mniSvnelovan problemas. zogierTma es mosazreba

SeiZleba sadaod miiCnios, magram, Cveni azriT, erTi ram cxadia:

misi sasargeblo argumentebi ufro meti da damajerebelia, vidre

sawinaaRmdego.

warmoebis procesSi TiToeuli saxeobis resursis roli da

2120

rac surs. am winaaRmdegobas mniSvnelovanwilad amwvavebs is

garemoebac, rom warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa zrdis tempebs

(romelsac, Tavis mxriv, aferxebs resursebis iSviaToba), TiTqmis

yovelTvis win uswrebs saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze sazogadoebis

moTxovnilebaTa zrdis tempebi.

deficitis mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sazogadoebis

moTxovnilebani usazRvroa, maTi dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro

resursebis raodenoba ki _ SezRuduli. aqedan gamomdinare,

deficiti ganisazRvreba rogorc moTxovnis (sazogadoebis

gadaxdisunariani moTxovnilebebis) gadameteba miwodebaze (imaze,

rac SeiZleba warmoebul iqnas arsebul moTxovnilebaTa

dakmayofilebisaTvis).

rasakvirvelia, yvela awydeba deficitis problemas, magram

sxvadasxva simwvaviT. Raribi adamiani, romelsac ar SeuZlia Tavis

Tavs saukeTeso sacxovrebel adgilze gadasvlis neba misces,

Znelad Tu Seafasebs problemad imas, rom mdidars ar SeuZlia

Tavis Tavs meore ̀ mersedesis~ markis avtomobilis SeZenis ufleba

misces. ekonomistebi arc amtkiceben imas, rom ToTqos Cven yvela

deficitis erTnair problemas vawydebodeT. sinamdvileSi,

ekonomistebi Seiswavlian erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs imis

Sesaxeb, Tu rogor nawildeba resursebi da warmoebuli saqoneli

(momsaxureba) saojaxo meurneobebs, sawarmoebs, regionebsa da

qveynebs Soris. saerTod, isini ikvleven yvelafers, rac

dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebasTan.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ekonomikas ainteresebs saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis warmoeba da moxmareba. am cnebaTa ukeT axsni-

saTvis gamoiyeneba `moTxovnisa~ da `miwodebis~ cnebebi, rom-

lebsac fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs ekonomikis funqci-

onirebisaTvis. aq gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa imis garkveva, Tu

rogor aris aRniSnuli cnebebi dakavSirebuli deficitis

problemasTan.

moTxovna dakavSirebulia moTxovnilebebTan. im SemTxvevaSi,

kontinentebis, msxvili regionebisa da calkeuli qveynebis mixedviT,

metismetad uTanabrodaa ganawilebuli. amasTan, SromiTi resursebi

upiratesad SezRudulia profesionalTa ricxovnobiTa da uTanabro

ganawilebiT.

adamianis SromiT Seqmnili materialuri resursebis SezRu-

duloba TiToeuli qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT, erov-

nuli simdidris masStaburobiTa da xarisxobrivi SemadgenlobiT

ganisazRvreba. marTalia, igi axali sawarmoo obieqtebis aSenebiT,

damatebiTi simZlavreebis amoqmedebiT da sxva RonisZiebaTa gatarebiT

ivseba, magram xSirad am process, sxva garemoebebTan erTad, fuladi

resursebis nakleboba zRudavs. amisi gardauvali Sedegia Tanamed-

rove msoflio standartebis Sesabamisi teqnikisa da teqnologiis

ukmarisoba da sazogadoebisaTvis saWiro saqonlisa da momsaxu-

rebis SedarebiT mokrZalebuli moculobiT warmoeba.

amrigad, iSviaToba yvela ekonomikuri resursis damaxasi-

aTebeli niSania. sul sxva sakiTxia iSviaTobis (SezRudulobis)

xarisxi, simwvave: zogierTi ekonomikuri resursi naklebadaa

SezRuduli, zogierTi _ metad. Tu istoriulad mivudgebiT sakiTxs,

vnaxavT, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi zogierTi resursis SezRuduloba

SeiZleba kidec gaZlierdes, zogierTisa ki _ Serbildes. magaliTad,

wiaRiseulis maragebi TandaTanobiT mcirdeba, ris gamoc am resursis

SezRuduloba Zlierdeba. adamianis mier xelovnuri masalebis

Seqmna arbilebs bunebrivi masalebis SezRudulobis simwvaves.

warmoebis avtomatizacia SefardebiT amcirebs samuSao Zalaze

moTxovnas da amiT amcirebs misi iSviaTobis simwvaves.

deficitis problema da misi axsna ekonomistis

poziciidan. ekonomikuri resursebis SezRudulobis (iSvi-

aTobis) gamo, TiToeuli saxeobis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

warmoeba mxolod gansazRvruli raodenobiT SeiZleba, maSin, rodesac

sazogadoebis moTxovnilebani mravalferovani da usazRvroa. amitom

igi yovelTvis rodi flobs (an sakmarisad rodi flobs) imas,

2322

leqcia 2. ekonomika rogorc

mecniereba resursebis racionaluri

arCevanis Sesaxeb

èkonomikuri mecnierebis amocanaa

erovnuli resursebis saukeTeso gamo-

yenebis gzebis Zieba.~

l.stoleriu

SezRuduloba da arCevani. imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

realurad arsebobs materialur moTxovnilebaTa usazRvroba da

maTi dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro ekonomikuri resursebis SezRu-

duloba, praqtikulad yvela individs, saojaxo meurneobas, sawarmos

da mTlianad qveyanas uwevs arCevanis gakeTeba. maSasadame, usazRvro

moTxovnilebebisa da maTi dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro resursebis

SezRudulobis urTierTdamokidebulebasa da Tanafardobas arCevanis

gakeTebis aucileblobasTan mivyavarT. arsebobs arCevanTan dakav-

Sirebuli sami ZiriTadi problema, romelTa gadawyveta uxdeba

nebismier sazogadoebas:

ra saqoneli da momsaxureba unda vawarmooT da ra

raodenobiT?

rogor unda vawarmooT es saqoneli da momsaxureba?

vin miiRebs da moixmars am saqonelsa da momsaxurebas?

zemoT aRniSnul problemebTan mimarTebiT, nebismieri qveyana

akeTebs iseT arCevans, romelic yalibdeba misi individebis, saojaxo

meurneobebis, sawarmoebisa da samTavrobo organoebis specifikuri

arCevanisagan.

vinaidan Cven ar SegviZlia SeviZinoT (vawarmooT) yvelaferi

is, rac gvesaWiroeba, resursebis moculobidan gamomdinare, gvixdeba

arCevanis gakeTeba. rodesac varCevT SesaZleblobebis gaTvalis-

winebiT, SeviZenT (vawarmoebT) im saqonels (momsaxurebas), romelic

gvaniWebs yvelaze met kmayofilebas.

Tu saqoneli da momsaxureba iqneboda ufaso, adamianebi ubralod,

uproblemod miiRebdnen yvelafers, rasac moisurvebdnen. magram,

rogorc aRvniSneT, moTxovnilebebi praqtikulad usazRvroa: isini,

SesaZloa, SezRuduli iyos mxolod wminda adamianuri mosazrebiT.

miwodeba ki, piriqiT, SezRudulia, rac dakavSirebulia resursebis

iSviaTobasTan.

deficitis problemis arsebobis gamo, potenciuri moTxovna

aWarbebs potenciur miwodebas. amitom sazogadoebam saWiroa

gamonaxos am problemasTan gamklavebis, moTxovnisa da miwodebis

gawonasworebis gzebi. es amocana, uwinares yovlisa, ganekuTvneba

erovnuli ekonomikis dones mTlianad: erToblivi moTxovna

dabalansebuli unda iqnas erTobliv miwodebasTan. sxva sityvebiT,

ekonomikaSi mTlianad gaweuli xarjebis jami unda dabalansdes

warmoebis saerTo moculobasTan. es aseve miekuTvneba konkretul

saqonelsa da momsaxurebasac: moTxovna da miwodeba funTuSaze

iseve unda iyos dabalansebuli, rogorc avtomobilebsa da

kompiuterul teqnikaze.

magram Tu potenciuri moTxovna aWarbebs potenciur miwodebas,

maSin rogor SeiZleba realuri moTxovnisa da realuri miwodebis

dabalanseba? _ amisaTvis saWiroa an Semcirdes moTxovna, an

gadiddes miwodeba, an erTdroulad gakeTdes erTic da meorec.

ekonomistebi detalurad Seiswavlian am process. kerZod, isini

ikvleven, Tu moTxovna rogor egueba miwodebis SesaZleblobebs

da miwodeba rogor regulirdeba samomxmareblo moTxovniT.

2524

* unda SevniSnoT: aq ̀ an~ Segvaxsenebs imas, rom alternatiulixarjebi aris is, romelic ufro faseulia, saukeTesoa arCevaniT dafiqsi-rebuli danarCeni alternativebidan (gamouyenebeli SesaZleblobebidan).

davuSvaT mZRols benzinis SesaZenad an restoranSi sadili-

saTvis aqvs sakmarisi Tanxa. vTqvaT, man arCevani gaakeTa benzinis

SeZenaze. maSin benzinis SeZenis alternatiuli xarji iqneba sadili

restoranSi, romelzedac igi iZulebuli iyo uari eTqva. wignis

SeZenis alternatiuli xarji iqneba axali jinsebi, romlis SeZenac

students aseve surda, magram uromlisodac mas mouwevs

universitetSi wasvla. ukanaskneli magaliTi sqematurad SeiZleba

Semdegnairad warmovadginoT (ix. nax. 1.1).

axla davuSvaT, rom sawarmos tvirTi aqvs gadasatani Tbilisidan

foTamde. amis ganxorcieleba mas SeuZlia rogorc sarkinigzo,

ise saavtomobilo transportiT. man gaanaliza yvela mosalodneli

xarji, aseve masTan dakavSirebuli sxva momentebi da gaakeTa

arCevani daniSnulebis adgilamde tvirTis sarkinigzo transportiT

gadazidvis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi alternatiuli xarji iqneba

tvirTvis saavtomobilo transportiT gadazidvis gaSvebuli

SesaZlebloba.

iseve, rogorc calkeul individsa da sawarmos, mTlianad

sazogadoebasac (saxelmwifosac) uxdeba arCevanis gakeTeba. Tu

saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri resursebi

mTlianad gamoiyeneba sacxovrebeli saxlebis asaSeneblad, maSin

alternatiuli xarjebi iqneba is saavadmyofoebi, skolebi, bib-

lioTekebi an* ofisebi, romelTa aSeneba SesaZlebeli iyo imave

resursebis gamoyenebiT.

racionaluri arCevani. ekonomistebi xSirad mimarTaven

racionalur arCevans. am ukanasknelSi gulisxmoben nebismieri* unda SevniSnoT, rom ekonomikur literaturaSi gvxvdeba terminisàlternatiuli xarjebi~ ramdenime sinonimi: `Canacvlebuli xarjebi~,àlternatiuli Rirebuleba~ da sxv. amasTan, saWiroa yuradReba mivaqcioTimasac, rom xarjebis kategoriis tradiciuli gagebisagan ramdenadmegansxvavdeba àlternatiuli xarjebis~ Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva. aq`xarjebi~ arapirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba da migvaniSnebs imalternatiul SesaZleblobebze, romelTac Cven arCevanis gakeTebisas SeveleviTxolme da, rogorc f.naiti SeniSnavs, `...ubralod asaxavs konkretulupiratesobas~.

gamouyenebel SesaZleblobaTa xarjebi anu al-

ternatiuli xarjebi. arCevani varaudobs msxverpls, ram-

denadac arCevanis gakeTebisas iZulebuli varT uari vTqvaT raRacaze,

raRacas SevelioT, e.i. gaviRoT msxverpli, raTa SeviZinoT (vawar-

mooT) Cvens mier SerCeuli saqoneli (momsaxureba). rac ufro

mets davxarjavT sakvebis SeZenaze, miT ufro naklebi fuli

dagvrCeba sxva danarCenis SesaZenad. analogiurad, rac ufro

meti raodenobis kvebis produqtebs awarmoebs sawarmo (qveyana),

miT naklebi resursebi darCeba mas danarCeni produqciis sawar-

moeblad. maSasadame, erTi saxeobis saqonlis (momsaxurebis) war-

moeba da moxmareba gulisxmobs imas, rom am dros Cven msxverplad

gaviRebT sxvebs.

msxverplad gaRebuli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) warmoebis

alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi iwodeba gamouyenebel SesaZleb-

lobaTa xarjebad, anu alternatiul xarjebad.* maTi warmoqmna,

rogorc f.Stoqeri SeniSnavs, ̀ SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac

gza xsnilia SezRuduli saxsrebis alternatiuli gamoyene-

bisaTvis~. ufro gasagebad Tu vityviT, alternatiuli xarjebi

(Rirebuleba) aris im saqonlis (momsaxurebis) sargeblianoba,

romelzec uars vambobT meoresaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis gamo.

2726

saqmianobidan miRebuli yvela sargeblianobisa da xarjebis

Sefasebas. es exeba rogorc individebis, saojaxo meurneobebisa

da sawarmoebis, ise mTlianad saxelmwifos saqmianobas.

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven akeTebT SenaZens supermarketSi da

gsurT erTi boTli Rvinis SeZena. ras mianiWebdiT upiratesobas:

daxarjavdiT bevr fuls saukeTeso xarisxis franguli Rvinis

SeZenaze Tu SearCevdiT raimes ufro dabalfasians? racionaluri,

gonivruli gadawyvetilebis misaRebad Tqven unda awon-dawonoT

orive alternativis yvela uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxareebi.

mSvenieri xarisxis franguli Rvino Tqven mogitanT did

kmayofilebas, magram mas gaaCnia gamouyenebel SesaZleblobaTa

maRali xarjebi: igi Zalian Zviria da Tqven mogiwevT bevri sxva

ramis msxverplad gaReba, Tuki gadawyvetT mis SeZenas. xolo im

SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu Tqven SeiZenT dabalfasian Rvinos, maSin, marTalia,

ver miiRebT misgan iseTsave kmayofilebas, rogorsac miiRebdiT

ZviradRirebulisagan, magram dagrCebaT meti fuli sxvaTa SesaZenad:

am Rvinos gaaCnia gamouyenebel SesaZleblobaTa ufro dabali

xarjebi.

amrigad, racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miReba momxmareb-

lisaTvis niSnavs iseTi saqonlis (momsaxurebis) SerCevas, romelsac

meti sargeblianoba moaqvs daxarjuli fulisaTvis, e.i. yvelaze

metad sargebliania, ramdenadac masSi fasebisa da xarisxis

Tanafardoba optimaluria.

faqtobrivad igive principi gamoiyeneba sawarmoebisa da

saxelmwifos mimarT warmoebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRe-

bisas. magaliTad, saWiroa Tu ara avtomobilebis mwarmoebelma

sawarmom gaxsnas kidev erTi sawarmoo xazi? am SemTxvevaSi

racionaluri gadawyvetilebis miReba aseve moicavs yvela xarjebisa

da sargeblianobis Sefasebas. sargeblianoba iqneba Semosavali,

romelsac sawarmo miiRebs damatebiTi avtomobilebis gayidviT.

xarjebi ki moicavs damatebiT danaxarjebs samuSao Zalaze,

nedleulze, maragnawilebze da a.S. ̀ kidev erTi sawarmoo xazis~

nax. 1.1. arCevani (wigni) da alternatiuli xarjebi

(axali jinsebi)

SezRuduli Semosavali

gaiZulebT airCioT

wigni axali jinsebian

Tqven airCieT wigni

alternatiuli xarjebi _ esaa axali

jinsebi, romelzec uari ganacxadeT

alternatiuli xarjebi = msxverplad

gaRebuli rigiT momdevno yvelaze

sasurveli nivTis SeZena

2928

ivarcxniT Tmas. is, Tu ramden dros xarjavT Tmis varcxnasa da

mowesrigebaze, damokidebulia im zRvrul (damatebiT) sargeb-

lianobaze, romelsac Tqven RebulobT. sarke gagebinebT, rom Tqveni

Tmis mowesrigebas SeiZleba garkveuli dro dasWirdes. ramdenime

damatebiTi wuTis daxarjvis sargeblianoba aRemateba Tqveni drois

damatebiT xarjebs da Tqvenc Tmis varcxnas iwyebT.

rogorc ki Tmis varxniloba TqvenTvis sasurveli ieris miRebas

iwyebs, masze damatebiTi drois xarjvis sargeblianoba klebulobs.

sanam zRvruli sargeblianoba zRvrul xarjebze metia, Tqven

Tmis varcxnas ganagrZobT. magram, garkveul momentSi zRvruli

sargeblianoba aRar giRirT zedmeti drois xarjvad. arsebiTad,

ukompromiso arCevanis _ ̀ an yvelaferi, an araferi~ _ nacvlad,

Tqven kompromisul (racionalur) arCevans akeTebT.

sxva arCevanic aseTive xasiaTisaa. Tu, magaliTad, gaqvT

avtomobili da gsurT benzinis SeZena, Tqven ar gixdebaT

gadawyvetilebis miReba _ avzi mTlianad gaavsoT, Tu benzini

saerTod ar SeiZinoT. samagierod, Tqven unda gadawyvitoT _

ramdeni fuli daxarjoT benzinis SesaZenad imis mixedviT, Tu

rogoria am fulis sxva mizniT gamoyenebis alternatiuli xarjebi.

maSasadame, Tqven aqac zRvruli sargeblianobisa da zRvruli

xarjebis sakuTari Sefasebis safuZvelze akeTebT racionalur

arCevans.

es principi gamoiyeneba saojaxo meurneobebis, sawarmoebis

da saxelmwifos mier miRebul racionalur gadawyvetilebaTa

mimarTac. magaliTad, sawarmo, romelic uSvebs avtomobilebs (romlis

Sesaxebac zemoT gvqonda saubari), afasebs avtomobilebis warmoebis

zRvrul sargeblianobasa da xarjebs. sxva sityvebiT, igi erTmaneTs

udarebs avtomobilebis damatebiTi gamoSvebiT miRebul xarjebsa

da Semosavals. Tu damatebiT gamoSvebul avtomobilebs moaqvs

maTze gaweul xarjebze ufro meti Semosavali (sargeblianoba),

maSin maTi warmoeba iqneba xelsayreli, xolo Sesabamisi

gadawyvetileba _ racionaluri.

gaxsna xelsayreli iqneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac misgan

miRebuli Semosavlebi (sargeblianoba) gadaaWarbebs masTan dakav-

Sirebul xarjebs.

ufro rTul situaciaSi, rodesac aucilebelia gadawydes

Tu romeli modelis avtomobilebi da TiToeuli modelis ramdeni

avtomobili awarmoos, sawarmom unda Seafasos yoveli alternativis

xarjebi da sargeblianoba, raTa miiRos gadawyvetileba maTi yvelaze

xelsayreli Tanafardobis Sesaxeb.

zRvruli sargeblianoba da zRvruli xarjebi.

ekonomistebi amtkiceben, rom racionaluri arCevani moicavs zRvruli

sargeblianobisa da zRvruli xarjebis Sefasebas. ̀ zRvruli~ aq,

ubralod, gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebul damatebiT sargeb-

lianobas an xarjebs niSnavs.

aviRoT martivi magaliTi: ra droze ayenebT maRviZaras momavali

dilisaTvis? davuSvaT, Tqven saxlidan unda gaxvideT 8.30 sT-ze.

SegiZliaT maRviZara daayenoT 7.00 sT-ze. es SesaZleblobas

mogcemT auCqareblad adgeT da mowesrigdeT, magram es imasac

niSnavs, rom Tqven naklebs iZinebT. SesaZlebelia Tqven gadawyvitoT

maRviZaras dayeneba 7.30 sT-ze an sulac 8.00 sT-ze. am SemTxvevaSi

SeZlebT ufro didxans Zils, magram mogiwevT aCqareba. maS,

realurad rogor unda miiRoT gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, Tu

ra droze daayenoT maRviZara?

racionaluri gadawyvetilebis misaRebad Tqven unda Seafa-

soT damatebiTi Zilis xarjebi da sargeblianoba. sawolSi gata-

rebuli yoveli damatebiTi wuTi niSnavs Zilis damatebiT wuTs

(zRvruli sargeblianoba), romelic Sesabamisad amcirebs dros

mowesrigebisaTvis, amitom mogiwevT aCqareba (zRvruli xarjebi).

amrigad, racionaluri gadawyvetileba efuZneba damatebiTi Zilis

xarjebsa da sargeblianobas da ara mTeli Ramis Zilis saerTo

xarjebsa da sargeblianobas.

axla aviRoT sxva magaliTi. Tqven, albaT, yovel diliT

3130

saqonlis

dasaxeleba

personaluri

kompiuteri

avtomobili

alternatiuli variantebi

0

10

10

9

20

7

30

4

40

0

CA B D

cxrili 1.1.personaluri kompiuterebisa da avtomobilebiswarmoebis alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi srulidasaqmebisa da warmoebis efeqtianobis pirobebSi

E

am SemTxvevaSi, davuSvaT, rom SeiZleba damzaddes maqsimum 10

cali avtomobili.

am or ukiduresobas Soris arsebobs sxva variantebic: Tu

SevamcirebT personaluri kompiuterebis warmoebas, SeiZleba

vawarmooT meti raodenobis avtomobili da, piriqiT. warmoebis

SesaZlo kombinaciebi asaxulia 1.1 cxrilSi.

rogorc vxedavT, cxrilSi mocemulia personaluri kom-

piuterebisa da avtomobilebis warmoebis xuTi alternatiuli

kombinacia. alternativa A imas niSnavs, rom ekonomikaSi yvela

resursi gamoyenebulia avtomobilebis warmoebisTvis; E alterna-

tivis SemTxvevaSi ki iwarmoeba mxolod personaluri kompiuterebi.

cxadia, orive alternativa ararealuria, radgan sazogadoebas

sWirdeba rogorc avtomobilebi, ise personaluri kompiuterebi.

amitom ekonomikuri resursebic Sesabamisad unda iqnas gadanawi-

lebuli, e.i. unda veZeboT A da E-sgan gansxvavebuli variantebi.

* ekonomistebi srul dasaqmebaSi gulisxmoben yvela gamosadegi daxelmisawvdomi resursis gamoyenebas (am SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia iZulebiTiumuSevroba, sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebisa da kapitaluri mowyobilobismocdena), warmoebis srul moculobaSi ki _ yvela resursis iseT gamoyenebas,romelic uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis materialur moTxovnilebaTamaqsimalurad srul dakmayofilebas.

sazogadoebis warmoebrivi SesaZlebloba. raci-

onaluri arCevanis gakeTebis aucileblobis ilustrireba SeiZleba

movaxdinoT warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudis meSveobiT.

winaswar unda SevniSnoT, rom ekonomikuri resursebis

iSviaTobidan gamomdinare, sazogadoeba dainteresebulia mis gankar-

gulebaSi arsebuli resursebis efeqtiani gamoyenebiT. efeqti-

anoba niSnavs minimaluri danaxarjebiT maqsimaluri Sedegis miRwevas.

efeqtiania ekonomika, romelic uzrunvelyofs srul dasaqmebasa

da warmoebis srul moculobas.*

axla davuSvaT, rom ekonomika funqcionirebs sruli dasaqme-

bisa da warmoebis sruli moculobis pirobebSi, sazogadoebis

gankargulebaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri resursebi mudmivi sididea,

ucvlelia teqnologia da bolos, iwarmoeba mxolod ori dasaxe-

lebis saqoneli: personaluri kompiuteri da avtomobili.

resursebis SezRudulobis gamo SeuZlebelia ganusazRvreli

raodenobis kompiuterisa da avtomobilis warmoeba. Tu warmovid-

genT ukiduresobas, rom yvela resursi xmardeba kompiuterebis

warmoebas, bunebrivia, gaizrdeba warmoebuli kompiuterebis

raodenoba. magram mainc iarsebebs misi warmoebis maqsimaluri

zRvari wlis ganmavlobaSi. davuSvaT, rom arsebuli resursebisa

da teqnologiis pirobebSi wlis ganmavlobaSi SesaZlebelia maqsimum

40 cali personaluri kompiuteris warmoeba.

meore ukiduresobaa, roca sazogadoebis gankargulebaSi ar-

sebuli resursebi mTlianad gamoiyeneba avtomobilis sawarmoeblad.

3332

nax. 1.2. warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudi

kompiuteris damatebiTi erTeulis miReba ki moiTxovs ori erTeuli

avtomobilis uaryofas da a.S. es imas niSnavs, rom personaluri

kompiuteris yoveli damatebiTi erTeulis warmoeba moiTxovs

ufro meti raodenobis avtomobilis damzadebaze uaris Tqmas.

wertilebi warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudis SigniT (marcxniv

da qveviT) miRwevadia, magram imaze migviTiTeben, rom am SemTxvevaSi

sruli dasaqmeba da warmoebis sruli moculoba ar xorcieldeba.

davuSvaT, qveyanaSi iwarmoeba 4 erTeuli avtomobili da 15 erTeuli

personaluri kompiuteri (V wertili). es imas niSnavs, rom

arsebuli resursebi srulad ar gamoiyeneba, ramdenadac mas 4

avtomobilTan erTad DSeeZlo gamoeSva 30 erTeuli personaluri

kompiuteri. maSasadame, resursebis ganawileba araefeqtiania im

SemTxvevaSi, roca aris SesaZlebloba arsebuli resursebiT meti

A da E SualedSi (B, C, D alternativebis SemTxvevaSi) perso-

naluri kompiuterebi iwarmoeba sul ufro meti raodenobiT,

avtomobilebi ki _ piriqiT.

mocemuli cxrilisa da masze dafuZnebuli msjelobis azri

Semdegia: sruli dasaqmebis ekonomika drois yovel momentSi unda

Seelios erTi dasaxelebis saqonlis garkveul nawils, raTa awarmoos

sxva dasaxelebis saqonlis meti raodenoba.

warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa cxrilis arsis ukeT gagebisaTvis

grafikul gamoxatulebaSi ganvixiloT masSi asaxuli monacemebi.

gamoviyenoT martivi, organzomilebiani grafiki avtomobilebis

warmoebis monacemebis vertikalur (ordinatTa) RerZze, xolo

personaluri kompiuterebis warmoebis monacemebis horizontalur

(abscisaTa) RerZze ganTavsebiT. grafikze marjvniv gadavTvaloT

40 erTeuli personaluri kompiuteri, zeviT _ Sesabamisad 0

erTeuli avtomobili. am SemTxvevaSi miviRebT E wertils. marjvniv

30 erTeuli personaluri kompiuterisa da zeviT 4 erTeuli

avtomobilis aRniSvniT miviRebT D wertils da a.S. am gziT

miRebuli yvela wertilis gaerTianebiT miiReba warmoebriv

SesaZleblobaTa mrudi (ix. nax. 1.2).

yoveli wertili warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudze gviCvenebs

mocemuli ori saqonlis warmoebis yvela SesaZlo kombinaciis

raRac maqsimalur moculobas, romelic miiRweva sruli dasaqmebisa

da warmoebis sruli moculobis pirobebSi.

magaliTad, B wertilSi warmoebuli iqneba 9 cali avtomobili

da 10 cali personaluri kompiuteri. Tuki avtomobilebis warmoeba

Semcirdeba 4 calamde, maSin personaluri kompiuterebis warmoeba

gaizrdeba 30 calamde. maSasadame, mrudis gaswvriv moZraobisas

meti avtomobilebi niSnavs nakleb personalur kompiuterebs da,

piriqiT.

cxrili da grafiki iZleva zrdadi alternatiuli xarjis

ilustracias. personaluri kompiuteris yvelaze pirveli erTeuli

moiTxovs avtomobilis erT erTeulze uaris Tqmas. personaluri

3534

bilebis meti raodenobiT warmoebis SesaZleblobas, anu uzrun-

velyofs ekonomikur zrdas.

mTeli Cveni msjeloba safuZvels gvaZlevs movaxdinoT ori

ucilobeli da globaluri faqtis konstatacia:

sazogadoebis moTxovnilebani usazRvroa, xolo resursebi,

romlebic saWiroa am moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisaTvis _

iSviaTi, anu SezRuduli;

sazogadoebas ar gaaCnia iseTi resursi, romlis gamoyeneba

xarjis gawevasTan ar iyos dakavSirebuli. resursebs rom iSviaToba

ar axasiaTebdeT, maSin zedmeti gaxdeboda arCevani, alternatiuli

gzebis Zieba. radgan sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebi usazRvroa,

xolo resursebi _ SezRuduli, gardauvalia resursebis raciona-

luri, efeqtiani gamoyenebis gzebis Zieba, rasac ekonomikuri

mecniereba akeTebs.

amdenad, SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi sazogadoebis

usazRvro moTxovnilebaTa maqsimalurad sruli dakmayofi-

lebisaTvis racionaluri arCevanis Sesaxeb mecnierebas

ekonomika ewodeba.

ufro zustad Tu vityviT, ekonomika aris sazogadoebrivi

mecniereba, romelic ikvlevs iSviaTi resursebis iseTi

gamoyenebis gzebsa da saSualebebs, romlis drosac miiRweva

sazogadoebis usazRvro moTxovnilebaTa maqsimalurad

sruli dakmayofileba. misi mTavari daniSnulebaa ekonomikuri

resursebis ganawilebis yvelaze xelsayreli da efeqtiani gzebis

SerCeva, sazogadoebis usazRvro moTxovnilebebsa da SezRudul

resursebs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobis SerbilebisaTvis.

saqonlis warmoebisa sxva saqonelTa gamoSvebis Seumcireblad.

resursebis SezRuduloba da teqnologiis ucvleloba ganuxor-

cielebels xdis avtomobilebisa da personaluri kompiuterebis

warmoebis yovelgvar kombinacias warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudis

gareT (vTqvaT, W wertilze).

naTqvamidan ar unda dagvrCes iseTi STabeWdileba, rom TiTqos

realur sinamdvileSi sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia sxvadasxva

dasaxelebis saqonelTa warmoebis erTdrouli gadideba, e.i.

ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa.

sazogadoebis warmoebrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb msjeloba,

romelic zemoTaa mocemuli, dafuZnebulia or ZiriTad daSvebaze:

1. ekonomika funqcionirebs sruli dasaqmebisa da warmoebis sruli

moculobis pirobebSi; 2. resursebis raodenoba da xarisxi, agreTve

teqnologia ucvlelia.

`sruli dasaqmeba~ da `warmoebis sruli moculoba~ _ es

mxolod idealebia, romliskenac miiswrafvis sazogadoeba. sinam-

dvileSi ekonomikaSi yovelTvis arsebobs gamouyenebeli resursebi

da, maSasadame, warmoebis gadidebis SesaZlebloba. warmoebis marTvis

mTeli xelovneba swored imaSia, rom es SesaZleblobani rac

SeiZleba srulad iqnas gamoyenebuli.

aseve cvalebadia resursebis raodenoba da teqnologia. droTa

viTarebaSi mosaxleobis ricxvi izrdeba, rasac Tan axlavs SromiTi

resursebis raodenobrivi mateba da xarisxis (ganaTleba, kvali-

fikacia) amaRleba, samewarmeo unaris ganviTareba. marTalia, same-

warmeo saqmianobis Sedegad gamoifita zogierTi energetikuli

da mineraluri resursi, magram, samagierod, xdeba maTi axali

wyaroebisa da saxeobebis aRmoCena da gamoyeneba. Waobebis amoSrobisa

da sairigacio programebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad izrdeba saxnavi

miwebis farTobi. ganuwyvetliv icvleba da srulyofili xdeba

teqnika da teqnologia, rac saSualebas iZleva imave resursebidan

meti da ukeTesi xarisxis produqcia miviRoT.

yovelive es iZleva personaluri kompiuterebisa da avtomo-

3736

doebis warmoSobis momentidanve daiwyo, magram Tavdapirvelad

mas sistemuri xasiaTi ar hqonda. amis dasturia msoflio civili-

zaciis akvnis _ Zveli aRmosavleTis qveynebis moazrovneTa moZRvre-

bebSi amokiTxuli Sexedulebebi imdroindeli ekonomikuri cxov-

rebis calkeul sakiTxebze.

pirveli warmodgenebi ekonomikis, rogorc mecnierebis, Sesaxeb

dakavSirebulia qsenofontes, platonis, aristoteles da sxva

cnobili Zveli berZeni moazrovneebis saxelebTan.

ekonomika, politikuri ekonomiis saxiT, rogorc damoukidebe-

li mecniereba, warmoiSva ufro mogvianebiT _ sabazro urTier-

TobaTa Casaxvisa da erovnuli bazris Camoyalibebis periodSi.

politikuri ekonomiis damoukidebel mecnierebad Camoyalibeba

Tan sdevda SexedulebaTa ganviTarebas iseT sadiskusio problemebze,

rogoricaa erovnuli simdidris, materialuri dovlaTis Semqmneli

Sromis xasiaTi, sabazro ekonomikis SesaZleblobaTa Sefaseba,

ekonomikis regulirebis meqanizmis axsna da a.S. am TvalsazrisiT,

uwinares yovlisa, yuradsaRebia pirveli mecnieruli mimarTuleba

_ merkantilizmi, romlis mimdevrebic kapitalis pirvandeli

dagrovebis epoqis vaWarTa interesebs gamoxatavdnen.

merkantilizmis yvelaze gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi iyvnen:

Tomas meni (1571-1641), antuan monkretieni (1575-1621), devid

iumi (1711-1776). antuan monkretienma Tavisi saxeli ukvdavyo

imiT, rom mecnierul brunvaSi pirvelad moaqcia termini

`politikuri ekonomia~ . man 1615 wels gamosca naSromi

`politikuri ekonomiis traqtati~, romelSic igi rCevas aZlevda

ludoviko XIII-s imis Taobaze, Tu rogori ekonomikuri politika

unda gaetarebina saxelmwifos gamdidrebisaTvis.

ganasxvaveben adreul da gviandel merkantilizms. adreuli

merkantilizmis devizi iyo keTilSobili liTonebis gatanis

akrZalva, importis SezRudva, qveyanaSi fulis modinebasTan

dakavSirebuli meurneobrivi saqmianobis waxaliseba. igi qadagebda

fuladi simdidris gadidebas wminda kanonmdebluri gziT. droTa

* igi Sedgeba sami berZnuli sityvisagan: pollitikos (saxelmwifo-ebrivi) + oikos (saxli, saojaxo meurneoba) + nomos (wesi, kanoni). amrigad,es termini sityva-sityviT niSnavs saxlmwifos farglebSi meurneobriobiskanonebs.

leqcia 3. ekonomikuri mecnierebis

genezisi, misi klasifikacia da

struqtura

èkonomika aris... mecnierebis is

ganyofileba adamianis moqmedebis Se-

saxeb, romelic... ikvlevs adamianis Zali-

sxmevas Tavisi moTxovnilebebis im zo-

miT dakmayofilebisaTvis, rogoriTac

SeiZleba gaizomos es Zalisxmeva da

es moTxovnebi simdidris an misi saerTo

ekvivalentis, fulis daxmarebiT.~

a.marSali

ekonomikuri mecnierebis genezisi. ekonomikuri

mecniereba erT-erTi uZvelesia mecnierul disciplinaTa sistemaSi.

misi warmoSoba dakavSirebulia warmoebisa da Semdeg warmoebuli

produqtis gacvla-ganawilebis aRmocenebasTan. mogvianebiT, bunebisa

da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb adamianTa codnis sistemas gamoeyo

gansakuTrebuli dargi ̀ politikuri ekonomiis~* saxelwodebiT,

romelic dReisaTvis, sruliad samarTlianad, ̀ ekonomikis~ (èko-

nomiksis~) mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba.

ekonomikurma mecnierebam, politikuri ekonomiis saxiT, mecni-

erebad Camoyalibebis sakmaod grZeli gza ganvlo. ekonomikuri

movlenebisa da procesebis mecnieruli gaazreba adamianTa sazoga-

3938

warmoebis sferoSi gadaitanes. miuxedavad amisa, isini mowodebis

simaRleze mainc ver aRmoCndnen, ramdenadac simdidris Semqmnelad

mxolod miwaTmoqmedebaSi daxarjul Sromas Tvlidnen.

xazgasasmelia, rom f.kenesTan SedarebiT gacilebiT bevrad

ufro adre fiziokratiuli Sexedulebani savsebiT naTlad aqvs

Camoyalibebuli Cvens saxelovan winapars sulxan-saba orbelians

(romelic kenes ̀ ekonomikuri tabulis~ gamoqveynebamde zustad

100 wliT adre daibada) naSromSi `sibrZne sicruisa~. am

`saidumloebas~ farda axada da mecnierul interesTa sferoSi

moaqcia aw gansvenebulma cnobilma qarTvelma mecnier-ekonomistma

vasil CantlaZem .

ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebiT sayu-

radRebo etapis dawyebis mauwyebeli iyo klasikuri poli-

tikuri ekonomiis warmoSoba. misi mTavari warmomadgenlebis

adam smiTisa (1723-1780) da david rikardos (1772-1823)

moZRvreba saTaves iRebda uiliam petis (1623-1686) Sexedulebe-

bidan, romlis didi damsaxureba iyo simdidris wyarod Sromisa

da miwis gamocxadeba.

a.smiTma Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil nawarmoebSi ̀ gamokvleva

xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~ (1776 w.) Rrmad

gaanaliza im droisaTvis dagrovili ekonomikuri codna da scada

ekonomikuri mecnierebis Semdgomi ganviTareba. misi moZRvrebis

mTavari laitmotivi iyo liberalizmis, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos

mxolod minimalurad Carevis, moTxovna-miwodebis kanonis Sesaba-

misad Camoyalibebuli Tavisufali fasebis safuZvelze sabazro

TviTregulirebis idea. am ekonomikur regulatorebs igi ̀ uCinar

xels~ uwodebda. man gamokveTa produqtiuli Sromis roli, war-

moaCina Sromis danawilebis mniSvneloba, Seqmna moZRvreba Semo-

savlebis Sesaxeb, mwyobr sistemad Camoayaliba gadasaxadebiT dabeg-

vris principebi da, rac mTavaria, safuZveli Cauyara Rirebulebis

SromiT Teorias (Tumca, am mxriv, bolomde Tanmimdevruli ver

aRmoCnda).

ganmavlobaSi merkantilistebi mixvdnen, rom marto Zvirfasi

liTonebis gatanis regulireba araa sakmarisi qveyanaSi simdidris

dasagroveblad da Semdeg daskvnamde mividnen: qveynis simdidre

damokidebulia ara dagrovili fulis raodenobaze, aramed saqonlis

gatana-Semotanaze. swored aman ganapiroba is, rom gviandeli

merkantilizmi mxars uWerda aqtiur savaWro balanss, e.i.

eqsportis (saqonlis gatanis) gadametebas importze (saqonlis

Semotanaze), rac proteqcionistuli politikis principebs uaxlov-

deba da amJamadac gamoiyeneba neomerkantilizmis saxelwodebiT.

ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi axali, rigiT meore

mimarTuleba iyo fiziokratiuli skola, romelic gamoxatavda

msxvil miwaTmflobelTa interesebs. TviT termini `fiziokra-

tebi~ warmodgeba berZnuli sityvebisagan (physis _ buneba dakratos _ batonoba, Zala) da sityva-sityviT ̀ bunebis Zalauflebas~

niSnavs.

am mimarTulebis damfuZnebeli da mTavari warmomadgenelia

frangi ekonomisti fransua kene (1694-1774). misi mTavari poli-

tekonomiuri nawarmoebia ̀ ekonomikuri tabula~ (1758 w.). masSi

mocemulia sazogadoebrivi produqtis kvlavwarmoebis analizis

genialuri cda naturalur da RirebulebiT elementebs Soris

garkveuli sabalanso proporciebis damyarebis poziciidan.

sagulisxmoa, rom f.kenem uaryo merkantilistTa ZiriTadi

idea imis Taobaze, rom mxolod gacvla qmnis simdidres. simdidris

wyarod man gamoacxada ara ubralod miwaTmoqmedebaSi daxarjuli

Sroma, aramed, saxeldobr, soflis meurneobaSi moxmarebulTan

SedarebiT warmoebuli produqtis gadameteba. misi moZRvrebis

SezRuduloba isaa, rom simdidris erTaderT wyarod igi Tvlida

mxolod miwaTmoqmedebaSi daxarjul Sromas. f.kenesTan erTad,

fiziokratiul ideebs aviTarebdnen misi mowafeebi da Tanamoazreebi:

diupon de nemuri (1739-1817), an tiurgo (1727-1781) da sxv.

fiziokratebma, merkantilistebisagan gansxvavebiT, TvalsaCino

nabiji gadadges win imiT, rom simdidris wyaros kvleva mimoqcevidan

4140

Tavisi Sinagani antagonisturi winaaRmdegobebi kapita-lizms gardauvalad miiyvans TviTuaryofamde da mis adgilas

aRmocendeba sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli uklaso

komunisturi wyobileba;

saqonlis Rirebulebis Semqmnelia abstraqtuli Sroma,

romlis sididesac gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli

samuSao dro; mogeba warmoadgens zedmeti Rirebulebis gardaqmnil

formas, realizebul zedmet Rirebulebas. misi erTaderTi wyaroa

daqiravebul muSakTa aunazRaurebeli (zedmeti) Sroma, romlis

Sedegebsac muqTad iTvisebs kapitalistTa klasi.

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa Rrma mecnieruli

analizis safuZvelze, mecnierebisa da praqtikisaTvis mravali

sagulisxmo daskvnis gakeTebis miuxedavad, marqsistulma ekonomi-

kurma moZRvrebam Tavis mTavar postulatebSi kraxi ganicada da

istoriis kuTvnilebad iqca. amis mizezi ramdenimea:

jer erTi, rogorc maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebuli

mdgomareoba mowmobs, sakuTrebis mravalformianobaze damyare-

buli regulirebadi sabazro ekonomika gacilebiT ufro sico-

cxlisunariani da moqnili sistema aRmoCnda, vidre amas marqsi

varaudobda;

meore, ver gaamarTla marqsis mier idealuri wyobis saxiT

SemoTavazebulma, ZiriTadad sazogadoebriv sakuTrebasa da

centralizebul direqtiul dagegmvaze dafuZnebulma, meurneobis

socialisturma sistemam. man ganviTarebis garkveul etapze amowura

Tavisi potenciuri SesaZleblobani da daiSala;

mesame, klasikuri skolis mier SemuSavebuli da marqsis mier

gaRrmavebuli Rirebulebis SromiTi Teoria, agreTve mogebis bunebis

marqsiseuli axsna ver gamodga Seuvali da stabiluri. Tanamedrove

msoflio ekonomikuri azris Tanaxmad, mogebis (rogorc Rirebulebis

Semadgeneli nawilis) SeqmnaSi met-naklebi zomiT yvela ekonomikuri

resursi monawileobs.

dRes Cveni valia vixelmZRvaneloT marqsiseuli mecnierulad

d.rikardom ara marto safuZvlianad aiTvisa a.smiTis ideebi,

aramed Tavis epoqaluri mniSvnelobis nawarmoebSi ̀ politikuri

ekonomiisa da dabegvris safuZvlebi~ (1817 w.) SesaniSnavad daZlia

misi moZRvrebis calkeuli susti mxareebi da ganaviTara kidec

isini. d.rikardo gansakuTrebiT cnobilia saerTaSoriso ekonomikaSi

vaWrobis Tavisuflebis upiratesobebisadmi miZRvnili gamokvlevebiT.

am sferoSi Tavisi Tvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad man daamuSava

koncefcia, romelic cnobilia SefardebiTi upiratesobis Teoriis

saxelwodebiT.

amrigad, ekonomikuri problemebis kvleva klasikurma politi-

kurma ekonomiam, merkantilizmisa da fiziokratiul skolasTan

SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad waswia win. marto is rad Rirs, rom

erovnuli simdidris wyarod man aRiara sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi

daxarjuli Sroma saerTod. miuxedavad amisa, srulad verc es

mimdinareoba amaRlda mecnieruli WeSmaritebis donemde. misi

erT-erTi udidesi Secdoma iyo qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi

saxelmwifos rolis ugulvebelyofa. arc is iyo swori (rogorc

es SemdgomSi movlenaTa ganviTarebam daadastura), rom am skolis

warmomadgenlebi TavianT Teoriul daskvnebs yvela drois, qveynisa

da xalxis meurneobrivi sistemis axsnisaTvis gamosadegad miiC-

nevdnen.

ekonomikuri mecnierebis genezisSi TvalsaCino adgili ukavia

marqsistul ekonomikur moZRvrebas. karl marqsis ekonomikuri

moZRvreba gadmocemulia mis mTavar nawarmoebSi ̀ kapitali~, romelic

gamocemulia oTx tomad (7 wignad). am moZRvrebis Tanaxmad:

kapitalisturi sazogadoeba Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi urTier-

Tdapirispirebuli klasisagan. maT Soris yovelgvari simdidris

Semqmnelia proletariati, romelic eqsploatacias ganicdis kapi-

talistTa klasisagan;

kapitalizmis mudmivi Tanamgzavria makroekonomikuri arasta-

biluroba: perioduli ekonomikuri krizisebi, umuSevroba da

inflacia;

4342

ekonomikuri mecnierebis struqtura. ekonomikuri

mecniereba, ekonomikuri realobis mravalferovnebidan gamomdinare,

rTuli struqturiT xasiaTdeba. pirobiTad mas adareben didi

muxis xes, romlis ̀ korpusia~ ekonomikuri Teoria (an, ubralod,

ekonomika), xolo `totebi~ _ kerZo ekonomikuri mecnierebebi,

romlebic Seiswavlian ekonomikuri sistemis calkeul mxareebs,

mis dargobriv, funqciur, regionul da istoriul aspeqtebs.

dargobriv ekonomikur mecnierebebs miekuTvneba, uwinares

yovlisa, calkeul dargTa ekonomikuri kanonzomierebebis Semswav-

leli disciplinebi: mrewvelobis ekonomika, soflis meurneobis

ekonomika, transportis ekonomika, mSeneblobis ekonomika da a.S.,

agreTve sxvadasxva dargis mijnaze warmoSobili ekonomikuri

disciplinebi: ekonomikuri kibernetika, bunebaTsargeblobis ekonomika,

demografiuli statistika, safinanso-sabanko statistika da sxv.

maTi mizania meurneobis calkeul da mimijnave dargebSi mimdinare

ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis kanonzomierebaTa siRrmi-

seuli Seswavla.

funqciur ekonomikur mecnierebebs miekuTvneba: finansebi

da krediti, statistika, menejmenti, marketingi, sabuRaltro aRricxva

da sxv., romelTa kvlevis areali Semoifargleba ekonomikis

calkeuli funqciuri sferoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebu-

rebebiT.

regionuli ekonomikis damoukidebel mecnierul discip-

linad gamoyofis aucilebloba ganapiroba regionul WrilSi

ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma specifikurma kanon-

zomierebebma.

gamoiyofa ekonomikuri codnis kidev erTi gansxvavebuli aspeqti

_ istoriuli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iseTi mecnieruli disciplinebi,

rogoricaa ekonomikis istoria da ekonomikuri azris istoria,

romlebic ekonomikisa da ekonomikuri azris ganviTarebas ikvleven

istoriul WrilSi.

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSania is,

dasabuTebuli daskvnebiT da ukuvagdoT usafuZvlo, dromoWmuli,

dogmaturi Sexedulebebi.

Tanamedrove ekonomikuri azris ganviTareba saTaves iRebs

XIX saukunis dasasrulidan da XX saukunis dasawyisidan, rodesac

Camoyalibda neoklasikuri skola. igi kritikulad udgeboda

k.marqsis ekonomikur moZRvrebas, uaryofda mis mTavar postulatebs

da qadagebda Tavisufali konkurenciis progresulobas. neoklasi-

kuri skolis ideebi privalirebda XX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde,

Semdeg ki axali mimarTulebiT misi Secvlis gardauvaloba TviT

cxovrebam gansazRvra.

XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan ekonomikuri mecnierebis

ganviTarebaSi sruliad axali etapi dakavSirebulia jon meinard

keinzis (1883-1946) saxelTan. man Tavisi genialuri nawarmoebiT

_ `dasaqmebis, sargeblisa da fulis zogadi Teoria~ (1936 w.)

Zireulad Secvala ekonomikuri azrovneba XX saukuneSi da

Rirseuli adgili daikava mecnier-ekonomistTa rigebSi (mas savsebiT

marTebulad Tvlian a.smiTis da k.marqsis rangis mecnierad). mas

es sapatio da gamorCeuli adgili moupova ekonomikis saxelmwi-

foebrivi regulirebis Teoriis SemuSavebam.

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, rodesac

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos gadaWarbebuli Carevis Sedegad SesamCnevi

gaxda sazogadoebrivi warmoebis ganviTarebis damuxruWeba, kvlav

aqtualuri gaxda neoklasikuri skolis edeebi, romelic ZiriTadad

ZalaSia dResac. misi nairsaxeobebidan gansakuTrebuli popularobiT

sargeblobs monetarizmi (fuZemdebelia amerikeli ekonomisti

milton fridmeni), romlis warmomadgenelTa mtkicebiT, fulis

simyares gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs ekonomikis normaluri

funqcionirebisaTvis. monetarizmis ideebma pirveli oficialuri,

praqtikuli gamoyeneba hpova aSS-is prezidentis (1980-1988) ro-

land reiganis ekonomikur programaSi, romelic cnobilia ̀ re-

iganomikis~ saxelwodebiT. sxvadasxva variaciebiT igi dResac

farTod gamoiyeneba mravali qveynis ekonomikur politikaSi.

4544

martivad rom vTqvaT, pozitiuri ekonomika Seiswavlis imas,

rac aris, maSin rodesac normatiuli ekonomika gamoxatavs

subieqtur SefasebiT warmodgenebs imis Sesaxeb, rac unda iyos.

pozitiuri ekonomika ikvlevs faqtobriv mdgomareobas, normatiuli

ekonomikis amocana ki aris imis gansazRvra, Tu rogori konkretuli

pirobebi an ekonomikis aspeqtebia sasurveli an arasasurveli.

pozitiuri mtkiceba, magaliTad, ase JRers: ̀ umuSevroba Seadgens

qveynis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 17%-s~. normatiuli msjeloba

am Temaze Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: ̀ umuSevroba unda Semcirdes

qveynis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 6%-mde~. maSasadame, rogorc

ki winadadebaSi Cndeba sityvebi ùnda~ da `saWiroa~, SeiZleba

safuZvlianad vivaraudoT, rom Cvens winaSea normatiuli msjeloba.

ekonomistTa Soris aSkara uTanxmoebaTa umetesi nawili

dakavSirebulia ekonomikuri movlenisadmi normatiul midgomasTan,

subieqtur SefasebiT msjelobebze damyarebul politikasTan.

umniSvnelovanesi uTanxmoebebi asaxaven sxvadasxva SefasebiT

msjelobaTa an mosazrebaTa arsebobas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori

unda iyos Cveni sazogadoeba. magaliTad, gacilebiT meti Tanxmoba

arsebobs sakiTxze imis Sesaxeb, Tu faqtobrivad rogor nawildeba

Semosavali, vidre imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda ganawildes igi.

maSasadame, mTavaria imis xazgasma, rom SefasebiTi msjelobebi

(normatiuli mtkicebebi) warmoiSoba ekonomikuri politikis

dasabuTebis doneze.

amrigad, pozitiuri ekonomika axdens faqtebis konstatacias

(`ra aris~), maSin rodesac normatiul ekonomikas gamoaqvs

subieqturi SefasebiTi msjelobebi (`ra unda iyos~).

ekonomikuri Teoria Sedgeba mikro-, makro- da megaekonomi-

kuri Teoriebisagan. Sesabamisad, ̀ ekonomikis~ ZiriTadi Semadgeneli

nawilebia mikroekonomika, makroekonomika da megaekonomika

anu msoflio ekonomika.

mikro- da makroekonomikebis gamoyofa da maTi Semswavleli

disciplinebis warmoSoba Tvisebrivi naxtomi iyo ekonomikuri

rom resursebis SezRudulobasa da moTxovnilebaTa ganusaz-

Rvrelobas, anu SesaZleblobasa da sasurvelobas Soris Seusabamobis

gamo, yvela maTganis winaSe mTavar dilemad dgas resursebis

racionaluri arCevanis problema. gansxvaveba ki am problemisadmi

TiToeuli maTganis midgomis aspeqtebsa da uSualo Seswavlis

obieqtTa TaviseburebebSi unda veZioT.

ekonomikuri Teoria (igive ekonomika) yvela ekonomikuri

mecnierebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia. igi, ZiriTadad, zogad Teoriul-

ekonomikur problemebs swavlobs. misi kvlevis sferoa mTeli

èkonomikuri samyaro~, kvlevis sagani _ resursebis racionaluri

arCevanisa da sameurneo subieqtTa ekonomikuri qcevis zogadi

kanonzomierebebi. amitom mas savsebiT marTebulad fundamentur,

universalur ekonomikur disciplinas uwodeben. kerZo ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa kvlevis sfero ki SedarebiT lokaluri xasiaTis

ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis Taviseburebebisa da

ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba.

ekonomikuri Teoria ekonomikuri politikis SemuSavebis safuZ-

velia. Tu ekonomikuri Teoria avlens ekonomikuri qcevis zogad

principebs, ekonomikuri politika ukve akontrolebs ekonomikuri

qcevis Sedegebs an zemoqmedebs maTze. ekonomikuri Teoriisa da

principebis donidan ekonomikuri politikis doneze gadasvliT

mkveTri naxtomi keTdeba pozitiuri ekonomikidan normatiuli

ekonomikisaken.

pozitiur ekonomikas saqme aqvs ukve SerCeul da Teoriis

doneze gadasul faqtebTan, romlebic Tavisufalia subieqturi

msjelobebisagan. igi cdilobs mecnieruli warmodgenebis formu-

lirebas ekonomikuri qcevis Sesaxeb.

normatiuli ekonomika, piriqiT, ganasaxierebs subieqtur

SefasebiT msjelobebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori unda iyos ekonomika,

an rogori politikuri aqciis Catarebaa rekomendirebuli

gansazRvrul ekonomikur Teoriaze dayrdnobiT an gansazRvruli

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.

4746

zrdas, fulad-sakredito sistemas, ekonomikis saxelmwifoebriv

regulirebas da sxv.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mikro- da makroekonomikasTan erTad,

ekonomikaSi damoukidebeli struqturuli elementis sax-

iT^gamoiyofa agreTve megaekonomika (msoflio ekonomika). igi

moicavs da ikvlevs Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebas, saerTaSoriso

vaWrobas, saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemas, savaWro da saga-

dasaxdelo balanss, saerTaSoriso ekonomikur integracias da

saerTaSoriso masStabis sxva problemebs.

ekonomikuri Teoria (ekonomika) ikvlevs mikro-, makro- da

megaekonomikis mxolod zogad safuZvlebs. amasTan, TiToeul maTgans

aqvs kvleva-Ziebis specifikuri sfero, obieqti, sagani da amitomac

arian isini damoukidebeli ekonomikuri disciplinebi.

ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis Seswavlis swored

amgvar logikas emyareba ̀ mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis~

winamdebare saswavlo kursi. igi ekonomikur Teorias gadmoscems

praqtikuli sameurneo cxovrebis Sesabamisad da masTan erTianobaSi.

mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebis kursis

Seswavlis aucilebloba da sargeblianoba. Tqven,

albaT, sakuTar Tavs ekiTxebiT: ̀ ratom unda Seviswavlo ekonomika?~

marTlac, deficitis problemas Tqven ver gadawyvetT da iSviaTi

resursebis ganawilebac saxelmwifo moxeleTa saqmed geCvenebaT.

magram,YTu ufro Rrmad CaukvirdebiT, mixvdebiT, rom ekonomika

Tqven gexebaT rogorc calkeul individs, rogorc Semosavlis

mimRebsa da fulis mxarjvels, rogorc moqalaqes. Tqvens kvebaze,

Cacmaze, sacxovrebel problemebze da, warmoidgineT, Tqvens

Tavisufal drozec ki garkveulwilad gavlenas axdens ekono-

mikuri resursebi anu warmoebis faqtorebi. ekonomikis Seswavla

dagexmarebaT am faqtorebis ukeT gagebaSi.

imisda miuxedavad, Tqven sawarmos mflobeli an menejeri

xarT, Tu ubralod am sawarmoSi muSaobT, ekonomikis codna

Teoriis (ekonomikis) ganviTarebaSi. Tavdapirvelad Camoyalibda

mikroekonomikuri Teoria, romlis Seswavlis sagania calkeuli

bazrisa da ekonomikuri agentebis (saojaxo meurneoba, sawarmo,

saxelmwifo) qcevis (funqcionirebis) axsna. mogvianebiT, ganviTarebis

garkveul safexurze, mikroekonomikuri Teoriis sabazro

meTodologia erTgvar winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCnda saerToekonomikuri

procesebis analizis arasabazro meTodologiasTan.

sistemurobis principis realizacia moiTxovda imas, rom

mTel ekonomikas miscemoda sabazro ekonomikiseburi axsna. es

rTuli amocana brwyinvaled gadaWra gamoCenilma ingliselma

ekonomistma jon meinard keinzma. man XX saukunis 30-ian

wlebSi safuZveli Cauyara makroekonomikur Teorias, romlis sagania

mTlianad erovnuli ekonomikuri sistemis ganviTarebis kanonzomi-

erebaTa Seswavla.

makroekonomika da mikroekonomika iseT urTierTdamokidebule-

baSia, rogorc mTeli da misi Semadgeneli nawili. arsebobs aseTi

xatovani Sedarebac: ̀ Tu makroekonomika swavlobs tyes saerTod,

mikroekonomika tyeSi xeebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba~. mTelisa

da misi nawilis Seswavla-ganxilvis TvalsazrisiT, aseTi gamijvnis

safuZveli unda veZioT maTi kvleva-Ziebis ara masStabebSi, aramed

Tvisebriv maxasiaTeblebSi, romlebic ganasxvaveben maTi ganviTarebis

kanonzomierebebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvis ar arsebobs mkacri sazR-

vari mikroekonomikasa da makroekonomikas Soris, mikroekonomikur

problemaTa Soris mTeli damajereblobiT gamocalkevebulad

ganixilaven samewarmeo saqmianobas, sawarmosa da saojaxo meurneobis

ekonomikas da calkeuli ekonomikuri agentebis saqmianobasTan

dakavSirebul sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs.

makroekonomikur problemaTa Soris Tanamedrove ekonomikur

literaturaSi tradiciulad ganixilaven Sromisunariani mosax-

leobis dasaqmebas, inflacias, umuSevrobas, mTliani erovnuli

(Sida) produqtisa da erovnuli Semosavlis warmoebas, ekonomikur

4948

meore mxriv, rogorc j.robinsoni SeniSnavs, ekonomikis

Seswavlis azri ̀ mdgomareobs ara imaSi, rom miviRoT ekonomikur

sakiTxebze mza pasuxebi, aramed imaSi, rom vicodeT, rogor ar

unda wamovegoT ekonomistebis ankesze~.

ekonomikis mecnierebis Seswavla sargeblobas moutans ara

marto ekonomists, aramed nebismier pirovnebas, magaliTad, myidvels

(romelmac arCevani unda gaakeTos imis Tobaze, Tu Tavisi moTxov-

nilebebisa da realuri SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisad, ra saqoneli

da momsaxureba SeiZinos, ra raodenobiTa da rogori TanmimdevrobiT),

abiturients (romelmac Tavisi niWis, unarisa da midrekilebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, gonivrulad unda gansazRvros Tavisi momavali

profesia), meanabres (romelmac sworad unda gaanalizos finansur

bazarze arsebuli mdgomareoba da Tavis danazogs mouZebnos

anabrad Setanis yvelaze momgebiani forma), meojaxes (romelmac

racionalurad unda warmarTos Tavisi saojaxo meurneoba),

damsvenebels (romelmac Tavisi fizikuri mdgomareobis, survilebisa

da finansuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gaazrebulad unda

gadawyvitos, Tu sad, rodis da romel sanatoriumSi daisvenos an

icxovros) da a.S.

Tu i.Sumpeteris Segonebas mivyvebiT, `sruliadac ar aris

savaldebulo, rom yvelam moindomos biznesmenoba an ekonomistoba,

magram Tanamedrove adamians uTuod unda hqondes naTeli

warmodgena ekonomikuri Teoriisa da praqtikis Sesaxeb, iseve

rogorc maTematikis, istoriis, fizikis, biologiisa da sxvaTa

Sesaxeb, da SeiZleba cota metic~.

Tu Tqven maincdamainc mtkiced gaqvT gadawyvetili saxel-

mwifo samsaxurSi an biznesis sferoSi moRvaweoba, amTaviTve

cxadia, rom ̀ ekonomikis safuZvlebis kursis~ daufleba sagrZnoblad

gagiadvilebT am sakmaod rTul, magram saintereso samyaroSi

gzis gakafvas, aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT Tqveni niWisa da unaris

swrafad da mTeli sisruliT gamovlenas. ekonomikis safuZvlebis

codna ueWvelad dagexmarebaT ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sworad

dagexmarebaT Tqveni sawarmosa da Tqveni piradi momavlisaTvis

sasargeblo gonivruli arCevanis gakeTebasa da swori gadawyveti-

lebebis miRebaSi. ekonomika Tqveni moqalaqeobrivi movaleobis

SesrulebaSic dagexmarebaT. Tqven gaqvT privilegia, Cveni qveynis

marTvas xeli SeuwyoT xmis micemis meSveobiT, riTac Tqven

gamoxatavT sakuTar azrs mraval sakiTxze, maT Soris ekonomikur

problemebzec.

rogorc xedavT, ekonomika masSi CarTul yvela adamians moicavs.

Tavisufali ekonomikuri sistemis qveyanaSi Cveni, rogorc

momxmareblis, individualuri arCevani gansazRvravs imas, Tu ra

iwarmoeba, rogor iwarmoeba esa Tu is produqcia da vin iRebs

mas. am kiTxvebze pasuxebi ki asaxavs mocemul qveyanaSi arsebuli

ekonomikuri sistemis tips.

miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, ver vityviT, rom ekonomikuri

codnis gareSe adamians arseboba ar SeuZlia. magram upriani

iqneba aseTi adamianis Sedareba ukompasod okeaneSi gasul gemTan,

romelic mravali gauTvaliswinebeli dabrkolebis gadalaxvis

gareSe ver aRwevs daniSnulebis adgils. rogorc pol samuelsoni

SeniSnavs, àdamiani, romelsac sistematurad ar uswavlia

ekonomikuri Teoria, hgavs yrus, romelic cdilobs Seafasos

musikaluri nawarmoebi~.

ara marto Teoriuladaa dasabuTebuli, aramed praqtikula-

dac mravalgzis dadasturebulia, rom vinc daeufleba ekonomikur

mecnierebas, mas Zalian gauadvildeba rogorc ekonomikis rTul

problemebSi garkveva, ise cxovrebaSi gzis gakafva, swori arCe-

vanis SedarebiT iolad gakeTeba. igi rTul viTarebaSic ki ise

igrZnobs Tavs, rogorc Tevzi wyalSi.

swored es hqonda mxedvelobaSi jon meinard keinzs, roca

werda: ̀ ekonomikuri Teoria ar aris uSualod sameurneo politikaSi

gamosayenebeli mza rekomendaciebis krebuli. is aris ufro meTodi,

inteleqtualuri instrumenti, azrovnebis teqnika, vidre moZRvreba.

yvelas, vinc mas flobs, igi exmareba swori daskvnebis gamotanaSi~.

5150

mas aniWebs is, rom misi fuZemdebeli principebis moTavseba erT

furcelze SeiZleba da es principebi imdenad martivia, rom maTi

gageba yvelas ZaluZs. miuxedavad amisa, isini cota vinmes Tu

esmis~. ekonomikis mecnierebis Seswavlis sirTulezea gamaxvilebuli

yuradReba ekonomikuri azris istoriis msoflioSi cnobili

specialistis a.hailbroneris mosazrebaSi imis Taobaze, rom

èkonomikis Seswavla moiTxovs aqlemis amtanobasa da wmindanis

moTminebas~.

magram, esoden mkacri Segonebani nu SegaSinebT. isic xom

cnobilia, rom mizanswrafuli Sromis winaSe faqtiurad ar arsebobs

gadaulaxavi siZnele. Tanac, ecadeT, gamoimuSaoT ekonomikuri

azrovnebis Cvevebi da Tu erTxel daiwyeT aseTi azrovneba, Semdeg

aRarasodes SeCerdebiT.

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mdidari gamocdilebiT dadasture-

bulia, rom ar aris aucilebeli mosamarTle imave dros rTul

neiroqirurgiul operaciebs akeTebdes, an eqims, Tavisi profesiuli

movaleobis SesrulebasTan erTad, SeeZlos sasamarTlo davebis

gadaWra, magram ekonomikuri mecnierebis, yovel SemTxvevaSi misi

safuZvlebis codna sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevrisaTvis (imisaTvis,

visac ekonomikuri cxovrebis labirinTebSi brmad xetiali ar

surs) metad saWiro da aucilebelia.

aRqma-SefasebaSi da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, imaSi, rom

aqtiuri monawileoba miiRoT qveynis ekonomikis warmatebiT

funqcionirebaSi.

Tqven, albaT, migiqceviaT yuradReba im faqtisaTvis, rom kargi

eqimi swrafad da zustad usvams avadmyofs diagnozs. es ganpi-

robebulia imiT, rom man icis janmrTeli organizmis funqcionirebis

Taviseburebebi, romlisgan gadaxvevac paTologiaa. igive iTqmis

maRalkvalificiur xelosanze, romelic advilad aRmoaCens avto-

mobilis dazianebis mizezs. amas igi axerxebs imiT, rom SesaniSnavad

icis, Tu rogor muSaobs gamarTuli avtomobilis sistema.

swored asea ekonomikaSic. maRalkvalificiuri ekonomistia

is, vinc kargadaa garkveuli jansaRi ekonomikuri organizmis

funqcionirebis kanonzomierebebSi da advilad xvdeba misgan

gadaxvevebs. aseTi specialistis kargad mofiqrebul rekomendaciebs

SeuZlia ̀ daavadebuli ekonomikis gankurnebisaTvis~ xelis Sewyoba.

amitom, SemTxveviTi rodia is, rom dasavleTis ganviTarebuli

qveynebis xelisuflebis organoebSi, iuristebTan erTad, ZiriTadad

ekonomistebi ikaveben sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebs.

axla imis Sesaxeb, _ ekonomikuri mecniereba Sesaswavlad

advilia Tu Zneli. rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidanaa cnobili,

kvanturi fizikis fuZemdebelma maqs plankma erTxel mokrZalebiT

aRniSna, rom man Tavisi moRvaweoba ekonomistobiT daiwyo, magram

Semdeg am profesias Tavi daaneba misi sirTulis gamo. roca

mocemul sakiTxze saubrobdnen, Tanamedrove maTematikuri logikis

pionerma bertran raselma SeniSna: `saocaria, piradad me

ekonomikur Teoriaze xeli aviRe imitom, rom igi metismetad

martivia~.

marTlac, orive Tvalsazrisi Seicavs WeSmaritebis marcvals.

ekonomikis mecniereba Tavisi SinaarsiT martivic aris da rTulic,

xolo Sesaswavlad _ advilicaa da Znelic. amasve adasturebs

nobelis premiis laureatis milton fridmenis mosazrebac:

èkonomika momxibvleli mecnierebaa. gansakuTrebul mimzidvelobas

5352

5. msxverplad gaRebuli saqonlis warmoebisa da

moxmarebis alternatiuli SesaZleblobebi iwodeba:

a. warmoebis xarjebad;

b. cvalebad xarjebad;

g. alternatiul xarjebad;

d. zRvrul xarjebad.

6. CamoTvlili mtkicebebidan arasworia:

a. haers ara aqvs alternatiuli xarjebi;

b. advokatebi arafers qmnian da amitom maTi Sroma araa

mwarmoebluri;

g. ̀ ufaso~ ganaTleba sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs;

d. ekonomikaSi termini ̀ SezRuduli~ exeba resursebs.

7. ekonomistebis mtkiceba resursebis SezRudulobis

fardobiTobis Sesaxeb gulisxmobs, rom:

a. resursebi SezRudulia mxolod Rarib qveynebSi;

b. resursebi SezRudulia nebismier qveyanaSi;

g. resursebis SezRuduloba SeiZleba Seicvalos, Tu

Seicvleba sazogadoebis moTxovnilebani da mis gankargulebaSi

arsebuli resursebis raodenoba;

d. SezRuduli da mcire raodenobiT arsebuli resursebi

erTi da igivea.

8. resursebis SezRuduloba da teqnologiis ucvle-

loba ganuxorcielebels xdis ori sxvadasxva dasaxelebis

saqonlis warmoebis yovelgvar kombinacias:

a. warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudze;

b. warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudis SigniT;

g. warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudis gareT;

d. warmoebriv SesaZleblobaTa mrudis zeda marcxena

monakveTze.

testebi SeZenili codnis

SemowmebisaTvis

1. saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolis xelovnebis aRsa-

niSnavad termini èkonomika~ pirvelad gamoiyena:

a. aristotelem;

b. platonma;

g. qsenofontem;

d. antuan monkretienma.

2. CamoTvlili ekonomikuri resursebidan kapitalurs

miekuTvneba:

a. samewarmeo unari;

b. miwa da misi simdidre;

g. fuladi saxsrebi;

d. Senoba, Carxi, kompiuteri.

3. deficiti ewodeba mdgomareobas, rodesac:

a. sasurveli saqonlis fasebi Zalian maRalia;

b. momxmareblebi ver yiduloben sasurveli saqonlis

saWiro raodenobas;

g. sasurveli saqoneli imdenia, rom veRar iyideba;

d. sasurveli saqonlis fasebi Zalian dabalia.

4. CamoTvlilTagan im ZiriTad arCevanTa ricxvs, rom-

lebic nebismierma sazogadoebam unda gaakeTos, ar miekuT-

vneba:

a. ra saqoneli unda vawarmooT da ra raodenobiT?

b. rogor unda vawarmooT es saqoneli?

g. ra unda vuyoT resursebs, romlebic SezRuduli araa?

d. vin miiRebs da moixmars warmoebul saqonels?

?

5554

2Tema

ekonomikur sistemaTaformebi da ti pebi

`kapitalizmis mTavari naklia si-

keTis uTanabro ganawileba, socializmis

mTavari upiratesobaa gaWirvebis Tana-

bari ganawileba~.

u.CerCili

àdministraciul-mbrZanebluri sis-

tema uzrunvelyofs warmoebuli saqon-

lis met-naklebad Tanabar ganawilebas,

magram mas SeuZlia Tanasworobis garan-

tia mxolod siRatakeSi da ara keTil-

dReobaSi~.

Jak dreze, edmon malinvo

`sabazro ekonomikis sistema SeiZ-

leba ganvixiloT, rogorc yvelaze

ganviTarebuli makoordinebeli sistema~.

a.lindbeki

9. CamoTvlili problemebidan mikroekonomikurs miekuT-

vneba:

a. ori valutis gasacvleli kursi;

b. inflaciis tempi;

g. avtomobilis fasi;

d. ekonomikis zrdis moculoba mimdinare wels gasul

welTan SedarebiT.

10. inflaciis tempsa da umuSevrobis dones ikvlevs:

a. finansebis zogadi Teoria;

b. megaekonomika;

g. makroekonomika;

d. mikroekonomika.

11. istoriaSi adam smiTisa da karl marqsis rangis

ekonomistad da makroekonomikuri Teoriis fuZemdeblad

miCneulia:

a. fridrix engelsi;

b. jon meinard keinzi;

g. joan robinsoni;

d. irvin fiSeri.

5756

gansxvavdebian; TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

specifikuri Taviseburebani. miuxedavad amisa, bevr maTgans Soris

mainc aris garkveuli msgavseba, rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

warmovadginoT isini Semdegi oTxi ZiriTadi tipiuri jgufis

saxiT:

tradiciuli (Cvevebze damyarebuli) ekonomikuri sistema;

Tavisufal konkurenciaze damyarebuli sabazro ekono-

mikuri sistema (wminda kapitalizmi);

administraciul-mbrZanebluri (komunisturi) ekonomikuri

sistema;

Tanamedrove sabazro (Sereuli) ekonomikuri sistema.

ekonomikur sistemaTa Soris arsebuli sxvaobis ga-

moaSkaravebis saukeTeso meTodia Tavisuflebis xarisxis

Sefaseba, romelsac isini sTavazoben ekonomikur agentebs warmoebis

faqtorebis flobisa da sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebis re-

alizaciis sferoSi. ekonomikur agentTa Tavisuflebis xarisxi

dakavSirebulia sakuTrebasTan .

ra aris TviT sakuTreba? didi xnis manZilze gabatonebuli

iyo mosazreba, rom sakuTreba _ esaa adamianis urTierToba nivTebTan,

misi Zalaufleba nivTebze, maTi flobis, gankargvisa da gamoyenebis

SesaZlebloba. SemdgomSi aseTi Sexeduleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala.

amJamad sakuTrebis ganmartebaSi dominirebs socialuri safuZveli.

XIX saukunis moazrovnis p.prudonis gamoTqmaSi _ ̀ sakuTreba

_ es qurdobaa~ _ Cadebulia is azri, rom Tu erTi piri flobs

raime nivTs, igi imavdroulad ar SeiZleba meore pirsac ekuTvnodes.

amiT isaa naTqvami, rom sakuTrebis Sinaarsi adamianTa urTierTobaa.

marTalia, sakuTreba gulisxmobs adamianis urTierTobas

nivTebTan, magram imavdroulad, sakuTreba adamianTa urTi-

erTobaa, romelic gamoxatavs adamianis mier am nivTebis miTvisebis

gansazRvrul formas.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom dovlaTis warmoeba da miTviseba

sazogadoebis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis pirobaa, SegviZlia vTqvaT,

leqcia 4. ekonomikuri sistemis arsi,

amocanebi da klasifikaciis

kriteriumebi

ekonomikuri sistemis arsi. wina TemaSi warmoeba

daxasiaTebuli iyo zogadad, abstraqtulad. magram realur

sinamdvileSi warmoeba arsebobs ara zogadad, aramed konkretu-

lad, gansazRvruli formiT, anu ama Tu im ekonomikuri sistemis

saxiT. nebismier epoqasa da qveyanaSi warmoeba arsebobs

ama Tu im ekonomikuri sistemis saxiT . sxvanairad rom

vTqvaT, ekonomikuri sistema sazogadoebrivi warmoebis arsebobisa

da sazogadoebis sameurneo cxovrebis organizaciis formaa.

ekonomikuri sistema aris erToblioba urTierTobebisa

da procesebisa, romelTac adgili aqvs sazogadoebaSi im

sakuTrebrivi da organizaciuli institutebis safuZ-

velze, romlebic gabatonebulia mocemul sazogadoebaSi .

nebismier qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri sistema asaxavs mis

istorias, tradicias da, rac mTavaria, politikur realobas.

ekonomikur sistemaTa klasifikaciis kriteri-

umebi. ekonomikuri sistemebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian ori

ZiriTadi niSniT: 1. warmoebis faqtorebze sakuTrebis formiT;

2. ekonomikuri agentebis koordinirebisa da marTvis wesiT.

pirveli niSani ukavSirdeba ekonomikur resursebze sakuTrebis

uflebas, romelic SeiZleba iyos kerZo, saxelmwifoebrivi, koleqti-

uri da Sereuli. meore niSani ki dakavSirebulia nebismieri

sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari sami urTierTdakavSirebuli problemis

(ra vawarmooT? rogor vawarmooT? visTvis vawarmooT?) gadaWras-

Tan. TiToeuli ekonomikuri sistema gansxvavebulad, misTvis dama-

xasiaTebeli wesebiT wyvets am problemebs.

sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikuri sistemebi, romelTa meSveobiTac

xdeba zemoT aRniSnuli problemebis gadaWra, erTmaneTisagan

5958

da Seukvecavad axorcielebs, e.i. vinc aris sakuTrebis obieqtTa

mflobelic da ganmkargavic; visac ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos isini

Tavisi survilis Sesabamisad (gayidos, gaasaCuqros, daagiraos,

ijariT gasces, memkvidreobiT gadasces da a.S.).

SesaZlebelia flobis, gankargvisa da gamoyenebis uflebebi

erTmaneTs dascildes. mesakuTres SeuZlia es uflebebi (yvela an

zogierTi) droebiT sxvas gadasces, magram es ar auqmebs sakuTrebis

uflebas. magaliTad, roca mesakuTre miwas ijariT gadascems

fermers, fermeri iZens miwis gamoyenebis uflebas, magram mesakuTre

ar kargavs masze sakuTrebis uflebas. roca adamiani daqiravebiT

muSaobs, igi damqiravebels aZlevs Tavisi samuSao Zalis gamoyenebis

uflebas, magram samuSao Zala mis sakuTrebad rCeba.

sakuTreba (sakuTrebis forma) gansazRvravs ekonomi-

kuri sistemis bunebas. amas adasturebs kacobriobis mTeli

istoria. magram am debulebis WeSmaritebis naTelsayofad Sors

wasvla araa saWiro. ram gamoiwvia is, rom, roca dRis wesrigSi

daisva yofil ssrk-Si arsebuli totalitaruli ekonomikuri

sistemis Secvlis sakiTxi, pirvel rigSi, gadasawyveti Seiqna

sakuTrebis problema? ratomaa, rom ekonomikuri krizisidan

saqarTvelos gamosvlis upirveles pirobad miCneul iqna sakuTrebis

radikaluri reforma?

orive kiTxvas erTi pasuxi gaaCnia: imitom, rom sakuTrebis

formis Secvlis gareSe SeuZlebelia ekonomikuri sistemis Secvla.

am SemTxvevaSi logika sruliad naTelia: imisaTvis, rom daCqardes

sazogadoebis progresi, aucilebelia misi xelSemSleli, moZvelebuli,

mankieri ekonomikuri sistemis damsxvreva, magram es ar xerxdeba

misi safuZvlis _ sakuTrebis Zireuli gardaqmnis gareSe.

es zogadi msjeloba ufro konkretuli da xelSesaxebi rom

gavxadoT, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sakuTrebis formazea damo-

kidebuli: (1) warmoebis faqtorTa SeerTebis wesi; (2)

produqtis ganawilebis wesi; (3) meurneobis marTvis xasi-

aTi da formebi; (4) Sromis stimulebi; (5) resursebis

rom sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sakuTrebis gareSe,

istoriis manZilze icvleba mxolod sakuTrebis formebi .

sakuTrebas mravali forma gaaCnia. maT Soris mTavaria: 1.

kerZo sakuTreba (individualuri da koleqtiuri); 2. saxel-

mwifo sakuTreba (federaciis anu saerTo-erovnuli, federaciis

subieqtebis da municipaluri); 3. Sereuli sakuTreba.

sazogadoebis istoriis gariJraJze, pirvelyofil sazogado-

ebaSi, gabatonebuli iyo koleqtiuri, Temuri sakuTreba warmoebis

faqtorebsa da Sromis produqtebze. aTaseuli wlebis manZilze

adamianma ar icoda `Cemi~ da `Seni~. ganviTarebis ufro maRal

safexurze gaCnda kerZo sakuTreba, romelic gvevlineboda sxvadasxva

saxiT: uSualo mwarmoeblis, glexisa da xelosnis kerZo sakuTrebis,

monaTmflobelisa da feodalis, mewarme-kapitalistis kerZo

sakuTrebis saxiT.

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi Tanabari uflebiT

nebadarTulia sakuTrebis yvela forma. sakuTrebis uflebas icavs

kanoni.

sakuTrebis subieqti SeiZleba iyos: calkeuli pirovneba,

ojaxi, koleqtivi, saxelmwifo, municipaliteti, partia, sazoga-

doebrivi organizacia.

sakuTrebis obieqtebs sam jgufad yofen:

uZravi qoneba: miwa, wiaRiseuli, sawarmoo da arasawarmoo

daniSnulebis Senoba-nagebobani, gzebi, infrastruqturis obieqtebi

da sxv.

moZravi qoneba: manqanebi da mowyobilobani, instru-

mentebi, aveji, mza produqcia, fuli, fasiani qaRaldebi da a.S.

inteleqtualuri dovlaTi: gamogoneba, literaturisa

da xelovnebis nawarmoebebi, informacia, programa gamomTvleli

manqanebisaTvis da sxv.

sakuTrebis uflebis realizacia dakavSirebulia iseT cnebebTan,

rogoricaa: floba, gankargva, gamoyeneba. srulyofili, klasikuri

mesakuTrea is, vinc yvela CamoTvlil uflebas daubrkoleblad

6160

rac, sabolood, aRatakebs sazogadoebas. Sromis Sinagani (da ara

garegani, administraciuli, iZulebiTi) stimuli gaaCnia imas, vinc

warmoebis pirobebisa da Sedegebis mesakuTrea.

sakuTrebis ufleba adamians stimuls aZlevs misi

sakuTrebis obieqtebi (resursebi) gamoiyenos maqsimaluri

efeqtianobiT. im SemTxvevaSi, roca resursebi sxvas ekuTvnis,

maTi gamoyenebis efeqtianoba ecema. albaT, yvelas SeumCnevia didi

gansxvaveba mZRolis mier avtomobilis movlaSi imisda mixedviT,

misi sakuTrebaa igi, Tu sxvisi. Tu avtomobili sakuTaria, mZRoli

mas saTuTad epyroba, radgan icis, rom swori movlis gareSe misi

SekeTebis xarjebi gaizrdeba da Semosavali Seumcirdeba. magram,

roca avtomobili sxvas ekuTvnis da mZRoli daqiravebuli muSakia,

igi, Tavisi Semosavlis gadidebiT dainteresebuli, cdilobs meti

`gamoswuros~ avtomobils da amisaTvis ar erideba eqsploataciis

wesebis darRvevasac. man icis, rom SekeTebis xarjebi sxvam unda

gaiRos. sxvisi an àravisi~ (saerTo sakuTrebis) resursebis

gamoyeneba mflangvelurad xdeba.

sakuTrebis xeluxlebloba stimuls aZlevs adamians

Tavisi Semosavlis nawili dazogos, daagrovos da, amdenad,

kidev ufro gamdidrdes: es xom imave dros mTeli sazoga-

doebis gamdidrebaa?! Tu sakuTrebis ufleba saimedod araa daculi,

saRi azri adamians ukarnaxebs Tavisi Semosavlis meti nawili

dResve gamoiyenos, daxarjos.

sakuTrebis obieqtTa Tavisufali gankargvisa da gamoyenebis

ufleba xels uwyobs ekonomikis wonasworobas. sakuTrebis obieqtTa

Tavisufali yidva-gayidvis pirobebSi resursebi gadadis im dargebSi,

sadac meti Sedegis motana SeuZliaT, e.i. sadac maTi gamoyenebis

saWiroeba metia. amiT myardeba wonasworoba warmoebasa da

moxmarebas Soris, moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris.

ekonomikur sistemaTa zemoT aRniSnuli ZiriTadi tipebis

daxasiaTebamde, upriani iqneba ganvixiloT ekonomikuri sistemis

funqcionirebis istoriulad cnobili ori uzogadesi forma:

gamoyenebis efeqtianoba; (6) dazogvisadmi midrekileba.

warmoebis faqtorTa SeerTebis wesi yoveli ekonomikuri

sistemis fundamenturi urTierTobaa. am wess ki gansazRvravs

warmoebis faqtorebze sakuTrebis arsebuli forma. Tu warmoebis

faqtorebi TviTon mwarmoebelTa sakuTrebaSia, maSin warmoebis

faqtorTa SeerTeba xdeba uSualod. im SemTxvevaSi ki, roca

sazogadoebis wevrTa erTi nawili moklebulia warmoebis faqtorebs,

samuSao Zalis SeerTeba sxva resursebTan xdeba sul sxva wesiT

_ samuSao Zalis daqiravebis da warmoebis faqtorebis ijariT

gacemis gziT.

warmoebis faqtorebze sakuTrebis forma gansazRvravs

warmoebis Sedegis _ produqtis ganawilebis wess. produqti

ekuTvnis imas, visac ekuTvnis warmoebis faqtorebi. Tu mwarmoebeli

imave dros ekonomikuri resursebis mesakuTrecaa, cxadia, produqtic

misi sakuTrebaa. warmoebis sxva faqtorebs moklebuli muSaki

Rebulobs xelfass. Tu warmoebis faqtorebi koleqtiur sakuT-

rebaSia, produqtic koleqtivis kuTvnilebaa. zogadi saxiT SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris Semosavlebis ganawileba,

saboloo jamSi, damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoraa ganawilebuli

(vis sakuTrebaSia) ekonomikuri resursebi.

sakuTrebis formazea damokidebuli warmoebis marTvis

forma da xasiaTi. roca warmoeba kerZo sakuTrebaSia, mesakuTre

TviTon marTavs mas Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr. saqmis arsi ar

icvleba imiT, rom man SeiZleba marTvis funqciebi gadaakisros

menejers. es ukanaskneli mesakuTris neba-survilis Semsrulebelia

mxolod. gansxvavebulia koleqtiuri sakuTrebis obieqtTa marTva:

aq marTvis funqcias asrulebs TviT koleqtivi da mis mier

arCeuli organoebi. Tu warmoeba saxelmwifo sakuTrebaa, mas

marTavs saxelmwifos mier daniSnuli piri.

sakuTrebis forma gansazRvravs Sromisadmi adamianis

damokidebulebas. yofili ssrk kavSiris gamocdilebam dagvanaxa,

rom sakuTrebas mowyvetili adamiani kargavs interess Sromisadmi,

6362

uaRresad neli tempi _ ai, naturaluri meurneobis damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebi.

ekonomikuri sistemis meore istoriuli tipia sasa-

qonlo warmoeba. esaa tipi warmoebisa, romelSic produq-

tebi mzaddeba ara sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis, aramed

gasacvlelad. Tanamedrove gagebiT, sasaqonlo meurneobis

ucilobeli atributia is, rom gacvla xdebodes yidva-gayidvis

gziT, fulis meSveobiT, e.i. adgili hqondes mimoqcevas: s_f_s.

produqtebis uSualo gacvla (barteri) jer kidev araa

srulyofili sasaqonlo meurneoba.

sasaqonlo warmoeba warmoiSva pirvelyofil-Temuri wyobi-

lebis daSlis procesSi, mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda monaTmflobe-

lobisa da feodalizmis dros, xolo warmoebis gabatonebul

formad gadaiqca kapitalizmis epoqaSi. dRes igi gabatonebulia

mTels msoflioSi.

sasaqonlo warmoebis safuZvelia Sromis sazogadoeb-

rivi danawileba da mwarmoebelTa gankerZoebuloba, damouki-

debloba.

Sromis bunebrivi danawileba arsebobda pirvelyofil

sazogadoebaSic. esaa Sromis danawileba asakisa da sqesis mixedviT:

qali bavSvebs zrdida, keras inaxavda, zrdasruli mamakaci nadirobda,

miwas amuSavebda, xandazmulebi Sromis iaraRebs amzadebdnen, bavSvebi

didebs exmarebodnen. magram Sromis aseTi danawileba ar warmoSobs

sasaqonlo warmoebas da gacvlas.

Sromis danawilebas adgili aqvs Tanamedrove warmo-

ebis SigniTac. produqtis damzadebis procesSi muSakebi sxva-

dasxva operaciebs asruleben. magram arc es warmoSobs sasa-

qonlo warmoebas da gacvlas.

sul sxvaa Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba. igi guli-

sxmobs sameurneo saqmianobis specializacias, meurneobis dargebisa

da qvedargebis warmoSobas, romlis gardauvali Sedegia produqtebis

gacvla.

Sromis pirveli didi sazogadoebrivi danawileba iyo

naturaluri meurneoba da sasaqonlo meurneoba.

ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebis uzoga-

desi formebi. ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebis pirveli

istoriuli forma iyo naturaluri meurneoba. esaa tipi

warmoebisa, romelic misTvis saWiro yvela produqts an

maTs umetesobas TviTonve awarmoebs .

naturaluri meurneobis produqti ar iqceva saqonlad, yidva-

gayidvis obieqtad, aramed warmoqmnis TviT mwarmoeblisaTvis

sasicocxlod aucilebel fondebs: warmoebis saSualebebs,

moxmarebis sagnebs da maragebs. naturalur meurneobaSi, magaliTad,

marcvali unda damzaddes imdeni raodenobiT, rom igi sakmarisi

iyos TviT mwarmoeblisa da misi ojaxis wevrTa moTxovnilebebis

dasakmayofileblad, ise furaJad pirutyvisa da frinvelisaTvis,

agreTve Teslad, raTa momaval wels SesaZlebeli gaxdes warmoebis

ganmeoreba.

istoriulad naturaluri warmoebis safuZveli iyo miwaTmoq-

medeba da mecxoveleoba. magram igi gardauvlad gulisxmobs

Sinamrewvelobasac, e.i. memcenareobisa da mecxoveleobis produq-

tebis Sin gadamuSavebas, raTa maT saboloo saxe mieceT. am

SemTxvevaSi meurne ara marto xnavs, Tesavs, pirutyvs uvlis,

aramed, agreTve, marcvleuls fqvavs, purs acxobs, rTavs, qsovs,

tansacmelsa da fexsacmels ikeravs, saxls iSenebs, Sromis iaraRebs

amzadebs da a.S.

amrigad, naturaluri meurneoba Tavisi bunebiT mravaldar-

govania: radgan gacvlas adgili ara aqvs, igi iZulebulia yvelaferi,

rac mas sWirdeba, TviTon daamzados.

naturaluri meurneoba warmoadgens gankerZoebul, karCaketil,

TviTmyofad mikrosamyaros, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia tra-

diciebisa da Cvevebis batonoba. masSi saukuneebis manZilze

misdevdnen tradiciul saqmianobas, warmoebis masStabi da struq-

tura TiTqmis ucvlelia. uZraoba, rutinuli teqnika, ganviTarebis

6564

I mwar-

moebeli

II mwar-

moebeli

jami

samuSao drois fondi (sT)

Sromis nayofiereba specializa-

ciamde (15 sT-Si damzadebuli

produqciis raodenoba)

Sromis nayofiereba specializa-

ciis Semdeg

15 A-s 15 B-ze gacvlis Semdeg

mwarmoeblebs gaaCniaT

15

15

30

15

15

7,5

_

15

15

7,5

_

15

15

15

30

15

60

45

60

60

A AB B

cxrili 2.1.Sromis nayofiereba

(hipoTezuri monacemebi)

mwarmoebeli mTlianad gadavida A produqtis warmoebaze (radganmisi Sromis nayofiereba aq ufro maRalia), xolo meore

mwarmoebeli _ B produqtis warmoebaze. es imas niSnavs, romaxla pirveli mwarmoebeli 30 saaTSi daamzadebs A produqtis

30 erTeuls, xolo meore mwarmoebeli _ B produqtis 30 erTeuls.

Tuki mwarmoeblebi erTmaneTs gaucvlian 15 A-s da 15 B-s, TiToeuls

aRmoaCndeba orive produqtis 15-15 erTeuli.

amrigad, Tu specializaciamde orive mwarmoebeli amzadebda

orive produqtis 45 erTeuls, specializaciis Semdeg produqciis

raodenoba gaizarda 60 erTeulamde.

motanili magaliTis analizi gviCvenebs, rom Sromis da-

barbarosTa masidan mejoge tomebis gamoyofa, ramac safuZveli

Cauyara regularul gacvlas. im safexurze gacvlis mTavari

obieqtebi iyo pirutyvi da mecxoveleobis produqtebi.

Sromis meore didi sazogadoebrivi danawileba iyo

miwaTmoqmedebisagan xelosnobis gamoyofa. amis Semdeg gacvla

kidev ufro gafarTovda.

Tu Tvals gavadevnebT istorias, vnaxavT, rom warmoebis mTeli

progresi dakavSirebulia Sromis danawilebis Semdgom gaRrma-

vebasTan, specializaciasTan. es procesi dResac mimdinareobs.

ismis kiTxva: ratom moxda, rom naturaluri meurneoba, romelic

TiTqmis ori milioni wlis manZilze batonobda, Secvala sasaqonlo

meurneobam? raSi mdgomareobs am ukanasknelis upiratesoba? am

kiTxvebze mokle pasuxi aseTia: sasaqonlo warmoebam imitom

gaimarjva, rom igi adidebs Sromis nayofierebas .

naTqvamis sailustraciod mivmarToT martiv magaliTs (ix.

cxrili 2.1). vTqvaT, sazogadoeba Sedgeba ori mwarmoeblisagan

da TiToeuli maTgani amzadebs ori dasaxelebis produqts (A daB). davuSvaT, rom maTi samuSao drois fondic Tanabaria daSeadgens 30-30 saaTs, saidanac naxevari ixarjeba A produqtis,

naxevari ki _ B produqtis warmoebaze.amasTan, vigulisxmoT, rom Sromis nayofiereba gansxvavebulia:

pirveli mwarmoebeli 15 saaTSi amzadebs A produqtis 15 erTeuls,

xolo danarCen 15 saaTSi _ B produqtis 7,5 erTeuls. meore

mwarmoebeli, piriqiT, drois imave monakveTSi amzadebs A produqtis7,5 erTeuls da B produqtis 15 erTeuls.

amrigad, A produqtis warmoebaSi pirveli mwarmoeblis Sromis

nayofiereba orjer maRalia, vidre meore mwarmoeblisa, xolo Bproduqtis warmoebaSi meore mwarmoeblis Sromis nayofiereba

orjer maRalia pirvel mwarmoebelTan SedarebiT. mwarmoebelTa

Soris aseTi gansxvaveba bunebrivia, radgan isini gansxvavdebian

niWiT da unariT, midrekilebiT, kvalifikaciiT, warmoebis pirobebiT.

axla davuSvaT, rom moxda Sromis specializacia: pirveli

6766

ki mdidrdeba. TandaTanobiT aRmocendeba msxvili (kapitalisturi)

saqonelwarmoeba, romelic iRebs sayovelTao xasiaTs, ramdenadac

saqonlur formas iZens ara mxolod adamianTa mier warmoebuli

produqti, aramed TviT mwarmoeblis Sromis unari _ samuSao

Zala.

sabolood, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba iRebs sasaqonlo

urTierTobis formas. kapitalisturi sazogadoebis simdidre

warmogvidgeba ̀ uamravi saqonlis grovad~, calkeuli saqoneli ki

_ am simdidris elementarul formad, romelSic Canasaxis saxiT

mocemulia sabazro ekonomikis mamoZravebeli motivebi.

`gegmiani~ (socialisturi) saqonelwarmoebis dros, rTul

(kapitalistur) saqonelwarmoebasTan SedarebiT, SezRudulia

sasaqonlo urTierTobaTa sferoebi da masStabebi. am sakiTxze

ufro vrclad qvemoT iqneba saubari.

nawileba, specializacia, rac sasaqonlo warmoebis safuZ-

velia, adidebs Sromis nayofierebas .

sazogadoebam ukve didi xania aiTvisa is ubralo WeSmariteba,

rom TviTuzrunvelyofa, e.i. cda imisa, rom saWiro produqtebis

meti nawili TviTon awarmoo, araefeqturia. amas naTlad xedavda

Sromis danawilebis udidesi Teoretikosi adam smiTi. igi ambobda:

òjaxis saRad moazrovne meTauris ZiriTadi wesia _ saxlSi ar

gaakeTos is, risi yidva ufro iafia. TerZi ar cdilobs TviTon

Seikeros fexsacmeli, aramed yidulobs mas xarazisagan. xarazi

TviTon ki ar ikeravs tansacmels, aramed qiraobs TerZs. fermeri

ar cdilobs arc erTisa da arc meoris gakeTebas, aramed qiraobs

dasaxelebul xelosnebs. TiToeuli maTganisaTvis xelsayrelia

Tavisi Zala gamoiyenos iq, sadac mas upiratesoba gaaCnia

mezoblebTan SedarebiT, xolo Tavisi produqtis nawiliT iyidos

danarCeni yvelaferi~.

saqonelwarmoeba SeiZleba iyos martivi, rTuli (kapitalisturi)

da ̀ gegmiani~ (socialisturi). pirveli ori dafuZnebulia kerZo

sakuTrebaze, mesame ki _ saxelmwifo sakuTrebaze.

martivi saqonelwarmoeba upiratesad emyareba mwarmoebelTa

pirad Sromas. aq, rogorc wesi, warmoebis mesakuTre da mwarmoebeli

erTi da igive piria da, Sesabamisad, warmoebuli produqtic misi

sakuTrebaa.

rTuli (kapitalisturi) saqonelwarmoeba TiTqmis mTlianad

emyareba sxvisi (daqiravebuli) Sromis gamoyenebas. aq warmoebis

mesakuTre da mwarmoebeli sxvadasxva piria, warmoebuli produqti

mesakuTres ekuTvnis, daqiravebuli muSaki ki xelfass iRebs. aseT

urTierTobaSi xSirad warmoiSoba interesTa dapirispireba

mesakuTresa da mwarmoebels Soris. mas ukavSirdeba warmoebis

muSakTa gaficvebi xelfasisa da Sromis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.

Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawilebis gaRrmaveba da saqonel-

gacvlis masStabebis gafarToeba wvril saqonelmwarmoeblebs iTrevs

sabazro stiqiis morevSi, Sedegad maTi nawili Canagdeba, nawili

6968

zRvarzea. sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi Warbobs saukuneebis ganmavlo-

baSi gamomuSavebuli tradiciebi da Cvevebi, kasturi da wodebrivi

dayofa. memkvidreobiToba da kasturi kuTvnileba karnaxobs

adamianebs maT ekonomikur rols da amis gamo batonobs socialur-

ekonomikuri uZraoba. religiuri da kulturuli faseulobebi aq

pirveladia ekonomikur saqmianobasTan SedarebiT, xolo sazogadoeba

mxars uWers status guo-s SenarCunebas.

Tavisufal konkurenciaze damyarebuli sabazro

ekonomikuri sistema (wminda kapitalizmi) . pirobiTad

ase uwodeben im sameurneo sistemas, romelic arsebobda

ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebSi XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi da

romlis bevri niSan-Tviseba dResac ZalaSia. masSi igulisxmeba

ekonomikuri saqmianobis iseTi sistema, romelSic TiToeuli misi

subieqtis qceva motivirebulia piradi egoisturi interesebiT;

yoveli ekonomikuri erTeuli cdilobs Tavisi Semosavlis maq-

simizebas gadawyvetilebaTa individualurad miRebis safuZvelze.

sabazro meqanizmi ki erTmaneTTan akavSirebs da koordinacias

uwevs am individualur gadawyvetilebebs. am sistemaSi bazris

meSveobiT wydeba sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari problemebi (ra?

rogor? visTvis?).

Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis (wminda kapita-

lizmis) umTavresi ganmsazRvreli elementebia:

ekonomikuri resursebisa da warmoebis Sedegis kerZosakuTreba;

mewarmeobisa da arCevanis Tavisufleba;

piradi interesi; Tavisufal konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli sabazro meqanizmi;

fasebis sistema; saxelmwifos SezRuduli ekonomikuri roli.

mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:

Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikur sistemaSi ekonomiku-

ri resursebi da warmoebis Sedegi aris kerZo pirebis

leqcia 5. ekonomikur sistemaTa

ZiriTadi tipebi da modelebi

tradiciuli (Cvevebze damyarebuli) ekonomi-

kuri sistema. ekonomikuri sistemebidan yvelaze uZveless

tradiciuli (Cvevebze damyarebuli) ekonomika warmoadgens ,

romelSic sazogadoebis winaSe mdgar sam kiTxvaze (ra? rogor?

visTvis?) pasuxi tradiciebs eyrdnoba.

tradiciuli (Cvevebze damyarebuli) ekonomikuri sistema

amJamad iSviaTia. igi ganagrZobs arsebobas ekonomikurad sustad

ganviTarebul qveynebSi. aziis, afrikisa da samxreT amerikis

miyruebuli soflebi, beduinebis momTabare tomebi _ tradiciuli

ekonomikis tipiuri magaliTebia. misi elementebi SemorCenilia

zogierT ganviTarebul qveyanaSic (magaliTad, aSS-s pensilvaniis,

aiovasa da ohaios StatebSi).

tradiciuli ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: CamorCenili

teqnika da teqnologia, xeliT Sromis batonoba, mravaldargianoba

da mravalwyobianoba. es ukanaskneli imaSi gamoixateba, rom er-

TmaneTis gverdiT arsebobs sxvadasxva sameurneo sistema: natura-

lur-Temuri meurneoba, romelic damyarebulia koleqtiur Sromaze,

wvrilsaqonluri warmoeba, romelsac safuZvlad udevs kerZo

sakuTreba da individualuri Sroma. aseT ekonomikaSi adamianTa

absoluturi umravlesoba sofelSi cxovrobs da misdevs

miwaTmoqmedebas, mecxoveleobas, ufro xSirad ki nadirobas an

meTevzeobas. aseT ekonomikas naturalursac uwodeben, ramdenadac

aq yvelaferi ZiriTadad sakuTriv mwarmoeblis arsebobisaTvis

aucilebeli minimaluri moculobiT iqmneba.

tradiciuli ekonomikuri sistema xasiaTdeba mosaxleobis

SedarebiT dabali keTildReobis doniT. aq adamianTa saqmianobis

ZiriTadi principebi, maTi cxovrebis wesi praqtikulad ar icvleba

saukuneebis manZilze, yvelaferi keTdeba winaprebis msgavsad, cota

iwarmoeba da mosaxleobis umravlesoba arsebobis SenarCunebis

7170

nirebeli meqanizmia fasebis sistema (faswarmoqmna). bazarze

gasayid saqonelze fasi wesdeba misi miwodebisa da masze moTxovnis

Tanafardobis gaTvaliswinebiT. fasis safuZvelze xdeba Tavisufali

arCevanis koreqtireba. es imas niSnavs, rom sabazro sistemaSi

fasebis meSveobiT wydeba Zireuli ekonomikuri problemebi (ra?

rogor? visTvis?).

Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saqonelsa da

momsaxurebaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebebi iwvevs fasebis

meryeobas, rasac mohyveba ekonomikuri resursebis gadanawileba.

magaliTad, Tu saqonelze moTxovna gaizarda, maSin igi ufro

iSviaTi gaxdeba da misi fasic aiwevs. fasebis amaRlebas mohyveba

is, rom aRniSnuli saqonlis warmoeba ufro xelsayreli iqneba.

amitom misi mwarmoebeli sawarmoebi gazrdian gamoSvebis moculobas,

sxvebi ki Seecdebian mocemul dargSi Sesvlas.

amdenad, moTxovnis gadideba iwvevs mocemuli saqonlis

warmoebaze meti raodenobis resursebis gamoyenebas. saqonelze

moTxovnis dacemis SemTxvevaSi ki gamoikveTeba fasis Semcirebis

tendencia. aRniSnuli saqonlis warmoeba gaxdeba naklebad

xelsayreli, Semcirdeba gamoSvebis moculoba da mocemul dargSi

gamoyenebuli iqneba naklebi raodenobis resursebi.

Tavisufal konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli sabazro sistema xels

uwyobs iSviaTi da SezRuduli resursebis efeqtian gamoyenebas,

warmoebisa da dasaqmebis stabilurobas, swraf ekonomikur zrdas.

amis gamo mravali mecnieri, gansakuTrebiT kapitalizmis

ganviTarebis adreul etapebze, uaryofiTad afasebda ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos aqtiur Carevas (intervencias). aseT Sexedulebas

mtkice safuZveli Cauyara cnobilma ingliselma ekonomistma adam

smiTma. man wamoayena ̀ uxilavi xelis~ Teoria, romlis mixedviT,

TiToeuli adamiani cdilobs Tavis gankargulebaSi arsebuli

resursebis rac SeiZleba momgebianad gamoyenebas. mas amoZravebs

mxolod erTi interesi _ meti mogebis miReba. sabolood, TiToeuli

adamianis egoisturi miznis (mogebis maqsimizacia) realizacia

sakuTrebaSi. amasTan, arsebobs kerZo sakuTrebis gamoyenebis

samarTlebrivi SezRudvebi. magaliTad, kanoniT akrZalulia resur-

sebis gamoyeneba narkotikebis sawarmoeblad.

kerZo sakuTrebas uSualod ukavSirdeba mewarmeobisa

da arCevanis Tavisufleba. Tavisufal sabazro sistemaSi kerZo

mewarmeebi SeZenili resursebiT Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr awarmoeben

da bazarze yidian warmoebul saqonels (momsaxurebas). Tavisufali

arCevanis uflebiT sargebloben momxmareblebic. es niSnavs, rom

Tu Tqven raime gaqvT gasayidi _ saqoneli (magaliTad, wigni)

anda momsaxureba (magaliTad, wignis kompiuterze akrefa da

dakabadoneba) _ SegiZliaT mas daadoT nebismieri fasi da mihyidoT

nebismier myidvels, romelic mzadaa gadaixados Tqvens mier

SeTavazebuli safasuri. da piriqiT, rogorc momxmarebelma, Tqven

SegiZliaT SeiZinoT yvelaferi, rac gsurT im gamyidvelTan, romelsac

Tqvenve airCevT. aq saxelmwifos Careva ekonomikur saqmianobaSi

minimaluria. saxelmwifo mxolod gansazRvravs ekonomikuri

saqmianobis TamaSis wesebs samarTlebriv bazaze dayrdnobiT.

Tavisufali sabazro sistema individTa erTobliobaa.

misi mamoZravebelia piradi interesebi. TiToeuli mewarmis

mizania maqsimaluri mogebis miReba. igive mizani amoZravebs

ekonomikuri resursebis sxva mesakuTreebs. momxmarebeli ki cdilobs,

rac SeiZleba meti sargebloba miiRos SeZenili produqtidan.

yovel ekonomikur agents surs maqsimaluri Semosavlis miReba

minimaluri danaxarjebiT. es warmoSobs maT Soris metoqeobas,

anu konkurencias, romelic sabazro sistemis Zireuli Tvisebaa.

is faqti, rom saqoneli da momsaxureba miewodeba konkurenciis

pirobebSi, niSnavs, rom arsebobs mravali damoukideblad moqmedi

myidveli da gamyidveli. amis gamo ekonomikuri Zalaufleba

ganawilebulia. kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tavi-

sufali konkurencia da individualuri Tavisuflebis ma-

Rali xarisxi.

Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis ZiriTadi makoordi-

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kerZo sakuTreba Semoifargleba moqalaqeTa piradi da maTi saojaxo

nivTebiT.

komunistur sazogadoebaSi Teoriulad yvela adamiani

ekonomikurad Tanasworia. amitom sazogadoebis erTi nawilis

interesi ar SeiZleba daupirispirdes meore nawilis in-

teress. maSasadame, sazogadoebis nebismieri wevris cxovrebis

pirobebis gaumjobeseba yvelas saerTo interesia.

sazogadoebriv (saxelmwifo) sakuTrebasTanaa dakav-

Sirebuli mewarmeobisa da arCevanis Tavisuflebis ak-

rZalva. komunistur sazogadoebaSi ara mxolod sazogadoebis

wevrebs, aramed sawarmoebsac ara aqvT ufleba SeZenili resursebiT

TavianTi Sexedulebisamebr awarmoon da bazarze gayidon warmo-

ebuli saqoneli. aseve mkveTrad SezRudulia momxmareblis arCevanis

Tavisufleba, ramdenadac warmoeba yovelTvis CamorCeba mosaxleobis

yidviTunarian moTxovnilebas. warmoeba karnaxobs momxmarebels

Tu ra unda SeiZinos.

komunistur sazogadoebaSi Sejibreba miCneulia gan-

viTarebis erT-erT mamoZravebel Zalad. komunisturi Sejibreba

pirvelad aRmocenda yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi. misi formebi TandaTan

icvleboda, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia komunisturi SabaTobebi,

damkvreloba, staxanovuri moZraoba da Sromisadmi komunisturi

damokidebuleba. realurad, aseTi Sejibreba umeteswilad formalur

xasiaTs atarebda.

marqsistuli Teoria uaryofs sabazro meqanizmis gamo-

yenebas administraciul-mbrZaneblur (komunistur) sis-

temaSi. administraciuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi bazari da

misi funqciebi seriozul deformacias ganicdian. bazris maregu-

lirebeli rolis Sesusteba xels uwyobs disproporciis warmo-

Sobas moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris. Sedegad, damtkicebuli

gegmebi qronikulad uzrunvelyofili araa ekonomikuri resursebiT,

mosaxleobis fuladi Semosavlebis saqonliT uzrunvelyofa ki

deficituria. sabWoTa ekonomikis modelis erT-erTi paradoqsi

misdauneburad (gauazreblad) emsaxureba sazogadoebis interesebs.

sabazro ekonomikas xSirad uwodeben Tavisufali mewarmeobis

ekonomikas, sadac sityva ̀ Tavisufali~ gulisxmobs ̀ saxelmwifos

kontrolisagan Tavisufals~. Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis

pirobebSi saxelmwifos funqciebi SezRudulia kerZo

sakuTrebis dacviT da Tavisufali bazrebis funqcionirebis

Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi bazis CamoyalibebiT.

administraciul-mbrZanebluri (komunisturi)

ekonomikuri sistema. wminda kapitalizmis alternativaa

administraciul-mbrZanebluri (komunisturi) ekonomikuri

sistema, romelic gabatonebuli iyo yofili ssr kavSiris, agreTve

aRmosavleT evropisa da aziis zogierTi qveynis teritoriaze.

amJamad is damaxasiaTebelia iseTi qveynebisaTvis, rogoricaa Crdi-

loeT korea da kuba. am sistemis yvelaze srulyofili daxasiaTeba

mocemulia karl marqsisa da fridrix engelsis SromebSi.

komunistur ideologiaze dafuZnebuli administraciul-

mbrZanebluri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebia:

sazogadoebrivi (saxelmwifo) sakuTreba praqtikulad yvela

ekonomikur resursze;

piradi interesis daqvemdebareba sazogadoebrivi (koleq-

tiuri) interesisadmi;

kerZo mewarmeobisa da arCevanis Tavisuflebis akrZalva;

konkurenciis Secvla e.w. komunisturi (socialisturi)

SejibrebiT;

gegmis mimarT bazris daqvemdebareba da sagegmo sistemazedayrdnoba;

saxelmwifos faqtobrivad SeuzRudveli roli.

mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:

marqsistuli koncefciis Tanaxmad, ekonomikur resursebze

sazogadoebrivi (saxelmwifo) sakuTrebis dakanonebiT iq-

mneba komunisturi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri safuZveli .

7574

_ Soris.

realur sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs da arc arsebula wminda

administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistema. magaliTad, yofil sabWoTa

kavSirSi, romelic, Tumca, iyo kidevac aseTi sistemis zusti

gansaxiereba, SeiZleboda mogvenaxa sabazro ekonomikis zogierTi

elementi. aq raRac zomiT gamoiyeneboda fasebis meqanizmi. roca

romelime dargSi an regionSi igrZnoboda samuSao Zalis nakleboba,

maSin mas, rogorc wesi, agzavnidnen am adgilebSi ufro maRali

anazRaurebis miRebis garantiiT. XX saukunis bolos ganxorci-

elebuli reformebi yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, CineTsa da mraval

aRmosavleT evropul qveyanaSi mowodebulia daabrunos maTi

ekonomikuri sistemebi administraciul-mbrZanebluridan sabaz-

rod orientirebuli ekonomikisaken.

saerTod, administraciul-mbrZaneblur sistemas gaaCnia rogorc

dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi mxareebi. aseTi ekonomika uzrunvelyofs

SedarebiT nakleb gansxvavebas mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris imis

gamo, rom misTvis damaxasiaTebelia swrafva socialuri keTil-

dReobisaken. umuSevroba da inflacia ufro advilad eqvemdebareba

kontrols. meore mxriv, sawarmoebi aseTi ekonomikis dros

moklebulni arian dawinaurebis SesaZleblobas, praqtikulad ar

gaaCniaT stimuli axali saqonlis gamoSvebisaTvis da sakuTari

Sromis efeqtianobis asamaRleblad. rogorc Sedegi, mravali

saqoneli da momsaxureba, romlis gareSe ver warmoudgeniaT

Tavisi arseboba, magaliTad, britanelebs, aq xSirad Znelad xel-

misawvdomia. magaliTad, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qalaqebSi tipiuri

iyo situacia, rodesac xalxi elodeboda axali binis miRebas

saSualod 20-25 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom ̀ sufTa~ komunizms isev hyavs erTguli

mimdevrebi, sul ufro da ufro meti komunisturi qveyana asustebs

centralizebul kontrols (umravles SemTxvevaSi saerTod auqmebs

kidec) ekonomikaze da axalisebs kerZo iniciativas.

Zvrebi gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia aRmosavleT evropaSi, sadac

iyo, realuri bazris ararsebobis pirobebSi, fulisa da fasis

moCvenebiTi simtkicis SenarCuneba. am SemTxvevaSi saqonlis

miwodebaSi dominirebda zemdgomi saxelmwifo aparatis gadawyve-

tileba da momxmarebeli absoluturad daucveli iyo. erTiani

saxelmwifo gegma direqtiul dokuments warmoadgenda da misi

Sesruleba yvelasaTvis savaldebulod iTvleboda.

administraciul-mbrZanebluri ekonomikis modelSi

saxelmwifo Rebulobs yvela gadawyvetilebas warmoebisa

da ganawilebis Sesaxeb. XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi sabWoTa

kavSiris ekonomikaSi Camoyalibda ekonomikuri triadis (ra? rogor?

visTvis?) gadawyvetis meqanizmi, romelic Tavisi ZiriTadi niSnebiT

SenarCunda am saxelmwifos daSlamde. drodadro am meqanizmSi

Setanili nawilobrivi cvlilebebi ar cvlida mis arss da

gamoixateboda ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis gaaqtiurebiT.

amis gamo ekonomikis am modelma miiRo ̀ totalitaruli~ sistemis

saxelwodeba.

aRniSnuli sistemis av-kargianobas kargad gamoxatavs sabWoTa

kavSiris pirveli da ukanaskneli prezidentis mixeil gorbaCovis

sityvebi, romelic, Tavis droze sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo

wlebSi qveyanaSi Seqmnil situacias Semdegnairad aRwerda: ̀ sabWoTa

kavSiri _ msoflioSi foladis, nedleulis, saTbobisa da energiis

umsxvilesi mwarmoebeli gamudmebiT ganicdis maT ukmarisobas,

rac gamowveulia uyairaTobiT an maTi araefeqtiani gamoyenebiT...

Cven gagvaCnia msoflioSi yvelaze meti eqimi da sawoli saavadmyo-

foSi aTas adamianze gadaangariSebiT da, amasTanave, Cvens jandacvaSi

SeimCneva uamravi naklovanebebi~.

Tanamedrove sabazro (Sereuli) ekonomikuri

sistema. Tanamedrove pirobebSi wminda saxiT arc erTi zemoT

dasaxelebuli sistema ar arsebobs. realurad arsebul ekonomikur

sistemebs raRac Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukaviaT or ukiduresobas

_ wminda kapitalizmsa da administraciul-mbrZaneblur sistemas

7776

magaliTebi. realurad yvela, e.w. sabazro ekonomikis qveyanaSi

saxelmwifo mniSvnelovan kontrols axorcielebs socialur-

ekonomikur procesebsa da sferoebze. magaliTad, Tanamedrove

aSS-is ekonomika aSkarad axlosaa wminda kapitalizmTan, magram

mainc gaaCnia arsebiTi xasiaTis gansxvavebebi. mTavari ki isaa, rom

aq saxelmwifo aqtiur rols TamaSobs ekonomikaSi, xels uwyobs

ra mis stabilurobas da zrdas, uzrunvelyofs ra zogierTi

saxeobis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gamoSvebas, romelsac sabazro

ekonomika awarmoebs arasakmarisi raodenobiT an saerTod ar

awarmoebs, zegavlenas axdens ra Semosavlebis ganawilebaze da

a.S. wminda kapitalizmisagan gansxvavebiT, amerikulma kapitalizmma

warmoSva mZlavri ekonomikuri institutebi msxvili korporaciebisa

da profkavSirebis formiT, riTac Seqmna damatebiTi safuZveli

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos CarevisaTvis.

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos monawileoba ZiriTadad Semdegi sami

mizeziT aixsneba:

sazogadoebis zogierTi moTxovnilebis (jandacvis, uSiS-

roebis dacvis da a.S.) dakmayofileba saxelmwifos ukeT SeuZlia,

vidre sabazro meqanizms;

saxelmwifos SeuZlia Searbilos sabazro meqanizmis moq-

medebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo axorcielebs

resursebisa da Semosavlebis gadanawilebis funqcias da am gziT

cdilobs bazris mizeziT warmoSobili socialuri uTanxmoebis

Semcirebas;

Tanamedrove pirobebSi saxelmwifo asrulebs ekonomikis

regulirebis funqcias da am gziT cdilobs gamoasworos sxvada-

sxva ekonomikuri wonasworobis darRveva, rac ganpirobebulia

warmoebis daqveiTebiT, umuSevrobiT, inflaciiT, sagadasaxdelo

balansis deficitiT.

aq aRsaniSnavia erTi mniSvnelovani faqtic: kerZo sakuTreba

da sabazro meqanizmi, iseve rogorc saxelmwifo sakuTreba da

centralizebuli dagegmva, yovelTvis rodi Tanaarsebobdnen erTma-

problema mdgomareobda ara imaSi, gadasuliyvnen Tu ara sabazro

sistemaze, aramed imaSi, Tu ra roli unda Seesrulebina saxelmwifos

am saqmeSi da raoden umtkivneulod moxdeboda es. aRmosavleT

evropis qveynebma: aRmosavleT germaniam (axla gaerTianebuli

dasavleT germaniasTan erTad germaniaSi), poloneTma, ungreTma,

Cexoslovakiam (axla CexeTi da slovakeTi) da bulgareTma _

yvelam gadadga nabiji (ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxva tempebiT) sabazro

ekonomikis mimarTulebiT. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi situacia

rTuldeba politikuri da ekonomikuri problemebiT imis gamo,

rom yofili sabWoTa respublikebi cdiloben miaRwion ufro did

regionul kontrols sakuTar resursebze. 1991 wlis dekemberSi

sabWoTa kavSiri, romelmac iarseba 74 weliwads, `mokvda~ da

masTan erTad mokvda sabWoTa ̀ komunizmic~. 11 yofili respublika

gaerTianda damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi (dsT)

Sors mimavali reformis gatarebis mizniT, romelic mimarTuli

iyo sabazro ekonomikis, kerZo sakuTrebis Camoyalibebisa da dageg-

mvis decentralizaciisaken. magram aravin ar elodeba imas, rom

gza kerZo mewarmeobisaken iqneba ̀ ia-vardebiT~ mofenili. dsT-sa

da aRmosavleT evropaSi gardamavali periodi aRiniSna politikuri

gadatrialebebiT, regionuli konfliqtebiT, umuSevrobiT, inflaciiTa

da cxovrebis donis droebiTi dacemiT.

CineTSi, komunisturi wyobis pirobebSi, cdiloben Tavidan

aicilon politikuri reformebi, paralelurad dgamen patara,

magram mudmiv nabijebs sabazro ekonomikis mimarTulebiT. sawarmo-

ebis Cineli xelmZRvanelebi Zalian dainteresebulni arian

dasavluri tipis menejmentis aTvisebasa da ekonomikur reformebSi.

magram aseTi umniSvnelo nabijebi srulebiT ar aris sakmarisi

bevri honkongeli biznesmenisaTvis. 1997 wels honkongma Sewyvita

Tavisi arseboba, rogorc britaneTis koloniam da SeuerTda ra

komunistur CineTs, aRmoCnda misi mmarTvelobis qveS, ris gamoc

amiT ukmayofilo bevrma mewarmem da profesionalma datova honkongi.

ar arsebobs aseve mTlianad Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis

7978

sxva dargebSic.

mTlianobaSi Sereuli ekonomikis amerikuli modeli gamoirCeva

sabazro ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gadamwyveti roliT

ekonomikuri struqturebis formirebasa da sameurneo erTeulebis

mimdinare rentabelobis uzrunvelyofaSi. rac Seexeba ekonomikis

saxelmwifoebriv regulirebasa da kontrols, maTi roli XX

saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasasrulamde SedarebiT SezRuduli

iyo. 90-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis ki aSS-is politikur wreebSi

Camoyalibda mZlavri lobisturi jgufebi, romlebic gamovidnen

e.w. ̀ samrewvelo politikis~ sasargeblod. saqme isaa, rom amerikeli

saqmiani wreebi safuZvlian SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamen qveynis teqnikuri

momavlis gamo. aman garkveulwilad imoqmeda mTavrobis ekonomikur

politikaze, misi rolis gaZlierebiT ekonomikis struqturul

gardaqmnebSi, mrewvelobis CamorCenili dargebis msoflio arenaze

konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis xelSesawyobad. ekonomikis

saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis strategiaSi swored aseTma

mobrunebam aSS-Si ̀ samrewvelo politikis~ (`teqnikuri politikis~,

`zrdis politikis~) saxelwodeba miiRo. es politika aqtualuri

gaxda ̀ civi omis~ dasrulebisa da konversiuli procesebis ganxor-

cielebasTan dakavSirebiT. misi arsia pirdapiri saxelmwifoebrivi

zemoqmedebiT ekonomikuri resursebis mizanswrafuli gadarTva

samxedro sferodan samoqalaqo dargebis sferoSi, gansakuTrebiT

samecniero-teqnikur miRwevaTa gavrcelebis industriaSi.

rogorc aRiniSna, aSS-s ekonomikaSi saxelmwifoebrivi Carevis

politika naklebadpopularulia, magram mrewvelobaSi konkuren-

tebisagan qveynis progresirebadma CamorCenam dRis wesrigSi daayena

saxelmwifos rolis gaZlierebis sakiTxi Secvlili msoflio

ekonomikuri koniunqturis pirobebSi. saqme isaa, rom aSS siste-

matiurad agebs konkurenciul brZolas iaponiasTan da germaniasTan

msoflio teqnologiur bazrebze. amis ZiriTadi mizezi ki mec-

nierebatevadi dargebisadmi qmediTi saxelmwifoebrivi mxardaWeris

ararseboba iyo. dRes ki mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad icvleba

`samrewvelo politikis~ praqtikulad ganxorcielebiT. magaliTad,

neTTan. amis magaliTi SeiZleba iyos hitleruli nacisturi germaniis

faSisturi sistema, romelsac avtoritaruli kapitalizmi

ewodeba. aq kerZo sakuTreba batonobda, magram ekonomika mkacr

saxelmwifo kontrols emorCileboda. amis sapirispirod, XX

saukunis 90-iani wlebis iugoslaviaSi arsebul ekonomikur sistemas

uwodeben sabazro socializms, ramdenadac aq iyo imis cda,

rom saxelmwifo sakuTrebis pirobebSi CamoeyalibebinaT sabazro

meqanizmi.

zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, samarTliania mtkiceba,

rom Tanamedrove msoflios qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi arsebobs

Sereuli ekonomika _ iseTi ekonomikuri sistema, romel-

Sic met-naklebi proporciulobiT erTmaneTTan Serwymu-

lia sxvadasxva ekonomikuri sistemis, kerZod, sabazro da

administraciul-mbrZanebluri ekonomikis elementebi . magram

TviT aRniSnul qveynebs Sorisac arsebobs Zalze mniSvnelovani

gansxvaveba. aqedan gamomdinare, ganasxvaveben Sereuli ekonomikis

sxvadasxva models. qvemoT mokled ganvixilavT zogierT maTgans.

amerikuli modeli xasiaTdeba rogorc Sereuli ekonomika

_ sabazro ekonomikis organizaciis SedarebiT liberaluri modeliT,

sadac saxelmwifo sxvadasxva xerxiT zemoqmedebs sabazro meqanizmis

funqcionirebaze. es modeli agebulia mewarmeobis Zlier mxar-

daWeraze da eyrdnoba mosaxleobis yvelaze aqtiuri nawilis

gamdidrebas. amasTan, aSS-Si ekonomikurad naklebad uzrunvelyo-

fili moqalaqeebisaTvis arsebobs mniSvnelovani socialuri

garantiebi, erovnuli Semosavlis am mizniT gadanawilebis meSveobiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aSS-Si ar dgas socialuri Tanasworobis

miRwevis amocana, gezi aRebulia masobrivi individualuri warmoebis

ganviTarebaze. aq raodenobrivad sWarbobs mcire biznesis sawarmoebi,

magram ekonomikaSi dominirebad rols asrulebs didi biznesi.

amis Sesaxeb mowmobs is faqti, rom korporaciebi Seadgenen sawarmoTa

saerTo raodenobis 18%-s, magram awarmoeben samrewvelo produqciis

mTliani moculobis 90%-s. didi biznesi wamyvania ekonomikis

8180

saerTo maRali done.

ekonomikis marTvis iaponuri modelis amosavali principebia:

1. muSakTa xangrZlivi, praqtikulad samudamo daqiraveba; 2. xelfasis

zrda namsaxurobis xangrZlivobis Sesabamisad; 3. profkavSirebis

organizacia sawarmos da ara dargis doneze principiT: èrTi

sawarmo, erTi profkavSiri~.

iaponuri warmoebis produqciis maRalkonkurentunarianobas

mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs korporaciebis dagegmvisa da aseve

qveynis ekonomikuri strategiis prognozirebis sayovelTaod

aprobirebuli praqtika. amasTan, mecniereba da teqnika ekonomikuri

zrdis iaponuri modelis mTavari struqturuli faqtoria.

Tanamedrove iaponia sayovelTaod aRiarebuli msoflio mniSvnelobis

samecniero-teqnikuri centri da umsxvilesi kreditoria.

unikaluri sainformacio sistema da prognozireba qveyanas

SesaZleblobas aZlevs zedmiwevniT srulad ganWvritos bazrisa

da warmoebis moculoba da struqtura, gegmazomierad daareguliros

isini ara mxolod erovnuli, aramed saerTaSoriso masStabiTac

ki. sainformacio sistemaze gadasvla ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi

axal regulatorebze gadasvlis saetapo movlenaa. amasTan, kvlavac

mimdinareobs intensiuri muSaoba sabazro meTodebisa da socialur-

ekonomikuri regulirebis meTodebis optimaluri SexamebisaTvis,

rac ekonomikuri sistemis maRalefeqtiani funqcionirebis pirobaa.

saboloo angariSiT, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom iaponiis

Tanamedrove ekonomikuri zrda erTian sistemad moqmedi sxva-

dasxva faqtorebis rTuli kompleqsis mizanswrafuli funqcioni-

rebis Sedegia.

samxreTkoreuli modeli iaponiis yaidisaa. `miiRo~ ra70-iani wlebis bolos, ekonomikis struqturuli gardaqmnis iaponuri

modeli, koream mkveTrad daaCqara qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

tempi, warmoebis teqnikuri agebulebiT swrafad miuaxlovda aSS-s

mrewvelobis dones da rig sakvanZo sferoSi konkurentunarianobiT

kidevac gauswro mas. sxva axali industriuli qveynebisagan

gansxvavebiT, koream (iaponiaze metadac) ekonomikaSi kursi aiRo

aSS aZlierebs maRalteqnologiur sferoTa proeqtebis pirdapir

saxelmwifoebriv dafinansebas, rac uzarmazar Tanxebs nTqavs,

Tumca, saboloo angariSiT, ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebiT

did ukugebas iZleva.

`samrewvelo politikis~ realizacias emsaxureba aseve saxel-

mwifo samecniero laboratoriebisa da kerZo kompaniaTa Tanam-

Sromloba; saxelmwifoebrivi axali teqnologiebis gamavrcelebeli

centrebis dafinansebis gaZliereba, romlebic konsultaciebs uweven

kerZo firmebs warmoebisa da teqnologiis axali meTodebis

aTvisebaSi; kerZo kompaniebTan erTad saxelmwifos monawileoba

miznobriv samecniero-kvleviT procesebSi, konsorciumebis formiT.

am ukanasknelis amocanaa teqnologiur siaxleTa swrafi danergva,

rac warmoebis maRal efeqtianobas ganapirobebs. aris aseve zogierTi

sxva mimarTuleba, riTac Zlierdeba qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze

saxelmwifoebrivi zemoqmedeba.

iaponurma modelma Tavisi originalobiTa da daxvewilo-

biT ganapiroba qveynis ekonomikis ayvaveba da cxovrebis maRali

done. am modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rigi fuZemdebluri

principebi, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva korpora-

ciebis da maTi muSakebis interesebis erTianoba. iaponuri sawarmo

faqtobrivad erTi didi mtkice socialuri ujredia (ojaxia),

sadac yvela erTmaneTisaTvis da TiToeuli yvelasaTvis zrunavs.

iaponiaSi farTod gamoiyeneba sawarmoTa mogebaSi muSakTa

monawileobis sistema, rogorc warmoebis zrdis avtomaturi

regulatori. amis meSveobiT muSakebi TavianT Tavs Tvlian ufro

`mudmiv partniorebad~, vidre ̀ daqiravebulebad~. didi mniSvneloba

aqvs aseve imas, rom iaponuri modeli emyareba qveynis mosaxleobis

maRal erovnul Segnebas _ qveynis keTildReoba dayenebulia

calkeul adamianTa keTildReobaze maRla. es ekonomikurad vlindeba

imiT, rom sazogadoebrivi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrda uswrebs

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebas, riTac uzrunveliyofa

produqciis TviTRirebulebis Semcireba, msoflio bazarze misi

maRalkonkurentunarianoba da, rogorc logikuri Sedegi, cxovrebis

8382

upirvelesi amocanaa ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi da kerZo

seqtorebis koordinacia, anu Sereuli ekonomikis marTva, rac,

saboloo angariSiT, zemoqmedebas axdens sabazro ekonomikis

funqcionirebaze misi optimizaciis mimarTulebiT. saxelmwifos

Careva kerZo mewarmeobaSi, rogorc wesi, SezRudulia. sxva saqmea

ekonomikis saxelmwifo seqtori, romlis wilic mTlian Sida

produqtSi 29%-mdea.

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi seqtoris meSveobiT (3,5 mln

kacia dasaqmebuli), romelsac mTavroba yovelnairad astimulirebs

(udgens strategiul gegmebs, uZRveba samecniero gamokvlevebs,

aformirebs saerTo erovnul interesebs da a.S.), is arapirdapir

zemoqmedebas axdens kerZo seqtorze.

dagegmvis Tanamedrove etaps safrangeTSi uwodeben `stra-

tegiuls~ _ detalizaciis gareSe. magaliTad, 1989-1992 w.w.

ekonomikis ganviTarebis meaTe gegma gamoirCeoda strategiulobiT,

sabazro da savaluto sistemis naTeli orientaciiT msoflio

siaxleebze. amasTan, masSi Cadebuli iyo sawarmoTa ganviTarebis

indikaturi gegmebi, riTac sawarmoTa interesebi faqtobrivad

gaigivebuli iyo qveynis interesebTan. safrangeTis sawarmoTa

gegma Seicavs pasuxs kiTxvaze: saiT wavides safrangeTis ekonomika?

gegmis ZiriTadi amocanaa uzrunvelyofil iqnas yvela socialuri

partnioris monawileoba ekonomikur procesebSi. Tumca, iq gegmas

arasodes Seucvlia bazari. es sakvanZo midgomaa: safrangeTSi

ZiriTadi ekonomikuri kavSirebis rols swored bazari asrulebs.

maT gegmaSi saerTod ar figurirebs ra, sad da ra raodenobiT

awarmoon. imavdroulad safrangeTis ekonomikis praqtika naTlad

warmoaCens bazrisa da gegmis nayofieri `TanamSromlobis~

SesaZleblobas.

safrangeTis bazari mdidaria, magram ara yovlismomcveli da

mTlad unaklo. swored aq iCens Tavs saxelmwifo gegma, rac

biujetur asignebaTa da SekveTebis ganawilebiT warmoaCens da

xels uwyobs prioritetebs da Tvalyurs miadevnebs mis ganxor-

cielebas. es gansakuTrebiT Seexeba infrastruqturas, komunikaciebs,

kapitalis mkveTr koncentraciaze, risi Sedegic aris is, rom

didi biznesi dReisaTvis dominirebadia _ xuT umsxviles

konglomeratze modis qveynis erovnuli produqtis naxevari.

Sereuli ekonomikis samxreTkoreuli modeli eyrdnoba

prioritetuli dargebis ganviTarebas, rac emyareba Semdeg

kriteriumebs: jer erTi, dargis saeqsporto potenciali da msoflio

bazarze misi konkurentunarianobis perspeqtivebi; meore, dargis

produqciaze saSinao bazris moTxovna; mesame, dargis roli qveynis

industriuli ganviTarebis saerTo donis amaRlebaSi; meoTxe, dargis

produqciis sagareo resursebze (importze) moTxovnis da, saerTod,

resurstevadobis Semcireba; mexuTe, dargis roli qveynis savaWro

balansis deficitis SemcirebaSi; meeqvse, dargis roli ekonomikis

sxva seqtorebis efeqtianobisaTvis xelSewyobaSi da sxv.

aRsaniSnavia, rom koreis ekonomika arsebiTad Riaa ucxoeli

mwarmoeblebisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, orientirebulia eqsportze.

amrigad, iaponiis msgavsad, koreis industriuli politikis

ZiriTadi niSania eqsportze dayrdnoba da ekonomikis dagegmva. es

ukanaskneli moicavs qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri da infrastruq-

turis zogadi maCveneblebis dagegmvas, socialur dagegmvas, mimdinare

ekonomikur gamokvlevebs, sagareo-ekonomikuri kavSirebis dagegmvas,

finansur dagegmvas da sxv.

idustriuli ganviTarebis maRali donis miRwevis kvalobaze

korea 80-ian wlebSi mkacrad (direqtiulis CaTvliT) reglamen-

tirebuli dagegmvidan indikatur ekonomikur dagegmvaze gadavida,

rac warmatebiT exmareba sabazro meqanizmebs. swored aman

ganapiroba mokle periodSi qveynis didi socialur-ekonomikuri

da samecniero-teqnologiuri warmateba da msoflio bazrebze

maRali konkurentunarianoba.

franguli modeli sabazro ekonomikis mier gegmiani sawyisebisgamoyenebis klasikuri nimuSia. pirveli gegma, romelic miiRes

1945 wels, iTvaliswinebda omiT dangreuli ekonomikis aRdgenas

da atarebda savaldebulo xasiaTs. 60-70-iani wlebidan

safrangeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia indikaturi dagegmva, romlis

8584

dasaqmebis maRali donis, mosaxleobis Semosavlebis gamoTanabrebis

da qveynis sagadasaxdelo balansis gawonasworebuli realizaciis

erTianoba.

Svecia dReisaTvis warmatebiT wyvets sazogadoebrivi cxov-

rebis Zireuli gardaqmnis mesame etapis amocanas. pirveli etapis

amocana iyo politikuri demokratiis, `pluralizmis~ miRweva;

meore etapze praqtikulad ganxorcielda socialuri demokratiis

principebis realizacia; mesame etapze, romelic eyrdnoba pirvel

ors, mTavaria ̀ ekonomikuri demokratiis~ srulyofilad ganxorci-

eleba. mesame etapis strategiis realizaciis doneze, sxva

realiebTan erTad, metyvelebs is, rom SveciaSi miRweulia ara

mxolod calkeul moqalaqeTa gamdidreba, aramed cxovrebis saerTo

maRali done; yvelasaTvis uzrunvelyofilia maRalxarisxovani

saxelmwifoebrivi momsaxureba, Sromisa da moxmarebis Tanabari

ufleba yvelasaTvis; ganviTarebulia ufaso kveba da ganaTleba

sabavSvo baRebsa da skolebSi, moxucebulTa uzrunveli cxovreba;

gadawyvetilia mosaxleobis sabinao da dasvenebis problema da

sxv. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis aseTi erTiani humanizebuli sistema

myarad ewinaaRmdegeba sazogadoebis fenebad daSlas, diferenciacias.

SveciaSi warmatebiT xorcieldeba ̀ solidaruli~ politika

xelfasis sferoSi, rac niSnavs mTeli ekonomikis masStabiT Sromis

anazRaurebis Tanasworobas sawarmoTa rentabelobis miuxedavad.

aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, xelfasis diferenciaciac didi ar

aris. yovelive amas safuZvlad udevs sazogadoebrivi produqtis

ganawileba saxelmwifos aqtiuri politikiT. Svedur models

`funqcionalur socializmsac~ uwodeben, romlis arsia erovnuli

Semosavlis gadanawileba sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaTa priori-

tetiT, rac miznad isaxavs meti socialuri Tanasworobisa da

samarTlianobis miRwevas.

SvedeTis saxelmwifo Tavis moqalaqeebs sTavazobs karg (bevri

qveynisaTvis warmoudgenel) SeRavaTebs. magaliTad, umuSevrobis

Semcirebis mizniT, mTavroba gamoyofs 5,25 dolars xelfasze

saaTSi im momuSaveebze, romlebic winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi daTxovilni

teritoriis keTilmowyobas, erovnul uSiSroebas.

frangebisaTvis kanonia gegmiT miRebuli strategiuli mimar-

Tulebebi, romelTa Soris meaTe gegmaSi figurirebda: erovnuli

valutis ganmtkiceba, dasaqmebis uzrunvelyofa, ganaTlebisa da

mecnierul gamokvlevaTa ganviTareba, mosaxleobis socialuri

uzrunvelyofa, teritoriuli keTilmowyoba, saxelmwifo aparatis

srulyofa.

safrangeTSi aRiarebulia, rom sabazro urTierTobaTa arsi

arCevanis SesaZleblobebSi, prioritetebis amorCevSia, rom ekonomika

ar SeiZleba agebul iqnas principiT: ̀ an yvelaferi, an araferi~.

maTTvis civilizebuli dagegmvis mTavari laitmotivia: ̀ dagegmeT

mxolod strategia, danarCeni miandeT bazars, rogorc es

safrangeTSia, da ara mxolod iq~.

Sveduri modeli gamoirCeva mkafiod gamoxatuli soci-

aluri mimarTulebiT. sxvanairad, Sereuli ekonomikis birTvia

mZlavri socialuri politika, saxelmwifos aqtiuri monawileoba

ekonomikaSi. faqtebi, zogierTi gamonaklisis miuxedavad, damaje-

reblad metyvelebs Sveciis ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi reguli-

rebis maRali efeqtianobis Sesaxeb.

im socialur problemaTa Soris, romelTa gadawyvetasac

emsaxureba Sveduri modeli, gamoyofen sam ZiriTads: 1. Tanasworobis

principi, e.i. keTildReobis Tanabar SesaZleblobaTa uzrunvelyofa

sazogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis; 2. socialuri garantiebis saimedo

sistema yvelasaTvis; 3. Sromisunariani mosaxleobis sruli da-

saqmeba.

aqedan cxadia, rom Sveduri modelis mTavari maxasiaTebelia

ekonomikis, da bunebrivia, mTeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis humani-

zacia ekonomikuri da socialuri regulirebis meTodebis gamoye-

nebiT. yovelive amas safuZvlad udevs sami mTavari funqciis _

saxelmwifos, didi biznesisa da profkavSirebis harmoniuli

TanamSromloba.

sabazro ekonomikis Svedur models axasiaTebs e.w. ̀ magiuri

xuTkuTxedis~ _ stabiluri zrdis, inflaciis dabali donis,

8786

gamoimuSaveben patara Tanxebs da ar iqneba saxarbielo, misaRebi

imaTTvis, vinc iRebs bevrs. zustad es ganapirobebs imas, rom

bevri maRalanazRaurebadi specialisti aseTi qveynebidan gadadis

sacxovreblad (samuSaod) im qveynebSi, sadac maT kanoniT SeuZ-

liaT daitovon maT mier gamomuSavebuli Tanxebis didi nawili.

magaliTad, iseTi sayovelTaod cnobili CogburTelebi,

rogorebic arian biern borgi, maTs vilanderi, ioakim nistriomi,

stefan edbergi da andres iaridi, yvelani Tavis droze gadavidnen

sacxovreblad SvedeTidan londonSi imis gamo, rom SeecvalaT

Sveduri 75%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTi inglisur (britanul)

40%-ianze.

bolos da bolos, SvedeTma Seamcira Tavisi maqsimaluri

sagadasaxado ganakveTi 60%-mde. saSualod, aTi Svedidan cxrisTvis,

romelTa wliuri Semosavali ar aRemateba 26 aTas dolars,

maqsimaluri dabegvris ganakveTi Semcirda 60%-dan 30%-mde.

rogorc eqspertebi miiCneven, aseTi Semcirebis Sedegad SvedeTi

gacilebiT nakleb maRalSemosavlian adamianebs dakargavs da SeiZens

ekonomikuri zrdis ufro maRal tempebs.

aRniSnulidan cxadia, rom SvedeTSi pirvelad da efeqtianad

ganxorcielda kapitalizmis genezisi sabazro ekonomikaSi, am

ukanasknelisa ki _ Tanamedrove civilizebul sazogadoebaSi

(socialurad orientirebul Sereul ekonomikaSi). koncentrire-

bulad es vlindeba mokle periodSi maRalefeqtiani da `sayo-

velTao keTildReobis~ saxelmwifos formirebiT, yvela Sro-

misunariani moqalaqis dasaqmebiT, siRaribis likvidaciT, ganviTa-

rebuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis funqcionirebiT,

ganaTlebisa da kulturis maRali doniT da a.S.

germanuli modelis safuZvelia maRalmwarmoebluri Sromis

Sesabamisi stimulebisa da socialuri garantiebis harmoniuli

kombinacia, ris gamoc mas miiCneven yvelaze optimalur modelad.

rogorc cnobilia, omisSemdgom aT weliwadSi dasavleT

germaniam ara mxolod aRadgina dangreuli ekonomika, aramed

bevri maCvenebliT gauswro Tavis evropel mezoblebs da daikava

iqnebodnen samsaxuridan. mkurnaloba saavadmyofoSi Rirs dReSi

mxolod 4 dolari. kbilebis mkurnaloba bavSvebisaTvis ufasoa.

magram, rogorc amboben, ̀ ufaso sadilebi ar arsebobs~. Svedebi

uxdian saxelmwifos 75 cents yoveli gamomuSavebuli dolaridan,

Tu wliuri gamomuSavebuli Tanxa aWarbebs 31 aTas dolars.

garda amisa, SvedeTSi brunvidan gadasaxadi Seadgens 25%-s. es

procesi ukeT rom warmoidginoT, moviyvanT aseT magaliTs _

Tqven yidulobT koncertze dasaswreb bileTs, romlis Rirebulebac

Seadgens 20 dolars da, garda amisa, unda gadaixadoT kidev 5

dolari gadasaxadis saxiT. bevri politikuri moRvawe SvedeTSi

aRiarebs maRali gadasaxadebis naklovan mxares da mouwodebs

maTi Semcirebisaken. moviyvanT or magaliTs:

bengt vesterbergi (SvedeTis liberaluri partia): `maqsi-

maluri sagadasaxado ganakveTis 50%-mde Semcireba maqsimalurad

gaaumjobesebs ekonomikis maCveneblebs ramdenime mimarTulebiT.

pirvel rigSi, Semcirdeba maRalkvalificiuri mecnierebisa da

specialistebis gadinebis riski sxva qveynebSi da, Sesabamisad,

axali teqnologiebis SemuSavebaSi CamorCenis riski... da, rac

SeiZleba yvelaze mTavari iyos, Cven gavzrdiT stimuls muSa-

obisaTvis~.

karl bildti (SvedeTis zomierebis partia): `Tu sagadasa-

xado tvirTi, romelic amJamad awveba qveynis ekonomikas, ar iqneba

Semcirebuli, codnis, Sromisa da kapitalis modineba Cveni warmoebis

mzard seqtorSi Semcirdeba (an saerTod Sewydeba) da Cveni

zrdis maCveneblebic SemdgomSi ganagrZoben dacemas~.

albaT, axla Tqven ukve gesmiT sakiTxis arsi. im qveynebSi,

sadac aris socialistebis mTavroba, xSirad saxelmwifo iRebs

misi moqalaqeebis mier gamomuSavebuli Tanxis udides nawils da

abrunebs mas ukan socialuri momsaxurebis formiT. rogorc

wesi, saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs adamianebis ufro karg ̀ dacvas~,

vidre kapitalizmi, magram Tqven gagaCniaT naklebi Tavisufleba

`sakuTari~ fulis gankargvis dros. aseTi midgoma, ra Tqma unda,

sakmaod mimzidveli unda iyos im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic

8988

leqcia 6. resursebis, produqtebisa

da Semosavlebis wrebrunva

msoflio arenaze amJamad Warbobs Sereuli ekonomikuri

sistemebi. amitom am Temis bolos Cven mTavar yuradRebas davuTmobT

sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu qveynebi rogor iyeneben bazrebsa da

samTavrobo politikas deficitis problemis gadasaWrelad. aq

Cveni mizani sakmaod mokrZalebulia: gadawyvetilebis mimRebi

ZiriTadi subieqtebisa da ZiriTadi bazrebis gamoyofa Sereul

ekonomikaSi.

amisaTvis Tavdapirvelad gamoviyenebT resursebis, produqte-

bisa (saqonlisa da momsaxurebis) da Semosavlebis wrebrunvis

sakvanZo models, romelic metad gamartivebulia (ix. nax. 2.1).

aq saojaxo meurneobebisa da sawarmoebis Sida urTierTqmedebebi

dafarulia, gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi mniSvnelovani subieqti _

saxelmwifo da `mTeli danarCeni samyaro~ ugulvebelyofilia.

amasTan, aRniSnuli modeli gulisxmobs resursebis, produqtebisa

da Semosavlebis ucvlel nakadebs. dabolos, mocemuli modeli

ar xsnis, Tu rogor ganisazRvreba resursebisa da produqtebis

fasebi. es sakiTxi Semdegi ganyofilebis Seswavlis sagania.

naxazze warmodgenilia sabazro sistemaSi gadawyvetilebaTa

mimRebi subieqtebis ori jgufi _ saojaxo meurneobebi da

sawarmoebi.

saojaxo meurneobebi aerTianebs qveyanaSi mcxovereb yvela

adamians, romlebic: a) rogorc momxmareblebi, iyeneben sawarmoTa

mier warmoebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebas; b) rogorc resursebis

mepatroneni, floben ekonomikaSi arsebul yvela ZiriTad resurss.

sawarmoebi axorcieleben saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebas.

sabazro sistema warmoadgens makoordinirebel meqanizms,

romelsac SesabamisobaSi mohyavs saojaxo meurneobaTa da sawar-

moebis gadawyvetilebani resursebisa da produqtebis bazrebze.

resursebis bazrebze warmoebs sawarmoTa mier saojaxo meurneobebis

erT-erTi soliduri adgili msoflios ganviTarebul qveyanaTa

Soris. es didi gardatexa, rac ganxorcielda ludvig erhardis

programiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT da aSS-s TanadgomiT, cnobilia

`germanuli saswaulis~ saxelwodebiT da samagaliToa bevri sxva

qveynisaTvis, romlebic administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemidan

socialurad orientirebul sabazro ekonomikaze gadadian.

germaniaSi Camoyalibebulia konkurenciaze damyarebuli ekono-

mikuri sistema, romelic, marTalia, ar icavs yvelas da TiToeuls

gardauvali riskis Tu sxva SemTxvevebisagan, magram adamianebs

ayenebs mdgomareobaSi, roca isini TviTon, da sxva aravin, TavianTi

moqmedebisa da misi SedegebisaTvis sruli pasuxismgebelni arian.

dasavleT germaniis 1948 wlis sameurneo reforma, romelmac

Zireulad Secvala da Semoabruna am qveynis bedi, moicavda fulad

reformas da fasebis reformas. orive reforma Catarda TandaTa-

nobiT, magram swrafi tempebiT. amasTan, faswarmoqmnis libera-

lizacias sayovelTao xasiaTi ar miuRia; saxelmwifom strategiul

produqciaTa fasebze kontroli SeinarCuna da sabazro urTier-

Tobebze gadasvla marTvadi gaxada. rac mTavaria, germaniisaTvis

bazari TviTmizani ki araa, aramed socialuri miznebis miRwevis,

kerZod, sazogadoebaSi klasobriv gansxvavebaTa daZlevisa da qveynis

SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis maqsimaluri ganviTarebis, Tavisufali, kerZo

iniciativisa da konkurenciis ekonomikis aqtiur saxelmwifo-

ebriv regulirebasTan Sexamebis fenomenad iyo imTaviTve miCneuli.

amJamad ki germanuli modeli socialurad orientirebuli

Sereuli ekonomikaa mewarmeTa sruli TavisuflebiT _ imuSaon

piradi sargeblobisaTvis. aq yvelasaTvis Seqmnilia TiTqmis

Tanaswori amosavali sastarto pirobebi. germanuli Sereuli

ekonomikuri sistema mimarTulia usamarTlobis aRkveTis, sayovelTao

harmoniisa da yvelasaTvis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaze. swored

amis gamoa igi miCneuli yvelaze samarTlian da optimalur

modelad.

9190

resursebis bazrebs. aq saojaxo meurneobebi TavianT gankargule-

baSi arsebul yvela resurss awvdian sawarmoebs. sawarmoebi

moTxovnas ayeneben resursebze, romelTa gamoyenebiTac isini

awarmoeben saqonelsa da momsaxurebas. resursebze moTxovnisa

da miwodebis Tanafardoba gansazRvravs maT fass. sawarmoTa

mier ganxorcielebuli gadaxdebi warmoadgens danaxarjebs maTTvis

miwodebuli resursebisaTvis da, imavdroulad _ xelfasis, rentis,

sargeblisa da samewarmeo mogebis nakadebs am resursebis

mimwodebeli saojaxo meurneobebisaTvis.

sakvanZo modelis qveda nawilSi warmodgenilia produqtebis

bazrebi. saojaxo meurneobaTa mier resursebis gayidvidan miRebul

fulad Semosavlebs ar gaaCnia ̀ WeSmariti~ naturaluri faseuloba,

rogorc aseTi; maT ar SeuZliaT miirTvan an Caicvan monetebi da

qaRaldis fulebi. amitom TavianTi fuladi SemosavlebiT isini

moTxovnas ayeneben sawarmoTa mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis uzarmazar mravalferovnebaze. imavdroulad, sawar-

moebi saojaxo meurneobebisagan miRebuli resursebis iseTnair

kombinacias axdenen, rom uzrunvelyon saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

saWiro raodenobiT warmoeba da miwodeba produqtebis bazrebze.

saqonlis (momsaxurebis) moTxovnisa da miwodebis Tanafardoba

gansazRvravs maT fass. momxmarebelTa (saojaxo meurneobaTa)

samomxmareblo xarjebis nakadi maT mier SeZenil saqonelsa da

momsaxurebaze sawarmoTa fulad Semosavlebs warmoadgens.

wrebrunvis sakvanZo modeli asaxavs urTierTdakavSi-

rebuli gadawyvetilebebisa da ekonomikur qcevaTa rTul

sistemas. SevniSnavT, rom sawarmoebi da saojaxo meurneobebi

moqmedeben orive ZiriTad bazarze, magram imyofebian maTs sxvadasxva

mxares. resursebis bazrebze sawarmoebi myidvelebi arian (uzrun-

velyofen moTxovnas), xolo saojaxo meurneobebi _ gamyidvelebi

(uzrunvelyofen miwodebas). saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazrebze

isini adgilebs cvlian: saojaxo meurneobebi gamodian momxmarebelTa

nax. 2.1. resursebis, produqtebisa da Semosavlebis

wrebrunvis sakvanZo modeli

gankargulebaSi arsebuli resursebis SeZena. produqtebis bazrebi

_ es aris nebayoflobiTi gacvla momxmareblebsa (saojaxo

meurneobebs) da sawarmoebs Soris. momxmareblebi TavianT fulad

Semosavlebs cvlian sawarmoTa mier warmoebul saqonelsa da

momsaxurebaze.

naxazze warmodgenili sakvanZo modelis zeda nawili aRwers

9392

nax. 2.2. wrebrunvis sakvanZo modeli da saxelmwifo

seqtori

danaxarjebia, magram xelfass, rentas, sargebels da mogebas

warmoadgenen saojaxo meurneobebisaTvis _ (5) da (6) nakadebi.

(7) da (8) nakadebi asaxaven saojaxo meurneobaTa samomxmareblo

xarjebs sawarmoTa mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

SeZenaze, romlebic warmoadgenen fulad Semosavlebs sawarmoebi-

saTvis _ (3) da (4) nakadebi.

axla vnaxoT, wrebrunvis sakvanZo modelSi saxelmwifo

rolSi (moTxovnis mxares), xolo sawarmoebi _ gamyidvelTa

rolSi (miwodebis mxares). maSasadame, gadawyvetilebis mimReb

subieqtTa orive jgufi erTdroulad yidis da yidulobs kidec.

ufro metic, zemoT aRniSnul urTierTgacvlebs `Tavs

dastrialebs~ ukmarisobis aCrdili. ramdenadac saojaxo meurneobebs

gaaCnia sawarmoTaTvis misawodebeli resursebis SezRuduli

raodenoba, momxmarebelTa fuladi Semosavlebic SezRudulia.

amitom fuladi Semosavlebis SezRuduli raodenoba saSualebas

ar iZleva SeZenil iqnas momxmareblisaTvis sasurveli yvela

saqoneli da momsaxureba. imavdroulad, resursebis ukmarisobis

gamo, momxmareblisaTvis saWiro saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba

aseve SezRudulia. ukmarisoba da arCevani ki, rogorc zemoT

ukve aRvniSneT, gansazRvravs yvela Cvens Semdgom msjelobas.

amrigad, ekonomikur sistemaSi, sadac fuli gamoiyeneba, saojaxo

meurneobebi, rogorc resursebis mflobelebi, sawarmoebze yidian

TavianT resursebs, xolo momxmarebelTa saxiT isini xarjaven

sawarmoebisagan miRebul fulad Semosavlebs saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis SesaZenad. sawarmoebi resursebs iZenen im saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad, romelsac Semdeg mihyidian saojaxo

meurneobebs TavianTi fuladi Semosavlebis (maT Soris, mogebis)

misaRebad. resursebisa da produqtebis nakadebi moZraobs saaTis

isris sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, saojaxo meurneobebisa da

sawarmoTa fuladi Semosavlebi da danaxarjebi ki _ saaTis

isris mimarTulebiT. am nakadebis moZraoba erTdroulad ganme-

orebadia.

axla droa ganvixiloT realuri Sereuli ekonomikuri sistema,

sadac wrebrunvis sakvanZo modelSi aqtiurad erTveba

saxelmwifo seqtori (ix. nax. 2.2).

am naxazze (1)-(8) nakadebi imeoreben 2.1 naxazs; (1) da (2)

nakadebi gviCveneben sawarmoTa xarjebs maTTvis saojaxo

meurneobebis mier miwodebul resursebze. es xarjebi sawarmoTa

9594

transfertul gadasaxdelebTan SexamebiT, met Tanasworobas iwvevs

Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi. amasve gviCvenebs (15) nakadi sawarmoTa

poziciidan. (10) da (12) nakadebi ki asaxavs mTavrobis rols

resursebisa da produqtebis ganawilebaSi da am ganawilebis

Taviseburebebs, mis gansxvavebas kerZo seqtorisaTvis damaxasiaTeb-

lisagan.

dabolos, saxelmwifo seqtorTan dakavSirebuli yvela nakadi

asaxavs im meTodebs, romlebiTac mTavroba cdilobs ekonomikis

stabilizebas. Tuki ekonomikaSi umuSevroba SeiniSneba, mTavroba

adidebs saxelmwifo xarjebs, an saxelmwifo xarjebis mocemuli

donis pirobebSi amcirebs gadasaxadebs da adidebs transfertul

gadasaxdelebs. da piriqiT, inflaciis dros mTavroba mxars uWers

sapirispiro politikas: saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebas, gada-

saxadebis gadidebas da transfertul gadasaxdelTa Semcirebas.

seqtoris CarTvasTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebi. (9) da (12)

nakadebi gviCveneben, rom mTavroba awarmoebs Sesyidvebs rogorc

resursebis, ise produqtebis bazrebze. kerZod, (9) da (10) nakadebi

asaxaven resursebis samTavrobo Sesyidvebs saojaxo meurneobebisagan,

xolo (11) da (12) nakadebi asaxaven saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

(qaRaldi, kompiuterebi, iaraRi da a.S.) samTavrobo Sesyidvebs

kerZo sawarmoebisagan.

imavdroulad, mTavroba sazogadoebriv saqonelsa da momsaxu-

rebas sTavazobs saojaxo meurneobebsa da sawarmoebs, rasac asaxaven

(13) da (14) nakadebi. am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis

dafinansebisaTvis saWiro saxsrebis mobilizebas mTavroba axor-

cielebs sawarmoebisa da saojaxo meurneobebis mier gadaxdili

gadasaxadebiT, romlebic naCvenebia (15) da (16) nakadebSi. am

nakadebs Cven wminda gadasaxadebi vuwodeT, ramdenadac isini

moicaven agreTve ̀ piriqiT gadasaxadebs~ transfertul momsaxu-

rebaTa saxiT saojaxo meurneobebisadmi da subsidiebis saxiT

sawarmoebisadmi. maSasadame, (15) nakadi niSnavs ara mxolod

sawarmoTa mier saxelmwifosaTvis gadaxdil gadasaxadebs, aramed

sxvadasxva samTavrobo subsidiebs sawarmoebze. zustad aseve,

(16) nakadi niSnavs ara mxolod saojaxo meurneobebis mier

saxelmwifosaTvis gadaxdil gadasaxadebs, aramed, agreTve, saojaxo

meurneobebisaTvis mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebul sxvadasxva

transfertul gadasaxdelebs.

wrebrunvis aRniSnuli modeli mkafio warmodgenas iZleva

imis Sesaxeb, Tu mTavroba Tavisi xarjebiT, gadasaxadebiT da

transfertuli gadasaxdelebiT ranairad cvlis Semosavlebis

ganawilebis struqturas, rogor gadaanawilebs resursebs da

aregulirebs ekonomikuri aqtiurobis dones. magaliTad, (16) nakadi

gviCvenebs, rom sagadasaxado sistema, romelSic gadasaxadebi

ZiriTadad maRalSemosavliani saojaxo meurneobebidan Semodis,

dabali Semosavlebis mqone saojaxo meurneobebze ganxorcielebul

9796

d. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazris monawileebs.

5. wrebrunvis modeli moicavs yvela subieqts qvemoTCamoTvlilTagan, garda:

a. adamianebisa, vinc fuls gamoimuSavebs TavianTi resursebis

sawarmoebisaTvis miyidviT; b. saojaxo meurneobebisa, romlebic gacvlas awarmoeben

sawarmoebTan resursebisa da produqtebis bazrebze; g. sawarmoebisa, romlebic resursebs mihyidian saojaxo

meurneobebs; d. momxmareblebisa, romlebic Semosavals moipoveben

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi monawileobiT.

6. sabazro ekonomikis mier gegmiani sawyisebisgamoyenebis klasikur nimuSad iTvleba Sereuli ekonomikis:

a. iaponuri modeli;

b. samxreTkoreuli modeli;

g. franguli modeli;

d. amerikuli modeli.

7. maRalmwarmoebluri Sromis Sesabamisi stimulirebisada socialuri garantiebis harmoniuli kombinaciasafuZvelia Sereuli ekonomikis:

a. amerikuli modelisaTvis;

b. iaponuri modelisaTvis;

g. Sveduri modelisaTvis;

d. germanuli modelisaTvis.

8. mewarmeobis Zlier mxardaWerazea agebuli damosaxleobis yvelaze aqtiuri nawilis gamdidrebaseyrdnoba Sereuli ekonomikis:

a. samxreTkoreuli modeli;

b. iaponuri modeli;

g. Sveduri modeli;

d. amerikuli modeli.


SemowmebisaTvis

1. Tavisufal konkurenciaze dafuZnebuli sabazroekonomikuri sistema moicavs yvela elements qvemoTCamoTvlilTagan, garda:

a. saxelmwifos SeuzRudavi rolisa;

b. mewarmeobisa da arCevanis Tavisuflebisa;

g. fasebis sistemisa;

d. piradi interesisa.

2. sabazro ekonomikaSi sawarmoTa umravlesoba, rogorcwesi, mogebas Rebulobs:

a. momxmareblebTan warmatebuli konkurenciis wyalobiT;

b. metismetad maRali fasebis dawesebiT;

g. momxmarebelTa gemovnebis ignorirebiT;

d. iseTi saqonlis gayidviT, romlis yidvac momxmareblebs

surT fasad, romlis gadasaxdeladac isini mzad arian.

3. ekonomikur sistemaSi, sadac uamravi mewarmea, sava-raudod:

a. adgili ar eqneba arsebiT cvlilebebs;

b. gamoCndeba mravali axali produqti da warmoebis

meTodi; g. wrebrunva iqneba ufro neli, vidre im ekonomikur

sistemaSi, sadac cota mewarmea; d. siaxleebisagan Tavis aridebiT miiRweva swrafi zrda.

4. resursebis bazrebze sawarmoebi konkurencias uweven: a. saojaxo meurneobebs;

b. erTmaneTs;

g. resursebis kerZo mflobelebs;

?

9998

3Tema

individualuri bazrisanalizi: bazari, fuli,

moTxovna, miwodeba da fasi

àrc erTi saxelmwifo ar SeiZ-

leba iyos bazarze brZeni~.

a.smiTi

àucilebelia aRmovfxvraT dabrko-

leba bazrebze moTxovnisa da miwodebis

Tavisufali formirebisaTvis yvela

myidvelisa da gamyidvelis interesebis

gavleniT.~

i.lipsici

am TemiT daviwyebT bazrisa da fulis bunebis, fasebisa da

warmoeba-moxmarebis moculobaTa formirebis procesis Seswavlas.

me-2 TemaSi motanilma wrebrunvis modelma warmogvidgina

resursebisa da produqtebis bazrebi. magram iq davuSviT, rom

resursebisa da produqtebis fasebi ucvlelia (`mocemulia~).

axla, bazris cnebis ufro dawvrilebiT SeswavliT avxsniT, Tu

rogor dgindeba an wesdeba fasebi da rogoria isini bazris

sxvadasxva tipis pirobebSi.

ganyofileba II

mikroekonomikis safuZvlebi

`mikroekonomikaSi Cven Seviswav-

liT... ara tyes, aramed xeebs. mik-

roekonomikuri analizi saWiroa imi-

saTvis, raTa yvelaze axlo manZilidan

davinaxoT ekonomikuri sistemis zogi-

erTi specifikuri komponenti~.

k. r. makkoneli, s. l. briu

am ganyofilebaSi yuradRebis fokusSi movaqcevT mikroekono-

mikas. miuxedavad imisa, rom es aris ̀ mcire ekonomika~, e.i. ekono-

mikis calkeuli sferoebis da ara mTlianad ekonomikis Semswavleli

ganyofileba, igi mainc Zalian mniSvnelovani problemebiTaa

dakavebuli.

qvemoT Cven vnaxavT, Tu ratom icvleba wamoebisa da moxmarebis

modeli droTa msvlelobaSi; ratom arian erTni mdidrebi, xolo

meoreni _ Raribebi; ratom axdens ekonomika aseT Zlier gavlenas

Cvens cxovrebaze; rogor funqcionireben sawarmoebi da bazrebi

mkacri konkurenciis pirobebSi. garda amisa, gavaanalizebT, Tu ra

gansazRvravs warmoebuli da moxmarebuli saqonlis raodenobas;

ratom izrdeba fasebi erTi dasaxelebis saqonelze, xolo meoreze

_ ecema. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cven ganvixilavT ekonomikis erT-

erT umniSvnelovanes Teorias _ moTxovnisa da miwodebis Teorias.

101100

* Zvel saberZneTsa da Zvel romSi, Semdeg ki evropis SuasaukuneobrivqalaqebSi bazrad iwodeboda savaWro moedani. igi, Cveulebriv, ganlagebuliiyo qalaqis centrSi da yovelmxriv iyo garemoculi SenobebiT (iqganTavsebuli iyo saxelosnoebi, savaWro daxlebi, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebida sxv.). sxvadasxva saxeobis saqonlis gamyidvelebi ganlagebulni iyvnensavaWro moedanze gansazRvrul, tradiciulad maTze mimagrebul adgilebze.

gacvlis privilegias. sabazro gacvlis meSveobiT sakuTrebis

uflebis SeZena astimulirebs yidvasac da gayidvasac, e.i. vaWroba

ekonomikis funqcionirebis aucilebeli pirobaa.

sabazro ekonomikis, saerTod, sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovr-

ebis ZiriTadi regulatoria bazari. bazari aris gamyidvelebisa

da myidvelebis Sexvedra saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT

vaWrobis mizniT. bazris meSveobiT myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi

ukavSirdebian erTimeores da vaWroben urTierTxelsayreli

pirobebiT.

xSirad, roca laparakia bazarze, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmoben

adgils, sadac gaiyideba da Seisyideba samomxmareblo saqoneli.*

magram bazris kategoria ufro farTo cnebaa.

Sesabamisi komunikaciebis saSualebaTa arsebobisas sruliadac

ar aris aucilebeli bazari iyos specifikuri geografiuli adgili.

sagazeTo Tu sxva reklamis meSveobiT yalibdeba, ase vTqvaT,

`satelefono~ bazari _ myardeba savaWro partnioroba gamyidvelsa

da myidvels Soris. Sesabamisad, bazari aris sfero, sadac mim-

dinareobs saqonelgacvla fulis meSveobiT, anu bazari momxma-

reblebTan mwarmoeblebis ekonomikuri kavSiris orga-

nizaciuli formaa.

bazari iTvaliswinebs ori mxaris arsebobas: saqonlis mwarmo-

eblisa (gamyidvelis) da misi momxmareblisa (myidvelis). mwarmo-

ebeli cdilobs moaxdinos mis mier damzadebuli saqonlis gayidva

leqcia 7. bazris arsi, struqtura da

funqciebi

`bazari _ es aris meqanizmi, ro-

melic saSualebas iZleva moabrunos

mwarmoebeli piriT momxmareblisaken,

Seqmn as qcevis saerTo mniS vneli

rogorc mwarmoebel-gamyidvelisa, ise

momxmarebel-myidvelisa sakuTrebis

formebis miuxedavad~.

n.bautina

`bazars aqvs Tavisi mkacri wesebi,

eTika, Rirsebis Tavisi kodeqsi. maTi

darRveva niSnavs saqmiani partniorebis

dakargvas~.

f.haieki

bazris arsi da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. Znelad

mosaZebnia ekonomikaSi cneba, romelic amJamad ise iyos gavrcelebuli

Cveni mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi, rogorc bazari da masTan

dakavSirebuli movlenebi.

sabazro urTierToba aRmocenda uZveles xanaSi, ramdenime

aTasi wlis winaT. bazris aRmocenebis uniSvnelovanesi faqtoria

Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba da misi meSveobiT gancal-

kevebul, warmoebis saSualebaTa kerZo-mesakuTre mewarmeebis

warmoSoba. sabazro meurneobis subieqtTa ekonomikuri gancal-

kevebuloba niSnavs imas, rom TiToeuli mewarme damoukideblad

wyvets ra awarmoos, ramdeni awarmoos, rogor awarmoos, visze da

sad gayidos. ekonomikuri gancalkevebulobis samarTlebrivi

aRiarebaa kerZo sakuTreba, rac, uwinares yovlisa, niSnavs

deficituri resursebis flobis, gamoyenebisa da Tavisufali

103102

simartivisa, yvela individi Rebulobs mxolod misTvis misaReb

gadawyvetilebas. Sedegi saxezea: Warbobs sazogadoebrivi kvebisa

da vaWrobis kerZo sawarmoebi.

`rogor vawarmooT?~ _ am problemis gadawyvetis dros

mwarmoebeli azustebs Semdeg sakiTxebs: saqonlis damzadebisas

romeli nedleulis an teqnologiis gamoyeneba aris umjobesi _

samamulosi (ufro iafi, magram dabali xarisxis), Tu ucxouris

(ufro Zviri, magram maRali xarisxis); davamzadoT saqoneli

qalaqSi (sadac SedarebiT Wirs muSa-xeli), Tu raionSi (sadac

SeimCneva muSa-xelis siWarbe) da a.S.

`visTvis vawarmooT?~ _ aRniSnuli problemis warmatebiT

gadawyveta gulisxmobs nebismieri dasaxelebis saqonlis damzade-

bisas Sesaferisi myidvelis dadgenas. am SemTxvevaSi samkervalo

sawarmos mflobelma unda gamoicnos mosalodneli cvlilebebi

tansacmlis modaSi; saTamaSoebis damamzadebeli sawarmos mflo-

belma ki unda daazustos, Tu bavSvebis romel asakobriv jgufSi

ra saTamaSoebi sargeblobs mowonebiT _ miki mausis Tojina Tu

king-kongis niRabi, magidis fexburTi Tu TviTmfrinavis asawyobi

modeli. is mwarmoebeli, romelic ar miaqcevs saTanado yuradRebas

aRniSnul problemas, aRmoCndeba metad rTul mdgomareobaSi.

`ra SeviZinoT?~ _ am problemis praqtikulad ganxorcielebis

dros SeiZleba wamoiWras gansakuTrebuli sirTuleebi nebismier

ojaxSi.

`rogor SeviZinoT?~ _ aRniSnuli principis warmatebiT

realizacia momxmareblisaTvis yovelTvis warmoadgenda metad

mtkivneul sakiTxs, vinaidan sabazro urTierTobaTa pirobebSi

swored mas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba. garigebis yvela

SemTxvevaSi momxmarebeli iZulebulia amoxsnas amocana: Zviria

Tu iafi is saqoneli, romelic unda SeiZinos. SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

SeZenil iqna, magaliTad, lado gudiaSvilis an sxva cnobili

mxatvris suraTi da amaSi gadaixades soliduri Tanxa, mogebuli

nax. 3.1. sabazro urTierTobaTa formirebisekonomikuri logika

xelsayreli pirobebiT. misi ekonomikuri qceva amerikelma ekono-

mistma p.samuelsonma daaxasiaTa Semdegi triadis meSveobiT: ̀ ra

vawarmooT?~, `rogor vawarmooT?~, `visTvis vawarmooT?~. Cven

amas davupirispirebdiT momxmareblis dilemas: ̀ ra SeviZinoT?~,

`rogor SeviZinoT?~.

ganvixiloT yvela warmodgenili principis Sinaarsi cal-

calke (ix. nax. 3.1).

`ra vawarmooT?~ _ am principis praqtikul realizaciasTan

dakavSirebiT, mwarmoebeli iZulebulia yoveldRiurad izrunos

iseTi dasaxelebis saqonlis gamovlenisaTvis, romelic maqsima-

lurad SesaZlo mokle vadebsa da xelsayrel fasebSi gasaRdeba.

gansakuTrebiT mwvaved dgas aRniSnuli problema damwyebi mewarmis

winaSe. davuSvaT, Cven gadavwyviteT mcire sawarmos daarseba.

rogori sawarmo ufro xelsayrelia saqarTvelos pirobebSi:

romelic amzadebs da yidis sakonditro nawarms, Tu sawarmoo

narCenebis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmo. miuxedavad amocanis amoxsnis

105104

* sabazro garigebas safuZvlad edeba a.smiTis mier formulirebuliwesi: ̀ momeci is, rac me msurs da miiReb imas, rac Sen gsurs~.

organizaciul-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa xasiaTi; amasTanave isic,

Tu rogoria wamoWrili problemebis warmatebiT gadawyvetis

saSualebebi, subieqtTa ekonomikuri qcevis logika. es ur-

TierTobebi yalibdeba sabazro meurneobis subieqtTa Semdegi

ZiriTadi niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT:

yvela sawarmo Cveulebriv orientirebulia romelime erTi

saxeobis saqonlis damzadebaze. aseTi specializaciis ZaliT Cndeba

sasargeblo dovlaTis sasurveli saxeebiT maT Soris gacvlis

aucilebloba;

mikroekonomikaSi, rogorc cnobilia, batonobs kerZo

sakuTreba. amitom saojaxo meurneobebsa da sawarmoTa mflobe-

lebs Soris yalibdeba gansazRvruli qonebrivi urTierTobebi.

isini erTmaneTs gadascemen ekonomikur dovlaTs ara uangarod

(rogorc, vTqvaT, saCuqars), aramed im pirobiT, rom daxarjuli

resursebi sruliad iqneba aRdgenili mesakuTrisaTvis;

saqonliT gacvlis urTierTobaSi Sedian damoukidebeli

fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi. amitom maTi garigebebi Tavisu-

falia. garigebis monawileebi warmoebul gacvlas Tvlian dasabu-

Tebulad da samarTlianad, Tu erTmaneTisaTvis gadacemuli qoneba

eqvivalenturi, Tanabarfaseulia.*

bazris ZiriTadi funqciebi. sabazro garigebaTa zemoT

aRniSnuli damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi SesaZleblobas aZlevs bazars

Seasrulos informaciuli, saSuamavlo, faswarmoqmnis, regulirebis,

kontrolis da sanitaris funqciebi (ix. nax. 3.2).

bazris informaciuli funqcia mdgomareobs SemdegSi: fa-

rCeba momxmarebeli. cnobilia, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis,

antikvaruli nivTis fasi droTa ganmavlobaSi sakmaod izrdeba.

aRniSnulis sapirispirod, zaraldebian im sawarmoTa SromiTi

koleqtivebi, romlebic iZenen mravali aTasi laris Rirebulebis

mowyobilobebs da amave dros cdiloben ̀ dazogon~ mcireodeni

Tanxebi SeZenil mowyobilobaTa saTadarigo nawilebisaTvis. aseTi

gaumarTlebeli ̀ dazogvis~ politikis wyalobiT amJamad mravali

mowyobiloba Cveni qveynis sawarmoebSi umoqmedodaa gaCerebuli.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi sabazro kavSirebi moicavs

ekonomikur urTierTobaTa mTel sistemas da yvela subieqts.

sabazro meurneobis ZiriTadi subieqtebi iyofa sam jgufad: saojaxo

meurneobebi, sawarmoebi (biznesi) da mTavroba.

saojaxo meurneoba ekonomikis samomxmareblo sferoSi

funqcionirebadi ZiriTadi erTeulia. is Sedgeba erTi an meti

adamianisagan. saojaxo meurneobis farglebSi moixmareba saqoneli

da momsaxureba. isini arian warmoebis faqtorTa mesakuTreebi da

mimwodeblebi sabazro ekonomikaSi, ris safasuradac miRebul fulad

Semosavals xarjaven pirad moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis da

ara mogebis gadidebisaTvis.

biznesi _ saqmiani sawarmoebia, romlebic funqcionireben

Semosavlis (mogebis) miRebis mizniT. is gulisxmobs saqmeSi

sakuTari an nasesxebi kapitalis dabandebas, romlidanac miRe-

buli Semosavali ixarjeba ara ubralod pirad moxmarebaze, aramed

sawarmoo saqmianobis gasafarToeblad. biznesi aris saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis momwodebeli sabazro meurneobaSi.

mTavroba ki umeteswilad warmodgenilia sxvadasxva sabiujeto

organizaciebiT, romelTa mizania ara mogebis miReba, aramed

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis funqciis ganxorcieleba.

mikroekonomikas ainteresebs ar mxolod bazarze gamotanili

saqonlis ̀ bed-iRbali~, aramed gamyidvelebsa da myidvelebs Soris

bazarze warmodgenili saqonlis gacvlasTan dakavSirebuli

107106

dasxva mwarmoeblis mier sxvadasxva xarjebia gaweuli. bazari ki

cnobs mxolod sazogadoebrivad aucilebel danaxarjebs. maSasadame,

sabazro faswarmoqmna saqonelmwarmoebelTa mier gaweuli Sromis

sazogadoebrivi aRiarebaa.

regulirebis funqcia. bazari zemoqmedebas axdens sameur-

neo cxovrebis yvela mxareze. igi Tavis funqciebs asrulebs

konkurenciis meqanizmis daxmarebiT. fasis zrda warmoebis gadidebis

signalia, fasis daweva ki mwarmoebels ukarnaxebs Sekvecos warmoeba.

aseTia bazris ̀ uxilavi xeli~, romelic aregulirebs ekonomikas.

sanitaris funqcia. bazrisaTvis ucxoa qvelmoqmedeba. igi

mkacri da ulmobelia sustebis mimarT. is, vinc CamorCeba _

kotrdeba, iRupeba. magaliTad, aSS-Si sacalo maRaziebis 30-35%

arsebobas wyvets daarsebidan 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi. maSasadame,

bazari axdens `bunebriv SerCevas~, sazogadoebas wmends susti,

CamorCenili, araefeqtiani sameurneo erTeulebisagan.

kontrolis funqcia. bazari asrulebs saqonelmwarmoebelTa

mier ZiriTadi amocanebis (ra? rogor? visTvis?) Sesrulebis

sisworis mTavari kontrolioris rols. swored bazarze xdeba

cxadi Tu ra, rogor da visTvis unda yofiliyo warmoebuli.

amasTan, sasaqonlo warmoeba materialurad ainteresebs gamyid-

velebsa da myidvelebs. bazari ki, ase vTqvaT, gamocdas atarebs

ekonomikaSi: gamyidvelebisaTvis _ momgebiania Tu wamgebiani mocemuli

saqonlis gayidva? myidvelebisaTvis _ zaraliania YTu sargebliani

maTi SeZena?

bazrebis sistema da misi struqtura. sazogadoebis

wevrTa materialuri daintereseba saqonlis gayidviTa da yidviT

gamodis sabazro kavSirebis teritoriuli gafarToebisa da bazris

saxeobaTa gamravlebis mizezad.

sabazro urTierTobaTa Tanmimdevrulma teritoriulma gafar-

Toebam warmoqmna sabazro ekonomikuri sivrcis sami zona. amis

nax. 3.2. bazris ZiriTadi funqciebi

sebis, sargeblis ganakveTis da sxva berketebis meSveobiT bazari

atyobinebs ekonomikis subieqtebs ra awarmoon, ra iyidon da

gayidon, fuli sad daabandon da a.S. bazari TiTqos giganturi

kompiuteria, romelic agrovebs, gadaamuSavebs da ekonomikis

subieqtebs awvdis im informacias, romlis gareSe maT ar SeuZliaT

swori gadawyvetilebebis miReba.

Suamavlis funqcia. bazari mowodebulia daakavSiros saqon-

lis warmoebisa da moxmarebis sferoebi. igi saSualebas aZlevs

mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs monaxon erTmaneTi, moawyon

garigebani.

faswarmoqmnis funqcia. mimoqcevaSi myof yovel produqts,

rogorc wesi, mravali mwarmoebeli hyavs. es imas niSnavs, rom

gayidvaSi arsebuli erTi da imave saqonlis damzadebaze sxva-

109108

nax. 3.3. bazris dargobrivi struqtura

qveynebis mewarmeTa udidesi nawilis sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis.

sabazro sivrcis cvlilebebi seriozulad Seexo ara mxolod

mis raodenobriv, aramed Tvisobriv mdgomareobasac. Tavdapir-

velad adgilobrivi bazrebi iyo ganuviTarebel, daunawevrebel

mdgomareobaSi. es savsebiT Seesabameboda sasaqonlo warmoebaSi

Sromis danawilebis sust ganviTarebas. magram mdgomareoba

arsebiTad Seicvala gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis meore naxevarSi,

rodesac Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba imdenad gafarTovda

da gaRrmavda, rom sabazro sferoSi gaCnda msxvilmasStabiani

specializirebuli bazrebi, romlebsac dahyavT mravalferovani

saqoneli maT momxmareblamde. Sedegad, Camoyalibda bazrebis sistema

(ix. nax. 3.3).

bazrebis sistema aris sxvadasxva bazrebis erToblioba. masSi

gamoiyofa Semdegi msxvili dargebi:

samomxmareblo saqonlis bazari (igi iyofa mraval qvedargad,

Sesabamisad ganasxvaveben adgilobriv (lokalur), erovnul (saSinao)

da saerTaSoriso (msoflio) bazrebs.

adgilobrivi (lokaluri) bazari _ sabazro teritoriis

sastarto formaa, romelic, Cveulebriv, viTardeba soflis, qalaqis

farglebSi. warmoebis industriamdel stadiaze adgilobrivi bazrebi

arsebobda naturaluri meurneobis garemocvaSi. Sromis dargobrivi

da teritoriuli danawilebis arasakmarisi ganviTarebis, sasaqonlo

warmoebis susti ganviTarebis gamo adgilobriv bazrebze

realizdeboda produqtebis SedarebiT mcire tradiciuli anakrebi.

erovnuli (saSinao) bazari warmoiqmna warmoebis indus-

triul stadiaze, rodesac ganviTarebul sasaqonlo warmoebasTan

erTad gaCnda sabazro sivrcis axali masStabebis Sesabamisi

satransporto saSualebebi. srulyofilma transportma, kavSiris

saSualebebma da reklamam xeli Seuwyo saqonlis realizacias

qveynis yvela regionSi. Sedegad, adgilobrivi bazrebi gadaiqcnen

saxelmwifos Sida bazris organul Semadgenel nawilebad.

msxvili manqanuri warmoebis mZlavri ganviTarebis, msxvili

aqcioneruli kapitalis gaCenis, Sromis saerTaSoriso danawi-

lebis gaRrmavebisa da komunikaciebis axal saSualebaTa gaCenis

Sedegad ganviTareba miiRo saerTaSoriso (msoflio) bazarma.

amJamad, vTqvaT, evropis macxovreblebi kargad icnoben aSS-Si,

iaponiasa da msoflios mraval sxva qveyanaSi Seqmnil saqonels.

msoflio bazari ukve didi xania amaragebs yvela saxelmwifos

iseTi nedleuliT, rogoricaa navTobi, kauCuki, xorbali, Saqari,

yava, Cai. kavSiris uaxlesi saSualebebi SesaZleblobas iZleva

zustad vicodeT, Tu rogor icvleba saqonlis fasebi dedamiwis

sxvadasxva nawilSi. SesaZlebeli gaxda savaWro garigebaTa dadeba,

ucxouri valutis SeZena gamyidvelisa da myidvelis piradi

Sexvedris gareSe. sabazro kavSirebis internacionalizaciam

migviyvana iqamde, rom saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze msoflio fasebis

done gaxda mniSvnelovani orientiri ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli

111110

bazris struqturas axasiaTeben agreTve vaWrobis organiza-

ciuli formebis mixedviT: birJebi, auqcionebi, sabiTumo iarmarkebi,

gamofena-gayidvebi, internet-vaWroba da sxv.

sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli bazris

iseTi organizaciuli forma, rogoricaa saqonlis birJa.

klasikuri gagebiT, birJa aris adgili, sadac erTsa da imave

dros regularulad xdeba gansazRvruli saxeobis saqonliT

vaWroba.

istoriulad sabiTumo vaWroba iyo erTgvarovani saqonliT

vaWroba. am gagebiT, ̀ sabirJo saqonelia~ marcvleuli, bamba, navTobi,

yava da sxv. rogorc wesi, saqonlis birJebi umeteswilad speci-

alizebulia. Tumca, dRevandel pirobebSi arseboben universaluri

birJebic.

sabirJo vaWrobis upiratesoba isaa, rom igi amcirebs yidva-

gayidvasTan dakavSirebul dros da xarjebs, aadvilebs saqonlis

realizebas. birJaSi gaerTianebuli vaWrebi da Suamavlebi

erToblivad anazRaureben vaWrobis organizaciis xarjebs, adgenen

vaWrobis wesebs, gansazRvraven sanqciebs maTi darRvevisaTvis.

birJis wevrebi Rebuloben sakomisio gasamrjelos imisaTvis, rom

isini klientebis davalebiT asruleben saSuamavlo operaciebs.

sabazro ekonomikis mniSvnelovani elementia Sromis bazari.

Sromis bazris organizaciuli formaa Sromis birJa _

dawesebuleba, romelic asrulebs Suamavlis funqcias

mewarmesa da samuSaos maZiebels Soris.

ekonomikis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia

samuSao Zalis momzadeba, gadamzadeba, ganawileba, samuSaoze mowyoba,

profesiisa da adgilis gamocvla. SromiTi resursebis aseTi

moZraobis procesSi muSakTa nawili garkveuli droiT umuSevari

rCeba.

SromiTi resursebis moZraobis regulireba SeiZleba ori

gziT _ centralizebulad da Sromis bazris meSveobiT .

romlebic axorcieleben sasursaTo da arasasursaTo saqonlis,

sacxovrebeli binebis da a.S. realizacias);

momsaxurebis bazari (aq Sedis komunaluri da sayofa-

cxovrebo momsaxureba, finansuri da sadazRvevo operaciebi,

komerciuli, socialuri, sulieri, kulturuli d sxva momsaxureba);

Sromis bazari (Sromis mimcemTaTvis da daqiravebuli

muSakebisaTvis);

warmoebis saSualebaTa bazari (aq xorcieldeba mowyobi-

lobis, satransporto saSualebebis, Senoba-nagebobebis, nedleulis,

saTbobis, eleqtroenergiis da sxv. yidva-gayidva);

samecniero da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro damuSavebaTa bazari

(samecniero gamokvlevaTa Sedegebis yidva-gayidvis sfero);

sasesxo kapitalis bazari (droebiT Tavisufali fuladi

saSualebebis yidva-gayidvis sfero);

fasiani qaRaldebis bazari (Semosavlis momtani aqciebis,

obligaciebis da sxv. dokumentebis yidva-gayidvis sfero);

valutis bazari (erovnuli da saerTaSoriso dawesebule-

bebi, romelTa meSveobiTac warmoebs ucxouri fuladi erTeulebis

SeZena, gayidva, gacvla da fuladi angariSsworeba sxva saxelmwi-

foebTan);

sulieri dovlaTis bazari (mecnierTa, mweralTa, mxatvarTa

da sxv. inteleqtualuri saqmianobis produqtebis yidva-gayidvis

sfero).

sabazro urTierTobaTa farTo ganviTarebam kidev ufro aamaRla

bazrebis ekonomikuri roli. bazari uzrunvelyofs warmoebas

ganviTarebis subieqturi, materialuri, samecniero-teqnikuri,

inteleqtualuri da finansuri pirobebiT. yvela msxvili sawarmoo

erTeulebi Zlier arian damokidebuli specializirebuli sabazro

zegavlenisagan. aq saubari midis ekonomikis axali mdgomareobis

Sesaxeb, roca misi yvela ujredi ganicdis sabazro urTierTobaTa

zemoqmedebas.

113112

TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi gaCnda da funqcionirebs araoficialuri

safondo birJebic. oficialuri birJebis funqcionireba mkacrad

reglamentirebulia saxelmwifos mier damtkicebuli wesebiT, birJis

maklerTa did nawils niSnavs mTavroba.

safondo birJis xelmZRvaneli organoa birJis komiteti an

mmarTvelTa sabWo. masTan arseboben komisiebi, romelTac evalebaT

gadawyviton birJaze daSvebis sakiTxi, gamoaqveynon yoveldRiuri

biuletenebi gayiduli aqciebis raodenobisa da kursis Sesaxeb.

safondo birJis wevrebi iyofian maklerebad (brokerebad) da

dilerebad. es inglisuri warmoSobis sityvebi iTargmneba rogorc

komisioneri, Suamavali, romelic emsaxureba garigebebs myidvelTa

da gamyidvelTa Soris. eseni arian muSakebi, romlebic kargad

erkvevian koniunqturaSi, moqmedeben myidvelTa da gamyidvelTa

davalebiT, risTvisac iReben gansazRvrul gasamrjelos (garigebis

Tanxis 2-3%). maklerebi (brokerebi) ZiriTadad emsaxurebian gareSe

pirTa garigebebs, xolo dilerebi _ garigebebs mxolod birJis

wevrTa Soris. isini saqmianobas ewevian sakuTari xarjiT, maT

Semosavals ki Seadgens sxvaoba Sesasyid da gasayid kursebs

Soris.

Tanamedrove sakomunikacio saSualebebis da maT Soris

internetis damkvidrebasTan dakavSirebiT farTo gavrceleba hpova

internet-vaWrobam. internetSi gaxsnilia uamravi e.w. virtualuri

maRazia, rac niSnavs, rom internetis saSualebiT SegiZliaT mimarToT

maRazias, daaTvalieroT da airCioT saqoneli, iyidoT es saqoneli

da misceT misamarTi _ sad mogarTvan. Semdeg ki miiRoT pirdapir

saxlSi an uaxloes safosto ganyofilebaSi. aseT maRazias bevri

dadebiTi mxare aqvs:

saqonlis arCevisas SegiZliaT daaTvalieroT misi daw-

vrilebiTi aRwera da zustad SearCioT is, rac gWirdebaT. rogorc

wesi, Cveulebriv maRaziaSi aseTi momsaxureba ar arsebobs;

SeZenil saqonels miitanen Tqvens mier SerCeul misamarTze,

pirveli maTgani kargadaa cnobili ssr kavSiris praqtikidan,

sadac samuSao Zalis momzadebas da ganawilebas centralizebuli

wesiT aregulirebda saxelmwifo. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi

es procesebi xorcieldeba Sromis birJis meSveobiT. aseTi birJebi

gaCndnen jer kidev XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. CvenSi Sromis

birJebi gauqmda XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, roca

sabWoTa xelisuflebam gamoacxada, rom ssr kavSirSi umuSevrobas

adgili ara aqvs.

Sromis birJa eweva umuSevarTa aRricxvas da samuSaoze

mowyobas; emsaxureba pirebs, romlebsac surT profesiis gamocvla;

swavlobs samuSao Zalaze moTxovnas; aqveynebs informacias samuSao

adgilebis Sesaxeb; organizacias ukeTebs umuSevrebisadmi daxmarebas

da a.S.

saqarTveloSi ramdenime wlis winaT gaxda SesaZlebeli Sromis

birJis aRdgena. Sromis saxelmwifo birJas gaaCnia regionuli

qvedanayofebi da warmomadgenlobani. birJa jer-jerobiT asrulebs

or ZiriTad funqcias:

umuSevarTa aRricxva da samuSaoze mowyoba;

fuladi Semweoba imaT mimarT, visac es ekuTvnis kanonis

Sesabamisad. Semweoba ki ekuTvnis imas, visac ganesazRvreba umuSev-

robis statusi.

sabirJo vaWrobis mniSvnelovani organizaciuli formaa

safinanso birJa. es ukanaskneli warmoadgens fasiani qaRal-

debis birJas, sadac yidva-gayidvis obieqtia fasiani qaRaldebi.

safondo birJebi XIX saukunis meore naxevramde ar asrulebdnen

mniSvnelovan rols ekonomikaSi, magram SemdgomSi, fasiani qaRaldebis

gamoSvebisa da yidva-gayidvis gafarToebasTan erTad, maTi rolic

gaizarda.

msoflioSi umsxvilesi safondo birJebia niu-iorkis, londonis,

parizis, frankfurtis da sxva birJebi. imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom

oficialur safondo birJebze daiSvebian mxolod msxvili kompaniebi,

115114

* saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsSi detalurad da yovelmxrivganxilulia sabazro garigebaTa yvela samarTlebrivi piroba. kerZod,kodeqsis specialur TavSi _ ̀ yidva-gayidva~ daregulirebulia saqonlissacalo yidva-gayidvis Semdegi pirobebi da valdebulebebi: sacalo yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba da am xelSekrulebis forma; informaciis wardgenamyidvelisaTvis saqonlis Sesaxeb; saqonlis gayidva nimuSebis mixedviT daavtomatebis gamoyenebiT; saqonlis fasi da misi anazRaureba; saqonelTagacvla; myidvelis uflebebi misTvis arasaTanado xarisxis saqonlismiyidvis SemTxvevaSi da sxv.

tipma miiRo ̀ veluri~, ̀ aracivilizebuli~ bazris saxelwodeba.

Tavisufali bazris tipi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli XV-

XIX saukuneebSi. magram XX saukuneSi warmoiSva da ganviTarda

sabazro urTierTobaTa axali tipi, romelic regulirdeba

saxelmwifos da samarTlis mier.

regulirebadi bazris pirobebSi misi monawileebisaTvis

dadgenilia qcevis erTiani wesebi. samarTlebrivi organoebi icaven

sabazro garigebaTa monawileebs da sjian damnaSaveebs samarTlebrivi

normebis darRvevisaTvis. bazris samarTlebrivi regulireba moicavs

sabazro urTierTobaTa mTel sistemas. mis safuZvels Seadgens

èkonomikuri konstituciis~ rolis Semsrulebeli samoqalaqo

kodeqsi*. masSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba samoqalaqo-

samarTlebrivi xelSekrulebis _ sabazro urTierTobaTa

regulirebis saSualebis rolis daxasiaTebas. iuridiuli kanonebis

Sesabamisad, regulirebiT dakavebulia saxelmwifo kontrolisa

da marTvis organoebi: sanitaruli, ekologiuri da epidemiologiuri

kontrolis dawesebulebebi; sagadasaxado organoebi; saxelmwifos

safinanso-sakredito politikis organoebi.

saxelwifo da samarTali sabazro kavSirebze axdens garegan

zemoqmedebas. amasTan erTad, sabazro urTierTobebi viTardeba

Siga regulirebis safuZvelze, romelSic gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-

lovan rols asrulebs fuli.

rac saSualebas gaZlevT saCuqrebi gaugzavnoT Tqvens megobrebs

da naTesavebs, gansakuTrebiT sazRvargareT;

aseT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT ipovoT iseTi saqoneli, romelsac

ver aRmoaCenT Cveulebriv maRaziaSi. amasTan, aq saqonlis fasi

sabazroze dabalia.

marTalia, internetSi uamravi maRaziaa, magram sjobs endoT

Semdeg or cnobil maRazias: www.amazon.com da www.brand-snobile.com. es ori maRazia gTavazobT sakmaod did arCevans,

Tumca, orivem vaWroba daiwyo wignebiT. amitom orive maTgani

orientirebulia wignebiTa da lazeruli kompaqt-diskebiT vaWrobaze.

Tumca, dReisaTvis am saitebze SegiZliaT naxoT eleqtroteqnika,

kompiuterebi, saojaxo saqoneli, saTamaSoebi da sxv. aseve muSaobs

internet-maRaziebis umetesoba.

sabazro garigebebi gansxvavdebian gamyidvelTa da myidvelTa

urTierTqmedebis xasiaTiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, arsebobs ori

tipis bazrebi: a) Tavisufali da b) regulirebadi.

Tavisufal bazarze myidvels SeuZlia SearCios misTvis

sasurveli saqoneli SeTavazebul saqonelTa simravlidan.

momxmarebels aseve SeuZlia moZebnos is gamyidvelebi, romlebic

yidian misaRebi fasiT. gamyidveli Tavisufalia yvelaze misaRebi

myidvelis SerCevasa da gayidvidan miRebuli fulis Tavisi

Sexedulebisamebr gankargvaSi. myidvelsac da gamyidvelsac

SeuZliaT SeuzRudavad SearCion savaWro garigebis pirobebi.

miuxedavad garkveuli sicxadisa, `Tavisufali bazris~

ganmarteba moiTxovs dazustebas ori TvalsazrisiT (aspeqtiT):

visTvisaa igi Tavisufali da visgan. aseTi bazari Tavisufalia

mis monawileTaTvis. garda amisa, igi Tavisufalia saxelmwifos

Carevisa da mkacri samarTlebrivi regulirebisagan. WeSmaritebi-

saTvis saWiroa vcnoT, rom aseT Tavisuflebas xSirad aqvs sruliad

gauTvaliswinebeli mxare. bazris subieqtTa xasiaTidan da maT

mier `TamaSis wesebis~ daucvelobidan gamomdinare, bazris am

117116

gacvla, pirvelyofili tomebis winaSe dadga, erTi SexedviT,

gadauWreli amocana: rogor, rogori sacvleli TanafardobiT

SeeZlo erT, vTqvaT, mesaqonleobiT dakavebul toms samarTlianad

gaecvala `Warbi~ xorci miwaTmoqmedi tomis mier moyvanil

marcvleulze? damakmayofilebeli pasuxis povna maSin SeuZlebeli

iyo. jer xom arc iyo sayovelTaod aRiarebuli eqvivalenti,

romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia yvela sxva saqonelTa Rirebu-

lebis gazomva. es ki swored isaa, rasac mogvianebiT uwodes

fuli.

fulis istoriaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ori sruliad gansxvave-

buli epoqa. pirveli _ esaa WeSmariti Rirebulebis mqone normaluri

fulis Ziebisa da gamoyenebis epoqa; meore ki _ Tanamedrove

fulis epoqa.

pirveli epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi niS-

nebi. es iyo saqonluri eqvivalentebis (e.w. ̀ saqonluri fulis~)

epoqa. Tavdapirvelad, sasaqonlo warmoebis Casaxvisas gaCnda erTi

sasargeblo nivTis SemTxveviTi gacvla meoreze. rogorc wesi, es

gacvla iyo erTjeradi, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi ganviTareba

iwyo barterulma vaWrobam (erTi sasargeblo nivTis meoreze

regularulma gacvlam fulis gadaxdis gareSe). Semdeg sxvadasxva

regionsa da qveyanaSi SemoRebul iqna gacvlis adgilobrivi

eqvivalentebi _ saqoneli, romelic sargeblobda farTo da mudmivi

moTxovniT. aseTi saqonlis nusxa sakmaod vrcelia. CamovTvaloT

zogierTi maTgani: niJarebi _ dasavleT afrikaSi; qsovili da

kakaos Tesli _ maiasa da actekebSi; qeri da xorbali _ mesopota-

miaSi; Tafli _ egvipteSi; abreSumi _ CineTSi; Cai _ monRoleTSi;

bewviani nadiris tyavi, Tevzi, marili, Tambaqo _ amerikis kontinentze

da a.S.

yvelaze gavrcelebul eqvivalentTa Soris TvalsaCino adgili

uWiravs msxvillfexa rqosan pirutyvs. magaliTad, homerosis

nawarmoebebSi saqonlis Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba xaris odenobis

meSveobiT. diomides iaraRi homeross Sefasebuli aqvs cxra xaris

leqcia 8. fulis arsi, funqciebi da

formebi

`fulia yvela moqmedebis saTave

da mizezi.~

ciceroni

òqro! yviTeli, moelvare, Zvirfasi

oqro.. gonjs daamSvenebs, mdabios aqcevs

keTilSobilad...~

u.Seqspiri

`fuli , - yoveli `moneta~, romelsac

Cveulebriv viyenebT, CvenTvis sruliad

gaugebaria da seqsis msgavsad yovlad

absurduli fantaziebis sagans warmoad-

gens ; swored seqs is msgavs ad , is

erTdroulad gvajadoebs, gvaognebs da

gangvizidavs.

fridrix a. fon haikeni

fulis istoria. fuli sazogadoebis civilizaciam

warmoSva. igi, erTi SexedviT, yvelasaTvis sakmaod cnobili da

martivi ekonomikuri cnebaa. magram, rac ufro SevecdebiT mis

samyaroSi SeRwevas, miT ufro davrwmundebiT, rom fuli gacilebiT

ufro rTuli Sinaarsisaa da umravlesobam cota ram Tu icis

mis Sesaxeb. es arcaa gasakviri _ fulis samyaro xom ekonomikuri

saqmianobis erT-erTi urTulesi sferoa.

Soreul warsulSi, rodesac pirvelad Caisaxa saqonluri

119118

w/aR-mde VII saukuneSi). daaxloebiT 500 wels Cv. w/aR-mde

sparseTis mefem dariosma Tavis saxelmwifoSi monetebis mimoqcevaSi

SetaniT Secvala barteri. Semdeg monetebis moWra gavrcelda

xmelTaSua zRvisa da Savi zRvis sanapiro saxelmwifoebSi, uwinares

yovlisa, Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi.

saberZneTSi monetebis moWra daiwyes VIII-VII saukuneebSi Cv.

w/aR-mde. romSi pirveli zarafxana Seiqmna iunon-monetis taZarTan,

saidanac warmoiSva am terminis saxelwodeba. romaelebma monetebis

moWris teqnika berZnebisagan iswavles da mimoqcevaSi gamouSves

vercxlisa da oqros monetebi Cv. w/aR-mde III saukuneSi. gansakuTre-

buli adgili kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoriaSi Seasrula oqrom,

romelsac xSirad uwodeben yviTel eSmaks, demons. jer kidev

romaeli poeti vergiliusi aRniSnavda àuri saerafames~ oqroswyeuli wyurvilis Sesaxeb, romelic gabatonebulia zogierTi

adamianis sulSi. vulkan vezuvis ferfliT dafaruli midamoebis

arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCenilia adamianis gaqvavebuli

ConCxi, romelsac muWSi aqvs oqros grova.

interess moklebuli ar iqneba zogierTi istoriuli cnoba

qarTuli fulis Sesaxeb . sazRvargareTTan saqarTvelos

istoriul kavSirebs mowmobs is Zveli monetebi, romlebic moWrilia

sxva saxelmwifoebSi, napovnia saqarTvelos teritoriaze da da-

culia eTnografiul muzeumebSi. antikuri periodis monetebidan

aRsaniSnavia kolxuri TeTra, romelic moWrilia Cv. w/aR-mde VI-

III saukuneebSi. paralelurad saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilia berZnuli,

egviptis, bosforis samefos, parTiuli, sasanuri monetebi. saqar-

TvelosaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania daviT aRmaSeneblis

mefobis periodi. daviTis mefobis dasawyisSi saqarTveloSi iWreboda

bizantiuri tipis vercxlis monetebi. saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneb-

lis dros eweoda gacxovelebul vaWrobas sazRvargareTis qvey-

nebTan (arabeTTan, bizantiasTan, italiasTan, egviptesTan, iranTan,

indoeTTan). gahqondaT Sali, bamba, abreSumis nawarmi, xaliCebi,

keramikuli da saoqromWedlo nawarmi. TbilisSi vaWrobisaTvis

odenobiT. vaJa-fSavelas monacemebiT, xevsurebSi adamianis

mkvlelobisaTvis safasurad SeiZleboda gadaxdiliyo oTxmoci

Zroxa an 360 cxvari.

laTinuri sityva pecunia (fuli) warmodgeba sityva pecus(pirutyvi)-dan. Zvel ruseTSi Tavadebis xazinas ewodeboda neioieoa(pirutyvis sadgomi). analogiurad, Zvel qarTulSi `xvastagi~

niSnavda fuls, dovlaTs, rqosan saqonels. dasavleT saqarTveloSi

amJamad `xvadagi~ aRniSnavs msxvilfexa pirutyvs. bevri qveynis

fulis niSnebze, maT Soris kolxur TeTrzec miniSnebulia xaris

Tavi.

bunebrivia, rom saqonlis mravali saxeobidan erTi dasaxelebis

gamoyofam eqvivalentis rolSi bevrad gaaadvila saqonelgacvlis

procesi, magram ara imdenad, rom es yofiliyo dasasruli am

mimarTulebiT arsebuli ZiebisaTvis. swored analogiuri siZneleebis

dasaZlevad jer kidev Cv. w/aR.-mde zogierT regionsa da

saxelmwifoSi daiwyes jer keTilSobili liTonebis zodebis, Semdeg

ki maTgan damzadebuli monetebis gamoyeneba (cnobilia agreTve

rkinis, spilenZis, tyviisa da spilenZis Senadnobis gavrcelebis

magaliTebic). xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyeneboda

vercxli da oqro. mxolod XIX saukunis meore naxevridan

monopolia gadadis oqroze. keTilSobili liTonebisagan monetebis

moWras gaaCnda mravali mizezi. CamovTvaloT zogierTi maTgani:

maTi erTgvarovneba, magaliTad, ori tyavi (maTi eqviva-

lentad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi) gansxvavdeba damuSavebis xari-

sxiT, ori oqros an vercxlis zodi mxolod woniT;

gaadvilebulia maTi umtkivneulod danawileba, rasac ver

vityviT, magaliTad, pirutyvis Sesaxeb;

keTilSobili liTonebi gamoirCeva portatulobiT, rac

mosaxerxebelia transportirebisaTvis;

aseTi liTonebi praqtikulad ar fuWdeba da ar kargavs

faseulobas.

pirveli monetebi gaCnda CineTsa da lidiis samefoSi (Cv.

121120

mogvianebiT vercxlis monetebSi gauries spilenZi 50-60%-is

odenobiT.

safrangeTis mefe filipe IV ki cnobilia istoriaSi rogorc

yalbi fulis mkeTebeli. ruseTis imperatorma petre I-ma orjer

gaaufasura rublis Rirebuleba, radgan rublis monetis moWraze

daxarjuli vercxlis raodenoba, imave nominalis SenarCunebiT,

orjer Seamcira. ufro meti `moqniloba~ gamoiCina petre I-is

mamam, aleqsim, romlis brZanebiT (1659 w.) mimoqcevidan amoiRes

yvela vercxlis moneta da mis nacvlad moiWra imave nominalis

spilenZis monetebi. mefis aseTi fuladi eqsperimenti moskovSi

ajanyebiT damTavrda. ajanyeba damarcxda, magram gaufasurebuli

spilenZis monetebi mainc amoiRes mimoqcevidan da aRadgines

vercxlis monetebi.

oqrosa da vercxlis monetebis realuri Rirebulebis

dacilebam misi nominalisagan ganapiroba am monetebis Secvlis

SesaZlebloba naklebad Zvirfasi liTonebiTa (spilenZi, nikeli)

da qaRaldis fuliT.

qaRaldis fuli pirvelad gaCnda CineTSi (VIII saukuneSi).

es fuli did STabeWdilebas axdenda im adamianebze, romlebmac

CineTSi am periodSi imogzaures. magaliTad, didi mogzauri marko

polo werda, rom ̀ qaRaldis fulis gamoSveba im miznis miRwevis

axali saSualebaa, romlisken ase miiswrafodnen alqimikosebi~.

XIII saukuneSi Cingiz-xani qaRaldis fuls Seuferxeblad cvlida

oqroze, amitom fulis gayalbeba mkacr danaSaulad iTvleboda.

1500 wlisaTvis CineTis mTavrobam, fulis inflaciasTan dakavSirebiT,

Sewyvita qaRaldis fulis gamoSveba, magram im dros arsebuli

kerZo bankebi agrZelebdnen qaRaldis fulis emisias.

dasavleTis qveynebSi pirveli qaRaldis fuli gamouSva aSS-s

mTavrobam (1862 w.). dasawyisSi igi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo

samoqalaqo omis warmarTvis dasafinanseblad da `gribenkis~

saxelwodeba miiRo. manamde mimoqcevaSi arsebuli qaRaldis fuli

ZiriTadad iTvleboda Statebis banknotebad, romlebsac kerZo

gavrcelebuli iyo seljukebis, jalaledinis monetebi, agreTve

dukati, drama, dangi. Tavis mxriv, TbilisSi moWrili fuli napovnia

CrdiloeT ruseTSi, skandinaviis qveynebSi, aRmosavleT germaniaSi,

rac kidev erTxel miuTiTebs saqarTvelos aqtiur savaWro

kontaqtebze sazRvargareTTan.

daviT aRmaSeneblis dros ganxorcielda fulis reforma

aRmosavlur yaidaze, vinaidan im periodSi aRmosavlur qveynebTan

kontaqtebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda. Seicvala fulis

garegani saxe, monetaze gamosaxuli iyo cxenosani mefe da arabuli

warwera: `mefeTa mefe daviT giorgis Ze mesiis maxvili~. amiT

qarTveli mefe xazs usvamda qarTveli xalxis erTgulebas

qristianuli sarwmunoebisadmi. daviT aRmaSeneblis dros vercxlis

fuli Seicvala spilenZis monetebiT.

paralelurad, saqarTveloSi mimoqcevaSi gamoSvebuli iyo

spilenZis moneta, romelsac amSvenebda warwera qarTul enaze:

`qriste, daviT mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa da somexTa~.

aseTi tipis unikaluri moneta amJamad daculia didi britaneTis

erovnul muzeumSi. aRniSnuli saxis moneta umTavresad gamoiye-

neboda qveynis farglebSi vaWrobisaTvis.

quTaisis eTnografiuli muzeumis numizmatikis fondSi moTav-

sebulia spilenZis moneta, romelzec ikiTxeba Tamar mefisa da

misi meuRlis daviT soslanis saxeli. monetaze arabul enaze

ikiTxeba: ̀ dedofali dedofalTa, Sveneba qveynisa da sarwmunoebisa,

Tamari, asuli giorgisa, mesiis Tayvanismcemeli~.

monetebis istoriaSi fuli _ moneta TandaTanobiT gamo-

ikveTa simdidris simbolod. es imaze miuTiTebda, rom monetis

dasamzadeblad gamoyenebuli liToni SeiZleba monetaze aRniSnul

Rirebulebaze naklebi yofiliyo, magram mainc Seesrulebina Tavisi

funqcia. am SesaZleblobam safuZveli Cauyara ̀ monetis waxdenis~

praqtikas. ase ewodeboda im monetis moWris process, romlis

Rirebuleba nominalze naklebi iyo. pirvelad arasrulfasovani,

yalbi fuli mimoqcevaSi gamouSves Cv. w/aR-mde VI saukuneSi.

123122

maTze daxarjulia Sromis eqvivalenturi raodenoba. Tanamedrove

qaRaldis fuls, arsebiTad, ara aqvs Sinagani Rirebuleba. Rirebu-

lebis es niSani aranairad ar Seesabameba mis damzadebaze gaweul

danaxarjebs. magaliTad, inglisSi ramdenime funti sterlingis

Rirsebis TiToeuli dabeWdili banknoti saxelmwifos 2 pensi

(0,02 funti sterlingi) ujdeba.

saqonluri fuli Tavisi bunebiT iyo misi meSveobiT SeZenili

saqonlis bunebrivi eqvivalenti. magram Tanamedrove fuladi

saSualebebi ar Seesabamebian am ekonomikur bunebas. amJamad fulis

Rirebulebis qveS igulisxmeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis is

raodenoba, romelic SeiZleba gaicvalos fulad erTeulze (larze,

evroze, dolarze da a.S.). magram aseTi ganmarteba ver xsnis

saqmis arss. gaugebaria mTavari: qaRaldis fuliT (romelic

uzrunvelyofili araa oqroTi da saerTod sxva raimeTi) mainc

ratomaa SesaZlebeli nebismieri saqonlis da maT Soris oqros

nakeTobaTa SeZena?

Tanamedrove fulis mTeli xelovnuroba mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom igi warmoadgens saxelmwifos bankebis, Semnaxveli dawesebu-

lebebis savalo valdebulebas. es valdebulebebi asruleben fulis

rols saxelmwifos iZulebiT-samarTlebrivi zomebis Sedegad.

saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo wesiT adasturebs, rom naRdi fuli _

esaa kanonieri sagadamxdelo saSualeba (qaRaldis fuli miRebul

unda iqnas valis dafarvisas). sxva sityvebiT, fuls pirobiTad

SeiZleba vuwodoT mowmoba ̀ saqonlis miRebaze uflebis~ Sesaxeb.

oqros monetebi normalurad asrulebda maTTvis damaxasia-

Tebel xuT funqcias: Rirebulebis sazomis, mimoqcevis saSualebis,

ganZis Seqmnis saSualebis, gadaxdis saSualebis da msoflio

fulis funqcias. magram oqros standartis gauqmebam migviyvana

iqamde, rom amovarda ori funqcia, romelTa ganxorcieleba ukve

SeuZlebelia fulis rolSi oqros gareSe. esenia: ganZis Seqmnis

da msoflio fulis funqciebi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi fuli

asrulebs Semdeg sam funqcias: mimoqcevis saSualebis (romelSic

bankebi uSvebdnen Statis mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT. pirveloba aq

ekuTvnoda masaCusetsis Stats (1690 w.). evropaSi amerikuli

gamocdileba pirvelma safrangeTma gamoiyena. 1716-1720 wlebSi

cnobilma bankirma, jon lom, daiwyo samefo bankis banknotebis

beWdva. ruseTSi qaRaldis fuli pirvelad damkvidrda 1769 wels.

ase gavrcelda msoflioSi qaRaldis fuli, romelmac TandaTanobiT

gamodevna mimoqcevidan monetebi.

amrigad, daaxloebiT 7 aTasi weli dasWirda imas, rom bolos

da bolos monaxuliyo erTaderTi, yvela xalxebis mier aRiarebuli

sayovelTao eqvivalenti _ oqros fuli. aseTi fulis aRmoCena _

es aris movlena, romelsac hqonda ara naklebi mniSvneloba, vidre,

vTqvaT, damwerlobis gaCenas. bazarma SeiZina ̀ Tavisi ena, Tavisi

damwerloba~ _ axsna iwyo mokled da gasagebad fulis enaze.

XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi dadga oqros standartis dro. oqros

standarti _ es aris oqros gamoyeneba sayovelTao eqvivalentis

rolis Semsrulebeli fuladi saqonlis saxiT. maSin fulis

saxiT gamoiyeneboda oqros monetebi an fuladi niSnebi (qaRaldis

fuli), romelTa gadacvla SeiZleboda oqroze.

magram 1929-1933 wlebis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis

Semdeg moxda qaRaldis fulis kolosaluri gaufasureba, romelmac,

bunebrivia, dakarga oqros monetebze gadacvlis unari. Sedegad,

oqros standartma saxelmwifos SigniT Sewyvita arseboba. 1971

wlis dekembridan Sewyda qveynebs Soris savalo valdebu-

lebaTa angariSsworeba oqros daxmarebiT. ase dasrulda

saqonluri fulis epoqa. igi Secvala Tanamedrove qaRaldis

fulma. aman gamoiwvia fulis arsis, daniSnulebisa da

funqciebis Secvla.

fulis arsi da funqciebi. Tanamedrove fuladi saSu-

alebebi gansxvavdebian saqonluri (gansakuTrebiT oqros) fulisagan

rigi TaviseburebebiT.

saqonlur fuls gaaCnda namdvili Rirebuleba, ramdenadac

125124

floben sxvadasxva formiT (miwa, saxli, avtomobili, koleqciebi

da a.S.), magram simdidris arc erTi dasaxelebuli forma ar

SeiZleba maSinve gardaiqmnas pirveladi aucileblobis produqtad.

amisaTvis gansazRvruli droa saWiro. am mxriv fuli gamonaklisia.

swored amis gamo adamianebi dainteresebuli arian danazogis

saSualebad gamoiyenon naRdi fuli da misi daxmarebiT SeiZinon

sasurveli produqti.

fuladi masa da misi agregatebi. oqros monetebs

da oqroze gadasacvlel qaRaldis fuls gaaCnda sruli likvidu-

roba _ unari swrafad gacvliliyo saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze.

amJamad ki fulad saSualebebs gaaCniaT sxvadasxvanairi likvi-

duroba, ramdenadac maTTan dakavSirebulia bankebisa da saxelmwifos

sxvadasxva savalo valdebulebebi. aseTi gansxvavebuloba safuZvlad

udevs mTeli fuladi masis dayofas urTierTTan dakavSirebul

agregatebad.

fuladi agregatebi _ esaa Tanamedrove fuladi saSualebebis

saxeebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba fuladi mimoqcevisa da gadaxdi-

saTvis. isini aerTianeben sxvadasxva savalo valdebulebebs maTi

likvidurobis xarisxidan da xasiaTidan gamomdinare. es gasaerTi-

anebeli nawilebi Tanmimdevrulad moicaven sul ufro nakleb

likvidur agregatebs, romlebic daniSnulia fulis faseulobis

SenaxvisaTvis.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mTeli fuladi masa iyofa agregatebis

sxvadasxva saxeebad, rac didadaa damokidebuli sakredito urTier-

Tobebisa da fuladi bazris ganviTarebis donisagan.

yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia sami fuladi agregati, romlebic

iwodeba M1-ad, M2-ed da M3-ed. saqarTveloSi M1-Si Sedis yvelaze

metad likviduri fuli (naRdi fuli, mosaxleobis anabrebi

moTxovnamde Semnaxvel da komerciul bankebSi, Cekebi, mosaxleobisa

da sawarmoTa fuladi saSualebebi saangariSsworebo da mimdinare

angariSebze). M2-sa da M3-Si CarTulia, ase vTqvaT, `TiTqmis

gaerTianebulia Rirebulebis sazomis funqciac), gadaxdis

saSualebis da dazogvis (dagrovebis) saSualebis funqcias.

mimoqcevis saSualebis funqcia uSualod produqtis

yidva-gayidvasTanaa dakavSirebuli. produqti gamyidvelidan

myidvelis xelSi rom gadavides, saWiroa fulma mimoqcevis

saSualebis funqcia Seasrulos.

Tavdapirvelad erTi saqoneli uSualod icvleboda meore

saqonelze. aseT gacvlas barteruli gacvla ewodeba. fulis

warmoSobis Semdeg gacvlis es forma Seicvala: jer saqoneli

iyideba fulze _ igi fulad gadaiqceva, Semdeg yiduloben axal

saqonels, anu fuli isev saqonlad gadaiqceva. fuli am procesSi

Suamavalia.

yidva-gayidvis aqtebi drosa da sivrceSi xSirad erTmaneTs

ar emTxveva. magaliTad, saqonelmwarmoebels SeuZlia Tavisi saqoneli

gayidos dRes, magram saWiro saqoneli iyidos imave dRes, erTi

kviris an erTi Tvis Semdeg; mas aseve SeuZlia saqoneli gayidos

erT bazarze, xolo SeiZinos sxva bazarze.

fulis gamoyeneba amcirebs mimoqcevis xarjebs, radgan

SesamCnevad mcire Zalisxmevasa da dros moiTxovs.

fuli agreTve asrulebs gadaxdis saSualebis funqcias.

sasaqonlo mimoqcevaSi saqonlis miwodeba da am saqonelze

safasuris gadaxda xSirad droSi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva anu

saqoneli iyideba ganvadebiT. am SemTxvevaSi saqonlis gamyidveli

mevale (kreditori) xdeba, xolo misi myidveli _ movale

(debitori). valis gadaxda ki aucilebeli raodenobis fulis

dagrovebas moiTxovs.

dazogvis (dagrovebis) saSualebis funqciis aspeqtiT

fuli ganixileba axlandeli yidvis momavalSi gadatanis saSualebad.

Tu dRes gamovimuSaveb 10 lars, me am fuliT SemiZlia sasurveli

saqoneli viyido meore dRes, erTi kviris, an ufro xangrZlivi

drois Semdeg. ra Tqma unda, fuli ar aris dazogvis erTaderTi

da yvelaze saimedo saSualeba. sazogadoebis wevrebi simdidres

127126

fasdakleba saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze baraTis mflobelisaTvis

ZviradRirebuli SenaZenis gakeTebisas;

debeturi baraTi _ es aris sagadamxdelo baraTi, romelic

SesaZleblobas iZleva miRebul iqnas naRdi fuli bankomatebSi

(TviTmomsaxurebis eleqtronul sabanko aparatebSi), gatardes

unaRdo angariSsworebani.

sruliad perspeqtiuls warmoadgens eleqtronuli fuli.

sityvis farTo gagebiT, es aris fulad angariSsworebaTa sistema,

romelic xorcieldeba eleqtronuli teqnikis gamoyenebiT. aq

mxedvelobaSia unaRdo angariSsworebaTa iseTi sistema, romelic

moicavs bankebs, sacalo vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis sferos

sawarmoebs. moqalaqeebi da sawarmoebi Rebuloben SesaZleblobas

Soreuli terminalebidan TavianT bankebSi gadagzavnon gankargule-

bebi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis anazRaurebis Taobaze. am SemTxvevaSi

angariSsworeba xorcieldeba kompiuteruli qselis meSveobiT.

Tanamedrove fuls gaaCnia garkveuli Rirseba da naklovane-

bani saqonlur fulTan SedarebiT. unaRdo fulad saSualebaTa

upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebeli

xdeba ufro moxerxebulad da swrafad ganxorcieldes sabazro

garigebani. magram saxelmwifos bankebisa da Semnaxveli dawesebule-

bebis savalo valdebulebebs, uaxles fulad saSualebebs TavianTi

funqciebis normalurad ganxorcieleba SeuZliaT mxolod Semdegi

pirobis SemTxvevaSi: Tu saxelmwifo mxars uWers ucvlel msyid-

velobiT unarianobas. am pirobis daucvelobas mivyavarT inflaci-

asTan. inflacia _ es aris fulis gaufasureba, romelic gamow-

veulia mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis gadametebiT saqonelTa mTeli

jamis Rirebulebaze.

mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis raodenoba. fulis

gamoyenebis praqtika cxadyofs, rom arsebobs fuladi masis formi-

rebis obieqturi faqtorebi, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:

qveynis Siga bazarze gasayidi saqonlis (momsaxurebis)

fuli~ _ finansuri (fuladi) saSualebebi, romlebic daniSnulia

faseulobaTa (vadiani anabrebi Senaxvel bankebSi, saxelmwifo sesxis

obligaciebi da sxv.) SesanarCuneblad.

fulis Tanamedrove formebi da maTi ganviTare-

bis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani. fulad saSualebaTa ganax-

lebis nakadi ar Sewyvetila XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze. is

midis Semdegi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebiT:

gza fulad saSualebaTa axali saxeebisaken gulisxmobs

sul ufro farTo gadasvlas naRdi fuladi saSualebebidan

unaRdosaken. amJamad ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi mTeli

fuladi brunvis 1/2-ze meti sruldeba naRdi fulis monawileobis

gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi bankis klientebi awarmoeben garigebaTa

anazRaurebas, urTierTangariSsworebas fulad saSualebaTa

gadaricxvis meSveobiT erTi saangariSsworebo angariSidan meoreze.

sul ufro mzardi masStabebiT gamoiyeneba plastikuri

fuli. igi gamoiyeneba rogorc gadaxdis saSualeba saqonelsa da

momsaxurebaze unaRdo angariSsworebisaTvis, da agreTve naRdi

fulis miRebisaTvis. sagadamxdelo baraTebi gansxvavdeba

daniSnulebis, garegnuli saxis, gamoyenebis wesisa da damzadebis

masalis mixedviT. samagaliTod SeiZleba davasaxeloT plasti-

kuri fulis zogierTi saxeoba:

sakredito baraTi _ es aris saxelobiTi sagadamxdelo-

saangariSsworebo dokumenti plastikuri baraTis saxiT, romel-

sac banki gascems Tavis meanabreebze unaRdo angariSsworebi-

saTvis. baraTi SesaZleblobas iZleva kompiuteruli qselis

daxmarebiT Catardes aucilebeli angariSsworebani banksa da

maRaziebs Soris saqonlis SeZenasTan dakavSirebiT;

saerTaSoriso baraTi daniSnulia sagadamxdelo saSuale-

bis saxiT gamosayeneblad ara mxolod qveynis farglebSi, aramed

sazRvargareTac;

diskonturi baraTi SesaZleblobas iZleva ganxorcieldes

129128

damokidebulia qveyanaSi Seqmnili mTliani produqtisa (saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis jami) da fulis brunvaTa raodenobis

Tanafardobaze. magaliTad, Tu gasayidi saqonlis (momsaxurebis)

fasebis jami 1 miliardi laria, xolo maTi realizaciis procesSi

lari 10 brunvas asrulebs, maSin am saqonlis (momsaxurebis)

sarealizaciod saWiro iqneba 100 milioni (1 mlrd : 10) lari.

amrigad, mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis raodenoba tolia

saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasebis jami gayofili fulis erTe-

ulis brunvaTa ricxvze.

fuladi sistema da misi elementebi. qveynebis

umsravlesobas Tavisi erovnuli fuladi sistema aqvs, romelic

istoriulad Camoyalibebuli da kanoniT dadgenili fulis mimoq-

cevis organizebuli formaa.

fuladi sistemis elementebia:

fulis erTeuli. yovel qveyanas Tavisi fulis erTeuli

aqvs. fulis erTeulis saxelwodebas saxelmwifo adgens. magaliTad,

aSS-is fulis erTeulia dolari, inglisis _ girvanqa sterlingi;

ruseTis _ rubli, azerbaijanis _ manaTi, iaponiis _ ieni, saqarTvelos

_ lari da a.S.;

fasebis masStabi, romelSic igulisxmeba fulis danawev-

reba erTeulebad. magaliTad, 1 lari danawevrebulia 100 TeTrad,

aSS-is dolari _ 100 centad da a.S.;

saxelmwifo fuladi niSnebi, rogorc gadaxdis kanonieri

saSualebebi. magaliTad, aSS-Si aseTi niSnis matarebelia federa-

luri sarezervo bileTebi: 10000, 5000, 1000,500, 100, 50,20, 10,

5, 2, 1 dolaris saxiT (500 dolaris an meti kupiura mimoqcevaSi

ar gamoiyeneba); saqarTveloSi gamoiyeneba 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 da

1 lariani kupiurebi;

saxelmwifo aparati (centraluri (erovnuli) banki,

finansTa saministro), romelic qveyanaSi fulis mimoqcevas marTavs;

fulis emisia (fulis damatebiTi dabeWdva), romelsac

PQV

moculoba;

fasebis done saqonelze (momsaxurebaze);

fulis brunvis siCqare.

dasaxelebuli faqtorebi saSualebas iZleva advilad CavwvdeT

gacvlis kanonis arss, romlis formulireba mogvca amerikelma

mecnierma irvin fiSerma.

am kanonis Tanaxmad, mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis raodenoba

unda Seesabamebodes wlis ganmavlobaSi Sesrulebuli savaWro

garigebebis moculobas da erovnuli valutis brunvis siCqares.

fiSeriseuli gacvlis kanoni gantolebis saxiT Semdegnairad

gamoiyureba:

MV=PQ,

sadac M aris mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis raodenoba

(fulis masa);

V _ fulis brunvis siCqare;

P _ saqonlis (momsaxurebis) saSualo fasi;

Q _ gayiduli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) raodenoba.

Tu formulaSi V (brunvis raodenoba) da Q (gayiduli

saqonlis, momsaxurebis raodenoba) ar icvleba, maSin fulis

raodenobis cvlileba pirdapir gavlenas axdens fasebze (P).fulis miwodebis gadideba Seamcirebs fulis yidviTunarianobas

da gamoiwvevs fasebis zrdas da, piriqiT, Tu fulis miwodebis

gadidebis paralelurad imave an meti moculobiT produqtis

gamoSveba gaizrdeba, maSin fasi ucvleli darCeba.

mocemuli gantolebidan miiReba mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis

raodenobis formula:

M= .

igi gviCvenebs, rom mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis raodenoba

131130

leqcia 9. moTxovna da miwodeba.

sabazro faswarmoqmnis meqanizmi

`saqonlis miwodeba warmoSobs mas-

ze moTxovnas~.

J.b.sei

àswavleT TuTiyuSs ori sityva _

`moTxovna~ da `miwodeba~ da Tqvens

winaSe ekonomistia~! am geslian xumro-

baSi simarTlis didi nawilia, vinaidan,

arsebiTad, am umartives ekonomikur

berketebs (moTxovnas da miwodebas)

SeuZliaT mogvcen safuZvliani warmod-

gena ara mxolod calkeul ekonomikur

problemaTa, aramed mTlianad ekonomi-

kuri sistemis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb~.

k.r.makkoneli, s.l.briu

sabazro garigeba SeiZleba warmovidginoT Semdegi formulis

saxiT _ `gamyidveli _ saqoneli _ sabazro fasi _ fuli _

myidveli~. mocemul formulas SeiZleba mieces ufro martivi

saxe: `miwodeba (S) _ fasi (P) _ moTxovna (D)~.

konkurenciul bazarze wonasworoba, uwinares yovlisa, fase-

biT myardeba. sabazro fasebis cvlileba mwarmoeblisaTvis war-

moebis moculobis gansazRvris ZiriTadi orientiria. Tavis mxriv,

bazarze sarealizacio saqonelTa fasebi arsebiTad sabazro

faqtorebiT _ moTxovniTa da miwodebiT ganisazRvreba.

qvemoT Cven SevecdebiT sabazro faswarmoqmnis meqanizmSi

garkvevas. am miznis misaRwevad Tanmimdevrulad iqneba ganxiluli

Semdegi ZiriTadi sakiTxebi:

moTxovna da misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi;

axorcielebs centraluri (erovnuli) banki.

saqarTvelos fulis erTeulia lari. lari warmoadgens

gadaxdis erTaderT kanonier saSualebas saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

saqarTvelos erovnuli banki adgens da aregulirebs laris

gacvlis kurss ucxouri valutis mimarT. Tu erovnuli banki ar

gamoacxadebs laris kurss ucxouri valutis mimarT, maSin kursi

ganisazRvreba birJaze Tavisufali moTxovnisa da miwodebis

safuZvelze.

lari (mimoqcevaSi arsebuli naRdi fuli, mimdinare, vadiani

da sabanko angariSi) uzrunvelyofilia oqros maragiT, ucxoeTis

qveynebis savaluto kreditebiT da saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis

sxva aqtivebiT.

saqarTvelos erovnul banks eqskluziuri ufleba aqvs

ganaxorcielos banknotebisa da monetebis, rogorc saqarTvelos

teritoriaze gadaxdis kanonieri saSualebebis, emisia.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadaxdis kanonier saSualebad

miCneuli banknotebisa da monetebis nominali, wona, gaformeba da

sxva maxasiaTeblebi ganisazRvreba erovnuli bankis normatiuli

aqtebiT.

saqarTvelos erovnuli banki uzrunvelyofs banknotebis

beWdvas da monetebis moWras, mimoqcevaSi gasaSvebi banknotebis

saimedo Senaxvas, agreTve sabeWdi formebis, Stampebisa da

mimoqcevidan amoRebuli banknotebisa da monetebis Senaxvas da,

aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, maT ganadgurebas.

erovnuli banki mimoqcevidan amoiRebs da gaanadgurebs Semdgomi

gamoyenebisaTvis uvargis fulis niSnebs da cvlis maT axliT. igi

uSualod akontrolebs naRdi fulis marags, adgens misi emisiis

gegmebs, banknotebiT da monetebiT uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos

ekonomikas.

133132

cxrili 3.1.

fasis gavlena moTxovnis sidideze

(hi poTezuri monacemebi)

1 kg vaSlis fasi

(larebSi)

kvireuli moTxovna

vaSlze (kg-ebSi)

0.00

0.20

0.33

0.60

1.00

1.80

3.00

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

piriqiT, fasis zrda amcirebs moTxovnis sidides. maSasadame,

moTxovnasa da fass Soris arsebobs uaryofiTi, anu ukupropor-

ciuli damokidebuleba; isini sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT icvlebian.

fasisa da moTxovnis aseT urTierTdamokidebulebas moTxovnis

kanoni ewodeba.

ganvixiloT martivi pirobiTi magaliTi imis sailustraciod,

Tu sxvadasxva fasis pirobebSi ramden kg vaSls yiduloben

momxmareblebi kviraSi (ix. cxrili 3.1).

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, fasis yovel dones Seesabameba

moTxovnis gansazRvruli sidide: Tu vaSls ufasod daarigeben,

momxmareblebi kviraSi, vTqvaT, 12 kg-s SeiZenen. 20 TeTris fasis

pirobebSi momxmareblebi kviraSi 10 kg vaSls yiduloben. vaSlze

fasis zrda mis yidvas amcirebs, xolo rodesac fasi 3 lars

miwodeba da misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi;

fasi da sabazro wonasworoba.

moTxovna da misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi.

moTxovna ewodeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis im raodenobas,

romlis SeZena surT da SeuZliaT momxmareblebs (myidvelebs)

bazarze Camoyalibebuli fasebiT drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi.

saWiroa yuradReba mivaqcioT sityvebs: ̀ surT~ da ̀ SeuZliaT~.

saqme isaa, rom survili erTia, xolo realuri moTxovna _ meore.

moTxovna ewodeba im survils, romelsac zurgs umagrebs myidvelis

jibe, yidvisunarianoba. gamyidvels myidvelis survili (moTxov-

nileba) ki ara, aramed ̀ gadaxdisunariani moTxovnileba~ aintere-

sebs, romelic saTanado fuladi TanxiTaa uzrunvelyofili. maSa-

sadame, moTxovna aris gadaxdisunariani moTxovnileba. am cnebiT

ingliseli ekonomisti Tomas robert malTusi erTmaneTisagan

ganasxvavebda adamianis mxridan raime dovlaTis miRebis survils

da am dovlaTis miRebis realur SesaZleblobas.

yuradRebis Rirsia agreTve sityvebi: `drois gansazRvrul

monakveTSi~. amis gareSe moTxovnis sididis Sesaxeb msjeloba

azrs kargavs. magaliTad, imis Tqma, rom momxmarebels SeuZlia

SeiZinos 10 kg. vaSli, Tu erTi kg-is fasi 0.20 laria, arsebiTad

uSinaarsoa, radgan garkveuli araa im drois xangrZlivoba, romlis

ganmavlobaSic apirebs igi vaSlis am raodenobis SeZenas. winadadeba

azriani gaxdeba mxolod maSin, Tu vityviT: momxmarebels SeuZlia

kviris (Tvis, wlis) ganmavlobaSi iyidos 10 kg vaSli, Tu erTi kg-

is fasi 0.20 laria.

moTxovna im saqonels (momsaxurebas) Seexeba, romlis yidvis

survili da unari aqvs momxmarebels. yidvis moculoba (masa),

anu moTxovnis sidide uSualod gasayidi saqonlis fassa da

momxmareblis Semosavalzea damokidebuli.

moTxovnasa da fass Soris damokidebuleba aseTia: sxva Tanabar

pirobebSi, fasis daweva iwvevs moTxovnis sididis zrdas da,

135134

garkveuli cvlilebis dros?

mrudze yoveli wertili fasis garkveuli donis pirobebSi

mocemul saqonelze moTxovnis sidides gviCvenebs. moTxovnis mrudi

moTxovnis sididis yvela variants aRwers, rac bazarze drois

mocemul momentSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. grafikulad, saqonlis

fasis cvlilebis zemoqmedeba am saqonlis moTxovnis sidideze

moTxovnis mrudis sxvadasxva wertilze gadaadgilebiT gamoixateba.

Cven gavarkvieT sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra gavlenas axdens

fasis cvlileba moTxovnaze. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom fasis

cvlilebaze moTxovnis reagirebis xarisxi saqonelTa mixedviT

gansxvavebulia. moTxovnis raodenobrivi cvlilebis xarisxi fasebis

cvlilebis sapasuxod axasiaTebs moTxovnis elastikurobas

(moqnilobas). am terminSi igulisxmeba moTxovnis cvlilebis

(misi moculobis `mgrZnobiarobis~) xarisxi fasis cvlilebis

mimarT.

ufro martivad Tu vityviT, saqme exeba Semdegs: zogierTi

saqonlis fasis umniSvnelo cvlilebac ki mniSvnelovnad cvlis

am saqonelze moTxovnas. aseT SemTxvevaSi ityvian, rom mocemul

saqonelze moTxovna elastikuria (an SedarebiT elastikuria).

aris sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevebic: _ zogierTi saqonlis fasis

SesamCnevi cvlilebac ki TiTqmis araviTar gavlenas ar axdens

moTxovnis moculobaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom moTxovna

araelastikuria (an SedarebiT araelastikuria).

moTxovnis elastikurobis xarisxis gasazomad iyeneben

moTxovnis fasiseuli elastikurobis koeficients. igi iangariSeba

formuliT:

nax. 3.4. moTxovnis mrudi

aRwevs, momxmareblebi vaSls saerTod aRar yiduloben.

moTxovnis kanonis, anu moTxovnisa da fasis urTierTda-

mokidebulebis gamoxatva SeiZleba grafikuladac (ix. nax. 3.4.).

Tu organzomilebian marTxkuTxa koordinatTa sistemaSi vertika-

lur (ordinatTa) RerZze vaSlis fass, xolo horizontalur

(abscisaTa) RerZze vaSlze moTxovnas aRvniSnavT, movnaxavT

`fasi_moTxovnis~ Svidive variantis Sesabamis wertilebs da

SevaerTebT, miviRebT DD wirs, romelsac moTxovnis mrudi

ewodeba. moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia, eSveba zemodan (Crdilo-

dasavleTidan) qvemoT (samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken). igi gviCvenebs,

rom rac ufro maRalia vaSlze fasi, miT ufro dabalia masze

moTxovna da, piriqiT.

moTxovnis mrudi SesaZleblobas iZleva vupasuxoT or kiTxvas:

jer erTi, rogori iqneba moTxovnis sidide gansxvavebuli fasebis

pirobebSi? da meore, rogor Seicvleba moTxovnis sidide fasebis

137136

cvlelebis Zebnas), xolo fasis yoveli dakleba zrdis masze

moTxovnas (momxmareblebi moumateben mis yidvas sxva Semcvlelebis

nacvlad);

aucilebeli moTxovnilebis sagnebze moTxovna araelasti-

kuria, xolo fufunebis sagnebze _ elastikuri. ase, magaliTad,

puris fasis Secvla naklebad moqmedebs moTxovnis sidideze,

magram sunamos fasis momateba didad Seamcirebs masze moTxovnas;

moTxovnis fasiseuli elastikurobis sidide yovelTvis

uaryofiTi ricxvia, ramdenadac wiladis mricxvelsa da mniSvnels

yovelTvis sxvadasxva niSnebi gaaCniaT. aSS-Si gamocdili gziT

iqna miRebuli moTxovnis fasiseuli elastikurobis (`minusniSniani~)

Semdegi Sefasebebi: sakancelario daniSnulebis saqonelze _ 0,6;

benzinze _ 1,5; sacxovrebel binaze _ 1,9; kinos bileTebze _ 3,9.

amrigad, moTxovnis elastikurobis koeficientis codnas didi

mniSvneloba aqvs mosaxleobis moTxovnis prognozirebisaTvis

sabazro fasebis donis cvlilebis pirobebSi.

moTxovnis mrudis agebisas navaraudevia, rom moTxovnas gaaCnia

mxolod erTi determinanti _ fasi. magram, realurad, arseboben

sxva, arafasismieri faqtorebic, romlebic gavlenas axdenen

moTxovnaze. maT miekuTvneba: myidvelTa raodenoba, momxmarebelTa

gemovneba, maTi Semosavlebis sidide, fasebis momavali cvlilebis

molodini da sxv. bunebrivia, am faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad

moTxovnis mrudis mdebareoba Seicvleba: igi gadaadgildeba marjvniv

(Tu moTxovna izrdeba) an marcxniv (Tu moTxovna mcirdeba).

miwodeba da misi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi.

miwodeba aris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis is raodenoba, romlis

warmoeba da miwodeba SeuZliaT mwarmoeblebs (gamyidvelebs)

bazarze Camoyalibebuli fasebiT drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi.

bazarze saqonlis miwodeba ZiriTadad damokidebulia am saqon-

lis fasze. fasebis done gansazRvravs miwodebuli saqonlis

Tu, magaliTad, A saqonlis fasis 5%-iT Semcirebis Sedegad

masze moTxovna gaizarda 10%-iT, maSin am saqonelze moTxovnis

elastikurobis koeficienti iqneba 2-is toli. Tu B saqonlis

fasi Semcirda 3%-iT, magram masze moTxovna gaizarda mxolod

1%-iT, maSin elastikurobis koeficienti iqneba 1/3. es imas niSnavs,

rom A saqonelze moTxovna elastikuria, xolo B saqonelze _

araelastikuri.

moTxovna elastikuria im SemTxvevaSi, roca saqonel-

ze moTxovnis procentuli zrda metia fasis procentul

Semcirebaze, xolo Tu fasis Semcirebas mosdevs moTxovnis

moculobis naklebi procentuli mateba, moTxovna araelasti-

kuria. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, moTxovna elastikuria, Tu

moTxovnis elastikurobis koeficienti 1-ze metia. Tu es

koeficienti 1-ze naklebia, moTxovna araelastikuria. aris

gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebic, rom koeficienti 1-is tolia da

mas ewodeba moTxovnis erTeuli elastikuroba.

rogorc wesi, elastikuroba SefardebiTi xasiaTisaa:

absoluturi elastikuroba da araelastikuroba ukiduresi

SemTxvevebia. magaliTad, Tu adamianisaTvis aucilebelia apendi-

citis operacia, man es operacia unda gaikeTos miuxedavad imisa,

Tu ra eRireba igi. diabetikma insulini unda iyidos fasis

miuxedavad. aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi moTxovna araelastikuria.

moTxovnis elastikuroba-araelastikurobis Sesaxeb msjelo-

bisas SegviZlia vixelmZRvaneloT Semdegi zogadi debulebebiT:

rac ufro meti kargi Semcvleli (substituti) gaaCnia

mocemul produqts, miT metia masze moTxovnis elastikuroba.

aseTi produqtis fasis umniSvnelo momatebac ki iwvevs masze

moTxovnis mniSvnelovan Sekvecas (momxmareblebi daiwyeben Sem-

moTxovnis sididis procentuli cvlileba

fasis procentuli cvlilebaEd=

139138

nax. 3.5. miwodebis mrudi

romelsac miwodebis mrudi ewodeba.

gansxvavebiT moTxovnis mrudisagan, miwodebis mrudi aRmavalia

(miemarTeba samxreT-dasavleTidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken), radgan

fassa da miwodebas Soris damokidebuleba dadebiTia (ix. nax. 3.5.).

mrudze yoveli wertili fasis garkveuli donis pirobebSi

mocemuli saqonlis miwodebis sidides gviCvenebs. miwodebis mrudi

miwodebis yvela variants aRwers, rac bazarze drois mocemul

momentSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. grafikulad, saqonlis fasis

cvlilebis zemoqmedeba am saqonlis miwodebis sidideze miwodebis

mrudis sxvadasxva wertilze gadaadgilebiT gamoixateba.

miwodebis raodenobrivi cvlilebis xarisxi fasebis cvlilebis

sapasuxod axasiaTebs miwodebis elastikurobas. miwodebis

elastikurobis cnebaSi igulisxmeba misi cvlilebis xarisxi

fasebis dinamikisagan damokidebulebiT. am cvlilebis gasazomad

iyeneben miwodebis elastikurobis koeficients. igi iangariSeba

1 kg vaSlis fasi

(larebSi)

vaSlis kvireuli

miwodeba (kg-ebSi)

0.00

0.20

0.33

0.60

1.00

1.80

3.00

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

cxrili 3.2.

fasis gavlena miwodebis sidideze

(hi poTezuri monacemebi)

moculobas.

miwodebasa da fass Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis daxasi-

aTebis mizniT isev aviRoT pirobiTi cifrobrivi monacemebi, romlebic

gviCveneben, Tu rogor icvleba miwodebis moculoba fasis donis

SecvlasTan erTad (ix. cxrili 3.2).

cxrilidan Cans, rom saqonlis (am SemTxvevaSi _ vaSlis)

fassa da miwodebas Soris damokidebuleba dadebiTi, anu

pirdapirproporciulia; isini erTi da imave mimarTulebiT icvlebian.

es gasagebicaa: fasis zrda mogebas adidebs, rac aZlierebs

mwarmoeblis dainteresebas meti awarmoos da miawodos bazars.

aRniSnuli kanonzomiereba ekonomikaSi miwodebis kanonis

saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

cxrilSi motanili monacemebis safuZvelze marTxkuTxa

koordinantTa sistemaSi Tu movnaxavT ̀ fasi-miwodebis~ Svidive

variantis Sesabamis wertilebs da SevaerTebT, miviRebT SS wirs,

141140

nax. 3.6. sabazro wonasworoba

gamyidvelTa raodenoba da sxv. cxadia, am faqtorebis zemoqmedeba

iwvevs miwodebis mrudis Sesabamis gadaadgilebas marjvniv (Tu

miwodeba izrdeba) an marcxniv (Tu miwodeba mcirdeba).

fasi da sabazro wonasworoba. fasi (P) saqonlis

Rirebulebis fuladi gamoxatulebaa, romelsac adgens bazari

miwodeba-moTxovnis safuZvelze. wonasworoba bazarze iseT

mdgomareobas ewodeba, rodesac moTxovna da miwodeba gaTanabre-

bulia. moTxovna da miwodeba bazarze erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad

ar arsebobs. Cven cal-calke isini imitom ganvixileT, rom

TiToeulis Sinaarsi ufro kargad gagvego.

axla saWiroa erTmaneTs davukavSiroT moTxovna da miwodeba

da davakvirdeT _ maTi rogori kombinacia gansazRvravs sabazro

miwodebis sididis procentuli cvlileba

fasis procentuli cvlilebaEs=

formuliT:

miwodeba fasis mimarT aris elastikuri an araelastikuri.

es gansxvaveba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqonlis mwarmoebel-

TaTvis, romlebic winaswar akeTeben axal nakeTobaTa elastiku-

robis xarisxis prognozs.

miwodeba elastikuri xdeba maSin, rodesac misi sidide

icvleba ufro didi procentiT, vidre fasi. rogorc mravali

qveynis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, miwodebis elastikurobis koefi-

cients _ grZelvadian periodSi fasebis wonasworobis pirobebSi

_ gaaCnia zrdis tendencia, e.i. fasebis zrda gansazRvrul sididemde

ramdenadme ufro meti xarisxiT iwvevs warmoebisa da miwodebis

gadidebas.

miwodeba araelastikuria maSin, Tu igi ar icvleba

fasebis amaRlebis an Semcirebis sapasuxod. es damaxasiaTe-

belia mravali saqonlisaTvis moklevadian periodSi. magaliTad,

dabalia elastikurobis xarisxi malfuWebadi produqtebisaTvis,

romelTa didi raodenobiT Senaxvac SeuZlebelia. amasTan, miwodeba

nela icvleba moTxovnasTan SedarebiT. marTlac, xom sakmaod

Znelia warmoebis gadarTva axal nakeTobaTa gamoSvebaze, resursebis

gadanawileba gamosaSveb saqonelTa raodenobis SecvlisaTvis.

amrigad, miwodebis elastikurobis koeficientis dinamikis

codnas didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqonlis warmoebisa da gayidvis

moculobaTa winaswar gansazRvrisaTvis fasTa cvlilebisagan

damokidebulebiT.

miwodebis mrudis agebisas daSvebulia, rom miwodeba mxolod

faszea damokidebuli. sinamdvileSi masze gavlenas axdens sxva,

arafasismieri faqtorebic. maT miekuTvneba: warmoebis xarjebi,

teqnologia, gadasaxadebi, fasis momavali cvlilebis molodini,

143142

wonasworobis fasi bazris yvela monawiles akmayofilebs:

myidvelebi maTTvis sasurvel produqts yiduloben, xolo

gamyidvelebi yvela warmoebul produqts maTTvis misaReb fasebSi

yidian.

gamyidvelebisa da myidvelebis moqmedeba bunebrivad ubiZgebs

bazars wonasworobisaken. ganvixiloT situacia, rodesac sabazro

fasi wonasworobis fasis toli ar aris.

davuSvaT, rom sabazro fasi wonasworobis fasze metia. am

SemTxvevaSi vaSlis miwodeba masze moTxovnas aWarbebs. warmo-

iqmneba saqonlis siWarbe: gamyidvelebs am raodenobis produqciis

realizeba ar SeuZliaT. aseT situacias Warbi miwodeba ewodeba.

am pirobebSi vaSlis gamyidveli iZulebulia sakuTar produqciaze

fasi im dromde Seamciros, vidre bazari wonasworobis mdgomareobas

ar daubrundeba (grafikze amas uCvenebs qvemoT mimarTuli isrebi).

ganvixiloT sapirispiro situacia. davuSvaT, rom vaSlze

sabazro fasi wonasworobis fasze naklebia. am SemTxvevaSi

warmoiSoba daukmayofilebeli sabazro moTxovna. vinaidan

sabazro fasi wonasworobis fasze naklebia, moTxovnis moculoba

miwodebis moculobas aRemateba. da radgan myidvels meti vaSlis

SeZena surs, mimwodeblebi sargebloben bazris deficitiT da

zrdian fasebs (grafikze amas uCvenebs zemoT mimarTuli isrebi).

orive SemTxvevaSi fasis cvlileba bazars moTxovnisa da miwodebis

wonasworobisaken ubiZgebs.

amrigad, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, mravalricxovani gamyidve-

lisa da myidvelis erToblivi moqmedeba sabazro fass avtoma-

turad wonasworobis fasisaken ubiZgebs. rodesac bazarze wonas-

woroba myardeba, gamyidvelebi da myidvelebi kmayofildebian da

fasze zewola qreba.

Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi bazarze Warbi miwodeba

an daukmayofilebeli moTxovna droebiTi movlenebia, radganac

fasebi yovelTvis wonasworobisaken miiswrafian. am movlenas

moTxovna-miwodebis kanons uwodeben, romlis mixedviTac

fass da yidva-gayidvis moculobas (ix. nax. 3.6).

Tu Cvens mier motanili pirobiTi magaliTebis mixedviT

vimsjelebT, amocana aseTia: 1kg vaSlis Svidi SesaZlebeli fasidan

romelia sabazro fasi? SeiZleba Tu ara sabazro fasi iyos 3

lari, e.i. SesaZlebeli fasebidan yvelaze maRali fasi?

rogorc cnobilia, maRali fasi iwvevs mwarmoebelTa dainte-

resebas meti awarmoon da miawodon bazars. miwodebis gadideba

droTa ganmavlobaSi iwvevs siWarbes, rasac Sedegad mosdevs

gamyidvelTa Soris konkurenciis gamwvaveba da fasis daweva.

amrigad, saqonlis yvelaze maRali fasi didxans ver `gaZlebs~,

konkurenciis Sedegad klebas iwyebs.

axla gadavinacvloT joxis meore boloSi: SeiZleba Tu ara

sabazro fasi iyos SesaZlebeli fasebidan erT-erTi yvelaze

dabali 0.20 lari? didxans es fasic ver `gaZlebs~, radgan

siiafis pirobebSi saqonlis myidvelTa ricxvi gaizrdeba, maT

Soris konkurencia gaZlierdeba, rasac Sedegad mohyveba fasis

mateba. dabali fasi asustebs mwarmoebelTa dainteresebas mocemuli

produqtis warmoebiT, rasac droTa ganmavlobaSi mosdevs deficiti.

fasis aseTi moZraoba gagrZeldeba manamde, sanam moTxovna da

miwodeba erTmaneTs ar gautoldeba da grafikze maTi mrudebi ar

gadaikveTeba.

grafikze moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebs mxolod erTi

gadakveTis wertili aqvs, rasac sabazro wonasworoba ewodeba.

fass, romelic am wertilSi (e.i. bazarze moTxovnisa da miwodebis

tolobisas) yalibdeba, wonasworobis fasi, xolo yidva-gayidvis

raodenobas wonasworobis moculoba ewodeba.

amrigad, wonasworobis fasi saqonlis fasia, romliTac

moTxovnis raodenoba emTxveva miwodebis raodenobas; wonasworobis

moculoba saqonlis is raodenobaa, romelic SesaZlebelia gaiyidos

wonasworobis, anu sabazro fasiT. Cvens mier ganxilul magaliTSi

wonasworobis fasi 0.60 lars, xolo wonasworobis moculoba 6

kg vaSls Seadgens.

145144

masze moTxovnas, misi fasi klebas iwyebs, mogeba mcirdeba da amiT

signals aZlevs mwarmoebels Tavi Seikavos am saqonlis warmo-

ebisagan. piriqiT, Tu saqoneli cotaa, misi fasi matulobs, riTac

bazari atyobinebs mwarmoebels meti awarmoos. aqedan gamomdinareobs

fasis makoordinirebeli roli sabazro ekonomikaSi. swored

fasis meSveobiT myardeba wonasworoba moTxovnasa da miwodebas

Soris.

sabazro fasebis cvlilebaze sazogadoebis wevrTa reagirebis

procesSi xdeba maTi kerZo interesebis gardaqmna, gadaxarSva

TanamSromlobad. fasebis cvlilebaze mwarmoebelTa (myidvelTa)

reagirebas safuZvlad udevs kerZo interesebi, yvela cdilobs

Secvlili fasebis pirobebSi ise moiqces, rom maqsimaluri

Semosavali miiRos: myidveli adidebs im saqonlis SeZenas, romlis

fasi klebulobs, xolo mwarmoebeli zrdis im saqonlis miwodebas,

romlis fasi matulobs. amrigad, fasebis moZraoba da miwo-

debisa da moTxovnis urTierTzemoqmedeba _ esaa urTier-

TSeguebis, SeTanxmebis, TanamSromlobis procesi.

moTxovnisa da miwodebis kanonebi, sabazro faswarmoqmnis

meqanizmi yvelaze efeqtianad wminda anu srulyofili konkurenciis

pirobebSi moqmedebs. magram wminda (srulyofili) konkurenciuli

bazari realurad ar arsebobs; is mxolod Teoriuli abstraqciaa

da realur cxovrebaSi gzas didi siZneleebiT ikafavs.

saqonlis fasi im donisaken miiswrafis, sadac saqonlis miwodeba

da masze moTxovna wonaswordeba.

moTxovnisa da miwodebis kanonebis, sabazro fasis Camoyalibebis

meqanizmis codna saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro Rrmad CavixedoT

sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi da vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ra

aregulirebs sabazro ekonomikas?

sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis ukan dgas resursebis

iSviaTobis aCrdili. iSviaToba rom ar arsebobdes, e.i. adamianebs

rom SeeZloT sasurveli resursi da saqoneli miiRon msxverplis

gaRebis gareSe, maSin moTxovna-miwodebis Tanafardobaze, fasze

msjeloba yovelgvar azrs dakargavda.

swored iSviaToba ayenebs kiTxvebs: rogor ganawildes defi-

cituri resursebi? vin da ra unda gaakeTos imisaTvis, rom

adamianebma gamoiyenon SezRuduli SesaZleblobani da ukeT

daikmayofilon moTxovnilebani? es aris arCevanis, SeTanxmebis,

TanamSromlobis sagani. magram TaTbirebi, romelTa Sedegadac

miiRweva SeTanxmeba da TanamSromloba, ewyoba ara sxdomaTa

darbazebsa da komitetebSi, aramed bazarze, xolo molaparakebis

enaa ara inglisuri, rusuli an franguli, aramed yvela enas

Soris yvelaze saerTaSoriso ena _ fasi. miwodeba da moTxovna

(anu mwarmoebeli da momxmarebeli, gamyidveli da myidveli)

erTmaneTs elaparakebian fasebis meSveobiT, fasebis eniT.

ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, isini arc elaparakebian erTmaneTs,

magram SesaniSnavad esmiT erTmaneTisa. maRaziaSi Sesuli myidveli,

gamofenili saqonlisa da maTze aRniSnuli fasebis gacnobis

Semdeg, gamyidvels aniSnebs, esa da es nivTi Semixvieo. gamyidveli

mas ar ekiTxeba, Tanaxma xar Tu ara gadaixado fasi, romelic am

saqonels aweriao. yvelaferi isedac gasagebia. Tu myidvels ar

awyobs romelime saqonlis fasi, man unda eZios misi substitutebi.

Tu mwarmoebels epataraveba bazarze Camoyalibebuli fasi, mas

rCeba erTaderTi gza: Tavi mianebos am saqonlis warmoebas da

sxva saqme eZios. roca ama Tu im saqonlis miwodeba sWarbobs

147146

iseTi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebiT, romelsac, maTi varaudiT,

sxvebi SeiZenen. amiT isini am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sanacvlod

fuls Rebuloben. imisaTvis, raTa warmatebiT gaarTvan Tavi

konkurencias, adamianebi da sawarmoebi nebayoflobiT TanamSrom-

loben erTmaneTTan da koordinirebuli moqmedebiT momxmareb-

lisaTvis saWiro ufro met saqonelsa da momsaxurebas awarmoeben.

faqtobrivad, sabazro konkurencia erTi ZiriTadi aspeqtiT

gansxvavdeba sportuli metoqeobisagan, sadac gamarjveba auci-

leblad gulisxmobs sxvis damarcxebas. ekonomikaSi aucilebeli

ar aris yvelam gaimarjvos, magram yvelas SeuZlia gamarjveba

da erTis gamarjvebis SedegebiT sargeblobis miReba. sabazro

konkurencia emsaxureba rogorc myidvelebis, aseve gamyidvelebis

interesebs, anu orive mxarisaTvis momgebiania. amis gamo konkurencia

Tavisufali mewarmeobis ekonomikis qvakuTxedia.

es imiT aixsneba, rom mogebis gazrdis survili mewarmeebs

aiZulebs siaxleTa danergvas, ufro meti da ukeTesi xarisxis

saqonlis warmoebas, meti maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebis

Seqmnas, resursebis ufro efeqtian gamoyenebas, warmoebis muSakTa

kvalifikaciis amaRlebas da Sromis organizaciis srulyofas.

misi Sedegia produqciis erTeulze sawarmos danaxarjebis Semcireba,

rac iZleva fasis Semcirebis SesaZleblobas. es aCqarebs warmoebuli

saqonlis realizacias da zrdis sawarmos mogebas. sabolood,

mocemuli sawarmos konkurentunarianoba bazarze gamovlindeba.

maSasadame, konkurencia sawarmos mogebis maqsimizaciis erT-erTi

pirobaa.

amrigad, Tavisufali mewarmeobis ekonomikaSi mwarmoeblebs

Soris konkurencia xels uwyobs saqonlis xarisxis amaRlebas

da masze SedarebiT dabali fasis dawesebas. radgan TiToeuli

Cvengani (gamyidveli Tu myidveli) momxareblebi varT, amdenad,

konkurencia yvelasaTvis sasargebloa.

zogierTi warmatebuli sawarmo mimarTavs fasobriv konkuren-

cias, inarCunebs ra sawarmoo danaxarjebisa da fasebis maqsimalurad

leqcia 10. sabazro struqturis

ZiriTadi tipebi da maTi

daxasiaTeba

`konkurencia aris individTa saq-

mianobis marTvis saukeTeso wesi.~

a.f.haieki

`konkurenciis arasrulyofilebaTa

Sesamcireblad mTeli eri unda ibrZodes

da mudam sifxizles inarCunebdes.~

p.samuelsoni

sabazro struqturis arsi da misi ZiriTadi

tipebis zogadi daxasiaTeba. sportuli metoqeoba TamaSs

sainteresos xdis da sportsmenebs sakuTar SesaZleblobaTa

maqsimumis gamovlenas aiZulebs. magram mZafri metoqeobis garda,

yoveli TamaSi koordinaciis magaliTsac gviCvenebs. es exeba rogorc

calkeul sportsmenebs, romlebic urTules moZraobebs Zalada-

utaneblad da moxdenilad asruleben, ise Tavad gundebs, romelTa

warmatebac moTamaSeebis erTobliv moqmedebazea damokidebuli.

mokled, saWiroa calkeuli sportsmenebis monacemTa koordinacia

rogorc gundebis, ise im ligis doneze, sadac isini asparezoben.

bevri ram ekonomikaSic swored asea. ekonomikur saqmianobaSi

calkeul adamianTa an maTi jgufis interesebi xSirad erTmaneTs

upirispirdeba da maT Soris Cndeba metoqeoba TavianTi SezRu-

duli resursebis ufro momgebiani gamoyenebis mizniT. amasTan,

metoqeobis xasiaTze didadaa damokidebuli misi Sedegic.

Tavisufali mewarmeobis ekonomikaSi metoqeobas sabazro

konkurencia ewodeba. aq yvela cdilobs warmatebas miaRwios

149148

fili anu `wminda~ konkurenciiT da damTavrebuli abso-

luturi anu `wminda~ monopoliiT . Tanamedrove realur

ekonomikur sistemebSi, da saerTodac, srulyofili anu ̀ wminda~

konkurencia, iseve rogorc absoluturi anu ̀ wminda~ monopolia

Teoriuli abstraqciaa, romlebic gamoxataven or polarul sabazro

situacias, or logikur zRvars. es modelebi, TiToeuli am situaciis

pirobebSi, Teoriulad asaxaven mogebis maqsimizaciis mimarTulebiT

individualur sawarmoTa SesaZlo saqmianobis ZiriTad kanonzomi-

erebebs. realur sinamdvileSi maT Soris ̀ Tavsdeba~ anu funqci-

onirebs arasrulyofili konkurencia, rodesac kompaniebi mono-

polisturi konkurenciis an oligopoliis pirobebSi ewevian

konkurencias.

qvemoT mocemulia sabazro struqturis CamoTvlili ti-

pebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSanTa sqematuri cxrili, romelic

zogad warmodgenas gvaZlevs TiToeul maTganze (ix. cxrili 3.3).

magram sakiTxSi meti sicxadis SetanisaTvis saWiroa maTi detaluri

ganxilva.

Tavdapirvelad Cven ganvixilavT polarul sabazro struq-

turebs: srulyofil anu wminda konkurencias da absolutur anu

wminda monopolias. aseTi dapirispireba ufro reliefurad

warmoaCens kontrastebs da amiT gviadvilebs maTs gagebas. Semdeg

mivubrundebiT Sualedur sabazro situaciebs _ monopolistur

konkurenciasa da oligopolias (romlebic zogjer wodebulia

arasrulyofili konkurenciis modelebad).

wminda konkurencia. wminda konkurenciuli bazris Ziri-

Tadi niSania damoukideblad moqmed mwarmoebelTa (gamyidvelTa)

da momxmarebelTa (myidvelTa) didi raodenoba. aseTi bazris

magaliTebia: soflis meurneobis produqtebis bazari, fasiani qaRal-

debis bazari (safondo birJa), ucxo qveynebis valutaTa bazari

da sxv.

aseTi bazrebi imiT gamoirCevian, rom aq iyideba standartuli

dabal dones. magram, fasis garda, konkurenciis sxva meTodebic

arsebobs. Tu waikiTxavT Jurnals, uyurebT televizors an

gaiseirnebT savaWro centrSi, Tqven aRmoaCenT sawarmoebs, romlebic

konkurencias sul sxvadasxva meTodebiT ewevian. magaliTad, zogierTi

kompania sakuTari saqonlis gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis reklamiT

eweva konkurencias. sxvebi yuradRebas amaxvileben gansakuTrebuli

saxis momsaxurebaze, romelsac isini momxmareblebs sTavazoben.

zogierTebi xazs usvamen, konkurentebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesi

masalebisa da warmoebis meTodebis gamoyenebas, rac ufro maRali

xarisxis produqcias niSnavs.

bevri kompania Tavisi saqmianobis ramdenime momentze amaxvilebs

yuradRebas. rogorc kalaTburTelTa maRali klasis mwvrTneli

Zalebs ar iSurebs asparezobisas Tavisi gundis upiratesobis

gasazrdelad metoqe gundebTan SedarebiT, zustad aseve mewarmeebi

da sawarmoTa xelZRvanelebi eZeben iseT strategiebs, romelic

maT bazarze konkurenciisas warmatebas moutans.

`fasis mimRebni~ da `fasis maZiebelni~ ganasaxiereben

ekonomistebis mier aRweril ori saxis strategias. fasis mimRebni

Rebuloben bazris mier gansazRvrul fass da Semdeg wyveten,

ramdeni awarmoon am fasad. fasis maZiebelni ki eZeben Sesaferis

fass, romelic Tavisi saqonlisaTvis unda moiTxovon. is, Tu

romeli strategiaa saukeTeso ama Tu im sawarmosaTvis,

damokidebulia im bazris organizaciaze (struqturaze), sadac

mimdinareobs konkurencia.

bazris struqturis tipebi, faswarmoqmnis pirobebi da

nairsaxeobani praqtikulad amouwuravia; isini erTmaneTSi gadadian,

erTmaneTs avseben, sufTa saxiT ar arseboben. miuxedavad amisa,

ekonomikuri mecniereba mainc axerxebs gamoyos sabazro struqturis

ramdenime ZiriTadi tipi (modeli), romelTa meSveobiT xdeba

warmoebis moculobis gansazRvra, miwodebisa da moTxovnis

Tanafardobis damyareba da sabazro fasebis Camoyalibeba.

bazris struqtura sxvadasxvagvaria, dawyebuli srulyo-

151150

anu erTgvarovani produqcia. es imas niSnavs, rom erTi da

imave fasis dros myidvelisaTvis sul erTia, Tu romeli gamyidve-

lisagan SeiZens produqts. es imasac niSnavs, rom aseT bazrebze

arsebobs mxolod fasiseuli konkurencia, e.i. adgili ara

aqvs konkurencias produqtis xarisxis, reklamis an momsaxurebis

mixedviT. gamyidveli ver axdens fasebze gavlenas, mas ar

SeuZlia myidvels Tavisi (momatebuli) fasi ukarnaxos, radgan

mis gverdiT imave saqonlis uamravi gamyidvelia. igi emorCileba,

egueba bazarze Camoyalibebul fass. wminda konkurenciis pirobebSi

dargSi Sesvla (axali sawarmos gaxsna, bazarze adgilis dakaveba)

da dargidan gasvla arafriT araa SezRuduli, Tavisufalia.

aseTia wminda konkurenciuli bazris ZiriTadi niSnebi. eko-

nomistTa udidesi nawili im azrisaa, rom aseTi ekonomika uzru-

nvelyofs sawarmoo resursebis yvelaze efeqtian gamoyenebas,

TviTregulirebadia, unari Seswevs Seaxamos kerZo da sazogadoebrivi

interesebi.

wminda monopolia. wminda, absoluturad monopoliuri

bazari gvaqvs maSin, rodesac erTi firma aris erTaderTi

mwarmoebeli produqtisa, romelsac kargi Semcvleli ar

gaaCnia. am SemTxvevaSi dargi da sawarmo sinonimebia. pro-

duqtis unikalurobis gamo momxmarebels arCevanis saSualeba

ara aqvs; man an unda SeiZinos es produqti monopolistisagan, an

mis gareSe darCes. monopolisti bazars (myidvels) karnaxobs

Tavis fass. amis SesaZlebloba mas eZleva imis gamo, rom

konkurentebi ar hyavs.

wminda monopoliis pirobebSi dargSi Sesvla (axal

sawarmoTa gaxsna) blokirebulia. dargSi Sesvlas SeiZleba

eRobebodes ekonomikuri, teqnikuri da iuridiuli barierebi. saqme

isaa, rom wminda monopolisti, rogorc wesi, msxvili sawarmoa,

romelsac axalbeda mewarmeebi konkurencias ver uweven.

wminda monopoliis magaliTia agreTve sawarmoebi, romlebsac

cxrili 3.3.bazris oTxi ZiriTadi modeli da maTi

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi

bazris modelebi

1 2 3 4 5

firmaTaraodenoba

produqtistipi

kontrolifasze

dargSiSesvlispirobebi

arafasobrivikonkurencia

magaliTebi

Zalianbevri

standar-tuli

ar aris

Zalianioli,

Seferxebaaraa

ararsebobs

soflismeurneobisproduqciis

bazari

bevri

diferenci-rebuli

zogierTi,magram sakmaod

viwrofarglebSi

SedarebiTioli

mniSvnelovanidayrdnobareklamaze,savaWroniSnebze,

markebze da a.S.

sacalovaWroba,

tanscmlis,fexsacmlis dasxva saqonlis

bazrebi

ramdenime

standartulian diferenci-

rebuli

urTierTdamo-kidebulebiTSezRuduli,

mniSvnelovanifaruli

SeTanxmebisas

arsebiTiSeferxeba ar

aris

Zalze tipiuri,gansakuTrebiTproduqtTadiferen-ciaciisas

foladis,avtomobilebis,

sasoflo-sameurneuinventaris,mravali

sayofacxovreboeleqtronulxelsawyoTabazrebi

erTi

unikaluri,ar arisuaxloesiSemcvleli

mniSvne-lovani

blokire-bulia

umTavresadsazogado-

ebrivorganizaci-

ebTankavSirisreklama

sazogadoeb-rivi

saqonlisada

momsaxurebismwarmoebelsawarmoTaproduqciis

bazari

damaxasia-

Tebeli

niSnebi

wminda

konku-

rencia

monopo-

listuri

konkurencia

oligo-

polia

wminda

mono-

polia

153152

turi konkurenciis erT-erTi niSania produqtis diferenciacia

_ saqonlis an momsaxurebis gansakuTrebuli TaviseburebebisaTvis

xazgasma. magaliTad, ̀ uendisis~, ̀ makdonaldsis~, ̀ karls junioris~

da sxva restornebis hamburgerebi SeiZleba didad ar gansxvavde-

bodes erTmaneTisgan, magram yoveli kompania iyenebs gansakuTrebul

sawebelebs Tu damzadebis meTodebs, anda yvels an lors amatebs

Tavisi hamburgerebis diferencirebis mizniT. arsebobs bevri sxva

saSualebac, rasac sawarmoebi iyeneben sakuTari produqtebis

diferencirebis gziT klientebis mozidvisaTvis. maT Soris umTav-

resia:

klientTa momsaxureba. warmoidgineT, rom uaxlovdebiT

gzajvaredins, sadac ori benzingasamarTi sadguria. TiToeuli

erTsa da imave fass iTxovs erTnairi xarisxis benzinSi. ris gamo

mianiWebdiT upiratesobas erT-erT maTgans?

erTi maTgani, albaT, benzinis yoveli Casxmis dros klients

manqanis ufasod garecxvas sTavazobs, meore ki _ manqanaSi zeTs

SegimowmebT da saqare minas gagirecxavT. es aris gansakuT-

rebuli momsaxurebis magaliTebi, riTac sawarmoebi klientTa

yuradRebas ipyroben.

garantia da teqnikuri uzrunvelyofa. vinc kompiute-

rul programas yidulobs, xSirad im kompanias mimarTavs xolme,

romelic momxmarebels saukeTesi teqnikur uzrunvelyofas sTava-

zobs. dRes kbilis pastasac ki zed telefonis nomeri aweria,

romelzec myidvels SeuZlia darekos, Tu raime SekiTxva daebadeba.

xSirad swored garantia garwmunebT erT romelime produqts

mianiWoT upiratesoba meoresTan SedarebiT. manqanebiT movaWre

sawarmos teqnikuri momsaxurebis ganyofilebis reputacias ki

SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos ama Tu im markis avtomobilis SeZenis

gadawyvetilebaze.

prestiJi. mravali sawarmo sakuTari produqciis diferenci-

rebis mizniT TvalSi sacem etiketebs iyenebs. Tqven, albaT, odesme

giyidiaT perangi, halstuxi, qudi an CanTa mxolod imitom, rom

mfarvelobs saxelmwifo. eseni arian, umTavresad, e.w. ̀ bunebrivi

monopoliebi~: eleqtro- da gazmomaragebis kompaniebi, wyalsadenisa

da kavSirgabmulobis sawarmoebi, Tavdacvis obieqtebi da a.S.

am dargebSi axali sawarmoebis gaxsnas saxelmwifo aregu-

lirebs patentebisa da licenziebis gacemiT.

absolutur monopolists Tavisi mdgomareoba saSualebas

aZlevs fasebi xelovnurad gaadidos da am gziT uzrunvelyos

maRali mogebis miReba. imave mizezis gamo, mas ar gaaCnia avtoma-

turi stimuli siaxleTa danergvisa, maSin rodesac konkurenciuli

bazris pirobebSi gakotrebis SiSi mwarmoebels ubiZgebs siaxleTa

gamoyenebisaken. magram naTqvami imas ar niSnavs, rom monopolisti

sruliad Tavisufalia Tavis moqmedebebSi. sabazro Zalebi masac

garkveul CarCoebSi ayenebs.

monopolisturi konkurencia. rogorc saxelwodeba

gviCvenebs, bazris es tipi warmoadgens monopoliisa da konkurenciis

_ am ori urTierTgamomricxavi sawyisis _ narevs.

monopolisturi konkurencia gulisxmobs iseT sabazro si-

tuacias, rodesac SedarebiT saSualo sawarmoTa sakmaod

didi ricxvi awarmoebs da yidis msgavs, magram ara iden-

tur produqtebs. aseTi sabazro situaciis Sesaqmnelad sakma-

risia 25, 35, 60, 70 sawarmo.

aqedan gamomdinareobs monopolisturi konkurenciis ramdenime

Tavisebureba:

TiToeuli sawarmo awarmoebs produqciis mTeli mocu-

lobis SedarebiT mcire nawils da, amdenad, Zalze SezRudulia

misi SesaZlebloba _ gavlena moaxdinos bazris fasebze;

faqtobrivad gamoricxulia faruli SeTanxmebebi sawarmoTa

Soris;

TiToeuli sawarmo sakmaod Tavisufalia gadawyvetilebis

miRebaSi.

wminda konkurenciuli bazrisagan gansxvavebiT, monopolis-

155154

oligopoliur firmebSi iwarmoeba rogorc standar-

tuli, ise diferencirebuli produqtebi (standartuli:

foladi, rkina, cinki, spilenZi, cementi da sxv.; diferencirebuli:

avtomobilebi, saburavebi, sigaretebi da sxv.).

oligopolia, ra Tqma unda, konkurencias ar spobs: is

ramdenime giganturi firma, romlebic warmoadgenen mocemul dargs,

erTmaneTisaTvis saSiSi da yovlisSemZle konkurentebi arian.

magram imave dros oligopolia warmoSobs axal fenomens, romelic

ar axasiaTebs bazris sxva tipebs, _ esaa sayovelTao damo-

kidebuleba erTmaneTze.

es urTierTdamokidebuleba Zneli warmosadgeni araa. vTqvaT,

dargSi gabatonebulia sami firma, romelTagan TiToeuls ekuTvnis

produqtis erovnuli warmoebis mesamedi. aseT viTarebaSi verc

erTi firma ver miiRebs gadawyvetilebas ise, rom ar gaiTvaliswinos

danarCeni oris reagireba am gadawyvetilebaze.

mcirericxovnoba da erTmaneTze damokidebuleba nayofieri

niadagia oligopolistebs Soris saidumlo SeTanxmebaTa misaR-

wevad. SeTanxmebani (rogorc gaformebuli, ise jentlmenuri)

SeiZleba exebodes fasebis dafiqsirebas, bazrebis ganawilebas da

sxv. SeTanxmebaTa mizania firmebs Soris konkurenciis simZafris

SezRudva _ Serbileba.

oligopolias axasiaTebs lideroba fasebSi. arsebobs

praqtika: mTavari firma (lideri) cvlis saqonlis fass, xolo

sxvebi avtomaturad misdeven am cvlilebas (e.i. TviTonac am

fasebiT iwyeben gayidvas). es aris meTodi, romlis daxmarebiTac

oligopolistebs SeuZliaT fasebis politikis koordinireba ise,

rom ar mimarTon aSkara molaparakebas fasebis sakiTxSi.

fasebsa da bazris gayofaze SeTanxmebis xelmomwer sawar-

moTa jgufs ewodeba karteli. am SemTxvevaSi ramdenime sawarmo

gamodis rogorc erTi mTliani da mas SeiZleba jgufuri mono-

polia ewodos.

mas gansakuTrebuli safirmo niSani an emblema hqonia. kompaniebi

bevrs muSaoben dadebiTi imijis Sesaqmnelad. vinc cnobili firmis

mier warmoebul mzis saTvales yidulobs, xSirad marto Tvalebis

mzisagan dacviT ar aris dainteresebuli.

monopolisturi konkurenciis dros dargSi (bazarSi) Ses-

vla da iqidan gamosvla SedarebiT iolia, radgan sawarmoebi

maincdamainc didebi ar arian da, amdenad, axali efeqturi sawar-

moebis mowyoba ar moiTxovs did kapitaldabandebebs. magram

konkurencia aq mZafria da sawarmoebma Zalebi ar unda daiSuron

sakuTari produqciisaTvis gansakuTrebuli adgilis (niSis)

mosapoveblad.

oligopolia. bazris oligopoliuri struqtura romelime

dargSi ramdenime msxvili sawarmos (daaxloebiT 3-5) Soris

SeiZleba arsebobdes, rac gulisxmobs SeTanxmebas fasebsa da

bazris gayofaze.

oligopoliis rolis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis

Semdegi monacemebi. 2000 wels aSS-Si oTxi firmis xvedriTi

wona qvemoT dasaxelebuli produqtebis erovnul warmoebaSi

Seadgenda: saojaxo macivrebi _ 94%, motoriani satransporto

saSualebebi _ 92%, saojaxo sarecxi manqanebi _ 91%, sigaretebi

_ 90%; gluvi SuSa _ 85%, telefonis aparatebi _ 76% da sxv.

ratom xdeba ase? ra iwvevs imas, rom zogierTi dargi Sed-

geba sul ramdenime firmisagan? amis mTavari mizezia danaxarjTa

ekonomia. `masStabis efeqti~ swored is aris, rom arsebobs

dargebi, romlebSic yvelaze efeqtiani warmoebis mowyoba didi

masStabis pirobebSia SesaZlebeli. magaliTebad gamogvadgeba zemoT

dasaxelebuli produqtebis mwarmoebeli sawarmoebi.

ra Tqma unda, es ar exeba yvela dargs. piriqiT, bevr SemTxvevaSi

gacilebiT efeqtiania SedarebiT mcire sawarmoebi. am safuZvelze

xdeba e.w. ̀ mcire biznesis~ ganviTareba.

157156

centraciis cneba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli bazarze arsebuli

konkurentuli sawarmoebis raodenobasTan. ganasxvaveben sabazro

koncentraciis dargobriv da agregatul maCveneblebs.

sabazro koncentraciis dargobrivi maCvenebeli gamo-

iTvleba, rogorc 4 an 8 umsxvilesi sawarmos wili dargis

produqciaSi. zogierT qveyanaSi es wili sakmaod maRalia. magaliTad,

aSS-is saavtomobilo mrewvelobaSi koncentraciis koeficienti

90%-s aRemateba, sigaretis warmoebaSi es maCvenebeli 85%-ia,

ludis damzadebaSi _ 70% da a.S. samagierod, koncentraciis

done sakmaod dabalia komerciul liTografiaSi (5%), rZis

mrewvelobaSi (14%), gazeTis beWdvaSi (15%) da ualkoholo

sasmelebis warmoebaSi (16%).

zogadad miRebuli kriteriumis mixedviT, Tu dargSi 4 um-

sxvilesi sawarmos (kompaniis) wilad modis 50%-ze meti

dargobrivi produqcia, maSin aseTi dargi iTvleba Zlier koncentri-

rebul dargad, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri oligo-

poliuri situacia. aSS-is gadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi aseT

dargebs miekuTvneba: liTondamuSaveba (50%), sasoflo-sameurneo

manqanaTmSenebloba (53%), parfiumeriis mrewveloba (60%),

salteebis mrewveloba (66%), TviTmfrinavmSenebloba (72%), foto-

mowyobiloba (72%), ludis mrewveloba (77%) da saavtomobilo

mrewveloba (92%).

im SemTxvevaSi, roca koncentraciis done 25-ze naklebia,

maSin bazari met-naklebad Tanabrad gayofilia calkeul mwarmo-

eblebs Soris. aseT bazrebze sawarmos ekonomikuri saqmianoba

ufro metad Seesabameba srulyofili an monopolisturi

konkurenciis modelebs.

dargobrivi koncentraciis erT-erTi mizezia bazarze Ses-

vlis barieris arseboba. igi iTvaliswinebs arsebul bazarze

axali firmebis Sesvlis winaaRmdeg dabrkolebis Seqmnas. im bazarze,

sadac ar arsebobs arsebiTi ekonomia warmoebis masStabze da

aseve ar arsebobs bazarze Sesvlis mniSvnelovani barierebi,

* kvota _ laT. quota, quot _ (ramdeni) _ ekonomikaSi karteluriSeTanxmebis CarCoSi masSi Semavali monawilis wili mTlian warmoebaSi angasaRebaSi.

** OPEC _ (ing. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) _Seiqmna 1960 wels (baRdadi), aerTianebs navTobis mompovebel 12 qveyanas.

karteli arastabiluri gaerTianebaa da igi Semdegi Siga

winaaRmdegobebiT xasiaTdeba:

pirveli problema, romelic warmoiSoba kartelis winaSe,

esaa bazarze kontroli. ramdenadac kartelis mizania konkurentul

doneze fasis zrda, igi magnitiviT izidavs axal kompaniebs mocemul

bazarze. magram bazarze warmoebis didi raodenoba amcirebs

TiToeulis wils mTlian SemosavalSi da araefeqtianad aqcevs

kartelur SeTanxmebas;

meore, ufro seriozuli problema, kvotis problemaa.

TiToeuli subieqti (sawarmo) Tavisi kvotis* gazrdas cdilobs.

am aspeqtSi farTod cnobilia navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis

organizaciis (OPEC)** magaliTi, romelmac 1973-1981 wlebSi

10-jer gazarda fasebi navTobze (1 bareli _ 40 aSS dolari).

fasebis aseTma matebam organizaciis wevri qveynebis mogeba swrafad

gazarda, magram navTobze maRali fasis dawesebam navTobis mopovebis

gadideba ganapiroba im qveynebSi, romlebic OPEC-is SemadgenlobaSi

ar Sediodnen. ufro metic, moTxovna navTobze perspeqtivaSi

ufro elastikuri aRmoCnda, ramdenadac energiadamzogi mowyobi-

lobisa da ufro ekonomiuri avtomobilebis warmoeba daiwyo.

amis Sedegad OPEC-ma dakarga bazarze Tavisi adrindeli wilis

naxevari, xolo fasi 4-jer Semcirda (1983 w.).

bazarze sawarmoTa jgufis SesaZlebeli kontrolis xarisxi

bazris koncentraciis maCvenebliT ganisazRvreba. bazris kon-

159158

ekonomikis qveynebis meurneobis zogierT dargSi Zalze maRalia

koncentraciis done. koncentrirebul dargebSi ki gabatonebulia

monopoliuri Zala, romelic aferxebs jansaR konkurencias.

saxelmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa ekonomikaSi

konkurenciis SenarCuneba. am mxriv yvelaze meti gamocdileba

dagrovda aSS-Si, sadac XIX saukunis dasasruls Camoyalibda

antimonopoliuri kanonmdebloba. masSi igulisxmeba kanonTa

paketi, romelic moicavs kanonebis, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebisa

da samarTlebrivi normebis Zalze rTul da ganStoebul qsels,

romelic amerikis istoriaSi Seiqmna ukanaskneli 100 wlis

ganmavlobaSi.

istoriulad, amerikis ekonomika, romelic ZiriTadad iziarebda

Tavisufali konkurenciis filosofias, uaryofiTad uyurebda

monopoliebis aRmocenebas da ganviTarebas. amave dros am qveyanaSi

aqcioneruli sazogadoebis swrafma zrdam mZlavri zemoqmedeba

moaxdina `trestebis~ ganviTarebaze. samoqalaqo omis Semdgom

periodSi trestebi aRmocenda navTobis mrewvelobaSi, konservirebu-

li xorcis warmoebaSi, Saqris, tyviis, naxSiris, viskis da Tambaqos

nawarmis warmoebasa da sxva dargebSi. isini TavianTi nebiT war-

marTavdnen bazars. aman gamoiwvia fermerebisa da wvrili mewarmeebis,

momxmareblebisa da profkavSirebis aRSfoTeba. ukmayofilebas ki

mohyva politikuri xelisuflebis nabiji. man 1890 wels miiRo

Sermanis antitrestuli kanoni, romlis Tanaxmad yoveli

SeTanxmeba trestis an sxva formaSi, romlis mizani iyo warmoebis

an vaWrobis SezRudva, CaiTvala ukanonod, xolo is piri, romelic

daarRvevda am kanonis moTxovnebs, CaiTvleboda damnaSaved.

am kanonis gviandel SesworebaSi (1974 w.) misi moTxovnebis

darRveva kvalificirebulia rogorc ̀ danaSauli~.

Sermanis antitrestuli kanoni Seadgens aSS-is ekonomikur

saqmianobaSi antimonopoliuri politikis birTvs. am kanonis

Sesabamisad, federalur mTavrobas ufleba aqvs sasamarTloze

dargis produqcia ZiriTadad izrdeba axali sawarmoebis bazarze

Sesvlis xarjze. es ki, saboloo jamSi, koncentraciis dacemas

gamoiwvevs. Sesasvleli barierebis arsebobis pirobebSi lider

sawarmoebs TavianTi wili dargis gafarToebiT SeuZliaT gazardon.

zogjer barierebi iqmneba xelovnurad, mTavrobis an adgilobrivi

organoebis mier, roca xelisufleba mxolod erT an ramdenime

sawarmos aZlevs bazarze Sesvlis SesaZleblobas.

sabolood, rogor SevafasoT oligopolia? aris Tu ara igi

efeqturi bazris sxva tipebTan SedarebiT? am sakiTxSi urTier-

TsawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi arsebobs. erTni amtkiceben, rom ufro

efeqturia Tavisufali konkurencia. sxvebis azriT, oligopolias

teqnikuri progresis meti daintereseba da saxsrebi gaaCnia, vidre

wvril konkurentul firmebs.

Cven am davas axla ver gadavwyvetT. amitom davkmayofildeT

Semdegi informaciiT: marTalia, oligopoliaSi mimdinareobs farTo

masStabis mecnierul-kvleviTi muSaoba, inergeba siaxleni, magram

faqtia, rom XX saukunis umniSvnelovanesi gamogonebebi ganxor-

cielda ara oligopoliebSi, aramed SedarebiT mcire firmebsa da,

gansakuTrebiT, damoukidebel gamomgonebelTa TavebSi. kerZod, iseTi

epoqaluri siaxleni, rogoricaa kondicioneri, sareleo marTva,

burTuliani sawerkalami, celofani, reaqtiuli Zravi, qseroqsi,

personaluri kompiuteri, Sveulmfreni da sxva mravali daibada

damoukidebel gamomgonebelTa TavebSi.

axla amiT davasruloT bazris tipebis daxasiaTeba. kidev

erTxel gavimeoroT da davimaxsovroT: mTavari, riTac bazris

CamoTvlili ti pebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, _ esaa

is meqanizmi, romlis meSveobiTac xorcieldeba faswarmoqmna

da ganisazRvreba ama Tu im produqtis warmoebis (miwo-

debis) moculoba.

arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazris xarvezebi

da antimonopoliuri politika. Tanamedrove sabazro

161160

ecnobebinaT mosalodneli Serwymis (gaerTianebis) Sesaxeb.

1982 da 1984 wlebSi iusticiis saministrom gamoaqveyna

axali instruqciebi, romlebic gansazRvravdnen sawarmoTa Serwymis

kanonierebis kriteriums. 1990 wels kongresma miiRo Sesworeba,

romelSic antitrestuli jarimebi 1 mln dolaridan gaizarda

10 mln dolaramde. yovelive amas mravali xmauriani dava mohyva

aSS-Si.

saqarTveloSi samewarmeo saqmianobis xelSewyobas, konkuren-

ciuli garemos Seqmnas da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvas

emsaxureba saqarTvelos kanoni ̀ monopoliuri saqmianobis da kon-

kurenciis Sesaxeb~ (1999 w.). es kanoni gansazRvravs mewarme

subieqtebis pasuxismgeblobas maT mier monopoliuri mdgoma-

reobis borotad gamoyenebis, arakeTilsindisieri konkurenciisa

da sxva qmedebisaTvis, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios konkurenciis

SezRudva an aRkveTa bazarze.

gadasces kanonis damrRvevi sawarmoebi. amasTan, sawarmoebze

dawesebuli sasjeli Zalze mravalferovania: fuladi jarimidan

_ dapatimrebamde. es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda kanonis

1974 wlis Sesworebis Semdeg. damnaSave sawarmoebis mimarT

sasamarTlos SeeZlo gamoetana maTi decentralizaciis ganaCeni,

rogorc es ganxorcielda uzarmazari koncernis ̀ amerikan telefon

end telegrafis~ (AAT) mimarT. garda amisa, sasamarTlos SeeZlo

damnaSave sawarmoebisaTvis daekisrebina samjeradi kompensacia

yvela im mxaris sasargeblod, vinc izarala.

1914 wels miiRes kleitonis kanoni, romlis paragrafebs

unda daezustebina Sermanis kanonis Sinaarsi. magaliTad, aikrZala

myidvelTa fasismieri diskriminacia; aseve aikrZala gansakuT-

rebuli anu ̀ iZulebiTi~ SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmad, mwarmoebeli

raime saqonels myidvels im SemTxvevaSi miawodebda, Tuki

momxmarebeli sxva saqonelsac amave mwarmoeblisagan SeiZenda;

aikrZala sawarmoebis Serwyma konkurent sawarmoTa aqciebis SeZenis

xarjze, Tuki aseTi moqmedeba Seasustebda konkurentul brZolas;

aikrZala Tanamdebobis SeTavseba sxvadasxva sawarmos direqtorTa

sabWoebSi, Tu mas Semdgom mohyveboda konkurenciis Semcireba.

kleitonis kanoni cdilobda kanongareSe gamoecxadebina yvela is

saSualeba, romlebic xels Seuwyobdnen monopoliebis ganviTarebas.

misgan gansxvavebiT, Sermanis kanoni ufro metad mimarTuli iyo

arsebuli monopoliebis winaaRmdeg.

XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi aSS-Si miiRes ori mniSvnelovani

antitrestuli kanoni. pirveli (1974 w.) exeboda demonopo-

lizaciis proceduras da jarimebs. magaliTad, Sermanis kanonis

darRveva zrdida sajarimo Tanxas asi aTas dolaramde indi-

vidualuri sawarmosaTvis da 1 mln dolaramde korporaciisaTvis.

garda amisa, am kanonis darRveva ganixileboda rogorc sisxlis

samarTlis danaSauli. meore kanoni miiRes 1976 wels, romelic

kompaniebs avaldebulebda federaluri savaWro komisiisaTvis

163162

5. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqonelze moTxovna ufro

swrafad izrdeba, vidre miwodeba:

a. fasebi izrdeba;

b. arsebobs danaxarjebis zrdiT gamowveuli inflacia;

g. adgili aqvs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Warb miwodebas;

d. fasebi mcirdeba.

6 . qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan m anq aneb is recxvis

momsaxurebis miwodebis mruds marjvniv ar gadaswevs:

a. sawarmoTa mier ufro efeqtiani sarecxi da saSrobi

mowyobilobis gamoyenebis dawyeba;

b. manqanebis mrecxavebis mier saaTSi ufro meti manqanis

garecxvis moxerxeba;

g. wylis fasis gazrda;

d. manqanebis mrecxav sawarmoTa ricxvis gadideba.

7. boulingis saTamaSo burTi fulad ver gamodgeba,

radgan qvemoT CamoTvlil TvisebaTagan mas ar gaaCnia:

a. stabiluroba;

b. portatuloba;

g. gamZleoba;

d. sacnobeloba.

8. qvemoT dasaxelebuli faqtorebidan Zroxis xorcze

moTxovnis mrudis marcxniv gadaadgilebas gamoiwvevs:

a. Zroxis xorcze fasis Semcireba;

b. Roris xorcze fasis gadideba;

g. momxmarebelTa Semosavlebis Semcireba;

d. Zroxis xorcis miwodebis gadideba.

9. im ESemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqonlis sabazro fasi

izrdeba, masze moTxovna:


SemowmebisaTvis

1. Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi fuli warmoadgens:

a. Rirebulebis sazoms;

b. dazogvis saSualebas;

g. gadaxdis saSualebas;

d. yvela zemoTxsenebuls.

2. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan fasebis gazrdis Sedegad

yvelaze metad mogebulni darCebian:

a. fiqsirebuli Semosavlis mqoneni;

b. obligaciaTa mflobelebi;

g. sesxis amRebni;

d. fulis gamsesxebelni.

3. saCeko angariSi fulad iTvleba, vinaidan:

a. bankSi Cekis miReba advilia;

b. Ceki sayovelTaod miiReba, rogorc saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis safasuri;

g. Cekis Tan tareba ufro advilia, vidre liTonis monetebisa;

d. Ceki garegnulad qaRaldis fuls waagavs.

4. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan brunvaSi arsebuli fulis

yvelaze didi komponentia:

a. qaRaldis fuli;

b. monetebi;

g. saCeko angariSebi;

d. Semnaxveli angariSebi.

?

165164

4Tema

warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebida faqtoruli Semosavlebi

àdamianebi Tavisuflebi da araTa-

nasworni ibadebian.~

grant aleni

adamianTa saarsebo moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad mravali

saxeobis materialuri da sulieri dovlaTia saWiro. es dovlaTi,

yovel SemTxvevaSi misi udidesi nawili mainc, bunebaSi mzamzareuli

saxiT ar moipoveba, is adamianebma unda awarmoon da gamodis

èkonomikuri dovlaTis~ saxelwodebiT. amitom warmoeba

sazogadoebis arsebobisa da ganviTarebis safuZvelia.

ekonomikur resursebs, romlebic ekonomikuri dovlaTis

warmoebaSi monawileoben, warmoebis faqtorebi ewodeba.

zogadad Tu vityviT, warmoeba, anu Sromis procesi _ esaa

bunebis nivTierebis gardaqmna da miTviseba adamianis mier.

warmoeba zogadad _ es mecnieruli abstraqciaa, romelSic

dafiqsirebulia is saerTo niSnebi, romlebic axasiaTebs warmoebas

miuxedavad imisa, Tu romel epoqas da qveyanas miekuTvneba igi.

sazogadoebrivi warmoeba _ esaa erToblioba im SromiTi procesebisa,

romelTa Sedegad sazogadoeba Rebulobs misTvis sasicocxlod

aucilebel dovlaTs.

ekonomikuri mecniereba sazogadoebriv warmoebas ganixilavs

a. rCeba ucvleli;

b. gadaaWarbebs miwodebas;

g. izrdeba;

d. mcirdeba.

10. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac giorgi gaerTianebul

qarTul bankSi xsnis sadepozito angariSs, fuli asrulebs:

a. Rirebulebis sazomis funqcias;

b. mimoqcevis saSualebis funqcias;

g. ganZis Seqmnis funqcias;

d. danazogis (dagrovebis) funqcias.

11. qvemoT dasaxelebuli faqtorebidan televizorebis

miwodebis mrudis marjvniv gadaadgilebas gamoiwvevs:

a. televizorebis warmoebisaTvis aucilebel masalebze

fasebis gadideba;

b. televizorebis damamzadebel sawarmoSi mwarmoeblurobis

amaRleba;

g. televizorebis fasis Semcireba;

d. damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis gadideba.

12. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqonlis sabazro fasi

mcirdeba, misi miwodeba:

a. rCeba ucvleli;

b. izrdeba;

g. gadaaWarbebs moTxovnas;

d. mcirdeba.

167166

xorcieldeba produqtebis gacvliT sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris,

sawarmoebs Soris, regionebsa da qveynebs Soris. sabazro ekonomikis

pirobebSi gacvla xdeba fulis meSveobiT. gacvlas (vaWrobas)

gaaCnia Sesabamisi organizaciuli formebi. kargad organizebuli

gacvla xels uwyobs ekonomikur progress.

moxmareba produqtis moZraobis damamTavrebeli fazaa.

moxmareba ori saxisaa: sawarmoo da piradi. sawarmoo moxmareba

_ esaa warmoebis faqtorebis (ekonomikuri resursebis) gamoyeneba

axali produqtebis sawarmoeblad. am gagebiT, moxmareba da warmoeba

erTmaneTs emTxveva. magaliTad, tyavis moxmareba imavdroulad

fexsacmlis warmoebaa. piradi moxmareba aris saarsebo saSu-

alebaTa gamoyeneba adamianis mier Tavisi moTxovnilebebis dasak-

mayofileblad. am procesSi adamiani ̀ awarmoebs~ sakuTar samuSao

Zalas, anu Sromis unars.

rogorc aRiniSna, sazogadoebrivi warmoeba, farTo gagebiT,

esaa dovlaTis warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da moxmarebis

erTianoba. saboloo moxmarebisaTvis gankuTvnili sazogadoebrivi

produqti iqmneba warmoebis procesSi, romelSic xorcieldeba

warmoebis faqtorTa SeerTeba da urTierTqmedeba. magram sanam

saboloo moxmarebaSi Sevidodes, sazogadoebrivi produqti gaivlis

ganawilebisa da gacvlis stadiebs. ganawilebis Sedegad igi iqceva

ekonomikis subieqtTa Semosavlebad (faqtorul Semosavlebad).

ra saxisaa warmoebis faqtorebi, rogor funqcionireben

warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebi, ra aris da ramdeni saxisaa faqtoruli

Semosavali, rogor warmoiqmneba da ra meqanizmis saSualebiT

xdeba TiToeuli maTganis miTviseba _ ai kiTxvebi, romlebsac

pasuxi unda gavceT am Temis Seswavlisas.

viwro da farTo gagebiT.

viwro gagebiT, warmoebaSi igulisxmeba konkretuli dovlaTis

Seqmnis procesi.

farTo gagebiT, sazogadoebrivi warmoeba _ esaa sakuTriv

warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da moxmarebis erTianoba.

warmoeba, anu Sromis procesi _ esaa amosavali punqti,

sadac iqmneba sasicocxlod aucilebeli dovlaTi. am procesSi

xorcieldeba warmoebis faqtorTa uSualo SeerTeba; adamiani

gardaqmnis ara marto Sromis sagans, aramed sakuTar Tavsac:

agrovebs Sromis Cvevebsa da gamocdilebas, imaRlebs kvalifi-

kacias.

ganawileba _ esaa sazogadoebrivi produqtis moZraobis

erT-erTi aucilebeli faza, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs

warmoebas da moxmarebas. igi gulisxmobs, jer erTi, warmoebis

resursebis ganawilebas warmoebis dargebs Soris, sawarmoebsa da

regionebs Soris, sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris da, meore, warmoebuli

produqtis ganawilebas sazogadoebaSi. Tu warmoebuli araa, raimes

ganawilebaze laparakic zedmetia.

magram problemaa ara marto is, Tu ra ganawildes, aramed

isic, Tu rogor ganawildes, vis ra da ramdeni Sexvdeba Seqmnili

dovlaTidan. produqtis ganawileba socialuri samarTlianobis

erT-erTi umTavresi elementia. araswori, usamarTlo ganawileba

warmoebis ganviTarebas aferxebs. magaliTad, gaTanabrebiTma

ganawilebam, rac farTod iyo gavrcelebuli yofil ssr kavSirSi,

Seasusta adamianTa SromiTi aqtivoba da, amdenad, xeli SeuSala

ekonomikur progress.

gacvla gulisxmobs, jer erTi, SromiTi saqmianobis gacvlas

sawarmos SigniT da, meore, produqtTa gacvlas sazogadoebis

wevrTa Soris. pirvel SemTxvevaSi TavianT Semoqmedebas da unars

erTmaneTs ucvlian muSakebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni

arian Sigasawarmoo Sromis danawilebiT. meore SemTxvevaSi adgili

aqvs Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawilebis realizacias, rac

169168

principSi, aqvT erTnairi ZiriTadi komponentebi, ramdenadac

saboloo angariSiT, warmoeba aris bunebis sagnebsa da Zalebze

adamianis zemoqmedebisa da maTi ama Tu im moTxovnilebaTa dakma-

yofilebisaTvis misadagebis procesi.

warmoeba yovelTvis gulisxmobs sami ZiriTadi faqtoris _

adamianis samuSao Zalis, Sromis sagnebisa da Sromis saSualebebis

urTierTqmedebas.

samuSao Zala adamianis fizikur da gonebriv SesaZleblobaTa

erTobliobaa, Sromisadmi misi unaria da warmoadgens warmoebis

mTavar pirobas nebismier sazogadoebaSi. igi gamodis rogorc

warmoebis pirovnuli faqtori.

Sromis sagania yvelaferi is, riskenac mimarTulia adamianis

Sroma da rac Seadgens momavali produqtis materialur safuZvels.

Sromis saSualebaa yovelive is, risi meSveobiTac adamiani

zemoqmedebs Sromis sagnebze.

Sromis sagnebi da Sromis saSualebebi erTobliobaSi Seadgenen

warmoebis saSualebebs. samuSao Zalisagan gansxvavebiT, isini

warmoqmnian warmoebis nivTobriv faqtors.

magram warmoeba aRniSnuli martivi momentebis martooden

meqanikuri SeerTeba rodia, is urTierTdamokidebulebisa da

urTierTqmedebis rTuli sistemaa, romelic dakavSirebulia

warmoebis organizaciasa da teqnologiasTan. teqnologia ki

gamoxatavs rogorc warmoebis ZiriTad faqtorebs Soris

urTierTdamokidebulebas, ise Sromis sagnebze adamianTa zemoqmedebis

xerxebs.

aRniSnuli urTierTqmedebis Sedegia Sromis produqti, rac

adamianis ama Tu im moTxovnilebas akmayofilebs, xolo Sroma ki

gamodis rogorc mwarmoebluri Sroma.

Sromis mwarmoebluroba Cveulebriv gaizomeba drois

erTeulSi SromiT Seqmnili dovlaTis raodenobiT. am mtkicebis

sisworeSi dagvarwmunebs Semdegi martivi magaliTi:

leqcia 11. warmoebis faqtorTa arsi

da saxeebi, maTi urTierTganpirobe-

buloba da urTierTqmedeba

`Sroma aris simdidris mama da gam-didrebis aqtiuri saSualeba, xolo miwa_ misi dedaa.~

uiliam peti

àdamiani yvelaze mniSvnelovani re-sursia.~

li iakoka

`kapitalis mniSvneloba ZiriTadadmimdinare warmoebasa da momavali warmo-ebisaTvis dagrovebis unarSi mdgomareobs.~

a.marSali

`mewarme _ ekonomikis mTavari Zravaa.~i.Sumpeteri

`bunebas rom imdeni kanoni hqondes,ramdenic saxelmwifos aqvs, maSin RmerTimis marTvas ver SeZlebda.~

ludvig berne

warmoebis faqtorTa gansxvavebuli interpre-

taciebi. adamianTa saarsebo moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis

saWiro sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoebam ganviTarebis xang-

rZlivi istoriuli gza ganvlo _ pirvelyofili adamianis mier

elementaruli iaraRebiT sakvebis mopovebidan Tanamedrove teqno-

logiebis funqcionirebamde. miuxedavad amisa, yovelgvari warmoeba,

maT Soris Tanamedrove, xasiaTdeba zogierTi saerTo niSniT. maT,

171170

sxvadasxva ganmarteba aqvs _ klasobrivi da araklasobrivi.

araklasobrivi ganmartebiT, kapitali zogadsakacobrio kategoriaa,

anu warmoebis faqtoria. bevri cnobili ekonomistis azriT, kapitali

aucilebelia nebismieri ekonomikisaTvis.

klasobriv-marqsistuli gansazRvrebiT, kapitali nivTi ki ar

aris, aramed sazogadoebrivi, eqsploataciis gamomxatveli urTi-

erTobaa. aqedan gamomdinare, gansxvavebulia warmoebis faqtorTa

marqsistuli interpretaciac. k.marqsis mixedviT, kapitalisti

warmoebaSi abandebs fulis gansazRvrul Tanxas, romlis erTi

nawili ixarjeba warmoebis saSualebaTa sayidlad, meore _ muSaTa

dasaqiraveblad. magram warmoebis procesidan kapitalisti iRebs

dabandebulze met Rirebulebas. es xdeba imitom, rom is samuSao

Zalas yidulobs erTi RirebulebiT, xolo misi moxmarebis procesSi

iqmneba imaze meti Rirebuleba, vidre mas aqvs, rac aunazRaurebeli

Sromis Rirebulebis, anu zedmeti Rirebulebis saxiT gamodis.

amis wyaroa is, rom samuSao Zalas, rogorc yovelgvar saqonels,

aqvs Rirebuleba da saxmari Rirebuleba. pirveli ganisazRvreba

sazogadoebrivad aucilebeli Sromis raodenobiT, rac aucilebelia

misi kvlavwarmoebisaTvis. meore ki, e.i. samuSao Zalis saxmari

Rirebuleba, aris unari Tavisi SromiT Seqmnas axali da Tanac

meti Rirebuleba, vidre Tavisi Rirebulebaa. swored esaa zedmeti

Rirebulebis wyaro, rac kapitalisturi warmoebis mizania.

aseTi interpretaciiT, warmoebis nivTobrivi da pirovnuli

faqtorebi, anu kapitalis Sesabamisi nawilebi araerTgvarovan

rols asruleben Rirebulebisa da zedmeti Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi.

maSin, roca warmoebis saSualebaTa Rirebuleba SromiT mxolod

gadaitaneba mza produqtze, samuSao Zala qmnis axal Rirebu-

lebas. kapitalis nawili, romelic ixarjeba warmoebis saSualebaTa

SeZenaze, ar icvlis Tavis RirebulebiT sidides. amitom k.marqsma

mas uwoda mudmivi kapitali. kapitalis meore nawili, daxarjuli

samuSao Zalis SeZenaze, warmoebis procesSi icvlis Tavis sidides,

A muSis mwarmoebluroba = =400 nakeToba

40 saaTi10 nak./sT-Si

B muSis mwarmoebluroba = =600 nakeToba

40 saaTi15 nak./sT-Si

mwarmoebluroba =produqtis moculoba

danaxarjebi

vTqvaT, ori muSa A da B erTsa da imave mowyobilobaze

amzadebs erTgvarovan nakeTobas. amasTan, 40-saaTiani kviris

ganmavlobaSi A muSa amzadebs 400 nakeTobas, B muSa ki _ 600nakeTobas.

es martivi magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom Sromis mwarmoeblurobis

gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa ori sidide:

warmoebis moculoba (mocemul SemTxvevaSi warmoebul

nakeTobaTa raodenoba);

danaxarjebi (mocemul SemTxvevaSi gamomuSavebuli saaTebis

raodenoba).

analogiurad gamoiangariSeba warmoebis nivTobrivi faqtoris

mwarmoeblurobis maCvenebelic. amitom ubralod:

amrigad, drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi gamoSvebuli pro-

duqciis moculobis gaangariSeba warmoebis romelime faqtoris

mimarT aris am faqtoris mwarmoeblurobis Sefasebis erT-erTi

meTodi.

warmoebis saSualebebi RirebulebiTi gamoxatulebiT

da maTi momsaxure muSakebis xelfasi kapitalis saxiT

gvevlineba. magram kapitals rogorc ekonomikur kategorias

173172

bunebis produqtebs Tavis moTxovnilebebs miusadagebs. sxvanairad,

Sroma adamianis mizanSewonili saqmianobaa. amis igiveobrivi aris

samuSao Zala. is Sromisadmi unaria, rasac muSa garkveuli droiT

hyidis, xolo kapitalisti maqsimalurad iyenebs mas da masve

ekuTvnis am droSi muSis mier warmoebuli produqtebi. magram

muSis Sromis danaxarjebiT Seqmnili Rirebuleba imaze metia,

rasac kapitalisti mas xelfasis saxiT uxdis. es zedmeti produq-

tia, rac mxolod kapitalizmis dros iqceva zedmet Rirebulebad,

rogorc burJuaziis mier muSakTa qsploataciis Sedegi. aq warmoebis

faqtorebi gadaiqcevian kapitalis elementebad da es xdeba ara

maTi nivTobrivi bunebis gamo, aramed warmoebis saSualebaTa

mesakuTre kapitalistebsa da amas moklebul daqiravebul muSaTa

Soris Camoyalibebul urTierTobaTa gamo.

magram es mxolod warsulia da ara Tanamedroveoba. postin-

dustriul sazogadoebaze gadasvlam bevri axali ekonomikuri da

socialuri problema wamoWra. mewarmeebi xarjaven did saxsrebs

manqana-mowyobilobaTa SeZenaze da TiToeul muSaze sul zrdadi

kapitali modis, warmoeba TiTqmis mTlianad avtomatizebulia da,

Sesabamisad, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT ̀ TeTrsayeloian~ muSakebs,

Sromis rogorc subieqturi faqtoris rolic Semcirebulia.

aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove ganawilebiTi Teoriis Suqze,

muSaTa eqsploataciis marqsistuli doqtrinac yavlgasulia, xolo

zedmeti Rirebulebis nacvlad mogebis kategoria figurirebs.

mogebis, rogorc zedmeti Rirebulebis gardaqmnili formis

Taviseburebaa is, rom mogeba ara mxolod cvalebadi, aramed

mTeli avansebuli kapitalis funqcionirebis Sedegia. mogebis

formirebaSi, met-naklebi zomiT, warmoebis yvela faqtori

monawileobs, e.i. Rirebulebis wyaro mxolod cocxali Sroma ki

ar aris, aramed, agreTve, warmoebis yvela sxva faqtoric.

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi aseT Sexedule-

baSi asaxvas poulobs warmoebis ganviTarebis iseTi axali faqtorebi,

is izrdeba, ris gamoc mas cvalebadi kapitali ewodeba. kapitalis

dayofa mudmiv da cvalebad kapitalad naTlad aCvenebs, rom

zedmeti Rirebulebis Seqmnis wyaroa samuSao Zalis yidvaze

avansebuli kapitali.

magram igive kapitali, romelic monawileobs warmoebis pro-

cesSi, iyofa ZiriTad kapitalad da sabrunav kapitalad. kapitalis

is nawili, romelic warmoebaSi xangrZlivad monawileobs da

romlis Rirebulebac produqtze gadaitaneba ara erTbaSad, aramed

TandaTanobiT, cveTis kvalobaze, ZiriTadi kapitalia (Senobebi,

nagebobebi, mowyobilobebi da a.S.). kapitalis meore nawili, romlis

Rirebulebac erTi sawarmoo ciklis manZilze mTlianad gadaitaneba

produqtze, sabrunavi kapitalia (Sromis sagnebi).

unda aRiniSnos, rom sabrunav kapitals miekuTvneba is nawilic,

rasac kapitalisti xarjavs samuSao Zalis yidvaze. Tavisi moZraobis

wesiT, cvalebadi kapitali ar gansxvavdeba sabrunavi kapitalis

danarCeni elementebisagan _ samuSao Zalis Rirebulebis eqvivalenti

mTlianad ubrundeba kapitalists warmoebuli produqtis realiza-

ciis Sedegad. amasTan, kapitalisti iRebs zedmet Rirebulebas,

muSa ki _ xelfass. magram es xelfasi samuSao Zalis Rirebulebis

gardaqmnili formaa. saqme isaa, rom kapitalisti muSas qiraobs

mTeli samuSao dRis manZilze gansazRvruli TanxiT. magram aq

dafarulia saqmis realuri mxare: muSa samuSao dRis garkveul

nawilSi qmnis Tavisi samuSao Zalis Rirebulebas, meore nawilSi

_ ufasod muSaobs da qmnis zedmet Rirebulebas. es ki garegnulad

ar Cans. garegnulad gamodis, rom is iRebs Sromis fass. amitom

k.marqsma xelfass uwoda samuSao Zalis Rirebulebis (fasis)

gardaqmnili forma.

imis asaxsnelad, Tu ra udevs safuZvlad aRniSnul moCvene-

biTobas, k.marqsma ganasxvava Sromisa da samuSao Zalis katego-

riebi, romlebic praqtikaSi xSirad sinonimebad gamoiyenebian. Sroma

adamiansa da bunebas Soris ganxorcielebuli procesia, riTac is

175174

bevria auTvisebeli miwa da miwis nayofierebis zrdis mravali

rezervi arsebobs, farTo gza exsneba maRalkaloriuli kvebis

produqtebis warmoebas, Tamamad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom kacobriobas

(SimSilis garkveuli safrTxeebis miuxedavad) araviTari

ekonomikuri katastrofis safrTxe ar emuqreba.

miwasTan erTad saTuT mopyrobas da racionalur gamoyenebas

saWiroebs sxva bunebrivi (wiaRiseuli, klimaturi, wylis, mcenareuli

da faunisturi, atomuri da planetur-kosmosuri) resursebic.

warmoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad mimdinareobda bunebrivi resursis

elementebis ganuxreli zrda da misi struqturuli cvlileba.

Sesabamisad, icvleba bunebrivi resursis calkeuli elementis

sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobac.

adamiani Tavisi ekonomikuri saqmianobiT zemoqmedebs bunebriv

garemoze. es aisaxeba reliefze, hidrografiul qselze, mikroklima-

tur pirobebze, mcenareul da cxovelTa samyaroze. es zemoqmedeba

SeiZleba iyos uSualo an SemovliTi, dadebiTi an uaryofiTi.

magaliTad, tyis gaCexva uSualo da uaryofiTi movlenaa, Waobis

daSroba ki uSualo da dadebiTi. samagierod, tyis gaCexviT

gamowveuli niadagis Camorecxva aris SemovliTi da uaryofiTi

Sedegi, xolo tyis gaSenebiT mewyerebisa da Rvarcofebis Sesusteba

_ SemovliTi da dadebiTi.

adamianma bunebrivi resursi SeiZleba gamoiyenos raciona-

lurad an araracionalurad. bunebis racionaluri gamoyeneba

gulisxmobs bunebrivi resursis gonivrul xarjvasa da bunebis

dacvas. jerjerobiT ki adamianis, kacobriobis zemoqmedeba bune-

baze uaryofiTia. bunebis ganadgureba gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda

bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi. es aixsneba bunebrivi resursis

gadaWarbebuli xarjviTa da msoflio mosaxleobis zrdiT.

teqnologiurma progresma ganapiroba bunebrivi resursis intensiuri

moxmareba.

saxelwifoebrivad Camoyalibebuli yoveli eri ganlagebulia

rogoricaa: mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, informacia, samewarmeo

unari, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unari da sxv. Sesabamisad, gansa-

kuTrebiT dReisaTvis, savsebiT misaRebia warmoebis faqtorebi-

sadmi ara klasobrivi, aramed zogadsakacobrio midgoma,

dawyebuli warmoebis `samfaqtoriani~ TeoriiT (miwa,

kapitali, Sroma) da damTavrebuli `xuTfaqtorianiT~ (miwa,

kapitali, Sroma, samewarmeo unari, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri

unari). ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke.

miwa, rogorc warmoebis faqtori. miwa da masTan

dakavSirebuli bunebrivi simdidreebi warmoebis bunebrivi faqtoria.

miwa _ soflis meurneobaSi ZiriTadi warmoebis faqtori da,

saerTod, yovelgvari warmoebis safuZveli _ raodenobrivad

SezRudulia. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom dedamiwis zedapiris mxolod

30%-mdea gamosadegi adamianTa cxovrebisaTvis. amasTan, gamoyenebuli

miwebis nawilic, sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, mwyobridan gamodis,

ramac zogierTi mkvlevari kacobriobis gardauvali ekonomikuri

katastrofis mosalodnelobis pesimistur prognozebamde miiyvana,

Tu kontrzomebi ar iqneboda miRebuli (malTusis Teoria).

sabednierod, Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikurma progresma

dadebiTad gadaWra es problema; gamosayeneblad vargisi miwebis

raodenobam ara Tu iklo, aramed aTvisebuli iqna axali miwebi.

amasTan, Tanamedrove agronomiuli mecnierebis miRwevebisa da

uaxlesi teqnologiebis danergviT ramdenjerme gaizarda miwis

ekonomikuri nayofiereba (mwarmoebluroba). dRes miwasTan, rogorc

warmoebis faqtorTan, dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi problema aris ara

imdenad gamosayenebeli miwebis SezRuduloba, ramdenadac maTi

optimaluri gamoyenebiTi struqturis dacva. amocana is aris,

rom maqsimalurad gamoiricxos sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis

aradaniSnulebisamebr gamoyeneba, miwis erozia da a.S. Tu es

ganxorcieldeba, aseve, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom jer kidev

177176

dolari). saqarTvelos aqvs sakmarisi mravali saxeobis energore-

sursi, magram aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar hqonda energetikis

ganviTarebis erovnuli politika da arc misi damuSavebis

gamocdileba. es mdgomareoba aisaxa kidevac seriozul energetikul

krizisSi. es maSin, roca naxSiris prognozuli maragi aRemateba

700 mln tonas, xolo hidroenergetikuli resursebis sruli

potenciali wliurad 159.4 mlrd kilovat/saaTia. saqarTvelos

energoresursebis am or saxeobas Tavisuflad SeuZlia aanazRauros

navTobisa da bunebrivi airis ukmarisoba. saWiroa mxolod

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces naxSiris mrewvelobis aRdgenasa

da misi kompleqsurad gamoyenebis saxelmwifo programis

damuSavebas. paralelurad unda damuSavdes hidroenergetikuli

resursebisa da sxva saxeobis energoresursis (mzis, qaris, biomasis,

geoTermuli...) efeqtiani aTvisebis programa.

saqarTvelos mineralur simdidreTa Soris mniSvnelovani

adgili ukavia mineralur da Termul miwisqveSa wylebs. maT

resursebze sagrZnoblad aris damokidebuli mrewvelobisa da

soflis meurneobis ganviTareba, agreTve mosaxleobis wyalmoma-

rageba. isini energetikuli TvalsazrisiTac perspeqtiulia.

mtknari miwisqveSa wylebis jamobrivi bunebrivi debeti

sakmaod maRalia (560 m3/wm) da Seadgens saqarTvelos terito-

riaze mosuli naleqebis 20%-s. didi mravalferovnebiT gamoir-

Ceva mineraluri wylebi. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba

mineralur wylebSi, maT Soris navTobiani raionebisa, zogierTi

iSviaTi elementis mopovebas.

mineraluri da Termuli miwisqveSa wylebis racionaluri

gamoyeneba saqarTvelos savaluto Semosavlis saimedo wyaro

unda gaxdes.

kapitali, rogorc warmoebis faqtori. kapitalis

mravali ganmarteba arsebobs. a.smiti kapitals ganixilavda rogorc

gansazRvrul teritoriaze, romelic istoriulad ucvleli ar

aris. aRvniSnavT, rom axlandeli damoukidebeli saqarTvelos

teritoria 69.5 aTasi kv.km-a, xolo misi mosaxleoba Seadgens 4.4

mln kacs (2002 wlis aRweriT). am Semofarglul teritoriaze

arsebobs warmoebisaTvis aucilebeli SezRuduli raodenobis

bunebrivi resursi (wiaRiseuli, wyali, niadagi, mcenareuli, fauna,

klimati...). teritoriuli SezRuduloba da gansxvavebuli bunebrivi

resursi ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom warmoebis sawyisi etapi TiToeuli

erisaTvis mkveTrad gansxvavebulia.

am aspeqtSi saqarTvelo sakmaod maRali ekonomikuri poten-

cialis mqone qveyanaa. es gansakuTrebiT exeba mis bunebriv resurss.

sakmarisia iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos mcire teritoriaze mkveTrad

gansxvavebuli havaa. es ZiriTadad aixsneba saqarTvelos geografi-

uli mdebareobiT da misi reliefis gansakuTrebulobiT.

saqarTvelosaTvis gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia Sav zRvas;

es aris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi ganmsazRvreli qveynis geopoli-

tikuri mdgomareobisa, romelic qmnis msofliosTan, gansakuTrebiT

ki evropis qveynebTan, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri kavSirebis

gafarToebis SesaZleblobas. Savi zRva saqarTvelos aqcevs mniS-

vnelovan satranzito qveynad, rac dakavSirebulia qveynis ekonomikur

da politikur interesebTan. saqarTvelos zRvispireTs agreTve

aqvs rekreaciuli daniSnuleba da igi qmnis saqarTvelos sanapiro

zolSi saerTaSoriso sakruizo tipis turizmis ganviTarebis

SesaZleblobas, romelic iqneba qveynis savaluto Semosavlis

mniSvnelovani wyaro.

saqarTvelos bunebriv resurss Soris gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba aqvs mineralur resurss, romlis maragi, nedleulis

ZiriTadi tipebis mixedviT, Sefasebulia 90 mlrd amerikul

dolarad. yvelaze maRali geoekonomikuri SefasebiT gamoirCeva

sawvavi da energoresursi (30.3 mlrd aSS dolari) da mine-

raluri da Termuli miwisqveSa wylebi (19.8 mlrd aSS

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* ekonomikis kursSi sityva ̀ investicia~ ar gulisxmobs safondobirJaze aqiebis SeZenas an Semnaxvel bankebSi fulis Setanas. es terminiixmareba realuri kapitaluri saqonlis warmoebis aRsaniSnavad. investirebaxdeba maSin, roca iwarmoeba kapitaluri saqoneli. mTliani investiciebi _esaa drois garkveul monakveTSi, vTqvaT, wlis ganmavlobaSi, kapitalursaqonelTa warmoebis saerTo moculoba.

saTvis.

finansuri gansazRvriT, investicia aris Semosavlis mi-

Rebis mizniT aqtivis CarTva ekonomikur saqmianobaSi. ekonomi-

kurad ki investicia ase ganisazRvreba: es aris danaxarji

ZiriTadi kapitalis Seqmnaze, gafarToebaze, rekonstruqciasa da

teqnikur gadaiaraRebaze, agreTve, masTan dakavSirebuli sabrunavi

kapitalis cvlilebaze. danaxarji kapitalur remontze investici-

aSi ar igulisxmeba.

kapitali aseve SeiZleba iyos arainvestirebuli fuladi

resursebi. Sesabamisad, kapitali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

sawarmoeblad da momxmareblebze maT dasayvanad gamoyofili

sainvesticio resursia.

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT mTliani saxalxomeurneob-

rivi investiciebi, aRdgeniTi investiciebi da axali anu wminda

investiciebi. mTliani investiciebis moculoba ganisazRvreba im

kapitaldabandebaTa RirebulebiT, rasac adgili aqvs ama Tu im

qveynis ekonomikaSi mTlianad*. aRdgeniTi investiciebi mTliani

investiciebis is nawilia, romelic gamoiyeneba warmoebis pro-

cesSi gacveTil ZiriTad saSualebaTa nawilis aRsadgenad (amor-

tizaciis fondi). mTlian investiciebsa da aRdgeniT investiciebs

Soris sxvaoba wminda investiciebia, rac kapitalis, rogorc

warmoebis faqtoris zrdisken aris mimarTuli. swored wminda

investiciebis odenobiT ganisazRvreba qveynis ekonomikis per-

* kapitalur Tu samomxmareblo saqonelze ama Tu im dovlaTismikuTvnebas bevr SemTxvevaSi safuZvlad udevs Tavad maTi gamoyenebis wesi.magaliTad, Sin tansacmlis an sxva saojaxo nivTebis Sesakerad gamoyenebulisakeravi manqana samomxmareblo saqonelia, magram Tu mas gamoiyeneben samkervalofabrikaSi, igi ukve kapitalur saqonels miekuTvneba.

dagrovil Sromas. d.rikardo miiCnevda, rom kapitali warmoebis

saSualebaa. marqsistuli gansazRvrebiT, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,

kapitali nivTi ki ara, aramed eqsploataciis gamomxatveli

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobaa. Tanamedrove, zogadsakacobrio gagebiT,

kapitalSi igulisxmeba ekonomikuri sistemis mier samomxmareblo

saqonlis sawarmoeblad Seqmnili xangrZlivi moxmarebis dovlaTi*.

es aris kapitalis wminda ekonomikuri gansazRvra. finansuri

gansazRvriT, kapitalSi igulisxmeba sawarmos yvela aqtivi.

realuri (fizikuri) kapitali iyofa or nawilad: ZiriTad da

sabrunav kapitalad. ZiriTadi kapitali moicavs xangrZlivi

sargeblobis materialur dovlaTs, romelic warmoebaSi mona-

wileobs mravali warmoebrivi ciklis ganmavlobaSi. aseTia: Seno-

ba-nagebobani, manqanebi, mowyobiloba da sxv.

sabrunavi kapitali ewodeba kapitalis im nawils, romelic

mTlianad ixarjeba warmoebis yoveli ciklis ganmavlobaSi. aseTia:

nedleuli, saTbobi, energia, masalebi, naxevarfabrikatebi, dausru-

lebeli warmoeba.

sawarmos danaxarjSi gaTvaliswinebulia wlis ganmavlobaSi

gacveTili ZiriTadi kapitalis nawili yovelwliuri amorti-

zaciuli anaricxebis saxiT. sabrunavi kapitalis Rirebuleba

ki mTlianad Sedis sawarmos danaxarjSi.

ZiriTadi kapitali icvleba investirebis anu kapitaldaban-

debis procesSi. investireba maSin xdeba, roca mimdinare

warmoebis nawili gamoiyeneba ZiriTadi kapitalis gazrdi-

181180

ebis meqanizacia da avtomatizacia, Sromisa da saerTod warmoebis

progresuli organizacia, Sromisadmi qmediTi materialuri sti-

mulebi.

samewarmeo unari, rogorc warmoebis faqtori.

samewarmeo unari Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis ganuyreli na-

wilia. i.Sumpeteri mewarmed miiCnevs adamians, romelic xels

hkidebs warmoebis faqtorTa axali kombinaciis organizacias da

uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur ganviTarebas. mewarmeobis obieqtia

warmoebis daxasiaTebuli sami faqtoris yvelaze efeqtiani kombina-

ciis ganxorcieleba Semosavlebis maqsimizaciis mizniT.

saqme isaa, rom warmoebisaTvis aucilebel sam faqtors (miwa,

kapitali, Sroma) TavisTavad, damoukideblad, TiTqmis arafris

Seqmna ar SeuZlia. saWiroa gansazRvrul sawarmoo erTeulSi

maTi Tavmoyra da organizacia; isini vinmem (mewarmem) unda SeaerTos

da Camoayalibos sawarmoo erTeuli. amiT mewarme garkveul risks

eweva warmoebis SedegisaTvis _ mogebis Tu zaralis miRebisaTvis.

swored mis samewarmeo unarzea damokidebuli warmoebis efeqtianoba.

Tu is zaraliT daamTavrebs warmoebis process, mainc valdebulia

aanazRauros warmoebis faqtorTa xarjebi. maRali mogebis miRebisas

ki riskis dadebiTi safasuri mniSvnelovania rogorc mewarmis,

ise warmoebis sxva faqtorTa mflobelTaTvis.

maSasadame, adamiani, romelic Tavis Tavze iRebs miwis, kapitalisa

da Sromis gamoyenebis pasuxismgeblobas da risks, aseve wyvets

sakiTxs aRniSnuli resursebis gamoyenebis wesis Sesaxeb, iwodeba

mewarmed.

aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom sanam saqmes mohkidebdes

xels, mewarmem yovelnairad unda awon-dawonos Tavisi unari da

SesaZleblobani, raTa warmoebis maRal efeqtianobas miaRwios,

TviTonac moigos da sxva warmoebis faqtorTa mflobelebic

jerovnad daakmayofilos. amitom samewarmeo unari miCneulia

speqtivebi. igi gviCvenebs Tu rogoria mocemuli saxelmwifos

ZiriTadi kapitalis matebis zoma. momavali mwarmoeblurobis

done mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia mimdinare periodis wminda

investiciebis normaze.

ama Tu im qveynis mTavroba arc Tu iSviaTad awydeba dilemas:

rogori Tanafardoba iyos sainvesticio saqonlebsa da samomxma-

reblo saqonlebs Soris. Tu samomxmareblo saqonelTa warmoebas

daeTmoba meti yuradReba, mas garkveulwilad ̀ ewireba~ kapitalinves-

ticiebi da, piriqiT, kapitaluri saqonlis warmoeba potenciurad

amcirebs samomxmareblo saqonlis gamoSvebas. Cven mzad varT

daveTanxmoT mimdinare periodSi cxovrebis donis erTgvar Semci-

rebas kapitaluri saqonlis warmoebis sasargeblod mxolod imitom,

rom momavalSi es ukanaskneli saSualebas mogvcems arsebiTad

gavzardoT samomxmareblo saqonlis gamoSveba.

kapitaliT warmoebis uzrunvelyofa bevradaa damokidebuli

imaze, Tu sazogadoeba mimdinare periodSi ramdenad aris mzad

samomxmareblo saqonlis msxverplad gaRebisaTvis. Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi ̀ gadadebuli~ moxmareba Rebulobs dazogvis formas.

dazogvis zogierTi saxeebi uzrunvelyofen kapitalur saqonelTa

warmoebis dafinansebas.

Sroma, rogorc warmoebis faqtori. Sroma, rogorc

mizanSewonili saqmianoba, gulisxmobs yovelgvari saxeobis fizikur

Tu gonebriv, kvalificiur Tu arakvalificiur samuSaoTa Sesrulebas

adamianTa mier. es faqtori, uwinares yovlisa, damokidebulia

qveynis mosaxleobis, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT Sromisunariani

mosaxleobis da sakuTriv dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis raodenobaze.

bunebrivia, muSakTa raodenobasTan erTad, Sromis rogorc warmoebis

faqtoris funqcionirebisaTvis, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs

Sromis efeqtian gamoyenebas, Sromis mwarmoeblurobas. am ukanas-

knelze zemoqmedebs mravali faqtori, rogoricaa, magaliTad: warmo-

183182

Rvravs. saxelmwifos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi ki erovnuli

ekonomikis Semadgeneli yvela sawarmos ganviTarebis strategiaze

axdens gavlenas;

mewarme, rogorc novatori, axali produqtebis warmoebis

dawyebaze zrunavs; axali teqnologiebi, biznesis organizaciis

axali formebi da meTodebi Semoaqvs. saxelmwifos, rogorc

ekonomikaSi novators, axali safinanso-sakredito da sagadasaxado

sistemebi (an am sistemebis axali elementebi) Semoaqvs, axal

institucionalur struqturebs ayalibebs da a.S.;

biznesis warmarTvis procesSi mewarme sakuTar Tavzerisks da misi gamarTlebis Sesabamisad ̀ jildosac~ iRebs; movlenaTa

ganviTarebis yvelaze `savalalo~ varianti SeiZleba iyos misi

gakotreba. erovnuli ekonomikis xelmZRvanelobisas risks Tavis

Tavze saxelmwifoc iRebs, magram igi ramdenadme gansxvavebuli

xasiaTisaa: saxelmwifos amgvari ̀ gakotrebis~ ufleba ara aqvs,

radganac maSin mas TviTdaSla (Tumca istoriaSi aseTi SemTxveve-

bicaa cnobili) emuqreba. Tanac, Tu aRebuli dauzRveveli riskisaTvis

mewarmis yvelaze mniSvnelovani jildo rac SeiZleba meti mogebis

miRebaa, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ganmxorcielebeli pirebisaTvis

jildo arCevnebSi gamarjveba, xelisuflebaSi yofnis vadis

gagrZelebaa.

warmoebis faqtorTa urTierTganpirobebuloba

da urTierTqmedeba. warmoebis faqtorTa ganxilvis Semdeg

upriania warmoebis procesis, rogorc warmoebis faqtorTa

urTierTganpirobebulobisa da urTierTqmedebis ganxilva.

termini ̀ warmoeba~, rogorc aRvniSneT, Cveulebriv niSnavs ama

Tu im materialuri dovlaTis warmoebas. magram misi Sinaarsi

ufro farTo da tevadia. is, aRniSnulTan erTad, moicavs sawarmoo

saqmianobis yvela saxeobas, romlis Sedegebic akmayofilebs adamianis

sxvadasxva moTxovnilebas, e.i. momsaxurebasac. Sesabamisad, warmoebis

* dasavlur ekonomikur literaturaSi Camoyalibebuli tradiciisTanaxmad, termin ̀ saxelmwifos~ (`State~) nacvlad, rogorc wesi, termini`mTavroba~ (`Government~) ixmareba. Cvens mier gamoyenebuli termini`saxelmwifo~ `mTavrobas~ (aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas), rogorc misSemadgenel nawils, moicavs.

warmoebis meoTxe faqtorad.

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unari, rogorc warmo-

ebis faqtori. gansxvavebiT mewarmisagan, romelic erT sawarmoo

erTeulSi uyris Tavs warmoebis faqtorebs da organizacias

ukeTebs warmoebis process, saxelmwifo* qveynis masStabiT

uzrunvelyofs erovnuli meurneobis normalur funqcionirebas.

is, uwinares yovlisa, qmnis mewarmeobisaTvis aucilebel sakanon-

mdeblo bazas, adgens ekonomikuri TamaSis wesebs da akontrolebs

mis ganxorcielebas. amitom saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris,

rogorc warmoebis globaluri faqtoris, funqciaa qveynis

ekonomikuri stabilizaciisaTvis xelSewyoba, optimaluri zemoq-

medeba inflaciasa da umuSevrobaze da, saerTod, mxardaWera

sabazro ekonomikis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis.

samewarmeo unarisa da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris

arsebuli garegnuli msgavsebis miuxedavad, maT Soris Sinaganad

mainc principuli gansxvavebaa:

mewarmes saqme rogorc materialur (miwa, kapitali), ise

SromiT resursebTan aqvs, romelTac igi Tavs warmoebis erTian

procesSi uyris. saxelmwifo ki erovnuli ekonomikis farglebSi

mewarmeebs aerTianebs;

biznesis warmarTvis procesSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebiT

mewarme mocemuli konkretuli sawarmos saqmianobis kurss gansaz-

185184

warmoebis faqtorTa sxvadasxva Sexameba produqciis erTi da

igive moculobis gamoSvebas uzrunvelyofs, e.i. avlens warmoebis

faqtorTa optimaluri Sexamebis variants.

sawarmoo funqcia aCvenebs warmoebis faqtorTa urTierTSenac-

vlebis SesaZleblobas. warmoebis faqtorebze moTxovnis ZiriTadi

Tavisebureba ganpirobebulia teqnologiuri procesis TaviseburebiT

_ isini cal-calke ar gamoiyeneba. warmoebis moculoba warmoebis

procesisaTvis yvela aucilebeli faqtoriT ganisazRvreba. Tavis

mxriv, warmoebis faqtorTa urTierTkavSiri ganapirobebs TiToeul

maTganze moTxovnis sididis yvela danarCenis fasze damokidebu-

lebas. sawarmoo funqciis arsSi garkveva SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

gavigoT ̀ damatebiTi produqtis~, anu zRvruli produqtis raoba.

zRvruli produqti, warmoebis sxva faqtorebis ucvlelobisas,

erTi romelime faqtoris gadidebis Sedegad miRebuli damatebiTi

produqtia. zRvruli produqtis Teoriis avtoria j.klarki.

sailustraciod ganvixiloT Sromis faqtori. Tu mTlian

produqtad miviRebT wlis manZilze muSakTa gansazRvruli

raodenobis mier warmoebuli produqtis mTlian moculobas,

zRvruli produqti iqneba erT muSakze gaangariSebiT mTliani

produqtis cvlileba dasaqmebulTa ricxvis cvlilebisas. magaliTad,

Tu davuSvebT, rom dasaqmebul muSakTa raodenobis 4-dan 5-mde

gadidebisas mTliani produqti 1000 laridan 1500 laramde

izrdeba, mexuTe (damatebuli) muSakis zRvruli produqti 500

lari iqneba (1500-1000). es maSin, roca saSualo produqti

(produqtis mTliani moculoba gayofili muSakTa raodenobaze)

_ 300 lari (1500:5) mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba zRvrul produqts

(500 lars).

magram dasaqmebul muSakTa raodenobis zrdas garkveuli zRvari

aqvs, romlis iqiT Sromis mwarmoebluroba ecema, Tumca, SeiZleba

mTliani produqti izrdebodes. es xdeba imitom, rom warmoebis

sxva faqtorebis ucvleli moculoba ukve aRaraa sakmarisi imisaTvis,

mizania adamianTa uzrunvelyofa saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT, rome-

lic akmayofilebs maT moTxovnilebebs.

ama Tu im qveynis sami didi seqtori moicavs mTel ekonomikur

saqmianobas. esaa: pirveladi dargebi (soflis meurneoba, metyeveoba,

nadiroba da meTevzeoba), romlebic uzrunvelyofen sawarmoo

procesis pirvel etaps nedli masalebis warmoebiT;

meoradi dargebi (mopovebiTi da gadamamuSavebeli dargebi),

romlebic uzrunvelyofen sawarmoo procesis meore etaps _

nedleuls gardaqmnian mza produqciad an naxevarfabrikatebad;

mesameuli dargebi (bankebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi, transportis,

kavSirgabmulobis, sabiTumo da sacalo vaWrobis sawarmoebi,

ganaTleba, samedicino momsaxureba, sazogadoebrivi kveba, turizmi

da a.S.), romlebic sxvadasxva saxeobis momsaxurebas uweven pir-

velad da meorad dargebs da uSualod momxmareblebs.

qveynis ekonomikis pirvelad, meorad da mesameul seqtorebSi

dasaqmebul muSakTa raodenobis xvedriTi wili erTimeorisagan

mkveTrad gansxvavebulia. sakmarisia aRvniSnoT, rom zog maRalgan-

viTarebul qveyanaSi muSakTa naxevarze meti dasaqmebulia momsaxu-

rebis sferoSi. kanonzomiereba ki isaa, rom aRniSnul seqtorebSi

dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wili icvleba ekonomikis ganviTarebis

kvalobaze: soflis meurneobidan mrewvelobaSi, mrewvelobidan _

momsaxurebis sferoSi. aseTia samuSao Zalis moZraobis progresuli

tendencia. amis kvalobaze dinamikurad icvleba warmoebis

faqtorebze moTxovnac, rac sawarmoo funqciis saxiT determindeba.

yovel calkeul periodSi warmoebis faqtorTa SesaZlo

mocemuli danaxarjebiT produqciis maqsimalur warmoebas sawar-

moo funqcia ewodeba. sxvanairad, sawarmoo funqcia gamoxatavs

produqciis SesaZlo maqsimalur warmoebasa da mocemul produq-

ciaze yvela warmoebis faqtoris danaxarjebs Soris teqnologiur

urTierTkavSirs. sawarmoo funqciis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba

imiT, rom is avlens alternatiul SesaZleblobebs, romlis drosac

187186

leqcia 12. warmoebis faqtorTa

Semosavlebis formirebis sabazro

meqanizmi

`TiToeuls kuTvnili, xolo sxvas

_ sxvisi.~

emil krotki

Semosavlebis formirebisa da ganawilebis prob-

lema. Semosavlebis formirebis (ganawilebis) problemas didi

xnis istoria aqvs rogorc ekonomikur mecnierebaSi, ise filosofiaSi.

ganawilebis Teoriam unda dagvanaxos, sworad pasuxobs Tu ara

sazogadoeba sami mTavari kiTxvidan erT-erTs: ̀ visTvis vawarmooT?~.

Semosavali ewodeba fulad Tanxas, romelsac Rebulobs

ekonomikuri subieqti saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realizaciisaTvis.

principSi, naturaluri Semosavalic dasaSvebia, magram Tanamedrove

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, es gamonaklisia. roca laparakia

Semosavlebze, rogorc wesi, igulisxmeba fuladi Semosavali.

marTalia, yvelas surs _ rac SeiZleba meti iyos misi

Semosavali, magram Semosavlis miRebisaTvis survili sakmarisi

araa. Semosavlis miReba da misi sidide damokidebulia mraval

obieqtur da subieqtur garemoebaze: unarze, mowadinebaze, saerTo

stabilizaciaze da a.S. Semosavali bunebis wyaloba ki ara, ara-

med zemoT dasaxelebuli pirobebis Sedegia da icvleba am pirobebis

SecvlasTan erTad.

ekonomikuri mecniereba Semosavals miiCnevs miwodebisa da

moTxovnis Sedegad, ufro zustad, ekonomikuri resursebisa da

sawarmoo momsaxurebis miwodebisa da maTze moTxovnis Sedegad.

sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, warmoebuli produqtis ganawileba

(Semosavlebad gadaqceva) damokidebulia imaze, Tu vis ekuTvnis

da ra moculobisa da xarisxisaa resursebi, romelTa miwodeba

rom yvela muSaki sruli ukugebiT muSaobdes. Sromis mwarmoeb-

lurobis done dacemis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba aseve maSinac, roca

saWiroze gacilebiT naklebi muSakia dasaqmebuli gansazRvruli

raodenobis warmoebis sxva faqtorebis momsaxurebaze. es xdeba

imitom, rom warmoebis sxva faqtorebi gamoiyeneba arasrulad,

maTi momsaxurebisaTvis aucilebel muSakTa ukmarisobis gamo.

is, rac iTqva Sromis, rogorc warmoebis erT-erTi faqtoris,

zrdiT gamowveuli zRvruli produqtis gadidebis Sesaxeb,

vrceldeba warmoebis sxva faqtorebzec. magaliTad, miwis zRvruli

produqti, rac aseve saerTo produqtis moculobis nazrdia,

miiReba mxolod damuSavebuli miwis farTobis gadidebiT, warmoebis

yvela danarCeni faqtoris sididis ucvlelobisas. magram, Tu

miwis nakveTis sidide ucvlelia da, mxolod Sromis raodenoba

izrdeba, saerTo produqti sul ufro nela izrdeba, rac

p.samuelsonis mixedviT, saboloo angariSiT, zRvruli produqtis

kanonis saxiT vlindeba.

dabolos, zRvrul sargeblianobasTan dakavSirebiT xazi unda

gaesvas imas, rom is gamoiyeneba, jer erTi, mxolod warmoebis

faqtorTa urTierTSenacvlebis pirobebSi da, meorec, roca war-

moebaSi ama Tu im resursis CarTvis (an amoRebis) Sesaxeb gadawyve-

tileba SeiZleba moqnilad Seicvalos.

189188

y _ saSualo Semosavals;

n _ individebis (ojaxebis) raodenobas.jinis koeficienti saqarTveloSi regularulad yovelwli-

urad (kvartalurad) gaiangariSeba fuladi Semosavlebisa da

mTliani Semosavlebis mixedviT. man 2003 wels saSualod Seadgina

fuladi Semosavlebis mixedviT 0,56, xolo mTliani Semosavlebis

mixedviT _ 0,49.

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom jinis koeficienti SedarebiTi sididea.

amasTan, erTsa da imave SualedSi erTi ganawileba SeiZleba iyos

ufro Tanabari, vidre meore, da naklebad Tanabari sxva romelime

SualedSi, magram miuxedavad amisa, jinis koeficients SesaZlebelia

mainc erTi da igive mniSvneloba mieniWos. jinis koeficients

sxva SezRudvebic aqvs: rodesac mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis

gaiangariSeba, is ar uCvenebs uTanabrobis saxes, anu imas, rom

uTanabroba Rarib mosaxleobaSia ufro meti, Tu mdidar mosax-

leobaSi.

amdenad, mxolod jinis indeqsi ver gvawvdis amomwurav

informacias mosaxleobis ekonomikur keTildReobaze.

Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi arsebuli uTanabrobis xarisxis

dasaxasiaTeblad iyeneben e.w. lorencis mruds. am mizniT ojaxebs

yofen ricxobrivad tol xuT jgufad (kvintilad), e.i. 5-jer

20%-ad. pirveli kvintili _ esaa ojaxebis pirveli 20% (yvelaze

dabalSemosavlianebi), xolo mexuTe kvintili _ ukanaskneli 20%

(yvelaze maRalSemosavlianebi). 2008 wlis monacemebiT, saqar-

TveloSi pirvelma kvintilma miiRo mTeli Semosavlebis 4,5%,

meorem _ 10,8%, mesamem _ 16,9%, meoTxem _ 24,1% da mexuTem _

43,7%. am monacemebis safuZvelze agebuli lorencis mrudi

asaxulia 4.2 naxazze.

Teoriulad rom dagveSva Semosavlebis absoluturad Tana-

bari ganawileba, maSin misi maCvenebeli mrudi daemTxveoda biseq-

trisas. es imis maCvenebeli iqneboda, rom ojaxebis nebismieri

procenti miiRebda imdenive procent Semosavals (ojaxebis 20%

G = 1 + - - y = [y1+2y2+3y3+...+nyn],1n

2n2

SeuZliaT ekonomikur subieqtebs.

aqedan aSkarad ikveTeba kavSiri sakuTrebasa da Semosav-

lebs Soris. Semosavlis sidide, saboloo jamSi, damokidebulia

imaze, Tu risi patroni xarT, ra SegiZliaT SesTavazoT sxvebs.

rac ufro meti da maRali xarisxisaa is ekonomikuri resursebi

da momsaxureba, romlebsac Tqven flobT, miT meti iqneba Tqveni

Semosavalic. maSasadame, gamodis, rom dRevandeli Semosavlebis

ganawileba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoraa ganawilebuli

ekonomikuri resursebi.

unda iTqvas, rom konkurenciul sabazro ekonomikaSi Semo-

savlebs aravin ar anawilebs. aseT ekonomikaSi Semosavlebi warmoiq-

mneba konkurenciuli meqanizmis moqmedebis Sedegad, xarjebisa da

fasebis sabazro ryevebis Sedegad. ganawilebas, am sityvis pirdapiri

gagebiT, adgili aqvs centralizebulad marTul administraciul-

mbrZaneblur ekonomikaSi.

pirdapir unda iTqvas isic, rom dRevandel sazogadoebaSi

Semosavlebi metismetad uTanabrodaa ganawilebuli.

ojaxebs Soris Semosavlebis ganawilebis analizis mizniT

gamoiyeneba jinis koeficienti. igi aris Semosavlebis koncen-

traciis maCvenebeli, romelic gviCvenebs Semosvlebis faqtobrivi

ganawilebis gadaxras maTi Tanabari ganawilebis xazidan. Tanabari

ganawilebisas jinis indeqsi 0-is tolia, xolo absoluturi

uTanabrobisas ki _ 1-is.

jinis koeficienti, rogorc Semosavlebis uTanabro ganawi-

lebis sazomi, iangariSeba Semdegnairad:

sadac y1, ..., yn warmoadgens individis (ojaxis) Semosavlebs

klebadi rigiT;

191190

damcvelTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa davaSi figurirebs, rogorc erT-

erTi mTavari argumenti. mecnierTa erTi nawili amtkicebs, rom

Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi dRes metismetad didi uTanabrobaa,

rac saSiSroebas Seicavs, mxolod ufro Tanabari ganawileba

gadaarCens kacobriobas. meoreni, piriqiT, Tvlian, rom gaTanabrebiTi

ganawileba daRupavs sazogadoebas. es ukanasknelni gamodian iqidan,

rom ganawilebis wesi warmoebis gadidebis mZlavri faqtoria.

isini msjeloben Semdegnairad: Semosavlebis gaTanabreba niSnavs

imas, rom saxelmwifom gadasaxadebis meSveobiT gamomuSavebis

(mogebis) nawili waarTvas imas, vinc ukeT muSaobs (da amitom

meti Semosavalic miiRo) da gadasces imas, vinc uaresad muSaobs

(da amitom naklebi Semosavali miiRo). aseTi ganawileba ukeT

muSaobis stimuls ukargavs yvelas.

amrigad, polemika Semosavlebis ganawilebis garSemo gadaizarda

polemikaSi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra kavSiria warmoebis efeqtianobasa

da ganawilebis wess Soris. gamodis, rom arsenas principi (`mdi-

dars arTmevs, Raribs aZlevs, RmerTi rodi waaxdensa~) efeqtianobis

TvalsazrisiT miuRebelia, sabazro ekonomikas ar Seesatyviseba.

faqtia, bazari araa is adgili, sadac Tanasworoba sufevs.

piriqiT, sabazro ekonomika, konkurencia ulmobelia: mas uZlebs

mxolod is, vinc ufro efeqtianad muSaobs. bazarze mowyalebas

ki ar unda elodo, aramed warmatebas unda miaRwio. swored esaa

winsvlis safuZveli, sxvanairi cxovreba ar arsebobs.

faqtoruli Semosavlebis arsi da formirebis

Teoriuli safuZvlebi. rogorc ukve iTqva, Semosavals

Rebuloben ekonomikuri subieqtebi Tavis gankargulebaSi arsebuli

resursebis miwodebisaTvis. warmoebis yovel faqtors Seesa-

bameba specifikuri Semosavali (faqtoruli Semosavali).

sagulisxmoa, rom j.klarkis mier Camoyalibebuli zRvruli

produqtis Teoria warmoebis sxvadasxva faqtorze sabazro fasis

formirebis, misi meqanizmis funqcionirebis arsis gasaRebia. mogebis

nax. 4.2. lorencis mrudis

praqtikuli gamoyenebis magaliTi

miiRebda Semosavlebis 20%-s, ojaxebis 40% _ Semosavlebis

40%-s da a.S.).

magram realuri mdgomareoba sxvanairia: mrudi, romelic

wamodgenilia naxazze, biseqtrisas ar emTxveva. masze A wertili

gviCvenes, rom ojaxebis pirvelma 20%-ma miiRo Semosavlebis

saerTo moculobis 4,5%. B wertili imas aRniSnavs, rom ojaxebis

pirvelma 40%-ma miiRo Semosavlebis 15,3% (4,5+10,8) da a.S.

are, romelic moqceulia biseqtrisasa da lorencis mruds Soris,

gviCvenebs Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis

xarisxs. rac ufro didia es are, miT metia uTanasworoba.

Semosavlebis ganawilebis problema sabazro ekonomikis

193192

fasi izrdeba, masze moTxovna mcirdeba, sxvaze ki _ izrdeba.

maSasadame, aq gadamwyvet rols asrulebs faqtorTa urTierTSenac-

vlebis SesaZlebloba.

konkurenciuli brZolis msvlelobaSi, moTxovnisa da miwodebis

ryevis meSveobiT, saqonelTa fasebis cvlilebiT Semosavlebi

nawildeba warmoebis faqtorTa mesakuTreebs Soris. Semosavlebis

aseTi ganawileba xSirad xasiaTdeba arsebiTi uTanasworobiT,

magram misi met-naklebi zomiT daZleva xdeba mTavrobis socialuri

programebiT.

erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT ekonomikur resursTa anu

warmoebis faqtorTa srulyofili da arasrulyofili bazrebi.

warmoebis faqtorTa srulyofil bazarze funqcion-

irebs resursTa bevri, urTierTkonkurenciaSi myofi myidveli,

romelTac resursebs awvdian aseTsave urTierTkonkurenciaSi myofi

gamyidvelebi. amasTan, arcerT momxmarebels (resursTa myidvels)

ar SeuZlia moixmaros (SeiZinos) miwodebuli resursebis imdeni

wili, rom Secvalos sabazro moTxovna. igive mdgomareobaSi

imyofebian resursTa gamyidvelebic, ris gamoc maT ar SeuZliaT

Seqmnan warmoebis faqtorTa deficiti fasebze zemoqmedebis mizniT.

yovelive es TavisTavad gulisxmobs resursTa bazarze myidvelTa

da gamyidvelTa Sesvlisa da gamosvlis Tavisuflebas, agreTve

imas, rom srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze resursTa fasebi

met-naklebad ̀ mocemulia~, SemoTavazebulia, wonasworobis fasia,

rasac myidvelebic da gamyidvelebic unda miesadagon.

srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi arsebobs TiToeuli tipis

da xarisxis resursis calke bazari, sadac resursis esa Tu is

saxeoba standartizebulia. ganvixiloT warmoebis faqtorTa

ZiriTadi Semosavlebis formirebis sabazro meqanizmebi cal-calke.

renta, rogorc miwis faqtoruli Semosavali.

zogadad, rentul Semosavals Rebulobs ekonomikuri resursebis

mflobeli, romelic TviTon ki ar iyenebs am resursebs, aramed

maqsimizaciis mizniT, mwarmoeblebi urTierTkonkurenciaSi myof

warmoebis faqtorTagan romelimes moTxovnas im pirobiT wauyeneben,

Tu warmoebis procesSi misi CarTviT miiReba damatebiTi produqti.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi kanonzomi-

ereba: warmoebaSi, mis faqtorTa damatebiT CarTvis Sedegad mwar-

moeblis mogebis maqsimizaciis aucilebeli pirobaa is, rom warmoebis

romelime faqtoris damatebiTi dabandebis Sedegad miRebuli

zRvruli produqtis Semosavali am faqtoris sabazro fasis

toli unda iyos. es ki imas niSnavs, rom warmoebis faqtorebi

udanakargod gamoiyeneba da warmoeba efeqtiania.

saerTod, warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebze faswarmoqmna mniS-

vnelovan rols asrulebs ekonomikaSi. is gansazRvravs sabazro

ekonomikis TiToeuli subieqtis wvlils warmoebul produqtSi,

Semosavlisa da keTildReobis doneSi da, saerTod, Semosavlebis

gadanawilebaSi. sabazro sistemaSi ganawilebis ekonomikuri meqa-

nizmia resursTa anu warmoebis faqtorTa fasebi, rac gansazRvravs

momxmarebelTa Semosavlebis odenobas.

warmoebis faqtorTa fasebi srulyofili konkurenciis

pirobebSi ganisazRvreba moTxovnisa da miwodebis TanafardobiT.

amasTan, xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom warmoebis faqtorebze

moTxovna da maTi fasi samomxmareblo moTxovnaze damokide-

bulebiTaa warmoebuli. es bunebrivicaa, ramdenadac warmoebis

faqtorebi aucilebelia piradi moxmarebisaTvis saWiro dovlaTis

sawarmoeblad.

maSasadame, warmoebis faqtorebze moTxovna yovelTvis warmo-

ebuli moTxovnaa. sxvanairad, ekonomikur resursebze moTxovna

meoradia da ganisazRvreba samomxmareblo saqonelze moTxovniT.

sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, rac maRalia samomxmareblo saqonelze

moTxovna, miT metia resursebze moTxovnac.

amasTan, warmoebis yvela faqtoris ekonomikuri da teqnolo-

giuri urTierTdamokidebulebis gamo, TiToeul faqtorze moTxovna

maTsave faszea damokidebuli. amitomac, roca erTi faqtoris

195194

daxmarebiT, romelTa meSveobiTac vlindeba sasoflo-sameurneo

produqtebze moTxovnis araelastikuroba, rac aisaxeba drois

monakveTSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis moTxovnisa da

miwodebis mrudSi.

saqme imaSia, rom ganviTarebul qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi sasof-

lo-sameurneo produqtebze moTxovnis fasobrivi elastikuroba

dabalia. magaliTad, miaxloebiTi gaangariSebiT, aSS-is sasoflo-

sameurneo produqtebisaTvis elastikurobis koeficienti 0,20-

dan 0,25-mde Seadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom sasoflo-sameurneo

produqtebis fasebi 40-50%-iT unda Semcirebuliyo, raTa

momxmareblebs TavianTi Sesyidvebi sul raRac 10%-iT gaedidebinaT.

sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze fasebis

Zalian didi Semcirebaa saWiro moxmarebis (Sesabamisad, Sesyidvebis)

Tundac mcire zrdisaTvis. mdidar sazogadoebaSi sasoflo-

sameurneo produqtebze moTxovnis aseTi araelastikuroba aixsneba

imiT, rom fasebis Semcirebis sapasuxod saojaxo meurneobebi

ubralod ar gadadian samjeradidan xuTjerad an metjer kvebaze,

e.i. sazogadoebis moTxovnileba am mxriv sakmaod gajerebulia da

soflis meurneobis produqtebis damatebiTi warmoeba iwvevs

zRvruli sargeblianobis swraf klebas.

soflis meurneobis produqtebze araelastikuri moTxovnis

daregulireba xdeba saxelmwifos e.w. fermeruli politikiT,

romelSic mTavaria fermaTa produqciis fasebisa da Semosav-

lebis gadideba da stabiluroba. Sesabamisad, soflismeurneobrivi

politikis qvakuTxedia soflis meurneobis regulirebis Sesaxeb

1933 wlis kanoniT gansazRvruli fasebis paritetis koncefcia.

misi arsi isaa, rom yovel wels produqtebis warmoebis realurma

moculobam fermerisaTvis yovelTvis erTi da igive realuri

Semosavali uzrunvelyos.

nominalur gamoxatulebaSi paritetis koncefcia gulisxmobs,

rom Tanafardoba fermerTa produqciis fasebsa da maT mier

moxmarebul saqonelTa da momsaxurebis fasebs Soris ucvlelia.

sxvas gadascems maTi gamoyenebis uflebas. Cveulebriv, es xdeba

ijaris saxiT. rentuli Semosavlis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da

tipiuri saxeobaa miwis renta. amitom mizanSewonilia rentis

warmoqmnisa da miTvisebis meqanizmi ganvixiloT miwis rentis

magaliTze.

adamianis SromiTi saqmianoba yovelTvis miwasTanaa dakav-

Sirebuli, soflis meurneobisaTvis ki miwa warmoebis umTavresi

faqtoria. miwis farTobi bunebrivad gansazRvrulia. miwis nakveTebi

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia nayofierebisa da adgilmdebareobis

mixedviT, rac imas ganapirobebs, rom erTi da imave kapitalis

daxarjviT ukeTesi nayofierebisa da moxerxebuli mdebareobis

nakveTebze miiReba damatebiTi Semosavali. aRniSnuli damatebiTi

Semosavali fiqsirdeba, rogorc rentuli Semosavali, romelic

ar warmoadgens imaT damsaxurebas, vinc am miwebs amuSavebs.

is, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi warmoebrivi sivrcis Seqmna

iTvaliswinebs mwarmoeblebis mier miwis gansazRvruli nawiliT

sargeblobas, imas niSnavs, rom miwis bazari yovelTvis iTvleba

umniSvnelovanes bazrad. am bazris normaluri funqcionireba im

SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, roca warmoebis am faqtorze sakuTrebis

ufleba kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvreba. mis gareSe SeuZlebelia

miwis yidva-gayidvis garigebis ganxorcieleba. amasTan, calkeuli

qveynebis mixedviT, miwis bazris Camoyalibebis meqanizmebi gansxva-

vebulia.

rogorc aRiniSna, warmoebis faqtorTa Soris miwa unika-

luria, rac misi uZraobiT da ama Tu im adgilas raodenobrivi

fiqsirebulobiT xasiaTdeba. sxvanairad, miwis saerTo miwodebas

cotaT Tu bevrad buneba zRudavs da ar SeiZleba Seicvalos

fasebis moZraobis gavleniT. es ara mxolod mimdinare periodis,

aramed xangrZlivvadiani problemacaa, rac vlindeba fermeruli

fasebisa da Semosavlebis CamorCenaSi mTlianad ekonomikaSi fasebisa

da Semosavlebis cvlilebaTa tendenciebisagan. am problemis

realuri suraTi dgindeba moTxovnisa da miwodebis instrumentebis

197196

ekonomikuri kategoria, niSnavs ara ubralod warmoebis faqtorul

Semosavals, aramed Semosavals warmoebis iseTi faqtorisagan,

romlis miwodebac araelastikuria. miwa rom uZravi ar iyos,

miwis mflobelebi mas saukeTeso adgilas ganalagebdnen da met

rentas miiRebdnen, sxvadasxva adgilas miwis miwodeba da mis

kvalobaze rentac gamoTanabrdeboda. magram es SeuZlebelia, ram-

denadac miwa fiqsirebulia da ar SeiZleba misi gadaadgileba.

miwis bazrisaTvis gansxvaveba miwis rentaSi wesia da ara ga-

monaklisi. TiToeul nakveTs Tavisi adgilmdebareobiT da

nayofierebiT gaaCnia rentaze da, Sesabamisad, miwis fasze zemoqmedi

unikaluri maxasiaTeblebi. rentis sididis Secvla ki mxolod

miwaze moTxovnis Secvlas SeuZlia.

magram miwis araelastikuroba rentis donis ganmsazRvreli

erTi problemaa. sxva problema isaa, rom sasoflo-sameurneo

miwaze moTxovna _ warmoebuli moTxovnaa (msgavsad sxva faqto-

rebisa). magaliTad, Tu meCaieobis produqciaze fasebi Semcirdeba,

maSin Cais kulturis mosayvanad saWiro miwaze warmoebuli

moTxovnac mcirdeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, rentis Semcirebas ganapirobebs.

sargebeli, rogorc kapitalis faqtoruli Se-

mosavali. ekonomikaSi dagrovili fizikuri kapitalis mTliani

maragi (kapitaluri dovlaTi) produqtis miwodebis aucilebeli

pirobaa. magram kapitalis bazarze yidva-gayidvis obieqtia ara

ekonomikaSi arsebuli yvela fizikuri kapitali, aramed axali

kapitalis nakadi, romelic momavalSi warmoebis gafarToebisa

da, maSasadame, mogebis gazrdis SesaZleblobas iZleva. axali

kapitalis mosazidad ki sawarmos fuli sWirdeba. amasTan

dakavSirebiT, sawarmoebis moTxovna arsebobs droebiT Tavisufal

fulze, romelic saWiroa axali kapitaluri dovlaTis SesaZenad.

nasesxebi fuli sawarmom unda daabrunos momavalSi investiciis

Sedegad miRebuli mogebis nawilis xarjze.

kapitalze Semosavlebi ganisazRvreba mogebis normiT, rac

miwis fasi =100 x renta

bankis procentis normasTan

magaliTad, Tu perangis fasi gansazRvrul droSi 3-jer gaizarda,

xorblis fasic 3-jer unda gaizardos. dReisaTvis fasebis paritetis

koncefcia modificirdeba iqiTken, rom politika fermerTa

Semosavlebis gadidebidan misi stabilizaciis amocanaze gadaerTos.

bazarze orientirebuli Semosavlebis stabilizaciis amocanaa

Seamciros fermeruli Semosavlebi da fasebis meryeoba wlebis

mixedviT.

swored aRniSnulis prizmiT unda ganvixiloT miwis, rogorc

warmoebis faqtoris, bazris problema.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi miwa saqonlur formas iRebs _

is yidva-gayidvis obieqtia. miwis mesakuTre Tavis miwas mxolod

gansakuTrebuli pirobebiT hyidis, kerZod maSin, Tu miwis gayidviT

miRebuli Tanxa, bankSi moTavsebuli an sesxad gacemuli, mas

procentis saxiT moutans imave miwis nakveTidan miRebuli rentis

tol (an met) Semosavals. meore mxriv, sanam miwas iyidides,

myidveli Seutolebs mis mier misaRebi miwis rentis Tanxas im

procents, rasac is miiRebda Tavisi fulis bankSi moTavsebiT.

Sesabamisad, miwis fasi aris kapitalizebuli renta. amrigad,

miwis fasi sasesxo procentis ukuproporciuli da rentis

pirdapirproporciulia. amrigad, rac ufro meti renta moaqvs

nakveTs, miT ufro Zviria is sasesxo procentis mocemuli sididis

pirobebSi.

Tavis mxriv, miwis rentis sidide Camoyalibdeba miwaze

moTxovnisa da miwodebis wonasworobis wertilSi. miwa iqneba

moTxovnaze naklebi, Tu rentis sidide Warbobs wonasworobis

dones.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sakuTriv renta, rogorc

199198

Vp =V1

(1+r)t

100 x 100010000

= 10%

10000 lari, romelzec wliuri Semosavali 1000 lars Seadgens,

maSin procentis norma iqneba:

sabazro norma mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sainvesticio

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi. investicia _ kapitaluri fondebis

Sevsebis anu kapitalis damatebis procesia. investirebisas sawarmom

unda gadawyvitos gansazRvrul droSi axali dabandebebi moitans

Tu ara danaxarjebze met axal Rirebulebas.

am mizniT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba diskontirebis proce-

duras, rac gamoixateba imiT, rom sainvesticio proeqtebis

ganxorcielebisas aucilebelia erTimeores Seufarddes mimdinare

(dRevandeli) danaxarjebisa da momavali Semosavlebis sidideebi.

amisaTvis aucilebelia dadgindes momavlis fuladi Tanxis dRevan-

deli Rirebuleba, rasac diskontireba ewodeba da gamoisaxeba

formuliT:

sadac Vp _ momavali fuladi Tanxis dRevandeli Rirebu-

lebaa;

V1 _ dRevandeli Tanxis momavali Rirebuleba;

t _ wlebis raodenoba;

r _ procentis ganakveTi.diskontirebis procesi metad rTulia, magram misi gaiole-

bisaTvis arsebobs specialuri cxrilebi, romliTac SeiZleba

swrafad gaangariSdes momavali Semosavlebis dRevandeli Rire-

buleba da, Sesabamisad, miRebul iqnas optimaluri gadawyvetileba.

amrigad, srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze kapitaluri resu-

drois garkveul monakveTSi (rogorc wesi, erT weliwadSi) miRebuli

wminda Semosavalia sargeblis saxiT. mTlian investiciebTan

mimarTebiT fuliT gamoxatuli sargebeli faqtoruli Semosavalia.

kapitali sargeblobs moTxovniT imitom, rom is mwarmoeblu-

ria, ramdenadac misi meSveobiT SeiZleba miRebul iqnas produqtis

namati anu gaizardos Semosavali. ufro zustad, kapitals gaaCnia

wminda mwarmoeblurobis unari, rac vlindeba imiT, rom warmoebaSi

kapitalis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba miRebul iqnas damatebiTi produqti,

rac rCeba amortizebuli fondebis yovelgvari anaricxebis Semdeg.

kapitalis swored es wminda mwarmoebluroba, gamosaxuli

procentobiT, warmoadgens damatebiT Semosavals, ris gamoc bazarze

kapitalis fasi ̀ kapitalizebuli Rirebulebis~ saxiT gamodis.

rogorc cnobilia, kapitali xangrZlivi momsaxurebis resursia,

romlis meSveobiTac saqonelTa da momsaxurebaTa gadidebuli

raodenoba iwarmoeba. kapitalis SeqmnisaTvis aucilebelia garkveuli

dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic sawarmoebs sWirdebaT kapitalis

warmoebis danaxarjTa dafinansebis saSualebani. am saSualebebs,

rasac isini xSirad sesxad iReben, xarjaven dRes, momaval mogebaze

gaangariSebiT. gansazRvruli periodiT nasesxeb saSualebaTa

sargeblobisaTvis isini kapitalis mflobelebs uxdian garkveul

procents, rac srulyofili konkurenciis bazarze sasesxo

sargeblis wonasworobiTi ganakveTis saxiT gamodis, romlis

drosac SemoTavazebul sasesxo saSualebaTa moculoba utoldeba

maTze gadaxdisunarian moTxovnas.

konkurenciul bazarze kapitalis arc calkeul gamsesxeb-

lebs da arc calkeul msesxeblebs ar SeuZliaT zemoqmedeba

moaxdinon sasesxo procentis sabazro ganakveTze. isini aRiareben

(iReben) bazarze arsebul fasebs, ramdenadac TiToeuli maTganis

wili moTxovnasa da miwodebaSi SedarebiT umniSvneloa. da mainc,

aq gadamwyvetia sasesxo kapitalze norma, rac aris gasesxebul

kapitalze miRebuli Semosavlis Sefardeba aRniSnuli kapitalis

odenobasTan, gamoxatuli procentobiT. magaliTad, Tu gasesxebulia

201200

damlagebeli, ministri, momRerali, mSenebeli, durgali, maswavlebeli

da a.S. yvela isini Sromis bazarze myidvelebs (damqiraveblebs)

miawodeben sakuTar Sromas sxvadasxva fasSi. zogjer es fasi

maRalia, zogjer ki _ sakmaod dabali. samuSao Zalis fasi

ganisazRvreba Sromis miwodebisa da Sromaze moTxovnis Tanafar-

dobiT.

Sromis fasSi arsebuli didi gansxvaveba imiT aixsneba, rom

Sromis mimwodebel adamianTa SesaZlebloba Zalze gansxvavebuli

da mravalferovania. marTlac, mecnierisa da damlageblis Sroma

ar SeiZleba erTnairad Sefasdes. mecnieris SromiTi saqmianoba

sakmaod rTulia, igi moicavs adamianis bunebriv talantTan erTad

sakmaod xangrZliv dros da gansazRvruli raodenobis fulsac.

damlageblis Sroma ki SedarebiT martivia.

Sromis bazris warmatebiT funqcionireba ekonomikaSi da-

mokidebulia samuSao Zalis mobilurobaze. ganasxvaveben pro-

fesiul da teritoriul mobilurobas. profesiul mobilurobaSi

igulisxmeba adamianis unari ekonomikuri situaciis cvlilebis

an ufro maRali Semosavlis misaRebad daeuflos sxvadasxva

profesias an aimaRlos kvalifikacia. rac ufro swrafia profesiuli

mobiluroba, miT ufro uadvildeba adamians samuSaos povna da,

piriqiT. mraval industriulad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi profesias

icvlian umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirebic ki. analogiuri

situacia Camoyalibda 90-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi, rac dRemde

grZeldeba. qveyanaSi Seiqmna ucxo enebis Semswavleli, kompiute-

ruli swavlebis, auditTa mravalricxovani mosamzadebeli kursebi,

romelTa gavla sagrZnoblad aiolebs SedarebiT maRalSemosavliani

samuSaos povnas.

samuSao Zalis teritoriul mobilurobaSi igulisxmeba

adamianis unari da mzadyofna samuSaos misaRebad an ufro

Semosavliani samuSaos mosaZebnad Seicvalos sacxovrebeli adgili,

qveynis SigniT teritoriulad gadaadgildes.

Sroma, ise rogorc miwa da kapitali, warmoebis faqtoria.

rsebis (ZiriTadi fondebis) fasi ganisazRvreba drois garkveul

monakveTSi maT mier Semosavlis motanis mimdinare da samomavlo

unariT da sasesxo procentis sabazro ganakveTiT.

kapitalis bazarze, srulyofili konkurenciiT, ZiriTadi kapi-

talis fasi maTi mimdinare Rirebulebis toli unda iyos. Tu

ZiriTadi kapitalis sabazro fasi naklebia, vidre momavali

Semosavlebis Rirebuleba, maSin maTi yidviT SesaZlebelia mogebis

miReba. es adidebs moTxovnas ZiriTad fondebze da zrdis maTs

fass mimdinare Rirebulebis tol sididemde.

grZelvadiani planiT, ZiriTadi kapitalis fasi unda udrides

maTs mimdinare Rirebulebasac da maTi warmoebis saSualo

danaxarjebsac im varaudiT, rom kapitali iyideba konkurenciul

bazarze.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fasi warmoebis danaxarjebze dabali iqneba,

axali ZiriTadi fondebis mwarmoeblebi ver dafaraven am kapitalur

saqonelTa alternatiul Rirebulebas. Sedegad, kapitalur

saqonelTa warmoeba Semcirdeba da fasebi gaizrdeba. analogiurad,

Tu fasebi saSualo danaxarjebze maRali iqneba, axali sawarmoebi

gazrdian kapitalur saqonelTa miwodebas da maTi fasebi kvlav

daiwevs. da bolos, yvela ZiriTadi kapitalis fasi damokidebulia

sasesxo sargeblis sabazro ganakveTze. rac maRalia es ukanaskneli,

miT dabalia ZiriTadi kapitalis fasi da, piriqiT.

xelfasi, rogorc Sromis faqtoruli Semosava-

li. Sromis bazari aris samuSao Zalis moTxovnisa da miwodebis

Camoyalibebis sfero. Sromis bazarze iyideba adamianTa fizikuri

da gonebrivi unari anu samuSao Zala. Sromis bazris roli

TiToeuli qveynis ekonomikaSi Zalze didia.

Sromis bazris Semadgeneli nawilebia Sromis miwodeba da

Sromaze moTxovna. samuSao Zalis mflobelebi qmnian daqira-

vebul muSakTa jgufs. Sromis bazarze gamyidvelTa wre mraval-

ferovania. sazogadoebas SromiT momsaxurebas sTavazobs:

203202

Semosavlis gajerebis kvalobaze sustdeba Sromisadmi interesi

da Zlierdeba Tavisufali drois zrdis survili.

Sromis bazarze moTxovnisa da miwodebis urTierTqmedeba

eqvemdebareba zogad sabazro kanonzomierebas. xelfasis ganakveTi

maSin aris Sromis wonasworobis fasi, roca xelfasis donis

arsebul pirobebSi erTmaneTs emTxveva adamianTa raodenoba, romelic

mzad aris Seasrulos gansazRvruli samuSao da damqiravebelTa

mier miwodebuli samuSao adgilebi.

Tu, vTqvaT, manqanebis saburavebze moTxovna gaizrdeba, maSin

mosalodnelia saburavebis warmoebis gasafarToeblad meti adamianis

daqiraveba. Tu Sromis bazarze damatebiTi muSaxeli arasakmarisia,

am SemTxvevaSi saburavebis mwarmoebel sawarmoSi damatebiTi samuSao

Zala SeiZleba sxvagan ukve dasaqmebulTa gadmobirebiT moxdes,

Tu maT ufro maRal xelfass SesTavazeben. sawinaaRmdego

mdgomareoba Seiqmneba saburavebze moTxovnis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi.

am situaciaSi xelfasi, rogorc wesi, Semcirdeba, an warmoeba

Seikveceba dasaqmebulTa nawilis ganTavisuflebis xarjze.

xelfasi diferencirebulia qveynebis, regionebis, saqmianobis

saxeebisa da calkeuli pirebis mixedviT. magaliTad, germaniaSi

xelfasi ufro maRalia, vidre ungreTSi, ungreTSi ki ufro maRalia,

vidre saqarTveloSi. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sxvadasxva produqtis

mwarmoeblebze. Tambaqos warmoebaSi xelfasis done ufro maRalia,

vidre limonaTis warmoebaSi da a.S.

xelfasis zogadi anu saSualo done moicavs xelfasis

sxvadasxva konkretuli ganakveTebis farTo diapazons. qveynebisa

da regionebis mixedviT xelfasis saSualo doneebs Soris gansxvaveba

aixsneba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miRweuli doniT, xolo sxva

Tanabar pirobebSi _ Sromaze moTxovnisa da miwodebis TanafardobiT.

xelfasi aris Sromis fuladi anazRaureba. gamoiyofa:

nominaluri xelfasi da realuri xelfasi

fulSi gamosaxul muSakis Sromis anazRaurebas ewodeba

nominaluri xelfasi. rac ufro maRalia muSakis nominaluri

mewarmis danaxarji mxolod daqiravebul muSakze xelfasis gacemiT

ar amoiwureba. xelfasis sidide SemosazRvrulia mTliani

Semosavlis moculobiT, xelfasis gazrda SeiZleba rentis an

sargeblis sididis Semcirebis xarjze. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki xelfasis

gazrda SesaZlebelia mxolod Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis,

anda warmoebuli produqciis sabazro fasis zrdis SemTxvevaSi.

Sromis bazarze miwodebis formireba dakavSirebulia mraval

faqtorTan. Sromis miwodeba izrdeba xelfasis donis, agreTve

Sromis prestiJulobisa da moraluri dakmayofilebis gavleniT.

Sromis miwodebis kanonis Tanaxmad, rac ufro maRalia Sromis

safasuri, miT ufro meti adamiani Seecdeba am samuSaos

Sesrulebas.

ra Tqma unda, es kanoni vlindeba mxolod sxva Tanabar

pirobebSi. magaliTad, Zalze maRalia profesional fexburTelTa

Sromis anazRaureba, magram ar arsebobs imis saSiSroeba, rom

xvalve fexburTis TamaSis msurvelTa ricxvi mniSvnelovnad

gaizrdeba. es imiT aixsneba, rom fexburTelis maRali klasi

dakavSirebulia rogorc bunebriv monacemebTan, aseve daxelov-

nebasTan, rasac fexburTelTa mxolod mcire raodenoba flobs

da xelfasis maRal dones aq arafris Secvla ar SeuZlia.

Sromisadmi interesis Sesustebis sxva faqtoria Sromis

simZime. rac ufro damqancvelia Sroma, miT ufro meti Zali-

sxmevaa saWiro da adamianebic met anazRaurebas moiTxoven.

Sromis miwodebaze gavlenas axdens agreTve Sromis sir-

Tule. Sromis mravali saxis Sesasruleblad aucilebelia

gansakuTrebuli unaris floba da xangrZlivi swavla (magaliTad,

mecnieris Sroma). magram es unari yvela adamians rodi gaaCnia

da arc yvelas aqvs xangrZlivi swavlis survili.

erTi garemoebac unda gaviTvaliswinoT. marTalia, maRali

xelfasi Sromis miwodebis zrdis mastimulirebelia, magram xelfasis

arsebiTi zrdis pirobebSi Sromis miwodeba SeiZleba Semcirdes

Semosavlis efeqtis gavleniT. es paradoqsi imiT aixsneba, rom

205204

mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufs Soris xelfasSi gansxvaveba

yovelTvis iarsebebs. xelfasis ganakveTi diferencirebulia muSakebis

sxvadasxva kategoriisa da Sromis saxeobebis mixedviT. Sromis

anazRaurebaSi gansxvaveba damokidebulia ara mxolod Sromis

xarisxze, aramed imazec, Tu ramdenad sasurvelia mocemuli samuSaos

Sesruleba. xarjebi xelfasze izrdeba, Tu saWiro xdeba muSakebis

mozidva ̀ araprestiJuli~ samuSaos Sesasruleblad.

xelfasis sidideze moqmedebs muSakTa organizebulobis

xarisxic. did sawarmoebSi, sadac Seqmnilia profkavSirebi, xelfasi,

rogorc wesi, gacilebiT maRalia, vidre mcire sawarmoebSi. xelfasSi

gansxvaveba ganpirobebulia agreTve TviT Sromis xasiaTis

kompensirebis aucileblobiT, magaliTad, Ramis cvlaSi muSaobiT,

zeganakveTuri samuSaos Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi da a.S.

xelfasSi aseTi gansxvaveba unda aixsnas imiT, rom adamianebi

dajildovebulni arian gansxvavebuli unariT da, Sesabamisad,

gansxvavebuli wvlili SeaqvT sawarmos SemosavalSi. xelfasSi

gansxvavebis ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs warmoadgenen ganaTlebisa

da profesiuli momzadebis done. magaliTad, eqimebi, iuristebi,

ekonomistebi didi raodenobis saxsrebsa da energias xarjaven

TavianT ganaTlebaze. am saxis investicias momavalSi SeuZlia

didi Semosavlis motana.

bazari, srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi, miiswrafvis iseTi

wonasworobis damyarebisaken, romlis drosac erToblivi moTxovna

Sromis TiToeul kategoriaze daemTxveva masze arsebul miwodebas.

mxolod am SemTxvevaSi miiRweva zogadi wonasworoba, romelic

ar warmoSobs xelfasis zrdis an Semcirebis tendenciebs.

amrigad, xelfasis gansxvaveba warmoiSoba obieqturi faq-

torebiT, magram aranaklebia subieqturi faqtorebis gavlenac.

aseTi faqtorebia: erovneba, sqesi, religia, rasa. roca am niSnebis

gaTvaliswinebiT dgindeba xelfasis ganakveTi, maSin saqme gvaqvs

diskriminaciasTan. adamianTa garkveuli jgufebi gamoiyeneba

xelfasi, miT ufro maRalia misi cxovrebis done. magram nomi-

naluri xelfasi TavisTavad ar iZleva swor warmodgenas muSakis

Sromis anazRaurebis faqtobriv mdgomareobaze. mTavaria nomi-

naluri xelfasis yidviTunarianoba, misi realuri Sinaarsi.

ukanaskneli gviCvenebs, Tu muSakis niminaluri xelfasiT ra

raodenobis produqtis SeZena SeiZleba. es ki, Tavis mxriv, ZiriTadad

damokidebulia sabazro fasebsa da gadasaxadebis moculobaze.

realuri xelfasi aris im produqtTa erToblioba, romlis

SeZena SeuZlia muSaks Tavisi nominaluri xelfasiT.

realuri xelfasi ganisazRvreba cxovrebis Rirebulebis

indeqsiT. am mizniT nominaluri xelfasis indeqsi iyofa cxovrebis

Rirebulebis indeqsze. cxovrebis Rirebuleba damokidebulia

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasis doneze, gadasaxadebis mocu-

lobaze, saxelmwifo daxmarebis sidideze da sxv. Tu cxovrebis

Rirebulebis zrda uswrebs nominaluri xelfasis zrdas, maSin

adgili aqvs realuri xelfasis Semcirebas da, piriqiT. mraval

qveyanaSi muSakebma cxovrebis miRweuli donis SesanarCuneblad

xelfasis moZravi skala SemoiRes. igi iTvaliswinebs xelfasis

avtomatur matebas cxovrebis Rirebulebis Sesabamisad.

rac Seexeba Sromis anazRaurebis formebs, xelfass aqvs ori

ZiriTadi forma: droiTi da sanardo. droiT formas safuZvlad

udevs samuSao dro (saaTi, kvira, Tve). sanardo formaSi ki

warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba daxarjuli Sromis gazomvis

safuZvelia. xelfasis droiTi forma im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba,

roca mocemul warmoebaSi gaZnelebuli an SeuZlebelia calkeuli

muSakis daxarjuli Sromis aRricxva (magaliTad, warmoebaSi

konveieruli sistemis an avtomatizebuli sistemis gamoyenebis

dros). droiT xelfass iReben agreTve warmoebis xelmZRvanelebi

da sxva muSakebi Sromis anazRaurebisas.

xelfasis sanardo forma gamoiyeneba warmoebis im sferoebSi,

sadac Sroma normirebulia da SesaZlebelia TiToeuli muSakis

Sromis aRricxva.

207206

yvela es, erTad aRebuli, aqveiTebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobas da

auaresebs warmoebuli produqtis konkurentunarianobas;

politikuri partiebis Seqmna _ XIX saukunis ukanas-

knel mesamedSi evropisa da amerikis qveynebSi muSaTa partiebis

erTdroulad warmoqmnisa da maTi gavlenis gaZlierebasTan erTad

gaizarda sagaficvo brZolis masStabebi. muSaTa klasi ufro

organizebuli gaxda, xolo ekonomikuri da politikuri moTxovnebi

_ ufro mkacri;

profesiuli kavSirebis organizaciebis Seqmna _ es

organizaciebi Seiqmna kapitalistTa TviTnebobis winaaRmdeg muSaTa

brZolis procesSi. Tavdapirvelad profesiul kavSirebs hqonda

urTierTdaxmarebis sazogadoebis xasiaTi, magram sul male Caebnen

sagaficvo moZraobaSi. pirveli profkavSiri anu ̀ tred-iunioni~

(ing. trade union) lankaSiris bambis feiqrebma Seqmnes 1792 wels.

msgavsi organizacia (`winaaRmdegobis sazogadoeba~) Camoyalibda

safrangeTSi. male am da msgavsma organizaciebma daiwyes aralega-

luri saqmianoba. mewarmeebma sakanonmdeblo wesiT SeZles maTi

saqmianobis akrZalva. aSS-Si profkavSiri, rogorc saidumlo

organizacia, Seiqmna `Sromis raindebis~ saxelwodebiT. am

organizaciaSi Sesvla ar SeeZloT ̀ advokatebs, bankirebs, birJis

an spirtis spekuliantebs da pinkertonis deteqtivebs~.

saqarTveloSi, ise rogorc ruseTSi, profkavSirebi Camoyalibda

XX saukunis dasawyisSi. Tavidanve masSi Zlieri iyo social-

demokratiuli ideologiis gavlena. dasavleTisagan gansxvavebiT,

sadac profkavSirebi aRmocenda muSaTa partiebis Seqmnamde, ruseTis

imperiaSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTveloc Sedioda,

profkavSirebis warmoSobas uswrebda social-demokratiuli

partiebis Seqmna. 1905 wlis oqtombris gaficvis Semdeg (noember-

dekemberi) TbilisSi e.w. ̀ gamocxadebis wesiT~ muSaTa da mosam-

saxureTa mitingebsa da krebebze gamohqondaT dadgenilebebi profe-

siuli kavSirebis Seqmnaze, iqmneboda saorganizacio komisiebi,

dabalkvalificiur SromaSi. diskriminaciis aRkveTis SemTxvevaSi

gaizrdeba am kategoriis muSakTa xelfasi mTliani Sida produqtis

im nawilis xarjze, romelic Seiqmneba muSakTa ufro maRalmwar-

moebluri Sromis Sedegad.

resursebis sxva bazrebisagan gansxvavebiT, Sromis bazari

xasiaTdeba moTxovnasa (mwarmoeblebs) da miwodebas (daqiravebul

muSakebs) Soris gansakuTrebuli urTierTobiT. kerZod, sauku-

neebis ganmavlobaSi isini erTmaneTs mtrulad upirispirdebodnen

da es dapirispireba arc XXI saukunis dasawyisSi damcxrala. es

aixsneba mewarmeTa miswrafebiT, SesaZleblobis farglebSi, rac

SeiZleba dabali xelfasi daaweson, maSin roca daqiravebulebi

maqsimalurad maRali xelfasis miRebas cdiloben.

istoriulad am or jgufs Soris dapirispireba warmoad-

genda klasobriv brZolas, romelic xSirad SeiaraRebul ajanyebaSi

gadaizrdeboda. am brZolaSi muSebi da mewarmeebi sxvadasxva

saSualebebs iyenebdnen. magaliTad, XVIII-XX saukuneebSi

gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri muSebisaTvis mewarmeebi farTod iyenebdnen

e.w. ̀ Sav siebs~. am siaSi Seyvanili muSebi iSviaTad Tu axerxebdnen

samuSaos povnas.

damqiravebelTa erT-erTi strategia iyo mcire xniT sawarmos

daxurva da saSimSilod ganwiruli muSebis `Wkuaze moyvana~.

aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo Streik-breherebis sistemis danergva,

romelic gaficuli muSebis sanacvlod droebiT sxva muSebis

daqiravebas gulisxmobda.

Sromis bazarze moTxovnis am strategias upirispirdeboda

daqiravebul muSakTa sxvadasxva strategia:

gaficva _ muSaobis Sewyveta xelfasis gazrdis an Sromis

pirobebis gaumjobesebis moTxovniT;

muSaobis wesebis mkacri dacva _ am SemTxvevaSi

muSebi formalurad agrZeleben muSaobas, magram moiTxoven Sromis

pirobebis mkacr dacvas, Senelebulia muSaobis tempi da sxv.;

209208

yriloba. am dros saqarTveloSi moqmedebda 87 profkavSiruli

organizacia (54701 wevriT). saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg

(1921 w.) Zveli profkavSirebis nacvlad Seiqmna axali kavSirebi,

romlebic mTlianad eqvemdebareboda komunisturi partiis direq-

tivebs. profkavSirebi saxelmwifo organizaciad gadaiqca da

faqtobrivad dRemde ver ganTavisuflebula sabWouri ideolo-

giisagan.

yovel qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, saarsebo mini-

mumisa da minimaluri xelfasis Tanafardobis sakiTxi

metad aqtualuria. es imiTac aixsneba, rom TiToeul qveyanaSi

gansxvavebulia inflaciuri procesebi, rac met-naklebad zrdis

fulSi gamosaxuli saarsebo minimumis Rirebulebas. es ki moiTxovs

minimaluri xelfasis gadasinjvis aucileblobas.

Sromis bazris kidev erTi arsebiTi Taviseburebaa miwode-

buli saqonlis _ samuSao Zalis fasis dacemis zRvris arseboba.

marTlac, Tu romelime sxva saqonelze moTxovna Semcirdeba, misi

mflobeli (gamyidveli) iZulebuli xdeba am saqonlis fasi manamde

Seamciros, sanam igi ar gaiyideba. am SemTxvevaSi mewarmem, mogebis

nacvlad, SeiZleba izaralos. aq fasis dacemis raime zRvari ar

arsebobs. sul sxva mdgomareobaa Sromis bazarze. aq samuSao

Zalis fasi (xelfasis ganakveTi) misi dacemis obieqturi zRvaria.

am fasma unda uzrunvelyos muSis da misi ojaxis Senaxva anu

samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoeba .

fulad Semosavals, romelic uzrunvelyofs individisaTvis

fiziologiuri normebiT gansazRvruli sursaTis SeZenas, agreTve

tansacmliT, sacxovrebliT, transportis momsaxurebiT, sanitariisa

da higienis sagnebiT aucilebeli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas,

ewodeba saarsebo minimumi.

saarsebo minimumis gansazRvra qveynebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia.

es sxvadasxva mizeziT aixsneba. kerZod, siRaribis mijna sakmaod

SefardebiTi cnebaa. is, rac erT qveyanaSi siRaribed miiCneva,

irCevdnen kavSiris sabWoebs da sxva xelmZRvanel organoebs.

1905 wlis 6 noembers TbilisSi, xolo Semdeg quTaissa da baTumSi,

Seiqmna sruliad ruseTis fosta-telegrafisa da telefonis

muSakTa profkavSirebis saolqo biuroebi. mTavrobam gankarguleba

gasca am profkavSirebis akrZalvis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc 15 noembridan

kavSirma gaficva gamoacxada. TbilisSi ramdenjerme moewyo

gaficulTa mitingi. dekembris dasawyisSi igi SeuerTda sruliad

ruseTis sayovelTao politikur gaficvas, romelic SeiaraRebul

ajanyebaSi gadaizarda.

1907 wlis maisSi aralegalurad Catarda Tbilisis profkav-

Sirebis konferencia. es profkavSiri 35 profesiul kavSirs iTvlida

da 10 aTas muSa-mosamsaxures aerTianebda. konferenciam gaiziara

profkavSirebis Sesaxeb social-demokratiuli koncefcia (gaficvebis

organizacia, 8-saaTiani samuSao dRis daweseba, xelfasis momateba,

weliwadSi erTTviani anazRaurebuli Svebulebis micema, avadmyofobis

dros 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi sruli xelfasis gacema, presis sruli

Tavisufleba...). konferenciam airCia Tbilisis profkavSirTa

centraluri biuro, romelmac 24 ivnisidan daiwyo yovelkvireuli

gazeTis àxali qveyana~-s gamocema.

ruseTis 1905-1907 wlebis revolucis damarcxebam Seaviwrova

profkavSiruli moZraoba saqarTveloSi: daixura mravali kavSiri,

daapatimres da gadaasaxles profesiuli moZraobis beladebi da

aqtivistebi. es mdgomareoba 1912 wlis Semdeg Seicvala. 1917

wlis maisSi TbilisSi funqcionirebda 35 kavSiri, romlebic 10200

kacs aerTianebda. Tbilisis profkavSirebis centraluri sabWo

Tavidanve gaemijna bolSevikebs da qarTvel social-demokratebs

uWerda mxars. 1917 wlis 26-31 dekembers qarTvel social-

demokratTa xelmZRvanelobiT TbilisSi Catarda kavkasiis profkav-

Sirebis I konferencia.

damoukidebel saqarTveloSi (1918-1921 w.w.) 1919 wlis 11-

16 aprils TbilisSi Catarda saqarTvelos profkavSirebis I

211210

Tavis Tavze iRebs pasuxismgeblobas miwis, kapitalisa da Sromis

gamoyenebaze da wyvets rogor gankargos es resursebi, ewodeba

mewarme. swored mewarme iRebs warmoebis procesze pasuxismgeb-

lobas, eweva risks. riski ki gardauvalia, ramdenadac mewarmeni

yiduloben da gamoiyeneben warmoebis faqtorebs, romelTa gamoyenebiT

miRebuli Sedegebis sruli ganWvreta faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia.

Sesabamisad, mewarmeebs mxolod mogebis miRebis varaudi ubiZgebT

ganaxorcielon warmoebis procesi. samewarmeo unari, romlis

safuZvelzec mewarmeni Tavis Tavze iReben pasuxismgeblobas,

aorganizeben da uZRvebian warmoebas, iTvleba warmoebis erT-erT

faqtorad.

sabazro meurneobaSi mogeba gasamrjeloa swored iseTi

specifikuri faqtorisa, rogorc samewarmeo unaria. misi specifiku-

roba isaa, rom miwis Tu kapitalisagan gansxvavebiT mas ver

Seexebi, aseve warmoebis sxva faqtoruli Semosavlebisagan gansxva-

vebiT, mogebas ver gansazRvravT, rogorc wonasworobis fass.

mogeba Cveulebriv ganisazRvreba, rogorc sxvaoba sawarmos mTlian

Semosavlebsa da srul danaxarjebs Soris.

samewarmeo unari, miwis, kapitalisa da Sromis msgavsad, iSviaTi

resursia da, Sesabamisad, mas aqvs Tavisi fasi. amitom warmoebis

xarjebSi unda Sevides rogorc renta miwaze, sargebeli kapitalze

da xelfasi Sromaze, aseve gadasaxdelebi mewarmeobisaTvis maT

mier warmoebis organizaciis, warmoebis yvela faqtoris SeerTebi-

saTvis. mewarmis mier Sesrulebuli funqciisaTvis am gadasaxdels

(Semosavals) ewodeba normaluri mogeba.

Sesabamisad, saqoneli iwarmoeba mxolod maSin, roca mTliani

Semosavali misi realizaciidan imdenad didia, rom SeiZleba

gadaxdil iqnas renta, sargebeli, xelfasi da normaluri mogeba.

Tuki saqonlis realizaciidan mTliani Semosavali aRemateba yvela

sawarmoo danaxarjs normaluri mogebis CaTvliT, es nameti

grovdeba mewarmesTan, romelmac Tavis Tavze aiRo riski da

SeiZleba sxva qveynisaTvis sasurveli da misaRwevi done iyos.

magaliTad, aSS-Si 1938 wlidan, roca miiRes kanoni daqiravebis

samarTliani pirobebis Sesaxeb, arsebobs xelfasis federaluri

minimumi. es minimumi meryeobs industriaSi Camoyalibebuli saSualo

xelfasis 40-50%-is farglebSi. aSS-Si ki industriaSi saaTobrivi

anazRaureba 18 dolaria. es imas niSnavs, rom aSS-Si xelfasis

saaTobrivi anazRaurebis minimumi 7-9 dolaris farglebSi meryeobs,

anu amerikeli moqalaqis kvireuli anazRaureba ar SeiZleba iyos

280-360 dolarze naklebi.

damqiraveblebsa da profkavSirebs Soris gansxvavebuli Tval-

sazrisi arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra produqcia unda Seitanon

saarsebo minimumSi (e.w. ̀ samomxmareblo kalaTaSi~) da ra SeiZleba

miviCnioT moxmarebis minimalur doned.

saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebisas moxmarebis naturaluri

normebi mravldeba maT mimdinare fasebze. es fasebi ki gansxvave-

bulia qveynis teritoriul WrilSi.

yvela qveyanaSi Sromis Tanamedrove bazarze xelfasis mini-

maluri ganakveTis gansazRvris safuZvelia saarsebo minimumi.

Sromis bazarze moTxovnasa da miwodebas Soris garigeba

daideba SromiTi kontraqtebisa da SeTanxmebis formebSi. SromiTi

kontraqti aris SeTanxmeba Sromis pirobebisa da Sinaar-

sis Sesaxeb. igi moicavs agreTve Sromis anazRaurebis sididesa

da Sromis bazris or monawiles Soris urTierTvaldebulebebs.

SromiTi kontraqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc individualuri, aseve

koleqtiuri, romelic SeiZleba vrceldebodes rogorc erT

sawarmoze, aseve mTlian sferoze. aseTi SeTanxmebis umaRlesi

formaa generaluri SeTanxmeba, romelSic monawileobs sami

mxare: saxelmwifo, mewarmeTa gaerTianeba da profkavSirebi.

samewarmeo mogeba, rogorc samewarmeo unaris

faqtoruli Semosavali. rogorc aRiniSna, adamians, romelic

213212

faqtors misi mflobelisaTvis Sesabamisi Semosavali (renta,

sargebeli, xelfasi, samewarmeo mogeba) moaqvs.

CamoTvlili faqtoruli Semosavlebis garda, saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis realizaciiT miRebuli Semosavali biznesze arapir-

dapir gadasaxadebsa da gadasaxdelebs (damatebuli Rirebulebis

gadasaxadi, aqcizi, qonebis gadasaxadi, salicenzio da sabaJo

gadasaxdelebi) Seicavs. es ukanasknelni literaturaSi saxel-

mwifos daumsaxurebel (gamoumuSavebel) Semosavlad iwodebian.

es ki, Tavis mxriv, warmoebis faqtorebis Teoriis mTlianobas

nawilobriv saeWvod xdis, romlis Tanaxmadac saqonlisa da momsaxu-

rebis fasi faqtorul Semosavlebad iyofa. realurad ki, Semosavlis

iseTi saxe (biznesze arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi da gadasaxdelebi)

Cndeba, romelsac ekonomikuri dasabuTeba ar gaaCnia. am wina-

aRmdegobis dasaZlevad saWiroa pasuxi gaeces Semdeg kiTxvas:

warmoebis yvela faqtori da Sesabamisi Semosavlebi aris ki

srulad gaTvaliswinebuli?

am kiTxvaze pasuxi dadebiTi iqneboda, ekonomikur subieqtebs

Soris yvela urTierToba rom Tavisufali bazrisa da wminda

konkurenciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pirobebiT ganisazRvrebodes,

rac imavdroulad gulisxmobs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis

saWiroebis ararsebobas, realurad ki saqme Semdegnairadaa:

Tu mewarme saqonlis an momsaxurebis warmoebis erTian

procesSi miwis, kapitalisa da Sromis CarTvas axorcielebs, maSin

saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze erovnuli ekonomikis CarCoebSi mewarmeTa

am saqmianobis regulirebis iniciativas Rebulobs;

Tu mewarme garkveuli saqonlis an momsaxurebis warmoebas

uZRveba, saxelmwifo erovnuli ekonomikis farglebSi ukeTebs

organizacias saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mTeli masis warmoebas;

Tu mewarme ama Tu im gadawyvetilebas (magaliTad, riskis

Tavis Tavze aRebis, Tu siaxleebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb) sakuTari

biznesis warmarTvis procesSi Rebulobs, saxelmwifo Tavis

Seasrula sawarmos operaciaTa ZiriTadi organizatoris funqcia.

am namet Tanxas ewodeba wminda anu ekonomikuri mogeba .

swored aseTi mogebiTaa dainteresebuli mewarme, rogorc warmoebis

umniSvnelovanesi faqtori.

saxelmwifos mogeba, rogorc misi ekonomikuri

unaris faqtoruli Semosavali. sayovelTaod miRebuli

mosazrebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos saqmianoba bazris Sinagani

Semadgeneli nawili ki araa, aramed mas avsebs. sxva sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, saxelmwifos `daniSnuleba~ im ekonomikuri amocanebis

gadawyvetaa, romelTa gadaWra bazars ar ZaluZs, ris gamoc

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri saqmianoba bazris iZulebiTi damatebis

rolSi gamodis.

Cveni mizani im dasabuTebis aRiarebaa, rom saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri saqmianoba bazris Sinagani imanenturi nawilis saxiTac

SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli. sakiTxis aseTi dasmidan gamomdinare,

SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos ekonomikuri saqmianobis formebisa da

meTodebis problemis principulad gansxvavebuli gziT gadawyveta,

roca isini ekonomikis sxva agentebis saqmianobis formebisa da

meTodebisagan praqtikulad arafriT iqneba gansxvavebuli. es,

Tavis mxriv, sabazro sistemaSi saxelmwifos rolze sayovelTaod

miRebuli Sexedulebis nawilobriv gadasinjvas mainc moiTxovs.

sabazro sistemaSi saxelmwifos rolis gadasinjvis mizniT,

warmoebis faqtorebisa da faqtoruli Semosavlebis tradiciuli

sqemis axleburi gaazrebaa saWiro.

amJamad, arc erTi ekonomikuri skolis (marqsistebis gamoklebiT)

warmomadgeneli sadaod ar xdis im Teziss, rom saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis realizaciiT miRebuli Semosavali am Semosavlis

Semqmneli oTxi faqtoris (miwa, kapitali, Sroma, samewarmeo unari)

mixedviT nawildeba. amasTan, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realiza-

ciiT miRebuli Semosavali ise nawildeba, rom warmoebis yovel

215214

dapiri dabegvrisagan miRebuli Semosavlis odenoba Sesabamisi

sagadasaxado ganakveTebis doniT ganisazRvreba. es ganakveTebi

saxelmwifos mogebis zrdaze gavlenas imis mixedviT axdenen, Tu

legalur bizness ramdenad astimulireben an xels uSlian.

warmoebis ̀ dominirebadi~ faqtorebis koncefcia

da faqtoruli Semosavlebis dominirebadoba. warmo-

ebis faqtorebis Teorias sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs da man

adam smiTisa da Jan batist seis droidan moyolebuli mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi ganicada. warmoebis `dominirebadi~ faqtorebis

koncefcia misi erT-erTi Tanamedrove versiaa.

aRniSnuli koncefciis Tanaxmad, saqonlis yoveli konkre-

tuli saxeobis warmoebaSi warmoebis yvela faqtori ki aris

gamoyenebuli, magram warmoebis Sedegianobis zrdis ganmsazRvreli

da, amdenad, ̀ dominirebadi resursi~ mxolod erT-erTi maTgania.

koncefciis avtorebi (s.eiloni, b.goldi da i.sezani) faqtorebis

`dominirebidan~ gamomdinare, sami saxeobis warmoebas ganasxvaveben:

`kapitaldominirebads~, ̀ masaladominirebadsa~ da ̀ Sromadomini-

rebads~.

aseTi midgomis Tanaxmad, warmoebis iseTi procesebia ̀ kapital-

dominirebadi~ (mas sxvanairad ̀ manqanadominirebadsac~ uwodeben),

romlebsac muSebi mxolod akontroleben da amiT manqanebisa da

sxva ZiriTadi mowyobilobis funqcionirebas, teqnologiuri

procesis dadgenil ritms uzrunvelyofen.

`masaladominirebads~ warmoebis iseTi procesebi miekuTvneba,

romlebSic warmoebrivi SesaZleblobebi nedleulsa da masalebze,

miwaze da sxva bunebriv resursebzea damokidebuli, xolo Sroma,

nagebobebi, manqanebi da mowyobiloba arsebuli warmoebrivi poten-

cialis realizacias mxolod da mxolod xels uwyobs.

`Sromadominirebadi~ warmoebis is procesebia, romlebSic xeliT

Sromasa da muSebis kvalifikacias pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba

gadawyvetilebebs mTeli erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis

magistraluri gzebis Sesaxeb (ekonomikuri politikis SemuSa-

vebiT) Rebulobs.

Tanamedrove ekonomikisa da biznesis ganviTarebaSi bevri ram

imazea damokidebuli, Tu xelisuflebis saTaveSi rogori politiku-

ri Zalebia moqceuli. magaliTad, XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis

bolos da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aSS-sa da didi britaneTis

xelisuflebaSi konservatorebis mosvlam am qveynebSi ekonomikuri

aqtiurobis zrdas Seuwyo xeli, xolo yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi

komunistebis 70-wlianma batonobam sabazro urTierTobebi

iatakqveSeTSi arsebobisaTvis gawira da qveyana uRrmes krizisamde

miiyvana.

radgan saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unari warmoebis faqtoria,

man saxelmwifos garkveuli Semosavalic unda moutanos. swored

esaa is Semosavali, rasac amJamad biznesze arapirdapir gadasaxadebsa

da gadasaxdelebs uwodeben. saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris

warmoebis faqtorad aRiareba, Tavis mxriv, biznesze arapirdapir

gadasaxadebsa da gadasaxdelebs, samewarmeo mogebis analogiiT,

saxelmwifos mogebis statusis miRebis uflebas aniWebs.

faqtorul Semosavlad biznesze arapirdapiri gadasaxadebisa

da gadasaxdelebis miCnevis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sakiTxi imis

Sesaxeb wamoiWras, rom saxelmwifo Tavisi ekonomikuri unaris

sanacvlod pirdapir gadasaxadebsac iRebs. sinamdvileSi es

ukanaskneli sxva faqtoruli Semosavlebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis

da maTgan, roca saxelmwifos xelSi gadadis, mxolod mas Semdgom

gamoiqviTeba. pirdapirisagan gansxvavebiT, arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi,

zemoT ganxiluli momsaxurebis sanacvlod, saxelmwifos

gankargulebaSi uSualod eqceva. biznesze arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi

da gadasaxdelebi, sxva faqtorul SemosavlebTan erTad, pirveladi

Semosavlebia, pirdapiri gadasaxadebi ki _ warmoebuli.

sagulisxmoa, rom saxelmwifos mogebis, anu biznesis arapir-

217216

mniSvnelovani inovaciebis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi procesi

`mewarmedominirebadobas~ kargavs da samewarmeo unaris ̀ domini-

rebuli~ mdgomareoba warmoebis romelime sxva faqtoris ̀ domini-

rebuli~ mdgomareobiT icvleba.

warmoebis sxva faqtorebis analogiiT SesaZlebelia warmoebis

iseTi procesebis gamoyofa, romlebSic saxelmwifos ekonomikuri

unari iqneba ̀ dominirebuli~. ̀ saxelmwifodominirebadi~ warmoebis

is procesia, romelSic ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba saxelmwifos

ekonomikur unars aqvs, xolo warmoebis yvela danarCeni faqtori

masze daqvemdebarebul funqcias asrulebs. warmoebis ̀ saxelmwifo-

dominirebadi~ procesebis ricxvs, bunebrivia, sazogadoebrivi da

kvazisazogadoebrivi dovlaTis warmoeba miekuTvneba.

sagulisxmoa, rom komunisturi tipis ekonomikaSi warmoebis

faqtorebs Soris samewarmeo unari mxolod ìatakqveSeTSi~

arsebobda. is legalurad saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unariT iyo

Canacvlebuli, ris gamoc mewarmeTa nacvlad saqmosanTa kasta

Camoyalibda. postkomunisturi tipis ekonomikisaTvis ki saxel-

mwifos ekonomikuri unaris mizanmimarTuli SezRudvis pirobebSi

samewarmeo unaris yovelmxrivi ganviTarebis xelSewyobaa dama-

xasiaTebeli.

warmoebis romelime procesSi ama Tu im faqtoris ̀ domini-

rebadoba~ am faqtoris mier motanili Semosavlis warmoebis sxva

faqtorebis meSveobiT miRebul SemosavalTan SedarebiT ̀ dominire-

badobas~ gansazRvravs. kerZod, ̀ kapitaldominirebad~ warmoebaSi

`dominirebuli~ Semosavali _ sargebeli, `masaladominirebad~

warmoebaSi _ renta, ̀ Sromadominirebad~ warmoebaSi _ xelfasi,

`mewarmedominirebad~ warmoebaSi _ samewarmeo mogeba, xolo

`saxelmwifodominirebad~ warmoebaSi _ saxelmwifos mogeba unda

iyos.

eniWeba, ris gamoc Carxebi, mowyobiloba da ZiriTadi kapitalis

nebismieri sxva elementi muSebisaTvis damxmare funqcias asrulebs.

ganxiluli koncefciis avtorebi `kapitaldominirebadi~

saxeobis warmoebas, magaliTad, eleqtrosadgurebs, cementis qarxnebsa

da brZmedebs, `masaladominirebads~ _ soflis meurneobasa da

TevzWeras, xolo ̀ Sromadominirebads~ ki _ aguris wyobas, SekveTiT

kervas da xuros samuSaos miakuTvneben.

iseTi warmoebis magaliTebis moyvanis dros, romlebSic esa

Tu is faqtori ̀ dominirebs~, avtorebi angariSs imas uweven, rom

arsebuli sinamdvilis didi mravalferovnebis gamo warmoebis ama

Tu im faqtoris aSkarad gamoxatuli ̀ dominirebis~ mqone ukiduresi

variantebi Tanamedrove warmoebrivi procesebis SezRudul wres

Seadgens. magram ukanasknelTa amgvar klasifikacias gamoyenebiTi

analizis miznebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba mainc aqvs.

cxadia, sanimuSod iseTi SemTxvevis ganxilvac SeiZleba,

romelSic faqtorebis `dominirebadoba~ warmoebrivi procesis

msvlelobaSi icvleba; kerZod, aseTi SemTxvevis magaliTi aviasat-

ransporto gadazidvebia, roca afrenisa da dafrenis dros warmoebis

procesi ̀ Sromadominirebadia~, simaRlis aRebis Semdeg (avtopilotis

gamoyenebis dros) ki igi ukve ̀ kapitaldominirebadi~ xdeba.

warmoebis ̀ dominirebadi~ faqtorebis koncefciis am mokle

daxasiaTebis Semdeg SesaZlebelia warmoebis sxva faqtorebis _

samewarmeo unarisa da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris _

gaTvaliswinebiT zogierTi ganzogadebis gakeTeba.

warmoebis ̀ mewarmedominirebad~ procesebs iseTebi unda mivakuT-

vnoT, romlebSic pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba im inovaciebs

aqvT, romelTa ganxorcielebac, rogorc wesi, mewarmis iniciativas-

Tanaa dakavSirebuli da warmoebis sxva faqtorebi mewarmis inova-

ciuri saqmianobis mimarT damxmare funqcias asruleben. konkretuli

garemo xels uwyobs mocemuli konkretuli saxeobis inovaciebis

gavrcelebas, ris Sedegadac maTi siaxle nivelirdeba da sxva

219218

5. bankis saprocento ganakveTis mocemuli sididis

pirobebSi miwis nakveTi miT ufro Zviria, rac ufro:

a. patara zomisaa;

b. didi zomisaa;

g. meti renta moaqvs;

d. meti subieqtis gankargulebaSia.

6. sargebeli, rogorc faqtoruli Semosavali, ekuTvnis:

s. mewarmes;

b. saxelmwifos;

g. kapitalis mflobels;

d. miwis mflobels.

7. konkurenciuli bazris pirobebSi sasesxo sargeblis

sabazro ganakveTze zemoqmedebas axdenen:

a. kapitalis calkeuli gamsesxeblebi;

b. kapitalis calkeuli msesxeblebi;

g. kapitalis calkeuli gamsesxeblebi da msesxeblebi;

d. sasesxo kapitalze procentis norma.

8. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis realizaciiT miRebuli

Semosavali nawildeba am Semosavlis Semqmneli:

a. ori faqtoris mixedviT;

b. sami faqtoris mixedviT;

g. oTxi faqtoris mixedviT;

d. xuTi faqtoris mixedviT.

9. `masaladominirebadi~ warmoebis iseTi procesebia,

romlebSic pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba:

a. xeliT Sromasa da muSakTa kvalifikacias;

b. manqanebisa da sxva ZiriTadi mowyobilobebis


SemowmebisaTvis

1. sazogadoebrivi warmoeba, farTo gagebiT, es aris:

a. konkretuli dovlaTis Seqmnis procesi;

b. bunebis nivTierebis gardaqmna da miTviseba adamianis

mier;

g. sakuTriv warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da moxmarebis

erTianoba;

d. SromiTi saqmianobis gacvla sawarmos SigniT.

2. zRvruli produqtis Teoriis avtoria:

a. goldi;

b. klarki;

g. Sumpeteri;

d. eiloni.

3. Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi arsebuli uTanabrobis

xarisxis dasaxasiaTeblad iyeneben:

a. laferis mruds;

b. filipsis mruds;

g. lorencis mruds;

d. engelsis mruds.

4. rentas, rogorc faqtorul Semosavals, Rebulobs:

a. samuSao Zalis mflobeli;

b. miwis mflobeli;

g. kapitalis mflobeli;

d. mewarme.

?

221220

5Tema

biznesis(samewarmeo saqmianobis)ekonomikuri safuZvlebi

`droeba biznesis humanizaciis mi-

marTulebiT icvleba. patiosani da ur-

TierTsasargeblo garigeba _ Tana-

medrove mewarmeobis mniSvnelovani fun-

qciaa. sxva elementebTan SeerTebiT igi

warmoadgens mewarmeobis filosofiis

mniSvnelovan praqtikul gamoyenebas,

romlis arsi sazogadoebis samsaxuria.~

j.peki

wina or TemaSi ganxiluli sabazro urTierTobebi da biznesi

ganuyreladaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. sabazro kavSirebi

istoriulad win uswrebda biznesmenTa samewarmeo saqmianobis

ganviTarebas, romelmac Tvisobrivad Secvala es urTierTobebi.

amitom sabazro kavSirebis codna saSualebas gvaZlevs CavwvdeT

biznesis (samewarmeo saqmianobis) ekonomikur safuZvlebs.

funqcionirebas;

g. nedleuls, miwasa da sxva bunebriv resursebs;

d. mewarmis inovaciur saqmianobas.

10. `kapitaldominirebad~ warmoebaSi dominirebuli

Semosavalia:

a. renta;

b. sargebeli;

g. mogeba;

d. biznesze arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi da gadasaxdelebi.

223222

saqmianoba, romelic ar isaxavs miznad mogebis miRebas da,

tradiciuli gagebiT, ar ganekuTvneba bizness.

naTqvamis dasadastureblad aucilebelia samewarmeo saqmianobis

arsis ganxilva. ̀ mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad:

`samewarmeo saqmianobad miiCneva marTlzomieri da araer-

Tjeradi saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba mogebis mizniT,

damoukideblad da organizebulad.~

ganmartebidan gamomdinare, unda ganvixiloT samewarmeo

saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebi:

marTlzomiereba. aRniSnul niSanSi igulisxmeba, rom

samewarmeo saqmianoba ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes samarTlis moqmed

normebs, zneobis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebs da sajaro

wesrigs;

araerTjeradoba. samewarmeo saqmianoba unda xorciel-

debodes sistematurad da profesionalurad. mravaljeradobas

gansazRvravs ara mxolod moqmedebaTa raodenoba, aramed agreTve

am moqmedebaTa umTavresi mizani _ mogebis miReba;

organizebuloba, rac imas niSnavs, rom mewarme unda

`moergos~ kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul erT-erT organizaciul-

samarTlebriv formas, hqondes kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili marTvis

organoebi da, rac mTavaria, iyos registrirebuli samewarmeo

reestrSi;

damoukidebloba. samewarmeo saqmianoba, rogorc damo-

ukidebeli saqmianoba, sxva araferia, Tu ara kanonier, mewarmeTa

nebaze damyarebul moqmedebaTa erToblioba. masSi igulisxmeba

samarTlebrivi damoukidebloba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, moicavs

qonebriv damoukideblobas (rac gancalkevebuli qonebis arsebobas

niSnavs) da organizaciul damoukideblobas (rac mewarmis mier

organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formisa da saqmianobis saxis

Tavisuflad arCevas gulisxmobs);

swrafva mogebis miRebis miznisaken. sabazro ekonomikis

leqcia 13. biznesi da samewarmeo

saqmianoba

`biznesi sabazro ekonomikis su-

lia.~

b. Carlzi

`biznesi _ es aris momxmareblis

Seqmna.~

h.drukeri

`biznesi _ es aris TamaSi, udi-

desi TamaSi msoflioSi, _ Tu iciT, -

rogor iTamaSoT.~

T.uotsoni

`mewarmeoba sazogadoebrivi gan-

viTarebis sakvanZo fenomenia... mewarme

_ ekonomikis mTavari Zravaa.~

i.Sumpeteri

biznesis (samewarmeo saqmianobis) arsi da gan-

msazRvreli niSnebi. biznesi ewodeba kanonieri gziT mogebis

miRebis mizniT warmarTul samewarmeo saqmianobas. biznesmeni

inglisuri warmoSobis sityvaa da pirdapiri gagebiT `saqmian

adamians~ niSnavs. sabazro urTierTobaTa sistemaSi biznesisa da

samewarmeo saqmianobis Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva arsebiTad

erTnairia. biznesze msjelobisas samewarmeo saqmianoba igulisxmeba

da, piriqiT, samewarmeo saqmianobaze msjelobisas _ biznesi. Tumca,

movlenebis Rrmad gaanalizebisas SeiZleba gamoikveTos maT Soris

gansxvaveba garkveul niuansebSi. magaliTad, aris iseTi samewarmeo

225224

samewarmeo saqmianobis niSnebi

marT

lzomiereba

mogebis miReba

araerT

jeradoba

damoukidebl

oba

organizebul

oba

qonebrivi

gaiaros registracia

organizaciul

iiqonios kanoniT

gansazRvrul

i

marT

vis organoebi

airCios erT

-erT

i

organizaciul

-

samarT

lebrivi forma

nax.

5.1.

samewar

meo saqmianobis ganmsazRvr

eli

ZiriT

adi

niSnebis savar

audo sqema

pirobebSi samewarmeo saqmianobis mizans warmoadgens ara imdenad

saqonlis (momsaxurebis) realuri warmoeba, ramdenadac am

saqmianobiT mogebis miReba. magram mogebis miReba mewarmis saboloo

mizani ar aris. misi saqmianobis mTavari misiaa ama Tu im geografiuli

sazRvrebis mqone bazarze sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofi-

leba. mxolod moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebiT SeiZleba marTlzo-

mieri mogebis miReba. swored amaSi mdgomareobs samewarmeo

saqmianobis Tavisebureba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samewarmeo saqmianobis

warmateba igivea, rac bazarze konkurenciaSi warmateba.

qvemoT motanil 5.1 naxazze sqematuradaa asaxuli same-

warmeo saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi niSnebi.

moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT legalizebulia samewarmeo saqmianobis

mizani _ sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba da mis

safuZvelze mogebis sistematiuri da profesionaluri miReba.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT, ekonomikis nebismier sferoSi warmoebuli

marTlzomieri saqmianoba, mimarTuli mogebis miRebisaken,

aris samewarmeo saqmianoba .

zogadad, samewarmeo saqmianoba sameurneo saqmianobis nair-

saxeobaa. cneba _ ̀ sameurneo saqmianoba~ _ praqtikaSi gacilebiT

ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT ixmareba, vidre samewarmeo saqmianoba.

sameurneo saqmianoba mimarTulia produqciis warmoebis, samuSaos

Sesrulebis an momsaxurebis gawevisaken. mocemuli definiciidan

Cans, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi igi sul ufro metad uaxlovdeba

samewarmeo saqmianobis formulirebas, magram srulad ar axasiaTebs

samewarmeo saqmianobis Cvens mier zemoT dasaxelebuli niSnebi.

sameurneo saqmianoba SeiZleba iyos socialur-kulturuli,

sazogadoebrivi, religiuri da sxva saxis arasamewarmeo xasiaTis

saqmianoba, romelsac aqvs damxmare xasiaTi da emsaxureba Sesabamisi

organizaciebis sawesdebo miznebis miRwevas.

`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad: ̀ samewarmeo

saqmianobad ar CaiTvleba fizikuri pirebis saxelovnebo, samecniero,

227226

gareTis valuta da fasiani qaRaldebi. mewarmis mogeba iqmneba

safinanso-sakredito resursebis ufro met fasSi gayidviT, vidre

man igi SeiZina.

sadazRvevo mewarmeobis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mewarme

aZlevs damzRvevs garantias _ misi qonebis, faseulobis da sacxov-

reblis gauTvaliswinebeli zaralis SemTxvevaSi gasces garkveuli

kompensacia. ufro metad gavrcelebulia sadazRvevo mewarmeobis

iseTi formebi, rogoricaa qonebis dazRveva, sicocxlisa da jan-

mrTelobis dazRveva, riskisa da pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva. soci-

alur dazRvevas ara aqvs pirdapiri kavSiri biznesTan. biznesi

dakavSirebulia mxolod nebayoflobiT dazRvevasTan, romlis

bazarze iyideba momsaxureba _ sadazRvevo dacva. aseTi samewarmeo

saqmianoba SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT safinanso-sakredito mewarmeobis

saxesxvaobas imdenad, ramdenadac mewarme Rebulobs sadazRvevo

sawevros da ubrunebs mas mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi _

sadazRvevo SemTxvevis dadgomisas. sxvaoba sadazRvevo Senatanebsa

da mewarmis mier sadazRvevo SemTxvevaSi gacemul Tanxas Soris

Seadgens mewarmis Semosavals.

saSuamavlo mewarmeoba mWidrod ukaSirdeba samewarmeo

saqmianobis iseT saxeebs, rogoricaa sawarmoo, komerciuli, safinanso-

sakredito da sadazRvevo mewarmeoba. gansxvaveba isaa, rom Suamavali

ar awarmoebs da ar vaWrobs saqonliT, fasiani qaRaldebiT, ar

iZleva fulad kredits da sadazRvevo poliss. igi mxolod eweva

saSuamavlo momsaxurebas saqonlis (momsaxurebis) mwarmoebelsa

da myidvelebs Soris. Suamavali biznesmeni Rebulobs Tavisi

mogebis wils imisaTvis, rom man moZebna da daakavSira erTmaneTTan

saWiro adamianebi, Tumca misi roli meorexarisxovania. Suamavlis

riski sakmaod didia, ramdenadac Sexvda ra myidveli da gamyidveli

erTmaneTs, maTTvis ukve saWiro aRaraa Suamavali. nebismier momentSi

maT SeuZliaT uari Tqvan SuamavlisaTvis informaciis anazRaurebaze,

Tu igi dafiqsirebuli araa Sesabamisi xelSekrulebiT an kon-

samedicino, arqiteqturuli, saadvokato an sanotaro, saaudito,

sakonsultacio (maT Soris, sagadasaxado konsultantTa), sasoflo-

sameurneo an satyeo-sameurneo saqmianoba~. yuradsaRebia, rom Tu

zemoT aRniSnuli saqmianoba ganxorcieldeba iuridiuli piris

mier, maSin igi ganixileba samewarmeo saqmianobad. rac Seexeba

sasoflo-sameurneo an satyeo-sameurneo saqmianobas, maTi regist-

racia savaldebuloa, Tu warmoebaSi mudmivad dasaqmebulia ojaxis

arawevri xuTi piri mainc. sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTvelos

sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tanaxmad, zemoT aRniSnuli saqmianoba

ganixileba, rogorc arasamewarmeo ekonomikuri saqmianoba.

mewarmeobis saxeebi. samewarmeo saqmianobis Sinaarsis

mixedviT ganasxvaveben mewarmeobis Semdeg saxeebs: sawarmoo,

komerciuli, safinanso-sakredito, sadazRvevo da saSuamavlo.

sawarmoo mewarmeobis safuZvelia nebismieri mimarTulebis

sawarmoo saqmianoba. igi yvelaze sapasuxismgeblo da rTuli

biznesia. mas ise swrafad ar moaqvs mogeba, rogorc biznesis sxva

saxeebs. amitomac biznesmenebi samewarmeo saqmianobis am saxes

naklebad etanebian. mas miekuTvneba samewarmeo saqmianoba mrewve-

lobaSi, soflis meurneobaSi, mSeneblobaSi, transportze, sayo-

facxovrebo momsaxurebaSi da sxv.

komerciul mewarmeobaSi biznesmeni, rogorc komersanti,

gamodis Suamavlis rolSi mwarmoebelsa da momxmarebels Soris;

igi mWidrod ukavSirdeba mwarmoebels, iZens misgan saqonels da

yidis momxmarebelze. komerciuli mewarmeoba ufro martivia, vidre

sawarmoo mewarmeoba. masze moqmedi faqtorebi SezRudulia, amitom

riski naklebia, xolo Semosavali _ ufro stabiluri. amis gamo

mravali mewarme cdilobs Caebas, upiratesad, komerciul

saqmianobaSi.

safinanso-sakredito mewarmeoba _ es aris biznesis gansa-

kuTrebuli saxe, romelSic yidva-gayidvis sagania fuli, sazRvar-

229228

mewarmis is arsebiTi Tvisebaa, romelic mas sxva Cveulebrivi

meurnisagan ganasxvavebs;

gabeduli, zomierad riskiani. biznesi (mewarmeoba)

Tavisi bunebiT azartul TamaSs waagavs, sadac mosalodnelia ara

marto mogeba, aramed wagebac. amitom biznesSi, Cveulebriv, warmatebas

aRwevs is mewarme, romelic winaswar gaazrebulad SearCevs

saqmianobas da ise gaakeTebs mis organizacias, rom riskis done

ar aRematebodes gonivrulobis zRvars;

mtkice nebisyofiani, dasaxuli miznis Sesrulebi-

saTvis Seupovari mebrZoli. Cveulebriv, maRal warmatebebs

aRwevs is mewarme, romelsac xasiaTsa da gunebas ki ar gaufuWebs

funqcionirebis gzaze Sexvedrili pirvelive siZneleebi da dab-

rkolebebi, aramed ganawyobs mas iqiTken, rom maqsimaluri mobi-

lizacia gaukeTos Tavis SesaZleblobebs da swrafad (magram

auCqareblad) moiZios optimaluri gzebi da SesaZleblobani maT

dasaZlevad. mewarme unda iyos bunebiT optimisti, organizebulad

winmswrafi, Tavisi samewarmeo saqmianobis sasurvel saboloo

SedegebSi imTaviTve darwmunebuli da TviTdajerebuli;

gulwrfeli, patiosani da sando partniori . es

iseTi Tvisebebia, romelTa gareSe ar arsebobs normaluri biznesi.

ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi mewarmeebi xelmZRva-

neloben ara marto dawerili, aramed dauwereli kanonebiTac,

romelTac ̀ TamaSis wesebs~ uwodeben. maT mSvenivrad ician, rom

am wesebis darRvevas, gardauvlad mosdevs TamaSidan gaZeveba.

klientebTan da partniorebTan saxelis gatexas, rogorc ityvian,

Tavis gatexa sjobia. magaliTad, mewarmis mier sxva firmis saqon-

luri niSnis miTviseba, gadasaxadisagan Tavis arideba, Semosavlis

gadamalva, xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebis Seusrulebloba,

klientis motyueba da a.S. iTvleba erT-erT yvelaze did zneobriv

da moqalaqeobriv codva-danaSaulad da isjeba rogorc biznesis

samyaroSi prestiJis dakargviT, ise sisxlis samarTlis wesiT.

* klasikuri gagebiT, ̀ mewarme~ erTdroulad moicavs rogorc sawarmosmesakuTris, ise misi administratoris, mmarTvelis cnebas. Tumca, warmoebisganviTareba-garTulebis Sedegad es ori funqcia gaiyo da Camoyalibda e.w.menejerTa anu mmarTvelTa fsiqologiurad gansxvavebuli fena.

traqtiT.

samewarmeo saqmianobis yvela zemoT CamoTvlili saxeebi mWidro

kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. sawarmoo mewarmeobas agrZelebs komerciuli

mewarmeoba. Tavisi saqmianobisaTvis orive saWiroebs safinanso-

sakredito mewarmeobas. zogjer erTmaneTSi erTdroulad Ser-

wymulia mwarmoebeli, komersanti da finansisti (bankiri). sadazRvevo

mewarmeoba ki SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT warmoebasa da momsaxurebas.

samewarmeo saqmianobis aRniSnuli saxeebis SerwymiT warmoiSoba

biznesis kombinirebuli saxeebi.

samewarmeo saqmianobas warmarTavs mewarme* _ individi, romelic

mogebis miRebis mizniT uZRveba saqmes.

mewarmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi Tvise-

bebi. cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom Rirseuli

biznesmeni (mewarme) yvela msurveli ver gaxdeba. bevri sxva

saqmianobis analogiurad, esec erTgvari xelovnebaa da vinc uxvadaa

dajildovebuli saamiso TvisebebiT, warmatebac mas eqneba. imisaTvis,

raTa maRal doneze ganaxorcielos dasaxuli miznebi, mewarme

(biznesmeni) unda iyos:

iniciativiani, fxiani, komerciul niuansebSi safuZ-

vlianad garkveuli. bazarze myarad imkvidrebs adgils is

mewarme, romlis produqcia maRalxarisxovani, moduri, esTeti-

kurad mimzidveli da iafia. Seunelebeli zrunva nawarmis mom-

xmarebelTa gazrdili moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT miwodebisaTvis

231230

upovarTa da gaWirvebulTa mimarT gulmowyaleba srulebiT

ar niSnavs imas, rom mewarme Tavis qonebas haiharad flangavdes.

ai, ras wers amis Taobaze amerikeli miliardeli menejeri l.

iakoka: ̀ dagrovili fulidan TveSi milioni dolaric rom davxarjo,

mTeli cxovreba meyofa, magram, axlac ver vitan mflangvelobas.

SevZeli, aseTi cxovrebis wesi Semeswavlebina Cemi qaliSvilebisaT-

visac, romlebic, vatyob, fuls aqeT-iqiT ar fantaven da saWiro

nivTebs Camofasebuli saqonlis maRaziebSic yiduloben~;

saidumloebis Semnaxveli. firmis saidumloeba SeiZleba

dakavSirebuli iyos mecnierul-teqnikur progresTan, teqnologiur

procesebTan, marTvasTan, finansebTan, saqonlis realizaciasTan da

a.S. imisaTvis, rom Tavi daicvas konkurentebisagan, mewarme

ufrTxildeba agreTve ama Tu im saxeobis produqciis damzadebis

originaluri teqnologiisa da qimiuri Semadgenlobis saidumloebas.

amis sailustraciod sakmarisia Tundac mitrofane laRiZis _ am

cnobili qarTveli mewarmis _ teqnologiiT damzadebuli sayovel-

Taod aRiarebuli ̀ laRiZis wylebis~ dRemde Semonaxuli saidum-

loebis gaxseneba;

mgrZnobiare da alRoiani. namdvili biznesmeni unda

iyos araordinaruli, originaluri pirovneba. igi Tavis irgvliv

myofebisagan gansxvavebulad unda iqceodes. roca bernard baruks

hkiTxes, rogor miaRwie esoden didZal simdidresa da warmatebaso,

man ase upasuxa: ès Zalian iolia. iyideT maSin, roca irgvliv

yvela yidis da gayideT, roca yvelani mxolod yiduloben~.

gaxsovdeT: namdvili mewarme cdilobs mivides iq, saidanac

sxvebi gamorbian; Sromobs, roca sxvebs sZinavT; mgzavrobs, roca

sxvebi sadilad sxedan; gegmavs, roca sxvebi erTobian. igi TiTqmis

ar ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan samuSao da gamosasvlel dReebs

Tu Tqven gadawyvetili gaqvT momavalSi biznesis sferoSi

moRvaweoba, magram ar iciT, ramdenad pasuxobT mis moTxovnebs,

mizanSewonilia gaiaroT testireba. misi Sinaarsi daaxloebiT

aseTnairad SeiZleba warmovidginoT (ix. nax. 5.2).

erTguli, saimedo da piriani kacis saxeli mewarmisaTvis yvelaze

saukeTeso savizito baraTia. mewarmis sityva gacilebiT Zvirad

fasobs, vidre nebismieri xelmowera, beWedi Tu Tamasuqi;

dauzareli, Sromismoyvare. uSromelad, cxadia, arasdros

arc erTi saqme ar gakeTebula, magram mewarmeoba mainc iseTi

saqmianobaa, romelic warmoudgenelia titanuri Sromis gareSe.

profesiuli specifikidan gamomdinare, mewarme unda iyos dauRalavi,

sistematurad moZravi. sxvanairad misi biznes-saqmianoba normalurad

ver warimarTeba;

adamianebTan urTierTobaSi zomieri, Tavaziani da

megobruli. biznesis warmatebaSi am Tvisebebs, SeiZleba iTqvas,

lomis wili udevs. igulisxmeba mewarmis urTierToba mimwodeb-

lebTan, klientebTan, partniorebTan, bankirebTan, saqmianobis mravali

sxva sferos warmomadgenlebTan. aRniSnuli Tvisebebis floba

biznesis yvela warmomadgenels moeTxoveba, magram gansakuTrebiT

aucilebelia sawarmos xelZRvanelTaTvis, saerTod, SromiTi

koleqtivis saqmianobis organizebulad warmarTvisaTvis. vinc

dajildoebulia organizatoruli niWiT da amave dros dinji,

taqtiani da adamianebTan urTierTobis xelovnebas dauflebulia,

swored mas ZaluZs lideris rolis warmatebiT Sesruleba;

qvelmoqmedi, gulmowyale. ganviTarebuli sabazro

ekonomikis qveynebSi mdidari biznesmeni, rogorc wesi, Tavmdabali,

Rimiliani da qvelmoqmedia. amas is akeTebs ara iZulebiT, aramed

nebayoflobiT, Tavisi Sinagani bunebidan gamomdinare. mokled rom

vTqvaT, qvelmoqmedeba damokidebulia mewarmis ara marto

materialur SesaZleblobaze, aramed sulier simdidrezec. amis

naTeli magaliTia Cveni saxelovani Tanamemamulis d.sarajiSvilis

mier qarTuli erovnuli universitetis mSeneblobaSi Setanili

wvlili da didZali saxsrebis daxarjva niWieri qarTveli

axalgazrdebis dasavleT evropis mecnierebisa da kulturis

centrebSi codnis miRebis mizniT misavlineblad.

233232

testirebis Sedegad qulebis maqsimaluri odenoba SeiZleba

iyos 50, minimaluri _ 20. realurad, albaT, erTic gamoricxulia

da meorec, ramdenadac iSviaTi iqneba ara marto iseTi adamiani,

romelic testSi aRniSnul yvela Tvisebas maqsimalurad flobs,

aramed iseTic, romelic yvela maTganisadmi mwyralad gamoiyureba.

am momentebis gaTvaliswinebiT, pirobiT, qulebis gansazRvrul

odenobas SeiZleba Semdegnairi Sefaseba mivceT: saukeTeso(50-46),

kargi(45_36), saSualo(35-26), cudi(25 da naklebi). testirebis

safuZvelze, vTqvaT, aRmogaCndaT ramdenime susti Tviseba da miiReT

dabali Sefaseba, magram mainc ar gsurT Tqveni gadawyvetilebis

Secvla. am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs orgvari gamosavali: jer-erTi,

intensiurad izrunoT am susti mxareebis dasaZlevad, da meore,

SemoikriboT iseTi partniorebi romlebic Seavseben Tqvens

naklovanebebs.

warmatebuli mewarmeebi amerikuli sinamdvi-

lidan. biznesmeni (mewarme) SemoqmedebiTi da individualuri

bunebis, kritikulad moazrovne piria, romelic ideebs saqonlad

da momsaxurebad gardaqmnis. qvemoT motanilia zogierTi mewarmis

ramdenime magaliTi da maTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi amerikuli

sinamdvilidan. zogierTi mewarme:

saqmianobas adreul asakSi iwyebs. skolaSi swavlis

periodSi bad hedfilds Tavis sardafSi stamba hqonda mowyobili,

romelsac `saojaxo axali ambebi~ uwoda, igi kardakar yidda

sareklamo prospeqtebs, savizito baraTebs da sxv. saxis nabeWd

produqcias. 1967 wels man daaarsa `kvik kopi~ da dRes ukve

poligrafiuli korporaciebis msoflioSi udidesi aliansis

Tavmjdomarea.

Cveulebriv produqcias srulyofs da yidis . ed

lou fiqrobda Tixis im granulebis axlebur gamoyenebaze, rasac

benzingasamarT sadgurebze zeTisa da sapoxi nivTierebis absor-

Tvisebebi

iniciativianoba

gabeduleba dariskianoba

Seupovroba

organizatoruliunari

lideroba

pasuxismgebloba

gulwrfeloba dapatiosneba

Sromisunarianobada

Sromismoyvareoba

kolegialoba

qvelmoqmedebada

gulmowyaleba

qulebi

gamorCeuladiniciativiani,mudamsiaxlisakenmswrafi

zusti, swrafida gaazrebu-lad riskiani

maqsimaluradSeupovari,mtkicedTviTdajerebuli

eqstraklasisorganizatori

gamorCeulilideri

gansakuTrebu-li TviTpas-uxismgeblobismqone

sayoelTaodaRiarebulisaimedopartniori

zedmiwevniTSromismoyvare,uSretienergiispatroni

SinaganibunebiTkolegialuri

sayovelTaodcnobiliqvelmoqmedi

zomieradiniciativiani

gabeduli,magramfrTxili

zomieradSeupovari

unarianiorganizatori

kompetenturilideri

davalebaTanormaluriSemsrulebeli

`TamaSiswesebisadmi~erTguli

dauzareli,saqmisgulisxmieradmkeTebeli

TanamosaqmeebTanTavaziani daerTguli

zomieriqvelmoqmedidagulmowyale

naklebadiniciativiani

naklebadriskiani,gaubedavi

saSualodSeupovari

damakmayofile-beliorganizatori

saSualodonis lideri

yovelTvis veriCens jerovanpasuxismgeblo-bas

ZiriTadaduRalatopartniori

dakisrebulimovaleobisSemsrulebeli

adamianebTanurTierTobaSimetwiladzomieri

ar gaurbisqvelmoqmedebas

uiniciativo

metismetadfrTxili,mSiSara

mxdali,araTviTda-jerebuli

sustiorganizatori

arafriT argamoirCevakolegebisagan

xSiradgaurbisdavalebaTaSesrulebas

sruli ndobasariskoa

dabaliSromisuna-riani

Znelad eguebakoleqtivs

cdilobsTavidanaicilosqvelmoqmedeba

5 4 3 2

nax. 5.2. mewarmeobrivi Tvisebebis gansazRvris testi

235234

patar-patara furclebze da daiwyo maTi wignis saniSnad da

baraTebis misawerad gamoyeneba. miRebul produqcias ̀ post-iti~

ewoda da msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili saqoneli gaxda.

mewarmeTa strategiebi. mewarmeebs SemoqmedebiTi ideebis

mqone iRblian adamianebad Tvlian. diax, maT marTlac aqvT Wkvianuri

ideebi da bevri maTgani iRblianicaa, magram, amave dros, isini

Semdegi strategiuli gegmebis mixedviT moqmedeben:

moulodnelad gamoCenili xelsayreli SesaZleb-

lobebi. cxovelebisaTvis gankuTvnili medikamentebis msxvilma

mwarmoebelma saqmianoba XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi daiwyo, rodesac

adamianebisaTvis antibiotikebis mwarmoebel kompaniebs ar surdaT

TavianTi produqcia veterinarebisaTvis mieyidaT.

cvalebadi sabazro pirobebi. adamianebis zrunvam sakuTar

janmrTelobaze xelsayreli sabazro SesaZleblobebi Seqmna kuror-

tebisa da sanatoriumebis gansaviTareblad, savarjiSo trenaJorebis,

xolo sul bolo xans, mcenareuli preparatebisa da vitaminebis

warmoebisaTvis. garda amisa, saojaxo meurneobebis raodenobis

zrdam gamoiwvia personaluri kompiuterebis reklamaciis gadideba.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, iseTma kompaniebma, rogoricaa ̀ kompuservi~,

èmerika onlaini~ da ̀ netskeip komunikeiSensi~, SeimuSaves momsaxu-

rebis iseTi forma da programuli uzrunvelyofa, rac qmnis

saSinao pirobebSi internetiTa da sxva operatiul, anu onlain

reJimSi moqmedi momsaxurebiT sargeblobis saSualebas.

produqciis an procesis gaumjobeseba . pirveli

kamerebiT fotosuraTebis gadasaRebad Znelad saxmari da advilad

msxvrevadi minis firfitebi iyo saWiro. kompania ̀ istmen-kodakis~

TanamSromelma jorj istmenma SeimuSava iafi da msubuqi, magram

mtkice celuloidis firi, romelmac mTlianad Secvala fotografia.

cifruli fotografiis gamoCenasTan erTad ki Cven morigi

siaxleebis momswreni vxdebiT.

birebisaTvis iyeneben. man `fisunias sagebis~ saxeliT daiwyo

granulebis SefuTva da daaarsa axali kompania, romelic yovel-

wliurad milionobiT dolaris mogebas Rebulobs.

saqonlis gayidvis axal gzebs miagnebs xolme. lein

nemetma saganmanaTleblo saTamaSoebis gavrcelebisa da gayidvis

unikalur meTods miagno. am qalbatonma aRmoaCina, rom amgvari

saTamaSoebi yovelTvis rodi iyideba Cveulebrivi saTamaSoebis

maRaziebSi. man ver moaxerxa sakuTari maRaziis gasaxsnelad

sakmarisi Tanxis Segroveba da Tavis mier Seqmnil nimuSebs yidda

saxlSi mowyobil `saTamaSoebis wveulebebze~, romlebsac misi

megobrebi uZRvebodnen. nemetis firmas (`diskaveri toi~) amJamad

aSS-Si aqvs amgvari samarketingo strategiiT moqmedi sakuTari

savaWro agenturis farTo qseli. am TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa

isic, rom maikl delma myidvelebs pirvelma SesTavaza kompiuteruli

teqnika internetiT.

axal bazrebs àRmoaCens~ xolme da maTTvis axal

produqcias qmnis. eqvsma dam, gvarad ieim yuradReba miaqcia

imas, Tu raoden rTulia azieli qalebisaTvis maTi kanis Sesaferisi

kosmetikis tonis SerCeva. ase daaarses maT firma ̀ Jen kosmetiksi~.

im ideaTa srulyofaze muSaobs, romlebsac wlobiT

atarebda gulSi. jer kidev kolejSi swavlisas fred smiTs

sjeroda, rom sahaero transportiT tvirTebis gadazidvis bizness

SeeZlo warmatebiT emuSava msxvili aviakompaniebis gareSe. man

daadgina erT RameSi werilebisa da mcire amanaTebis gadatanis

bazari, daeyrdno sakuTar energiasa da SorsmWvretelobas da

daaarsa firma ̀ federal eqspresi~.

ukve moqmed sawarmoebSi muSaoben. kompania `3m~-i,

mkvlevarTa SemoqmedebiTi unaris gamovlenis wasaxaliseblad nebas

rTavs Tavis muSakebs samuSao drois 15% saintereso proeqtebs

dauTmon. art fraim _ `3m~-Si momuSave mecnierma gamoiyena

Tavisi TanamSromlis uxarisxo webovani lenti, daaweba is qaRaldis

237236

romelTac surT icodnen sakuTari sawarmos miznebi, amocanebi da

perspeqtivebi.

biznes-gegma, romelic, Cveulebriv, dgeba 3-5 wlis vadiT, moicavs

Semdeg ZiriTad ganyofilebebs:

reziume. masSi daxasiaTebulia SemoTavazebuli warmo-

ebis mizani, siaxle, produqciis asortimenti, moculoba, amonagebi,

danaxarjebi, mTliani mogeba, warmoebis rentabeloba da sxv.;

saqoneli (momsaxureba). am ganyofilebaSi aRwerilia

proeqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli saqonlis (momsaxurebis) samomxmareblo

Tvisebebi, arsebiTi gansxvavebani konkurentebis nawarmisagan,

mosalodneli danaxarjebi da fasis prognozi;

gasaRebis bazari. igi biznes-gegmis umniSvnelovanesi

nawilia da moicavs im bazris koniunqturis daxasiaTebas, sadac

mocemuli firmis mier gamoSvebulma nawarmma unda ipovos myidveli;

konkurencia. masSi ganisazRvreba mTavari konkurentebis

produqciis realizaciis moculoba, Semosavali, axali modelebis

danergvis perspeqtivebi, ZiriTadi nawarmis xarisxi da dizaini,

agreTve fasebis politika da done;

marketingis strategia. gegmis es nawili moicavs iseTi

problemebis gadawyvetas, rogoricaa: saqonlis gavrcelebis sqema,

faswarmoqmna, reklama, realizaciis stimulirebis meTodebi, saqonlis

gayidvis Semdgomi momsaxurebis organizacia, firmisa da saqonlis

Taobaze sazogadoebrivi azris formireba;

warmoebis gegma. misi mTavari amocanaa saTanado gaanga-

riSebiT imis dasabuTeba, Tu mocemul firmas realurad risi,

ranairi xarisxis, ra raodenobiT da rogor vadebSi SeuZlia

warmoeba da momxmareblisaTvis miwodeba;

organizaciuli gegma. masSi aRwerilia firmis saqmiano-

bis marTvis organizaciis sistema. aqve miTiTebulia mocemuli

firmis Statiani specialistebiT uzrunvelyofis wyaroebi, maTi

da xelmZRvaneli muSakebis xelfasis done, StatgareSe eqspertebis

alternatiuli saqonlis an momsaxurebis miwodeba

momxmareblisaTvis. `tailenoli~ da aspirinis sxva Semcvle-

lebi adamianTa im mcire jgufisaTvis Seiqmna, visac aspirinis

gamoyeneba ar SeeZlo. dRes es alternatiuli medikamentebi ̀ Tavis

tkivilis wamlebis bazarze~ dominireben. zemoT xsenebuli ̀ fed-

eral eqspresi~ da tvirTebis sahaero gadazidvebis biznesSi Cabmuli

sxva firmebi (iu-pi-esi~, ̀ di-eiC-eli~, ̀ earborn eqspresi~ da a.S.)

momxmarebels uzrunvelyofen momsaxurebiT, rac Tavis droze

mxedvelobidan gamorCa aSS-is safosto samsaxurs _ paketebis

adresatebisaTvis mitana erT RameSi.

sazogadoebrivi tendenciebis gansazRvra . sazoga-

doebrivi tendenciebis cvlileba bevr axal xelsayrel SesaZ-

leblobas qmnis. momuSave dedaTa ricxvis zrdam moiTxova meti

baga-baRi. specialuri kontraqtis safuZvelze moqmed sawarmoTa

jgufebi, rogoricaa `kinderkeari~ da sxv. amisi TvalsaCino

magaliTia.

biznes-gegmis arsi, daniSnuleba da struqtura.

biznesi (samewarmeo saqmianoba), ise rogorc nebismieri sxva saqmianoba,

moiTxovs winaswar gaazrebas, e.i. mewarmem Tavisi konkretuli

saqmianobis dawyebamde mizanSewonilia Seqmnas Tavisi Canafiqris

monaxazi. man winaswar qaRaldze unda asaxos, Tu risi gakeTeba

surs da rogor apirebs amis ganxorcielebas. mxolod amis Semdeg

unda Seudges igi Canafiqris praqtikul realizacias.

rogorc okeaneSi mocurave gemisaTvisaa aucilebeli kompasi,

ise sabazro ekonomikis oromtrialSi moqmedi sawarmosaTvis _

gegma. diax, biznes-gegma sWirdeba, uwinares yovlisa, TviT

biznesmenebs, raTa imoqmedon ara stiqiurad, inerciiT, aramed

gaazrebulad, mizanswrafulad. Semdeg, aseTi ̀ gegma-scenari~ saWiroa

kreditorisaTvis, vinc unda gasces sesxi mewarmis Canafiqris

realizaciisaTvis, agreTve mocemuli sawarmos TanamSromlebisaTvis,

239238

leqcia 14. samewarmeo saqmianobis

ganmxorcielebeli subieqtebi da

organizaciul-samarTlebrivi

formebi

`gamdidrebis kargi saSualebaa am-

xanagobebi, Tu saqme gaqvs sando ada-

mianebTan.~

f.bekoni

samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli subi-

eqtebi. samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtebi arian fizikuri da

iuridiuli pirebi, romlebsac TavianTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebisa

da regulirebis sferoSi aqvT garkveuli uflebebi da movaleobebi,

amasTan, samewarmeo urTierTobebSi gamodian sakuTari saxeliT.

fizikuri piria moqalaqe, romelic, iuridiuli piris sta-

tusis miuReblad, erTpirovnulad eweva samewarmeo saqmianobas.

samewarmeo saqmianobis ufleba ZalaSi Sedis individualur mewarmed

registraciis momentidan.

iuridiuli piria, uwinares yovlisa, organizacia an gansa-

zRvruli formiT organizebuli gaerTianeba, romelsac: aqvs

gamocalkevebuli qoneba; SeuZlia am qonebiT pasuxi agos Tavis

valdebulebebze; Tavisi saxeliT miiRos da ganaxorcielos qonebrivi

da araqonebrivi uflebebi; ikisros valdebulebebi, aRZras sarCeli

(an, piriqiT, mis winaaRmdeg aRiZras sarCeli) sasamarTloSi da

xeli moaweros kontraqtebs; hqondes damoukidebeli balansi an

xarjTaRricxva.

mewarme subieqtis gansazRvrebas gvTavazobs saqarTvelos 2005

wlis kanoni ̀ Tavisufali vaWrobis da konkurenciis Sesaxeb~. am

kanonis Tanaxmad, ekonomikuri agenti (mewarme, subieqti) aris

iuridiuli an fizikuri piri, romelic, ganurCevlad sawarmos

organizaciul-samarTlebrivi da sakuTrebis formisa, eweva

mozidvis SesaZleblobani;

iuridiuli gegma. am ganyofilebaSi ganisazRvreba firmis

organizaciis forma sakuTrebis TvalsazrisiT, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, gansazRvravs mis samarTlebriv statuss. miRebuli gadawyve-

tilebis Tanaxmad SemdgomSi muSavdeba dokumenti, romelic

uzrunvelyofs firmis momavali saqmianobis regulirebas.

samewarmeo saqmianobis ZiriTadi struqturuli erTeulia

sawarmo. igi meurneobrivi subieqtia, romelic uzrunvelyofs

warmoebis faqtorTa kombinirebis safuZvelze saqonlis (momsa-

xurebis) warmoebisa da gasaRebis meSveobiT sakuTari interese-

bis realizacias. sawarmos Sinaarsis identuri gagebiT xSirad

moixsenieba firma. sinamdvileSi sawarmos aqvs safirmo saxelwodeba,

romliTac igi funqcionirebs. ase, magaliTad, individualuri mewarmis

safirmo saxelwodeba SeiZleba iyos misi saxeli da gvari, sawarmos

safirmo saxelwodeba ki SeiZleba misi saqmianobis specifikidanac

SeirCes.

241240

Semdegi: amxanagobis tipis sazogadoebebTan mimarTebaSi moqmedi

kanonmdebloba ar moiTxovs sawesdebo kapitalis arsebobas maSin,

roca kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebisaTvis mkacrad ganisazRvreba

sawesdebo kapitalis minimumi; amxanagobis tipis sazogadoebis

wevrs ufleba ara aqvs iyos sxva amxanagobis wevri (garda

komanditisa), kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebis partniorTa mimarT

ki aseTi SezRudva ar arsebobs (garda direqtorebisa, romlebzec

vrceldeba konkurenciis akrZalva); yvelaze mniSvnelovani

gansxvaveba pasuxismgeblobis moculobaSia: kapitaluri tipis

sazogadoebaTa partniorebis pasuxismgebloba mxolod maT mier

sawesdebo kapitalSi ganxorcielebuli Senatanis odenobiT

ganisazRvreba maSin, roca amxanagobis tipis sazogadoebaTa

monawileni (garda komanditisa) pasuxs ageben mTeli Tavisi qonebiT,

pirdapir da uSualod.

qvemoT motanil 5.3 naxazze sqematurad warmodgenilia

samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli subieqtebi.

rig SemTxvevaSi samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtad SeiZleba

gamovidnen iseTi iuridiuli pirebi, romelTa ZiriTadi mizania

arakomerciuli saqmianoba, Tumca, sawesdebo miznis misaRwevad

aseTi organizaciebi uflebamosilni arian ganaxorcielon samewarmeo

saqmianoba. aseT SemTxvevaSi isini monawileoben samewarmeo

urTierTobaSi da moqmedeben rogorc samewarmeo saqmianobis

subieqtebi (kavSirebi da fondebi).

samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtTa Semdeg jgufs miekuTvneba

subieqtebi, romlebic axorcieleben samewarmeo saqmianobis regu-

lirebas, rig SemTxvevaSi _ kontrols. esenia: saxelmwifo da

municipaluri organoebi, aseve, zogierT SemTxvevaSi _ TviT sawarmo.

samewarmeo saqmianobis subieqtTa dayofa samewarmeo saqmi-

anobis warmmarTvelad da samewarmeo saqmianobis mareguli-

reblad, ra Tqma unda, ar aris absoluturad zusti. zogierT

SemTxvevaSi xdeba am ori funqciis Serwyma. magaliTad, saxelmwifos,

romelic axorcielebs samewarmeo saqmianobis samarTlebriv

samewarmeo saqmianobas. es termini moicavs agreTve mogebaze

araorientirebul asociaciebs, fondebsa da sxva gaerTianebebs,

romlebic warmoadgenen bazris monawileebs, an moqmedeben mewarmeebis,

saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebisa da profesiuli gaerTianebebis

interesebis Sesabamisad.

`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi mocemulia samewarmeo

saqmianobis ganmxorcielebel organizaciul-samarTlebriv formaTa

amomwuravi CamonaTvali. esenia: individualuri sawarmo, solidaruli

pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, komandituri sazogadoeba,

SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba

da kooperativi. aqedan yvela, garda individualuri sawarmosi,

iuridiuli piris statusiT sargeblobs.

samarTlebrivi doqtrina pirobiTad sawarmoebs personaluri

(amxanagobis) da kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebebad yofs. pirvel

jgufs miekuTvneba solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba

da komandituri sazogadoeba, sadac pirovnul elements gacilebiT

ufro prioritetuli adgili uWiravs. meore jgufs ki ekuTvnis

SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba

da kooperativi, sadac prioritetulia partniorTa mier Senatanebis

ganxorcieleba. aseTi sazogadoebebis saqmianobis operatiul

marTvasa da warmomadgenlobas axorcieleben amisaTvis specialu-

rad Seqmnili organoebi.

marTalia, amgvar dayofas aqvs praqtikuli mniSvneloba, magram

igi mainc pirobiTia, ramdenadac yoveli partnioris ukan yovelTvis

dgas garkveuli moculobis kapitali.

amxanagobisa da kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebebs aqvs ro-

gorc msgavsi, ise ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. msgavsebis TvalsazrisiT,

uwinares yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia rom nebismieri tipis sazogadoeba

warmoadgens samewarmeo organizacias; maT gaaCniaT gankerZoebuli

qoneba; dabolos, maTi dafuZneba monawileTa SeTanxmebazea

damokidebuli.

rac Seexeba maT Soris arsebul gansxvavebas, aRsaniSnavia

243242

regulirebas, SeuZlia Tavad ganaxorcielos samewarmeo saqmianoba.

meore mxriv, sawarmo, aris ra samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorci-

elebeli subieqti, uflebamosilia hqondes Svilobili sawarmoebi

da aregulirebdes maT saqmianobas.

zemoT CamoTvlil subieqtTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania

uSualod samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli subieqtebi

(sawarmoebi), romlebic Sinaarsobrivad erTsa da imave saqmianobas

axorcieleben, Tumca, maT regulirebaSi arsebobs zogierTi saxis

gansxvavebebi.

sawarmos arsi da klasifikaciis ZiriTadi niS-

nebi. sawarmos cneba postsabWour qveynebSi mravali wlis

ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba davasaxeloT

1923 da 1927 wlis debulebebi ̀ saxelmwifo samrewvelo trestebis

Sesaxeb~. mogvianebiT, 1965 wels sakavSiro mTavrobis mier miRebul

iqna debuleba `saxelmwifo samrewvelo sawarmoebis Sesaxeb~,

1987 wels ki _ kanoni ̀ saxelmwifo sawarmoebis (gaerTianebebis)

Sesaxeb~. sagulisxmoa, rom es iyo mcdeloba, ekonomikis sferos

miuxedavad, yvela sawarmos saqmianobisaTvis daedginaT erTiani

regulireba. ra Tqma unda, es exeboda mxolod saxelmwifo

sawarmoebs, xolo kooperativebis saqmianoba ganisazRvreboda 1988

wlis kanoniT ̀ kooperaciis Sesaxeb~.

sabWoTa sistemis ngrevis Semdeg, saqarTveloSi jer 1991,

Semdeg 1994 wels miRebul iqna sakanonmdeblo aqtebi, romlebmac

sawarmo kidev ufro meti srulyofilebiT warmogvidgina.

sawarmos cneba ̀ mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis erT-

erT fuZemdeblur cnebad iqca. am kanonis mixedviT, ̀ sawarmo aris

pirTa da qonebis organizaciul-ekonomikuri erTianoba. sawarmos

miekuTvneba aseve sawarmoTa da muSa-mosamsaxureTa saqmianobac.

garda amisa, mas ganekuTvneba aramaterialuri faseulobani,

faqtobrivi urTierTobebi, sawarmoo saidumloebani. sawarmos cneba

moicavs aseve materialur faseulobebsa da uflebebs, agreTve

nax.

5.3.

samew

armeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebel

i ZiriT

adi

subieqtebi

samewarmeo saqmianobis

ganmxorciel

ebel

i subieqtebi

fizikuri piri

individual

uri

sawarmo

iuridiul

i piri

amxanagobis

tipis

sazogadoeba

kapital

uri

tipis

sazogadoeba

sol

idarul

i

pasuxismgebl

obis

sazogadoeba

komandituri

sazogadoeba

SezRudul

i

pasuxismgebl

obis

sazogadoeba

kooperativi

saaqcio

sazogadoeba

245244

interesebis Sesabamisad: mflobels gaaCnia materialuri saSualebebi,

rac saWiroa mocemuli saqmianobisaTvis, da uSualod TviTon

akontrolebs sawarmoo process.

samewarmeo saqmianobis organizaciis am umartives tips gaaCnia

Semdegi ZiriTadi upiratesobani:

* misi organizeba (daarseba) advilia. amisaTvis araa saWiro

wesdebis (debulebis) an sxva iuridiuli sabuTebis SemuSaveba-

damtkiceba. Tu amgvari wamowyeba grZelvadiania, maSin aucilebelia

licenzia an patenti;

* ramdenadac mflobeli TviTonaa Tavisi Tavis ufrosi,

gamoirCeva TavisuflebiT, damoukideblobiT da moqmedebis

operatiulobiT. gadawyvetilebis miRebisaTvis ar saWiroebs arc

direqtorTa sabWosadmi mimarTvas da arc partniorebTan SeTanxmebas

(aseTTa ararsebobis gamo). es forma gansakuTrebiT kargad esadageba

mkveTrad gamokveTili individualisturi Tvisebebis mqone adamianebs;

* ramdenadac mTeli Semosavali (mogeba) individualuri

mewarmis sakuTrebaa, igi maqsimalurad dainteresebulia warmoebis

maRali efeqtianobiT, gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi iCens did sif-

rTxiles da gulmodgineT axorcielebs TviTkontrols. cdilobs,

SesaZleblobis farglebSi, saqmiani operaciebis maqsimalurad

gafarToebas;

* erTpirovnuli mflobeloba firmis saidumloebaTa dacvis

saukeTeso garantiaa;

* erTob moqnili da mobiluria. mas, bazris koniunqturis

gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlia swrafad Secvalos moqmedebis mimarTu-

lebebi;

* erTpirovnuli mflobeloba mewarmes aZlevs gamocdilebis

SeZenis saSualebas, rac SemdgomSi SeiZleba man ufro didi

samewarmeo saqmianobisaTvis gamoiyenos.

magram erTpirovnul mflobelobas gaaCnia seriozuli nak-

lovanebebic:

Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT iSviaT gamonaklisebs, erTpi-

valdebulebebs~. sxva sityvebiT, sawarmo aris sawarmoo-sameurneo

da socialuri sistema, romlis mTavar mizans warmoadgens

gansazRvruli saxis saqonliT (samuSaoTi, momsaxurebiT)

sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba da amis safuZvelze

mogebis miReba, aseve samuSao adgilebis SeTavazeba, rac, Tavis

mxriv, adamianTa materialuri uzrunvelyofis wyaros warmoadgens.

mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is faqti, rom termini `sawarmo~

ekonomikur Teoriasa da sameurneo praqtikaSi sxvadasxva gagebiT

gamoiyeneba. erT SemTxvevaSi masSi moiazreba sazogadoeba (kompania,

korporacia), anu aRniSnavs samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebel

subieqts, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki masSi igulisxmeba sameurneo miznis

misaRwevad Seqmnili sawarmoo-sameurneo erTeuli, rogorc

materialuri saSualebebisa da adamianTa gansazRvruli erTianoba.

klasikuri gagebiT, sawarmo aris garkveuli saxis pro-

duqciis warmoebis, samuSaoTa Sesrulebis an momsaxu-

rebis gawevis mizniT Seqmnili damoukidebeli sameurneo

erTeuli.

sawarmoTa klasifikacias axdenen saqmianobis xasiaTis,

sakuTrebis formebis, sididis, organizaciuli agebisa da sxva

niSnebis mixedviT.

saqmianobis xasiaTis mixedviT gamoyofen: samrewvelo,

sasoflo-sameurneo, samSeneblo, satransporto, savaWro, komunaluri

momsaxurebisa da sxva sawarmoebs;

sakuTrebis formebis mixedviT arsebobs: kerZo, koleqtiuri,

saxelmwifo da Sereuli sawarmoebi;

sididis mixedviT ansxvaveben: msxvil, saSualo da mcire

sawarmoebs.

organizaciuli agebis mixedviT gamoiyofa sawarmoTa

Semdegi ZiriTadi tipebi: erTpirovnuli mflobeloba, amxanagoba

(anu partnioroba) da korporacia.

erTpirovnuli mflobeloba (individualuri sawarmo)

_ esaa erTi piris damoukidebeli sawarmoo saqmianoba sakuTari

247246

ra nawils moaxmars sawarmos saqmianobas TiToeuli maTgani;

* monawileTa simravle saSualebas iZleva moxdes marTvis

specializacia, e.i. sawarmos saqmianobis yvela ubans saTaveSi

Caudges am saqmis specialisti;

* partniorTa simravlis gamo amxanagobis finansuri SesaZleb-

lobani gacilebiT didia, vidre erTpirovnuli mflobelobisa.

amxanagobis naklia Semdegi:

amxanagobis marTvaSi monawileobs mravali partniori, ris

gamoc araiSviaTad Tavs iCens interesTa da mosazrebaTa daum-

Txvevloba, rac aZnelebs gadawyvetilebis miRebas;

amxanagobis arsebobis xangrZlivoba alalbedzea damokidebuli:

romelime wevris gasvlam an gardacvalebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios

partniorobis nawilobrivi an sruli reorganizacia, daSla;

fuladi saxsrebis raodenoba, romlis mobilizebac amxanagobas

SeuZlia, SezRudulia partniorTa simdidriTa da fulis sesxad

aRebis SesaZleblobiT;

SeuzRudavi pasuxismgebloba iseve emuqreba amxanagobas,

rogorc erTpirovnul mflobelobas: faqtobrivad yvela partniori

pasuxismgebelia ara marto sakuTari moqmedebis, aramed nebismieri

sxva partnioris moqmedebis gamoc.

calkeul gamonaklisebs Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, arc

partniorobaze damyarebuli firmebis masStabebia didi da isini,

erTpirovnul mflobelobaSi myof sawarmoebTan erTad, metwilad

mcire biznesis sferos ganekuTvnebian.

sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi aRiarebulia mcire biznesis

Semdegi aTi Rirseba:

damoukidebloba moqmedebaSi. mcire firmebSi, rogorc

wesi, mmarTvelobiTi ierarqia araa daculi, rac energiul da

iniciativian mewarmeebs moqmedebis Tavisuflebas aZlevs;

operatiuloba gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. msxvil

firmebTan SedarebiT, mcire biznesSi gamartivebulia mmarTvelo-

biTi gadawyvetilebebis miReba, rac koniunqturul cvlilebebze

rovnuli mewarmis finansuri SesaZleblobani SezRudulia. imis

gamo, rom aseTi sawarmoebis gakotreba xSiria, bankebi maT ar

aZleven msxvil da grZelvadian kredits, xolo sakuTari saxsrebi

sakmarisi araa teqnikur-teqnologiur siaxleTa dasanergad. amis

gamo samewarmeo saqmianobis masStabi ramdenadme SezRudulia;

erTpirovnuli mewarme iZulebulia Seasrulos marTvis

yvela funqcia, miiRos yvela gadawyvetileba (organizaciuli,

finansuri, teqnikuri, komerciuli, sakredito da a.S.). amitom

erTpirovnuli sawarmo moklebulia im sikeTes, romelsac iZleva

marTvis specializacia;

SeuzRudavi pasuxismgeblobis gamo, didi zaralis dafarvam

an valis gadaxdis saWiroebam SeiZleba individualur mewarmes

daakargvinos mTeli piradi qoneba (saxli, miwis nakveTi, avtomanqana,

danazogi da a.S.);

erTpirovnuli biznesi SeiZleba Sewydes mflobelis

dainvalidebis, dapatimrebis an gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi. qoneba

SeiZleba gadavides memkvidris xelSi da es ukanaskneli gaxdes

moqmedi piri, magram iuridiulad (da realuradac) biznesi arsebiTad

kvdeba mflobelTan erTad.

amxanagoba (partnioroba) _ esaa samewarmeo saqmianobis

organizaciis iseTi forma, roca ori an meti piri SeTanxmdebian

warmoebis erToblivi flobisa da marTvis Sesaxeb. Cveulebriv,

isini aerTianeben TavianT finansur resursebs da saqmis gaZRolis

unars. es imas niSnavs, rom isini inawileben risks, mogebas da

zarals. monawileobis xasiaTis mixedviT partnioroba sxvadasxvag-

varia: SeiZleba yvela partniori aqtiurad monawileobdes sawarmos

saqmianobaSi, xolo zogierTi maTgani _ pasiur rols asrulebdes.

amxanagobas gaaCnia Semdegi ZiriTadi upiratesobani:

* erTpirovnul mflobelobaTa msgavsad, amxanagobebi advili

Sesaqmnelia da arc specialuri gadasaxadebiT ibegreba. werilobiT

SeTanxmebas partniorobis Sesaxeb, romelic yvela partniors

Soris ideba, SeuZlia gaarkvios, Tu sakuTari droisa da energiis

249248

Tad, amerikul korporaciebze, romlebic aSS-is sawarmoTa saerTo

ricxovnobis mxolod 20%-s Seadgenen, warmoebuli mTliani

erovnuli Semosavlis 90%-ze meti modis. erT-erTi amerikeli

mkvlevaris xatovani gamoTqmiT, amerikis ekonomikis xerxemalia

msxvili korporaciebi, xolo misi kunTebi _ mcire kompaniebi,

romlebsac moZraobaSi mohyavT mcire biznesi.

korporacia _ esaa samewarmeo saqmianobis organizaciis

iseTi forma, rodesac sawarmo gamoyofilia misi mflobelebisagan

da mTavrobis mier miniWebuli aqvs iuridiuli piris statusi.

korporacias gaaCnia sakuTari aqtivebi da ufleba aqvs SeiZinos

resursebi, awarmoos da gayidos produqcia, aiRos da gasces

kreditebi, aRZras sarCeli da sxv.

erTpirovnul mlobelobasa da amxanagobasTan SedarebiT,

korporacias gaaCnia Semdegi upiratesobani:

* korporaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia fuladi kapitalis

mozidvis yvelaze unikaluri da efeqtiani wesi _ aqciebisa da

obligaciebis gayidva. es saSualebas iZleva uamravi kerZo piris,

organizaciis, sawarmos danazogTa ̀ nakadulebi~ erT did mdinared

iqces. garda amisa, korporaciebs bankebi kredits aZleven ufro

iolad da meti xalisiT, vidre individualur da partniorul

sawarmoebs: korporaciebi ufro konkurenciamedegni arian da amitom

met ndobas imsaxureben bankebis mxriv;

* korporaciis meore da arsebiTi upiratesobaa SezRuduli

pasuxismgebloba. korporaciis mflobelebi (aqcionerebi) risks

ewevian mxolod im TanxiT, rac aqciebis yidvisas gadaixades,

gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi ki maTs sxva qonebas araviTari saSiSroeba

ar emuqreba. kreditorebs SeuZliaT sarCeli aRZran korporaciis

mimarT, magram ara aqcionerTa mimarT. swored esaa erT-erTi

mizezi imisa, rom korporaciaTa aqciebis gayidva problemas ar

warmoadgens, rac maT uadvilebs fuladi kapitalis mozidvas;

* fuladi kapitalis Tavmoyris unikaluri wesi korporaciebs

saSualebas aZlevs gaafarToon warmoeba, danergon uaxlesi teqnika

swrafi reagirebis SesaZleblobas iZleva;

adgilobrivi pirobebis TaviseburebebTan adaptacia .

mcire bizness SedarebiT eadvileba produqciis warmoebisa da

realizaciis adgilobrivi specifikuri pirobebis gaTvaliswineba

da maTTan Segueba, rac warmatebis mniSvnelovani garantiaa;

sazogadoebrivi aRiareba. mcire biznesi, roca igi

funqcionirebs ̀ TamaSis wesebis~ dacviT, sazogadoebrivi azris

Zlieri simpaTiebiT sargeblobs. es, nawilobriv, SeRavaTian

dabegvraSic vlindeba;

ekonomiuroba. SedarebiT mcirea danaxarjebi mowyobi-lobebze, gaTboba-ganaTebaze, mmarTvelobaze da a.S.;

swrafSedegianoba. mcire biznesi (msxvil kapitalur

dabandebebTan SedarebiT) ufro swrafad iZleva mogebas;

xangrZlivvadianoba. biznes-saqmianobis normalurad

warmarTvisas firmas SeuZlia xangrZlivad funqcionireba,

realizaciis Sedegad sxvis xelSi gadasvlis Semdegac;

profesiaTa SeTavsebadoba. mcire firmebSi dasaqmebuli

biznesmeni erTsa da imave dros aris teqnologi, finansisti,

menejeri da a.S., riTac mas mTeli Tavisi potenciuri SesaZ-

leblobebis gamovlenis saSualeba eZleva;

moqniloba da swrafi manevrirebis unarianoba. msxvil

firmebTan SedarebiT, mcire firma maRali manevrirebis unarianobas

iCens, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca bazari xasiaTdeba mkafiod

gamokveTili sezonurobiT;

mewarmuli suliskveTeba. rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs,

mcire firmebSi ufro mkveTrad vlindeba inovaciuri, mewarmuli

suli. albaT, amitom Tu amboben aSS-Si, rom swored mcire mewarmeebs

axasiaTebT odesRac tipiuri amerikuli mewarmeobisaTvis Cveuli

romantizmi.

mcire biznesis masobrivi xasiaTisa da firmebis saerTo ricxov-

nobaSi maRali xvedriTi wonis miuxedavad, Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi

gansakuTrebiT didia korporaciebis roli da mniSvneloba. magali-

251250

korporaciul gaerTianebaSi. maTSi Tavmoyrili subieqtebi ZiriTadad

inarCuneben avtonomiurobasa da organizaciul-samarTlebrivi

formis arCevis Tavisuflebas. gaerTianebis wevrTa urTierTobis

mTavari principi Tavisufali nebis gamovlenaa, misi gamoxatulebis

samarTlebrivi forma ki sadamfuZneblo xelSekruleba.

msoflio praqtikaSi korporaciuli gaerTianebebis farTo

speqtria warmodgenili, rac, Tavis mxriv, teqnikuri progresiTa

da kapitalis koncentraciiTaa ganpirobebuli. qvemoT ganxilulia

zogierTi maTgani.

kavSirebi _ sawarmoTa dargobrivi, teritoriuli an sxva

niSnis mixedviT Seqmnili gaerTianeba, romlis ZiriTad mizans

masSi Tavmoyril subieqtTa saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso da sxva

saxis organizaciebSi saerTo interesTa gatareba warmoadgens.

kavSiris wevrebi ar ewevian erTobliv sameurneo saqmianobas. misi

ZiriTadi funqciebia: ekonomikuri da iuridiuli xasiaTis progno-

zebis SemuSaveba, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Tematuri konferenciebis

mowveva, mowinave gamocdilebis gaziareba-ganzogadeba, kavSiris

wevrTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT sagamomcemlo saqmianobis

warmoeba.

kavSiri uflebamosilia regionebSi Seqmnas Tavisi warmomad-

genlobebi da specialuri fondebi. misi saqmianoba ZiriTadad

sawevro Senatanebis da nebayoflobiTi Semowirulobebis xarjze

xorcieldeba.

sameurneo asociaciebi _ kavSirebis msgavsad, warmoadgenen

TavianTi wevrebis interesebs saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso an sxva

saxis organizaciebSi. asociaciebSi umTavresia ara warmomadgen-

lobiTi, aramed sawarmoo xasiaTis funqcia, romelSic asociaciis

monawileTa Soris sawarmoo saqmianobis koordinaciis, maT Soris

specializaciis gaRrmavebis, kooperaciis, gansazRvrul funqciaTa

Sesrulebis centralizaciis da sxva saxis funqciebi moiazreba.

asociaciis mTavari mizani axali sawarmoebis Seqmnaa.

koncernebi _ gacilebiT centralizebuli struqturis mqone

da teqnologia, sruli zomiT isargeblon masiuri warmoebis

upiratesobebiT. yovelive amis gamo korporacia ufro

konkurentunariania, vidre sxva saxis sawarmoebi;

* ramdenadac korporacia iuridiuli piria, igi arsebobs misi

mflobelebisagan (aqcionerebisagan) damoukideblad: aqcionerTa

mier aqciebis gayidva ar emuqreba mis arsebobas. amiT igi gansxvavdeba

partniorobisagan, sadac romelime monawilis mier sakuTrebis

uflebis sxvisTvis gadacema saSiSroebas uqmnis mis arsebobas.

amgvarad, korporaciis upiratesobani aSkara da mniSvnelo-

vania. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom maT araviTari nakli ar

gaaCniaT. korporaciis naklovanebebia:

korporaciis wesdebis registracia dakavSirebulia biurok-

ratiul procedurasTan da moiTxovs iuridiuli momsaxurebis

xarjebis gadaxdas;

samewarmeo saqmianobis organizaciis korporaciul for-

maSi Cadebulia zogierTi borotebis SesaZlebloba: arakeTil-

sindisier pirebs korporaciis safariT SeuZliaT Caidinon saeWvo

sawarmoo saqmianoba (gamouSvan yalbi aqciebi da a. S.), xolo

piradi pasuxismgebloba Tavidan aicilon;

msxvil korporaciebSi, romelTa aqciebi gafantulia aTeul

da aseul aTasobiT mesakuTreTa Soris, erTmaneTs scildeba

mesakuTrisa da warmoebis saqmianobisadmi kontrolis funqciebi.

aqciebis mflobelTa didi nawili ar iyenebs Tavis uflebas

monawileoba miiRos marTvaSi. es korporaciis mmarTvelebs

saSualebas aZlevs TavianTi Sexedulebis mixedviT gamoiyenon

Tavmoyrili saxsrebi, xolo mmarTveli aparatisa da aqcionerTa

interesebi yovelTvis rodi emTxveva erTmaneTs.

korporaciul gaerTianebaTa saxeebi. komerciuli

xasiaTis organizaciebi, samewarmeo saqmianobis koordinaciis, saerTo

qonebrivi da sxva strategiuli interesebis warmodgenisa da

dacvis mizniT, xelSekrulebis safuZvelze erTiandebian sxvadasxva

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sawarmos xelSia, faqtobrivad xorcieldeba araZiriTadi sawar-

mos mimarT ZiriTadi sawarmos politika, Tumca mmarTvelobis

organoebi iuridiulad damoukidebelia. ZiriTad sawarmos SeuZ-

lia, rom misi wilis Sesabamisad daniSnos direqtorebi araZiriTad

sawarmoSi, miiRos gadawyvetilebebi.

konsorciumi _ sapaio safuZvelze Seqmnili droebiTi kavSiria,

romlis mizani erToblivi samewarmeo saqmianobis koordinaciaa,

kerZod: sesxebis erToblivi ganTavseba, didi masStabis erToblivi

finansuri da komerciuli operaciebis gatareba da a.S.

konsorciumi, rogorc wesi, maSin iqmneba, roca gansaxorci-

elebeli globaluri proeqti erTi bankis finansuri SesaZleb-

lobebis farglebs scdeba. aseTi gaerTianebis mizani xSirad

konkretuli problemebis, proeqtebis, SekveTebis realizaciaa.

konsorciumi zemoT aRniSnuli miznis miRwevis vadiT iqmneba.

konsorciumis monawileTa interesebs saxelmwifo organoTa

winaSe Tavad konsorciumi warmoadgens. es funqcia gaerTianebis

aRmasrulebel organos ekuTvnis. monawileTa saqmianobis koordi-

nacias konsorciumis ̀ lideri~ axorcielebs, romelic, rogorc

wesi, yvelaze msxvili samewarmeo struqturaa da danarCeni wevre-

bisagan garkveul anazRaurebas iRebs. igi warmoadgens konsorciumis

yvela monawiles. misi funqciebi da uflebamosileba konsorciumis

monawileTa mier miRebuli konsorcialuri SeTanxmebiT ganisazR-

vreba. lideri iwvevs TaTbirebs yvela principialur sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT, akontrolebs da koordinacias uwevs monawileTa

mier sakontraqto valdebulebaTa Sesrulebas.

konsorciumis pasuxismgebloba SemkveTis winaSe solidaru-

lia. rogorc wesi, gaerTianebis TiToeuli wevri qonebrivad pasuxis-

mgebelia miRebuli SekveTidan misi wilis 8-10%-is moculobiT.

Tanxebi, romlebic am farglebs scdeba, konsorciumis danarCen

wevrebze maTi wilebis proporciulad nawildeba. konsorciumis

Seqmna sadamfuZneblo xelSekrulebiT formdeba. konsorciumis

Seqmnis mTavari mizania masSi gaerTianebul sawarmoTa konkurentuna-

gaerTianebebia. isini sawarmoo funqciebis, samecniero-teqnikuri

politikis, investiciebis, safinanso da teqnikuri politikis, sagareo-

ekonomikuri saqmianobis centralizaciis safuZvelze iqmnebian.

koncerni, Seqmnili sistemis CarCoebSi, Tavis monawile subieqtebs

gadascems sakuTari uflebamosilebisa da funqciebis mniSvnelovan

nawils. koncerns axasiaTebs: kombinirebuli warmoebis principi,

konkurentunariani produqciis gamoSvebis survili, axali teqnolo-

giebisa da teqnikis danergva, samecniero potencialis koncentracia.

koncerni erTgvarad monopolisturi gaerTianebaa, romelsac

konglomeratisagan gansxvavebiT axasiaTebs sakuTrebisa da kontro-

lis erTianoba, monawile sawarmoTa Soris teqnologiuri da

sawarmoo kavSirebis arseboba, naklebi diversifikacia.

samarTlebrivi doqtrinidan gamomdinare, koncerni SeiZleba

iyos vertikaluri da horizontaluri. vertikaluri rTuli

struqturisaa da mrewvelobis sxvadasxva sferoSi dasaqmebul

sawarmoebs aerTianebs. horizontaluri korcerni gacilebiT

martivia da erT konkretul sferoSi dasaqmebul sawarmoTa

gaerTianebas warmoadgens. qarTuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad,

korcerni ar aris sawarmos organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma.

koncerni aris faqtobrivi mdgomareoba, roca sawarmo flobs

wilTa gansazRvrul nawils sxva sawarmoSi. koncerni ewodeba

iseT faqtobriv mdgomareobas, rodesac erTi sawarmo flobs sxva

sawarmos wilTa ormocdaaT procentze mets. aseT SemTxvevaSi

ZiriTad sawarmos ekisreba ganacxados araZiriTad sawarmoSi

monawileoba samewarmeo reestrSi registraciisaTvis.

koncerni sawarmoTa kavSiris formaa. imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria

es kavSiri, kanoni erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs sawarmoTa urTier-

TkavSirebis ramdenime formas:

5%-iani monawileoba sxva sawarmoSi;

50%-ze meti wilobrivi monawileoba sxva sawarmoSi;

75%-ze metis monawileoba sxva sawarmoSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom koncernSi wilTa umravlesoba ZiriTadi

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axali saxelwodebiT, an im sawarmos saxeliT, romelmac miierTa

danarCeni. rig SemTxvevebSi konglomeratis cnebis qveS igulisxmeba

diversificirebuli, agreTve holdinguri kompaniebi.

tresti _ sawarmoTa gaerTianebaa, romlis monawile subieq-

tebi garkveulwilad kargaven sawarmoo, komerciul da xSirad

iuridiul damoukideblobas, radgan gaerTianeba maTi saqmianobis

yvela parametrebiT xdeba. isini eqvemdebarebian erTian mmar-

Tvelebs. tresti ekonomikuri da organizaciuli kavSirebis

moqnilobiT xasiaTdeba.

trestSi realuri Zalaufleba gamgeobis an saTao kompaniis

xelSia Tavmoyrili. trestebis marTvis meqanizmis Sesabamisad,

sxvadasxva sawarmoTa aqcionerebi gadaandoben TavianT aqciebs

ndobiT aRWurvil pirebs, sanacvlod aqciis serTifikats iReben,

amasTan, xmis uflebaze uaris samagierod aqcionerebi ganagrZoben

dividendebis aRebas.

ramdenadac trestSi saerTo mogeba nawildeba wilobrivi

monawileobis gaTvaliswinebiT, adre damoukideblad moqmed

sawarmoebs Soris, igi SeiZleba miviCnioT iseTi gaerTianebebis

winamorbedad, rogoricaa holdinguri kompania da korcerni.

trestebma gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba erTgvarovani produqciis

warmoebis sferoebSi hpova.

sindikati _ sawarmoTa karteluri tipis gaerTianebaa,

romlis monawileni inarCuneben iuridiul da sawarmoo damo-

ukideblobas, Tumca kartelisagan gansxvavebiT kargaven komerciul

damoukideblobas.

sindikatis Seqmnis mTavari mizani produqciis gasaRebis

sakiTxis efeqturad gadaWraa. am amocanis Sesasruleblad mis

struqturaSi savaWro amxanagobaTa mTeli qselia Seqmnili, Tumca,

maTi saqmianoba mxolod sindikatis monawile sawarmoTa produqciis

gasaRebiT ar Semoifargleba, maT nebismieri saxis samewarmeo

saqmianobis ganxorcieleba SeuZliaT.

franCaizebi (franCaizuli sistema) _ msxvili da mcire

rianobis gazrda saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazarze.

karteli _ sawarmoTa saxelSekrulebo gaerTianebaa

produqciis gasaRebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxTa efeqturad

gadasaWrelad. kartelis miznebia: gasaRebis bazrebis ̀ dapyroba~,

gavlenis sferoebis gamijvna, produqciis fasebis regulireba da

a.S. praqtikaSi karteluri SeTanxmeba xSirad farulad arsebobs.

kartelis monawileni inarCuneben finansur da sawarmoo

damoukideblobas, gansazRvraven faswarmoqmnis politikas, awar-

moeben patentebisa da teqnologiebis urTierTgacvlas. kartelis

Seqmnis umTavresi mizani masSi gaerTianebul sawarmoTa Soris

arsebuli konkurenciis aRmofxvra an misi reglamentirebaa.

kartelSi, rogorc wesi, erTi da igive sferos warmomadgeneli

sawarmoebi erTiandebian.

kornerebi _ korporaciuli gaerTianebis martivi formaa,

romlis mizania kapitalis akumulireba, rac konkretuli saqonlis

mier gasaRebis bazris ̀ dapyrobiskenaa~ mimarTuli. gaerTianebuli

kapitali gamoiyeneba kornerisaTvis saintereso korporaciaTa

aqciebis Sesasyidad, maTi Semdgomi gayidvis an aqciaTa sakon-

trolo paketis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT.

konglomeratebi _ sawarmoTa gaerTianebaa, romelTac saerTo

sawarmoo safuZveli ara aqvT, magram erTiandebian organizaciuli

an finansuri kavSirebiT. konglomerati vertikaluri koncernis

msgavsi gaerTianebaa, romlis ganmasxvavebeli niSania konglomeratis

monawileTa farTo avtonomia. sxva sityvebiT, konglomerati _ es

aris organizebuli warmonaqmni, romelSic erTiani finansuri

kontroliT Tavmoyrilia sawarmoebi, romlebic teqnologiurad

ar ukavSirdebian warmoebisa da gasaRebis, dazRvevis, samecniero-

kvleviT, sayofacxovrebo momsaxurebis, kinoindustriis da a.S.

sferoebs.

praqtikidan gamomdinare, konglomeratis Seqmnis procesi

calkeul sawarmoTa reorganizacias, kerZod, Serwymas an SeerTebas

ukavSirdeba, ris Sedegadac SeiZleba warmoiSvas axali warmonaqmni

257256

individualuri sawarmomoqmedi kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs fizikuri piris mier,

iuridiuli piris Seuqmnelad, samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis

SesaZleblobas. ̀ mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis 2.2 muxlis

debulebiT, individualuri mewarme, rogorc indvidualuri

sawarmos mflobeli, aris fizikuri piri, romlis samewarmeo

saqmianobisaTvis aucilebelia samewarmeo wesiT mowyobili

organizacia, mowesrigebuli sakaso da sabuRaltro saqme.

samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi igi gamodis Tavisi saxeliT.

individualur mewarmed SesaZlebelia mogvevlinos nebismieri

srulwlovani da sruli qmedunarianobis mqone piri.

individualuri sawarmos registracias axorcielebs sagadasa-

xado organo, sadac individualuri mewarme an sawarmos warmomad-

genlobaze uflebamosili piri dazRveuli weriliT gzavnis an

uSualod waradgens sanotaro wesiT damowmebul anketas or

egzempliarad. anketa unda Seicavdes: safirmo saxelwodebas;

organizaciul-samarTlebriv formas; individualuri mewarmis

saxels, gvars, sacxovrebel adgils da piradobis mowmobis

(pasportis) nomers; individualuri mewarmis xelmoweras. indivi-

dualuri sawarmos registraciisaTvis ar gadaixdeba saxelmwifo

baJi, mosakrebeli an sxva raime gadasaxdeli.

moqmedi kanonmdebloba individualur mewarmeze avrcelebs

sruli pasuxismgeblobis princips. sxva sityvebiT, igi samewarmeo

saqmianobidan warmoSobili valdebulebebisaTvis mTeli Tavisi

qonebiT piradad agebs pasuxs.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu samkvidro qonebas mikuTvnebuli individu-

aluri sawarmos saqmianobas agrZeleben memkvidreebi, isini pasuxs

ageben samkvidros damtoveblis im valdebulebebisaTvis, romelic

warmoiSoba sawarmos saqmianobidan, Tu samkvidros miRebidan sami

Tvis ganmavlobaSi ar gaaCereben sawarmos da adrindeli safirmo

mewarmeobis TanamSromlobis hibriduli formaa. sadamfuZneblo

xelSekrulebis safuZvelze msxvili sawarmo iRebs valdebulebas

mcire sawarmos sakuTari saqonliTa da teqnologiebiT momaragebaze,

sareklamo momsaxurebaze, menejmentisa da marketingis sferoSi

momsaxurebaze, rig SemTxvevebSi axorcielebs kapitalis investire-

basac. yovelive es xels uwyobs sawarmoTaTvis vaWrobisa da

momsaxurebis gawevis sferoSi marketinguli SesaZleblobebis

unificirebasa da standartizacias.

holdingi _ sawarmoTa ara imdenad nebayoflobiTi, ramde-

nadac iZulebiTi gaerTianebaa TviTgadarCenisa da bazarze

konkurentunarianobis donis amaRlebis mizniT. rogorc wesi,

holdingSi gaerTianebul subieqtebs operatiuli saqmianobis

ganxorcielebisas sakmarisi damoukidebloba aqvT. Tumca, iseTi

sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, rogoricaa masalebze, saqonelze an

momsaxurebaze faswarmoqmnis politikis gansazRvra, monawileni

urTierTdaqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSi arian.

holdingis mizani masSi gaerTianebul sawarmoTa ganviTarebis

saerTo strategiis SemuSavebaa. aSS-Si holdinguri kompaniebi

ZiriTadad sabanko sferoSi iqmneba. postsabWour qveynebSi holdingis

ukan xSirad mmarTvelobis organoebi dganan, Tumca, aseTi mdgomareoba

garkveulwilad bunebrivia. amgvari holdingebis Seqmna sawarmoTa

erTgvari reaqciaa saministroebis ̀ ganadgurebaze~ da xorcieldeba

`Ria zRvaSi~ gasvlis mizniT.

samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli or-

ganizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebi. Tanamedrove ekono-

mikuri mecniereba did mniSvnelobas aniWebs samewarmeo saqmianobis

ganmxorcielebel subieqtTa organizaciul-samarTlebriv daxasi-

aTebas. mewarmeobis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebi yvela

qveyanaSi zustad erTnairi rodia. amitom Cven maT saqarTveloSi

moqmedi kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze funqcionirebadi formebis

mixedviT ganvixilavT.

259258

nebismieri partniori uflebamosilia ganaxorcielos rogorc

sazogadoebis saqmianobis operatiuli marTva, ise misi warmomadgen-

loba.

sps-is marTvis umaRlesi organoa wevr-partniorTa saerTo

kreba. wesdebaSi SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi, kreba uflebamosilia

gadawyvetileba miiRos erTxmad. miuxedavad Senatanis moculobisa,

partniorTa krebaze sazogadoebis yvela wevr-partniors TiTo

xma aqvs.

sazogadoebis partniorTa pasuxismgeblobis solidaruli

xasiaTidan gamomdinare, misi xelmZRvanelobac solidarulia, Tumca,

partniorTa SeTanxmebiT SeiZleba airCes lideri _ erTi an meti

partniori, romelsac sazogadoebis marTva da warmomadgenloba

daevaleba. mmarTvel partniors, danarCen partniorTa gancxadebisa

da sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze SeiZleba CamoerTvas

sazogadoebis marTvis ufleba. es wesi gamoiyeneba mmarTvelis

mier Tavisi uflebamosilebis uxeSi darRvevis an valdebulebaTa

Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi. sps-is partniorebze vrceldeba

konkurenciis akrZalva, rac imas niSnavs, rom maT ara aqvT ufleba

partniorebis Tanxmobis gareSe misdion imave saqmianobas, rasac

misdevs sazogadoeba, an miiRon monawileoba msgavsi tipis sxva

sazogadoebaSi personalurad pasuxismgebeli partnioris an

direqtoris saxiT. am Tanxmobas sps-Si partniorTa kreba gascems.

sps-is, rogorc amxanagobis tipis sazogadoebis sasicocxlo

nervi partniorTa gaZlierebuli pasuxismgeblobaa, rac Semdegi

ori maCvenebliT xasiaTdeba: 1. pasuxismgeblobis moculobis mixedviT

_ SeuzRudavi; 2. pasuxismgeblobis xasiaTis mixedviT _ solidaru-

li (erTi yvelasaTvis, yvela erTisaTvis).

sazogadoebis partniori uflebamosilia gaasxvisos Tavisi

wili sps-is qonebaSi. es procedura mkacrad kontroldeba da,

sazogadoebis xasiaTidan gamomdinare, yvela partnioris Tanxmobas

moiTxovs. aRniSnuli Tanxmoba wilis daTmobis Sesaxeb xelSek-

rulebaSi fiqsirdeba da sanotaro damowmebas eqvemdebareba.

* saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisagan gansxvavebiT ruseTis, SvedeTis,germaniisa da safrangeTis kanonmdeblobiT sps-is partniori, garda fizikuripirisa, SeiZleba iyos iuridiuli piric. am SemTxvevaSi monawile iuridiulipiris xelmZRvanels gaaCnia zustad is ufleba-movaleobebi, rac sps-ispartnior fizikur pirs.

saxelwodebis gamoyenebiT gaagrZeleben mis saqmianobas samemkvidreo

urTierTobis aRmniSvneli damatebis darTviT an uimisod.

solidaruli pasuxismgeblobissazogadoeba

solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (sps) amxanagobis

tipis sazogadoebaa. masSi ori an meti fizikuri piri erTiandeba,

romelTac erToblivi mogebis survili, interesTa erTianoba da

urTierTndoba akavSirebT. sps-is cnebas `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos kanoni Semdegnairad ganmartavs: `solidaruli

pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romel-

Sic ramdenime fizikuri piri* erToblivad, erTiani sa-

firmo saxelwodebiT eweva araerTjerad da damoukide-

bel mewarmeobas da partniorebi sazogadoebis valdebule-

bebisaTvis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs ageben, rogorc

solidaruli movaleebi _ uSualod, pirdapir, mTel val-

debulebebze, SeuzRudavad mTeli Tavisi qonebiT~ (muxli

20.1).

sps-is Seqmnis dokumentad gaTvaliswinebulia mxolod

sazogadoebis wesdebis savaldebuloba, magram sazogadoebis par-

tniorebs survilisamebr SeuZliaT dadon sadamfuZneblo

xelSekruleba (rogorc zepiri, ise werilobiTi formiT).

sazogadoebis ZiriTad materialur bazas qmnis partniorTa

Senatanebi. Senatanis moculoba partnioris wilis ganmsazRvrelia.

261260

livad erTiani safirmo saxelwodebiT eweva araerTjerad

da damoukidebel mewarmeobas, aris komandituri sazogadoeba,

Tu erTi an ramdenime partnioris pasuxismgebloba

sazogadoeb is kreditorebis winaSe gansazRvruli

sagarantio Tanxis gadaxdiT Semoifargleba (komanditebi),

xolo sxva partniorebis pasuxismgebloba SezRuduli

ar aris (komplementarebi)~ (muxli 34).

komandituri sazogadoeba sps-is modificirebuli nairsaxeobaa.

miuxedavad maT Soris arsebuli msgavsebisa, arsebobs mTeli rigi

gansxvavebebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ks-Si kapitalis mniSvnelovnad

meti odenobiT koncentrirebas uwyobs xels. gacilebiT iolia im

pirTa moZieba, romelic mzadaa mxolod winaswar gansazRvruli

TanxiT gariskos, vidre im pirebisa, romlebic mTel Tavis qonebas

erTgvarad sasworze deben. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ks gacilebiT

rTuli organizaciaa, vidre sps, Tumca bevrad martivi, vidre

kapitaluri tipis sawarmoebi.

ks-is erT-erTi mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani misi subieq-

turi Semadgenloba da am ukanasknelTa Sesabamisi pasuxismgeblobaa.

ks-is damfuZneblad gamodis minimum ori piri. aqedan erTi

aucileblad komplementaria, romelic pasuxismgebelia jer Tavisi

Senatanis moculobiT, xolo misi ukmarisobis SemTxvevaSi, mTeli

Tavisi qonebiT (komplementaris samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba

faqtobrivad igivea, rac sps-is partniorisa); meore _ komanditi,

romelic sazogadoebis valdebulebebze mxolod mis mier winaswar

gansazRvruli sagarantio TanxiTaa pasuxismgebeli (komanditis

pasuxismgebloba Sps-is partnioris pasuxismgeblobis identuria).

personalurad pasuxismgebeli partniorebi (komplementarebi)

SeiZleba mxolod fizikuri pirebi iyvnen, komanditi ki _ rogorc

fizikuri, ise iuridiuli piri (saxelmwifos CaTvliT).

aSkaraa, rom komandituri sazogadoeba personaluri

(amxanagobis) da kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebaTa elementebs

aerTianebs da erTgvarad gardamaval formad gvevlineba. ks-s,

Tu partniori masze dakisrebul arsebiT movaleobebs ar

asrulebs an xdeba movaleobaTa permanentuli gazrax uxeSi an

gaufrTxileblobiT darRveva, danarCeni partniorebi uflebamosilni

arian gancxadebiT mimarTon sasamarTlos da moiTxovon aseTi

partnioris sazogadoebis Semadgenlobidan garicxva. aRniSnulis

Sesaxeb sasamarTlos gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba.

partnioris sazogadoebis Semadgenlobidan gasvlis an garicxvis

SemTxvevaSi misi wili sazogadoebis qonebaSi daemateba sxva

danarCen partniorebs. es ukanasknelni valdebuli arian

sazogadoebidan gamsvleli an garicxuli partniori gaaTavisuf-

lon sazogadoebis valebisagan da gadauxadon is, rasac igi

sazogadoebis likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi miiRebda. umemkvidreod

darCenili partnioris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi misi wili sxva

danarCen partniorebs emateba. xolo Tu gardacvlil partniors

hyavs memkvidreebi, maSin yovel memkvidres SeuZlia sazogadoebaSi

darCes imisda mixedviT, mieniWeba Tu ara mas komanditis statusi

da CaeTvleba Tu ara samkvidros damtoveblis sawevro Senatanidan

misi kuTvnili wili sakomandito Senatanad.

sps-is gansakuTrebuli buneba misi likvidaciis safuZvleb-

Sic ikveTeba. magaliTad, sazogadoebis wesdebiT SeiZleba

ganisazRvros, rom partnioris gasvlam gamoiwvios sazogadoebis

likvidacia, Tu sazogadoebidan gasvlis Sesaxeb ganacxadeben xmaTa

50%-ze metis mflobeli partniorebi. garda amisa, sazogadoebis

likvidaciis safuZvlebia: im vadis gasvla, ra vadiTac igi Seiqmna;

partniorTa gadawyvetileba; sazogadoebis mimarT gakotrebis saqmis

warmoebis gaxsna; sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba.

komandituri sazogadoebakomandituri sazogadoeba (ks), solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis

sazogadoebasTan erTad, amxanagobis tipis gaerTianebaa. ks-is

cnebas `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni Semdegnairad

gamoxatavs: `sazogadoeba, romelSic ramdenime piri erTob-

263262

SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobissazogadoeba

SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (Sps) kontinen-

turi evropis masStabiT yvelaze popularuli organizaciul-

samarTlebrivi formaa. rac Seexeba Sps-is definicias, ̀ mewarmeTa

Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni mas Semdegnairad gansazRvravs:

`SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba aris sazoga-

doeba, romlis pasuxismgebloba misi kreditorebis winaSe

Semoifargleba mTeli misi qonebiT. sazogadoebis par-

tniori ar aris pasuxismgebeli sazogadoebis valdebu-

lebebze~ (muxli 44). amasTan, Sps-is partniori Sesatanis saboloo

Setanamde sazogadoebis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs agebs mis

mier Seutaneli Sesatanis odenobiT. maSasadame, Sps mTeli Tavisi

qonebiT agebs pasuxs kreditorebis winaSe, xolo misi

partniori pasuxismgebelia sawesdebo kapitalSi misi wilis

odenobiT. aseTi sazogadoebis dafuZneba SeuZlia erT pirsac.

amxanagobis tipis sawarmosagan gansxvavebiT, Sps kapitalis

gaerTianebis Sedegad Seqmnili sazogadoebaa. swored amitom Sps-

is partniori erTdroulad SeiZleba ramdenime sawarmos partniorad

mogvevlinos. partnioris riski mxolod mis mier sawesdebo

kapitalSi ganxorcielebuli SenataniT Semoifargleba. gansazRvrul

garantiebs iReben kreditorebic, radgan pasuxismgeblobis xasiaTi

da moculoba maTTvis Tavidanve cnobilia.

Sps-is ZiriTad sadamfuZneblo dokuments wesdeba warmoad-

gens, romelic kanonTan erTad gansazRvravs sazogadoebis samar-

Tlebriv statuss. wesdebis mixedviT regulirdeba sazogadoebis

marTvis organoTa funqcia da kompetencia, sameurneo Sedegebis

ganawilebis principebi, moqmedebis xangrZlivoba da likvidaciis

pirobebi.

Sps-is marTvis aucilebeli organoebia partniorTa saerTo

kreba da direqcia (direqtori). rac Seexeba sameTvalyureo sabWos,

aq igi fakultaturia, anu sazogadoebis wesdebaSi SeiZleba

rogorc amxanagobis tipis sazogadoebas, winaswar dadgenili

myari sawesdebo kapitalis qona ar moeTxoveba, Tumca, rig

SemTxvevebSi sazogadoebis wesdebiT arc esaa gamoricxuli.

ks-is dafuZnebis procesi sps-is dafuZnebis identuria,

ramdenadac orive amxanagobis tipis saxelSekrulebo sazogado-

ebaa, romelSic ramdenime piri erToblivad, erTiani safirmo

saxelwodebiT araerTjerad da damoukidebel mewarmeobas eweva.

amitom SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom ks-is mimarT, zogadi nawilis

wesebTan erTad, sps-is maregulirebeli wesebic gamoiyeneba.

ks-is marTvaSi partniorTa mdgomareoba araTanabaria. zogadi

wesis mixedviT, komanditebi sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobaSi ar

monawileoben. maT ar SeuZliaT gamovidnen personalurad

pasuxismgebeli partniorebis qmedebis winaaRmdeg. wesdebiT maT

SeiZleba mieniWoT amgvari uflebamosileba, oRond warmomadgenlobis

uflebis gareSe. amasTan, zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, komanditze,

komplementarisagan gansxvavebiT, ar vrceldeba konkurenciis

akrZalva. gamonaklisia SemTxveva, roca komandits miniWebuli

aqvs sawarmos Siga marTvis funqcia.

sazogadoebis kreditorebis mimarT komanditis pasuxismgebloba

samewarmeo reestrSi miTiTebuli sagarantio TanxiT ganisazRvreba.

Tu komandits srulad ar aqvs Setanili sagarantio Tanxa, igi

pasuxs agebs rogorc komplementari _ SeuzRudavad, pirdapir,

mTeli Tavisi qonebiT.

komplementarisagan gansxvavebiT, komanditis mier sakuTari

wilis gasxviseba da memkvidreobiT gadacema ar moiTxovs partniorTa

Tanxmobas (Tu wesdebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli).

sazogadoebis wesdebiT SesaZloa gaTvaliswinebuli iyos gansxvave-

buli wesi, magaliTad, wilis gasxviseba damokidebuli iyos

partniorTa Tanxmobaze an maT hqondeT wilis upiratesi Sesyidvis

ufleba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, komanditis mier wilis gasxvisebasTan

dakavSirebul xelSekrulebas sanotaro damowmeba esaWiroeba.

265264

sazogadoebis dafinansebis wyaro, garda partniorTa Senatanebisa,

SeiZleba sasesxo kapitalic iyos. kanonmdebloba eyrdnoba sawes-

debo kapitalisa da sasesxo kapitalis Tanafardobis gansazRvraSi

Tavisuflebis princips, romlis Tanaxmad, arcTu iSviaTad

dafinansebis mTavar wyaros faqtobrivad sasesxo kapitali war-

moadgens, xolo sesxis gamcemad gamodian imave sazogadoebis

partniorebi.

sazogadoebis dafuZnebisas ganxorcielebuli Sesatanis

gankargvis ufleba aqvs sazogadoebas; sazogadoeba xdeba am qonebis

mesakuTre. amasTan, partniors SeuZlia wilis gasxviseba da

memkvidreobiT gadacema.

wilis gasxvisebis ufleba aqvs mxolod mis mesakuTres an

misgan uflebamosil pirs, rac formdeba sanotaro wesiT

damowmebuli saTanado xelSekrulebiT. partnioris gardacvale-

bisas misi wili Sedis samkvidro masaSi da gadadis memkvidreebze.

Tu memkvidre ramdenimea, wili gadadis maT saerTo sakuTrebaSi.

wili SeiZleba gasxvisdes ara mTlianad, aramed nawilobriv. wilis

nawilobrivi gasxviseba SesaZlebelia mxolod sazogadoebis

nebarTviT.

sameurneo wlis bolos partniori uflebamosilia gamoiyenos

Tavisi umTavresi ufleba, kerZod, moiTxovos Tavisi wili mogeba

(dividendi), rac sawesdebo kapitalSi misi wilis proporciulia.

partniorTa gadawyvetilebiT mogeba SeiZleba ar ganawildes da

moxmardes warmoebis gafarToebas an gadairicxos sarezervo fondSi.

saaqcio sazogadoebasaqarTveloSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri

mdgomareobis, aseve fulad da fiskalur politikaSi mimdinare

cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saaqcio sazogadoebas (ss), rogorc

samewarmeo saqmianobis erT-erT yvelaze popularul subieqts,

didi roli miuZRvis Cveni qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi, sazRvar-

gareTis qveynebTan kavSirebis gafarToebasa da, bolos, Cveni

gaTvaliswinebuli iyos sameTvalyureo sabWos Seqmna. amasTan,

`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi 2001 wlis 19 ivniss

Sesuli cvlileba imperatiulad gansazRvravs: `saxelmwifos

wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnil sazogadoebebSi, sadac saxelmwifos

wili 50%-ze metia, amasTan, sawesdebo kapitalis odenoba aRemateba

30000 lars da Tanxebis wliuri brunvis odenoba 100000 lars,

sameTvalyureo sabWos Seqmna savaldebuloa~ (muxli 48). am

SemTxvevaSi sameTvalyureo sabWo moqmedebs saaqcio sazogadoebis

sameTvalyureo sabWosaTvis SemuSavebuli wesebiT.

partniorTa saerTo kreba, rogorc sazogadoebis marTvis

umaRlesi organo, tardeba sul cota weliwadSi erTxel mainc

da igi iRebs gadawyvetilebebs wliuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb. kreba

SeiZleba iyos riggareSec. yvela partniors ufleba aqvs daeswros

partniorTa saerTo krebas, monawileoba miiRos dRis wesrigiT

gansazRvrul sakiTxTa ganxilvaSi da xma misces gadawyvetilebis

miRebas. partniorTa krebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba oqmis

saxiT formdeba, romelsac xels awers Tavmjdomare.

Sps kapitaluri tipis sazogadoebaa. mas gaaCnia partniorTa

mier windaTqmuli da kanonis Sesabamisad, wesdebiT gansazRvruli

sawesdebo kapitali. sawesdebo kapitalis minimaluri odenoba

2000 laria. sawesdebo kapitali dayofilia partniorTa mier

Setanili wilebis mixedviT. TiToeuli partnioris Sesatanis

odenoba sawesdebo kapitalSi SeiZleba gansxvavebulad ganisaz-

Rvros. amasTan, igi aucileblad 10-ze unaSTod unda iyofodes.

rogorc wesi, Sps-is wesdeba gansazRvravs TiToeuli partnioris

minimaluri Sesatanis odenobas, rac pirdapir kavSirSia wilisa

da partniorTa saerTo krebaze xmis odenobasTan. magaliTad, Sps

`nikorwmindas~ wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebulia, rom sazogadoebis

sawesdebo kapitalSi Senatanis 5% warmoSobs erT xmas, amasTan,

sawesdebo kapitali ganisazRvreba 3000 lariT; maSin mocemuli

magaliTis mixedviT, Sps ̀ nikorwmindas~ minimaluri Sesatani 150

lariT ganisazRvreba.

267266

saqarTvelos kanonis 55.3 muxlis Tanaxmad, ss, romlis aqciaTa

raodenobac 100-ze metia, valdebulia aqcionerTa reestri awarmoos

damoukidebeli registratoris meSveobiT, masTan dadebuli

xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.

moqmedi kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Ria da

daxuruli tipis saaqcio sazogadoebebs. Ria tipis saaqcio

sazogadoebis dafuZnebisas gamoiyeneba aqciaTa SeZenis Ria da

yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi sistema. daxuruli tipis saaqcio

sazogadoebaSi ki aqciebi mxolod damfuZneblebze an winaswar

gansazRvrul pirTa wreze nawildeba. aqciis upiratesi Sesyidvis

uflebiT amave sazogadoebis aqcionerebi sargebloben. garda amisa,

daxuruli tipis ss ar aris valdebuli gamoaqveynos Tavisi

saqmianobis Sedegebi.

saaqcio sazogadoebis marTvis umaRlesi organoa aqcioner-

Ta saerTo kreba _ moiwveva weliwadSi erTxel, sazogadoebis

wliuri balansis Sedgenidan ori Tvis vadaSi. igi ixilavs

informacias gasuli wlis saqmianobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb da

gansazRvravs sazogadoebis saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.

riggareSe saerTo kreba tardeba aqcionerTa moTxovniT.

saerTo krebis mowvevis Sesaxeb informacia unda gamoqveyndes

presaSi. dRis wesrigi aqcionerebisaTvis winaswar unda iyos

cnobili. kreba tardeba ss-is ukanasknel iuridiul misamarTze

an nebismier sxva adgilze _ saqarTvelos teritoriis farglebSi.

informacia krebis muSaobis Sesaxeb aisaxeba notariusis mier

Sedgenil oqmSi. krebas xelmZRvanelobs sameTvalyureo sabWos

Tavmjdomare, misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi _ moadgile, misi aryofnis

SemTxvevaSi ki _ direqtori.

saaqcio sazogadoebis marTvis mniSvnelovan da aucilebel

organos warmoadgens sameTvalyureo sabWo, romelic Sedgeba

sul mcire 3 da araumetes 21 wevrisagan. wevrTa raodenoba

unaSTod unda iyofodes samze. wevrTa 2/3 airCeva saerTo krebis

mier, xolo 1/3 SeiZleba airCes muSa-mosamsaxureTagan. amasTan,

sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri stabilurobis gaZlierebaSi.

amitom misi samarTlebrivi statusis gansazRvras didi Teoriuli

da praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs.

`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, ̀ saaqcio

sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romlis sawesdebo kapita-

li dayofilia erTi da imave nominaluri Rirebulebis

mqone aqciebad. aqcia aris fasiani qaRaldi, romelic

adasturebs saaqcio sazogadoebis valdebulebebs par-

tnioris mimarT da aqcioneris uflebebs saaqcio sazo-

gadoebaSi. saaqcio sazogadoebis pasuxismgebloba kredi-

torTa winaSe Semoifargleba mTeli misi qonebiT. saaqcio

sazogadoebis aqcioneri pasuxs ar agebs saaqcio sazo-

gadoebis valdebulebebze~ (muxli 51.1).

saaqcio sazogadoebis partniori SeiZleba iyos fizikuri da/

an iuridiuli piri. misi Seqmnis ufleba erT pirsac aqvs. aqcionerTa

uflebebi ori saxisaa: piradi (sazogadoebis aqcionerTa saerTo

krebaze monawileobis ufleba, xmis ufleba, informaciis miRebis

da sxva uflebebi) da qonebrivi (dividendis miRebis ufleba,

sazogadoebis likvidaciisas qonebis ganawilebaSi monawileobis

miRebis da sxva uflebebi). imis gamo, rom ss mkacrad kapitaluri

xasiaTisaa, piradi uflebebi aq naklebad dominirebs, radgan piradi

uflebebis realuri ganxorcielebis ufleba mxolod aqciaTa

mniSvnelovani raodenobis mflobel pirebs gaaCniaT.

saaqcio sazogadoeba, Sps-is msgavsad, kapitaluri tipis sazo-

gadoebaa. misi sawesdebo kapitalis minimaluri odenoba kanoniT

mkacradaa gansazRvruli 15000 lariT. rac Seexeba komerciul

bankebs, maTTvis erovnuli bankis 2005 wels gamocemuli brZanebiT,

minimaluri sawesdebo kapitali 7,8 milioni lariT ganisazRvreba.

saaqcio sazogadoebis yvela dokumenti aRiricxeba sazo-

gadoebis wignSi. aqciaTa registracia warmoebs saaqcio sazoga-

doebis aqciaTa reestrSi, romelsac TviT sazogadoeba an

damoukidebeli registratori awarmoebs. amasTan, ̀ mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~

269268

bulia garkveul aqcionerze sazogadoebis wignSi Caweris saSu-

alebiT. sawarmdgenlo aqcia ekuTvnis mis faqtiur mflobels

da mimagrebuli ar aris romelime konkretul pirovnebaze.

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT daiSveba Cveulebrivi da

privilegirebuli aqciebis gamoSveba, romlebic 1999 wlis

seqtembridan SeiZleba gaices mxolod saxelobiTi formiT (piradi

fasiani qaRaldi). swored saxelobiT aqcias ganixilaven aramateri-

aluri fasiani qaRaldebis Teoriis sawyisad. kanonmdeblobis

mixedviT, aramaterialuri saxiT mxolod piradi fasiani qaRaldi

SeiZleba arsebobdes. privilegirebuli aqciebis nominaluri

Rirebuleba ar unda aRematebodes Cveulebrivi aqciebis nominals.

kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisagan mijnavs Cveulebrivi da

privilegirebuli aqciebis mflobel aqcionerTa uflebebs.

Cveulebrivi aqciis mflobeli aqcioneri uflebamosi-

lia monawileoba miiRos Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi sazoga-

doebis saerTo krebis muSaobaSi xmis uflebiT (TiTo aqcia TiTo

xmis uflebiT sargeblobs), dividendis miRebaSi, xolo sazogadoebis

likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi _ qonebis ganawilebaSi.

privilegirebuli aqciis mflobeli aqcionerebi ar sar-

gebloben xmis uflebiT da, Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis marTvaSi ar

monawileoben. am aqcionerTa privilegia ganisazRvreba dividendis

dadgenili ganakveTis miRebiT, rac aqciis nominaluri Rirebulebis

fiqsirebuli procentis saxiT xorcieldeba; masve SeiZleba hqondes

salikvidacio qvotis upiratesi miRebis uflebac. garda amisa,

likvidirebuli sazogadoebis qoneba, valebis dafarvis Semdeg,

pirvel rigSi nawildeba privilegirebul aqciaTa mflobelebze,

xolo Semdeg danarCen (Cveulebrivi aqciis mflobel) aqcionerebze.

saaqcio sazogadoebis qonebis masaSi, sawesdebo kapitalis

garda, Sedis sasesxo kapitalic, romlis Seqmnis safuZvelia obli-

gacia. obligacia (obligation _ valdebuleba) fasiani qaRaldia,

romelic adasturebs misi mflobelis uflebas obligaciaSi

sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrTa arCevisas aqcionerebi SeiZleba

SeTanxmdnen xmebis akumulirebis meTodis gamoyenebaze, riTac

SesaZlebelia aqcionerTa umciresobis interesebis optimaluri

dacva.

sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebi airCevian oTxi wliT da dama-

tebiT im vadiT, rac saWiroa vadis gasvlidan momdevno saerTo

krebis mowvevamde. saerTo krebis mier mniSvnelovani safuZvlis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaTavisufldes sameTvalyureo

sabWos wevri. axali wevri unda airCes Zvelis gasvlidan eqvsi

Tvis ganmavlobaSi. aRniSnulis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi axal

wevrs niSnavs sasamarTlo.

sameTvalyureo sabWos sxdomebi tardeba kvartalSi erTxel

mainc. sabWo gadawyvetilebaunariania, Tu mas eswreba an warmod-

genilia wevrTa naxevari mainc. sameTvalyureo sabWos kompeten-

ciebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis direqtorTa daniSvna

(xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT), kontroli maT saqmianobaze da

direqtorTa gamowveva.

saaqcio sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobasa da warmomadgenlobas

axorcielebs direqcia (erTpirovnuli an kolegialuri organo).

sazogadoebis SinaganawesiT SeiZleba gaTvaliswinebuli iyos

direqtorTa Soris funqciaTa ganawileba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

sazogadoebis saxeliT dadebul yvela garigebas xels unda awerdnen

direqtorebi.

saaqcio sazogadoebis kompetenciaSi Sedis aqciaTa gamoSveba.

àqcia~ laTinuri sityvaa (actio) da gankargulebas, pretenzias

niSnavs. materialuri TvalsazrisiT, aqcia dividenis miRebis, marTvaSi

monawileobis, sazogadoebis likvidaciisas misi qonebis gayofaSi

monawileobis miRebis uflebis mimniWebeli fasiani qaRaldia.

formaluri gagebiT, aqcia saaqcio sazogadoebaSi monawileobis

damadasturebelia.

fasiani qaRaldebis klasikuri Teoria ganasxvavebs saxelo-

biT aqcias da sawarmdgenlo aqcias. saxelobiTi aqcia mimagre-

271270

dokumentSi aRniSnuli Tanxis gacemis Taobaze. Ceki saxelobiTi

fasiani qaRaldia, romelTan dakavSirebul urTierTobebSi sami

piri monawileobs: misi gamcemi, mimRebi da gamnaRdebeli.

Tamasuqi abstraqtuli fuladi valdebulebis Semcveli

fasiani qaRaldia, savalo dokumentis nairsaxeobaa. igi SeiZleba

iyos martivi da rTuli anu gadacemiTi. martivia Tamasuqi,

roca masSi saxelobiT aris miTiTebuli, Tu vin gasca Tamasuqi

da vin unda miiRos fuladi Tanxa. gadacemiTi Tamasuqi aris

saordero fasiani qaRaldi, romlis mflobels yovelTvis SeuZlia

TamasuqiT gaTvaliswinebuli misi uflebebi gadasces sxva pirs

saTanado warweriT (indosamentiT). piri, vinc aseTi warweriT

gadasca ufleba sxva pirs, pasuxismgebelia TamasuqiT gaTvaliswine-

buli valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis, Tu am warweraSi pirdapir

ar aris miTiTebuli sxva piroba.

dReisaTvis msoflio masStabiT SeimCneva saaqcio sazogado-

ebaTa ganviTarebis tendencia, rasac, bunebrivia, masSi akumulirebuli

msxvili Tanxebis brunvaunarianobis maRali maCvenebeli ganapirobebs.

kooperativikooperativi samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli erT-

erTi organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formaa, romlis regulireba

`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT, `samomxmareblo

kooperaciis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT da sxva Sesabamisi

sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT xorcieldeba. ufro konkretulad,

kooperativi aris wevrTa SromiT saqmianobaze dafuZne-

buli an wevrTa meurneobis ganviTarebisa da Semosavlis

gadidebis mizniT Seqmnili sazogadoeba, romlis amocanaa

wevrTa interesebis dakmayofileba da igi mimarTuli araa

upiratesad mogebis miRebaze .

rogorc Cans, kooperativis saqmianoba, uwinares yovlisa,

mimarTulia misi wevrebis interesebis dakmayofilebaze da ara

gamoxatuli nominaluri Rirebulebis miRebis Sesaxeb. masSi

dafiqsirebuli valdebuleba sasesxo kapitalis dabrunebis Taobaze

SeiZleba iyos rogorc procentiani, ise uprocento; aseve, rogorc

saxelobiTi, ise sawarmdgenlo. obligaciaSi SeiZleba aisaxos

sesxis sxvadasxva forma, romelic misi aqciad gardaqmnis

SesaZleblobas iZleva. aqciad gardaqmnis pirobebi SeiZleba

aRiniSnos rogorc TviT fasian qaRaldze, ise sazogadoebis wignSi.

saaqcio sazogadoebis mier obligaciis gamoSvebis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebas, erovnul bankTan SeTanxmebiT, Rebulobs sazo-

gadoebis saerTo kreba an sameTvalyureo sabWo. gadawyvetilebaSi

unda aRiniSnos obligaciis forma, misi dafarvis konkretuli

pirobebi da vadebi.

klasikuri obligacia _ es aris sasesxo mowmoba, romelic

moicavs emitentis Semdeg or ZiriTad valdebulebas: a) windaTqmuli

vadis gasvlis Semdeg daubrunos obligaciis mflobels nominaluri

Rirebuleba; b) obligaciis mflobels regularulad gadauxados

fiqsirebuli Semosavali obligaciaze miTiTebuli nominaluri

Rirebulebis procentis saxiT.

principuli gansxvaveba aqciasa da obligacias Soris imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom aqciis yidvisas investori xdeba saaqcio

sazogadoebis aqcioneri (partniori), obligaciis SeZenisas ki _

kreditori.

sazogadoebis mier gamoSvebul obligaciaTa nominalur

RirebulebaTa jami ar unda aRematebodes sazogadoebis sawesdebo

kapitalis odenobas. amasTan, obligaciis gamoSveba mxolod mas

Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli, roca sawesdebo kapitalis formireba

dasrulebulia.

saaqcio sazogadoeba, rig SemTxvevaSi, obligaciis garda,

uflebamosilia gamosces sxva saxis fasiani qaRaldebic (Ceki,

Tamasuqi da a.S.).

CekSi aRiniSneba misi gamcemis gankarguleba Cekis mflobelze

273272

nedleuls moipoveben sakuTari wevrebisaTvis;

sasoflo-sameurneo an sarewao produqciis erToblivi

gasaRebis kooperativebi;

sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis mwarmoebeli da sxvadasxva

sagnebis damamzadebeli da erToblivi xarjebiT maTi realizaciis

kooperativebi (sasoflo-sameurneo da sawarmoo kooperativebi);

masobrivi moxmarebis saqonlis sabiTumo wesiT SemZeni da

sacalo vaWrobiT maTi sarealizacio kooperativebi;

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis an sarewebisaTvis aucile-

beli materialur-teqnikuri resursebis SeZena-warmoebisa da maTi

erToblivi gamoyenebis kooperativebi;

sasoflo-sakredito kooperativebi;

samomxmareblo (mravaldargovani) kooperativebi, romelTa

samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri da socialuri safuZvlebi regulir-

deba saqarTvelos 1997 wlis 15 maisis kanoniT ̀ samomxmareblo

kooperaciis Sesaxeb~.

kooperativis wevrebs SeaqvT sapaio Senatanebi, rac erTobli-

obaSi sawarmos qonebas warmoadgens. kooperativis wevris minimaluri

pais odenoba damfuZneblis mier ganisazRvreba. yoveli pai unaSTod

unda iyofodes 50-ze. kooperativis erT wevrs SeiZleba hqondes

ramdenime pai.

kooperativis marTvis organoebia: mepaieTa saerTo kreba, kanoniT

an wesdebiT gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi _ warmomadgenelTa kreba,

sameTvalyureo sabWo da gamgeoba. aqve aRsaniSnavia erTi mniSvnelo-

vani gansxvaveba kooperativis direqtoris arCevasTan dakavSirebiT.

ss-is direqtorebisagan gansxvavebiT (romelsac niSnavs sameTval-

yureo sabWo), kooperativSi direqtorebs irCevs saerTo an war-

momadgenlebis kreba, oTxi sameurneo wlis vadiT. kooperativis

gamgeoba Sedgeba aranakleb ori direqtorisagan. direqtorebi

SeiZleba ar iyvnen kooperativis wevrebi. wesdeba SeiZleba sxva

pirobebsac iTvaliswinebdes.

kooperativis, rogorc damoukidebeli sameurneo erTeulis, mier

mogebis miRebaze. es niSani kooperativis wevrebisaTvis arsebiTi

ekonomikuri da iuridiuli garantiaa. amasTan, es ar gamoricxavs

kooperativis mier mogebis miRebis SesaZleblobas.

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, kooperativis wevri SeiZleba

iyos rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli piri. kooperativis

SemadgenlobaSi Sedis minimum ori piri, xolo wevrTa maqsimaluri

raodenoba kanoniT ar ganisazRvreba. kooperativis wevrobis

aucilebeli pirobaa masSi gaerTianebul pirTa piradi SromiTi

an sxvagvari monawileoba kooperativSi, ris gamoc mas xSirad

artels uwodeben.

kanoni kooperativis wevrobis warmoSobis or gzas icnobs: 1.

kooperativis wevrobas damfuZneblis saxiT da 2. kooperativis

wevrad miRebas kooperativis dafuZnebis Semdeg.

kooperativis saqmianoba ZiriTadad TviTdaxmarebis, TviTmmar-

Tvelobis da sakuTari pasuxismgeblobis principebs emyareba.

TviTdaxmarebaSi igulisxmeba is, rom kooperativi Tavis

wevrebs xels uwyobs im amocanaTa SesrulebaSi, rac calkeuli

individis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. kooperativis meSveobiT

individi inarCunebs meurneobriv arsebobas da ar izRudeba misi

samewarmeo Tavisufleba.

TviTmmarTveloba gulisxmobs imas, rom kooperativi

avtonomiuri warmonaqmnia. mas Tavad kooperativi marTavs, maszevea

delegirebuli kontrolis uflebac.

sakuTar pasuxismgeblobaSi igulisxmeba is, rom koopera-

tivis valdebulebebisaTvis, rogorc wesi, pasuxs ar ageben

kooperativis wevrebi, pasuxismgebelia Tavad kooperativi, rogorc

sameurneo erTeuli.

kanoni `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ CamoTvlis Semdegi Svidi saxis

kooperativs:

nedleulis mompovebeli kooperativebi, romlebic am formiT

275274

leqcia 15. sawarmos danaxarji da

mogeba

`danaxarjebis kalkulacia _ si-

cocxlis kalkulaciaa.~

f.haieki

`mravali saukunis manZilze kacob-

riobam ver ipova efeqtianobis sxva

kriteriumi, garda mogebisa.~

n.Smeliovi

`ganviTarebis gareSe ar aris same-

warmeo mogeba, am ukanasknelis gareSe

ar aris ganviTareba.~

i.Sumpeteri

sawarmos danaxarjis arsi da zogadi saxeebi.

ekonomikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi Tavisebureba isaa, rom ekonomisti

sagnebsa da movlenebs ganixilavs ̀ danaxarji-Sedegis~ principiT.

nebismieri saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba moiTxovs ekono-

mikuri resursebis xarjvas. am resursebs ki Rirebuleba da fasi

gaaCnia. samagierod, resursebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnili saqoneli da

momsaxurebac unda gaiyidos gansazRvrul fasSi. am fasebis

urTierTSedareba gviCvenebs, xelsayrelia Tu ara biznes-saqmianoba,

romelsac xeli movkideT.

zogadad, ekonomikuri danaxarjebis gageba efuZneba imis

aRiarebas, rom, jer erTi, ekonomikuri resursebisaTvis dama-

xasiaTebelia iSviaToba (SezRuduloba) da, meorec, arsebobs

resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.

ekonomikuri danaxarjebi dakavSirebulia resursebis iSvi-

aTobasTan. saqme isaa, rom resursebis iSviaTobis gamo sazogadoebas

rac Seexeba mogebisa da zaralis ganawilebas kooperativSi,

`mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~ kanonis 68-e muxli gansazRvravs, rom wliuri

angariSis damtkicebisas kooperativis wevrebisaTvis gaTvalis-

winebuli sameurneo wlis mogeba an zarali unawildebaT koope-

rativis wevrebs. pirveli sameurneo wlisaTvis ganawileba xdeba

maT mier Sesrulebuli Senatanebis proporciulad, yoveli momdevno

wlisaTvis ki _ mogebis mimatebiTa da zaralis Camoweris gziT,

wina sameurneo wlis bolosaTvis arsebuli pais saerTo Tanxis

proporciulad. mogebis mimateba grZeldeba manam, sanam ar iqneba

miRweuli pais odenoba. amasTan, wesdeba SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes

mogebisa da zaralis ganawilebis sxva wesebs. sanam ar miiRweva

zaralis gamo Semcirebuli pais odenoba, mogeba ar nawildeba.

wesdeba an saerTo krebis dadgenileba SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes,

rom mogeba mTlianad an nawilobriv daericxos rezervs. aseT

SemTxvevaSi kooperativis wevrs miecema mxolod Sromis sazRauri.

kanoni iTvaliswinebs kooperativis wevrobidan gasvlis Semdeg

safuZvlebs: piradi gancxadebiT, kooperativis mier saqmianobis

Secvlis, kooperativis wevrobidan garicxvisa da kooperativis

wevris gardacvalebis gamo (muxli 62). amasTan, wesdebiT SesaZloa

gaTvaliswinebuli iyos sxva safuZvelic.

277276

ekonomikuri (wminda) mogeba

buRaltruli

mogeba

faruli

danaxarji

buRaltruli mogeba

ekonomikuri

(wminda) mogeba

faruli

danaxarji

miiRebda gansazRvrul Semosavals saijaro qiris saxiT. faruli

xarjebi, rogorc wesi, sawarmos buRaltrul wignSi ar aisaxeba.

sawarmos ekonomikuri (wminda) da buRaltruli

mogeba. aSkara da farul danaxarjebs Soris gansxvavebis dadgena

aucilebelia sawarmos funqcionirebis miznis _ mogebis asaxsnelad.

sawarmos mTliani Semosavlidan aSkara da faruli danaxarjebis

(mTliani danaxarjis) gamoqviTvis Semdeg darCenili Tanxa aris

ekonomikuri (wminda) mogeba. am ukanasknelisagan biznesis

samyaroSi xSirad ganasxvaveben buRaltrul mogebas, romelic

miiReba sawarmos mTliani Semosavlidan aSkara danaxarjebis

gamoklebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanafardoba am or mogebas Soris

Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba:

=

_ anu

=

+

sawarmos danaxarji moklevadian da grZelvadi-

an periodebSi. danaxarjebis analizisaTvis saWiroa maTi

dayofa mudmiv da cvalebad danaxarjebad. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

warmoebis TeoriaSi gamoiyofa ori periodi _ moklevadiani da

grZelvadiani.

ar SeuZlia erTdroulad gaadidos misTvis saWiro yvela saqonlis

warmoeba. rodesac resursebs viyenebT ama Tu im saqonlis warmo-

ebisaTvis, xeli unda aviRoT (uari unda vTqvaT) romeliRac sxva

saqonlis warmoebaze, e.i. xelidan unda gavuSvaT Semosavali,

romelic SegveZlo migveRo resursebis alternatiuli gamoyenebisas.

amitom sruliad samarTlianad SeniSnavs p.xeine: `biznesis

namdvili xarji xelidan gaSvebuli Semosavalia~ .

yvelaferi, rac aq iTqva, ekonomikuri danaxarjebis zogadi

gagebaa, Tu maT ganvixilavT mTeli sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT.

Tu sakiTxs mivudgebiT ama Tu im sawarmos poziciebidan, misi

ekonomikuri danaxarjebi SeiZleba gaiyos orad: aSkara (buRaltrul)

da farul danaxarjebad. danaxarjebis aseTi dayofa dakavSirebulia

imasTan, rom, rogorc wesi, sawarmo iyenebs rogorc sxvebisagan

SeZenil, ise sakuTar resursebs.

aSkara danaxarjebi is alternatiuli danaxarjebia, romelic

aSkara (fuladi) gadasaxdelis formas iRebs da xmardeba

resursebis momwodeblebs. mas miekuTvneba: muSebis xelfasi,

menejerTa Sromis anazRaureba, savaWro sawarmoTa sakomisio

gadasaxdelebi, sabanko da safinanso momsaxurebis mimwodebelTa

Sromis anazRaureba, satransporto xarjebis ganaRdeba da a.S. es

danaxarjebi aisaxeba sawarmos buRaltrul wignSi da amitom mas

buRaltrul danaxarjebsac uwodeben.

faruli danaxarjebi aris warmoebis procesSi gamoyene-

buli sawarmos kuTvnili ekonomikuri resursebi, romlebzec

igi fuls ar ixdis. faruli danaxarjebi utoldeba im fulad

Semosavals, romelsac mocemuli sawarmo miiRebda sxva sawarmoze

am resursis gayidvis an ijariT gacemis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad,

individualuri mewarmis daxarjuli samuSao drois alternatiuli

Rirebulebaa is xelfasi, romelsac igi miiRebda sxva sawarmoSi

daxarjuli Sromis anazRaurebis saxiT. SeiZleba sxva magaliTis

motanac: sawarmo iyenebs mis kuTvnil Senobas, romelSic igi

fuls ar ixdis. magram mas rom es Senoba ijariT gaeca, uTuod

279278

danaxarjebi, romlebsac sawarmo gaiRebs warmoebis moklevadian

periodSi. rac Seexeba grZelvadian periods, aq yvela danaxarji

cvalebadia, radgan am SemTxvevaSi raodenobrivad icvleba warmoebis

rogorc mudmivi, aseve cvalebadi faqtorebi.

moklevadian periodSi sawarmos danaxarjebis klasifikacia

mudmiv da cvalebad danaxarjebad gamowveulia im garemoebiT,

rom warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba damokidebulia am

danaxarjTa moculobis cvalebadobaze. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi

mewarmes SeuZlia zogierTi danaxarji maSinve Secvalos, xolo

zogierTi danaxarjis Secvla damokidebulia sawarmos finansur

SesaZleblobasa da ufro xangrZliv droze.

mudmivi danaxarjebi (FC) ewodeba iseT danaxarjebs,

romlebic araa dakavSirebuli warmoebis moculobis cvlilebeb-

Tan da TiTqmis imave odenobiT gaiweva maSinac, roca sawarmo

gaCerebulia da saerTod arafers ar awarmoebs. maT miekuTvneba:

rentuli gadasaxdeli, sesxze sargebeli, saijaro qira, sadazRvevo

Senatanebi, amortizaciuli anaricxebis nawili, marTvis aparatis

muSakTa xelfasi, ganaTebis xarjebi da sxv.

cvalebadi danaxarjebi (VC) iseTi danaxarjebia, romel-

Ta sidide icvleba warmoebis moculobis proporciulad. roca

warmoeba gaCerdeba, es danaxarjic qreba. aseTia danaxarjebi

nedleulze, masalebze, saTbobze, warmoebis muSakTa xelfasze da

a.S. igi, rogorc wesi, gaiangariSeba produqciis erTeulze.

aq xazi unda gaesvas erT arsebiT moments: warmoebis garkveuli

mijnis iqiT cvalebadi danaxarjebi ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre

produqciis moculoba, e.i. produqciis damatebiTi erTeulis

warmoebaze danaxarjebi izrdeba, anu cvalebadi danaxarjebis

yoveli damatebiTi erTeuli nakleb produqcias iZleva.

samewarmeo saqmianobis analizisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania

mTliani da saSualo danaxarjebis gansazRvra. mTliani danaxar-

jebi (TC) aris mudmivi da cvalebadi danaxarjebis ariTmetikuli

rogorc viciT, warmoebis procesSi gamoiyeneba warmoebis

sxvadasxva faqtori. zogierTi maTgani (magaliTad, miwa) SeiZleba

ucvleli darCes xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, zogierTi ki

(magaliTad, Sroma) _ icvlebodes drois mcire monakveTSi. pirvels

ewodeba warmoebis mudmivi faqtorebi, meores _ cvalebadi

faqtorebi.

warmoebis mudmiv faqtorebs miekuTvneba, magaliTad, mewarmis

sakuTrebaSi arsebuli an ijariT aRebuli Senoba, teqnologia,

satransporto saSualebebi da sxv., romelTa raodenoba ar icvleba

warmoebis moculobis cvlilebis Sesabamisad. warmoebis cvalebadi

faqtorebi ki sawarmoSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva odenobiT drois

gansazRvrul momentSi (magaliTad, nedleuli). maTi raodenoba

icvleba warmoebis moculobis cvlilebis Sesabamisad.

warmoebis moklevadiani periodi ewodeba drois im monak-

veTs, romlis ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebuli warmoebis faqtorebis

Tundac erTi elementi mudmivi rCeba, maSin, roca warmoebis sxva

faqtorebi (Tundac erTi) cvalebadia). es imas niSnavs, rom warmoebis

moklevadian periodSi erTdroulad monawileoben warmoebis

rogorc mudmivi, aseve cvalebadi faqtorebi.

moklevadiani periodisagan gansxvavebiT, grZelvadian periodSi

warmoebis procesSi monawileoben mxolod warmoebis cvalebadi

faqtorebi, anu am SemTxvevaSi raodenobrivad icvleba warmoebis

rogorc cvalebadi, aseve mudmivi faqtorebi.

warmoebis moklevadiani da grZelvadiani periodebi erTime-

orisagan ar gansxvavdeba drois xangrZlivobis mixedviT. magaliTad,

Tu sawarmo erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi raodenobrivad cvlis warmoebis

yvela faqtors, maSin es erTi Tve iqneba misTvis grZelvadiani

periodi. meore mxriv, moklevadian periodad xuTi welic SeiZleba

ganvixiloT, Tu am periodSi raodenobrivad ucvleli rCeba

warmoebis Tundac erTi faqtori mainc.

aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT mudmivi da cvalebadi

281280

MC = TCQ

Zalze didia. samagierod, warmoebis moculobis gadideba amcirebs

mudmivi danaxarjis wils produqciis erTeulze, radgan am

SemTxvevaSi mTliani mudmivi danaxarji Tanabrad nawildeba

produqciis erTeulebze. rac Seexeba saSualo cvalebad danaxarjs,

dasawyisSi produqciis moculobis gadidebis gamo igi mcirdeba,

Semdeg ki iwyebs zrdas.

danaxarjebis yovelmxrivi analizisaTvis aseve mniSvnelovania

zRvrul (sazRvriT) danaxarjSi garkveva. sawarmom SeiZleba

maqsimaluri mogeba miiRos warmoebis moculobis gansazRvrul

anu warmoebis optimaluri moculobis pirobebSi. amitom mewarmes

ufro metad ainteresebs gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenobasTan

dakavSirebuli damatebiTi danaxarjis problema, vidre produqciis

erTeulze gaRebuli saSualo danaxarji. damatebiTi danaxarjebi

ekonomikur literaturaSi cnobilia zRvruli (sazRvriTi)

danaxarjebis (MC) saxelwodebiT. es is danaxarjebia, romlebic

saWiroa produqciis sazRvriTi erTeulis, e.i. gansazRvruli

moculobis zeviT produqciis damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebisaTvis.

am danaxarjis gaangariSeba Zalze martivia da gamoisaxeba

formuliT:

sadac MC aris zRvruli danaxarji;

TC _ mTliani danaxarjis mateba;

Q _ gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobis cvlileba.

zRvruli danaxarji ganisazRvreba mxolod cvalebadi danaxar-

jis gadidebiT, rac imiT aixsneba, rom mudmivi danaxarji ar

icvleba warmoebis moculobis cvalebadobis Sesabamisad. maSasadame,

zRvruli danaxarji SeiZleba gamoiTvalos Semdegi formulis

daxmarebiTac:

AFC = FCQ

AVC = VCQ

AC = TCQ

jami. saSualo danaxarjebi (AC), anu danaxarjebi produqciiserTeulze udris mTliani danaxarjebis jams gayofils warmoebuli

produqciis moculobaze. formuliT gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:

sadac AC aris saSualo danaxarji;

TC _ mTliani danaxarji;

QQ_ gamoSvebuli produqciis moculoba.

saSualo danaxarji aCvenebs, Tu ra ujdeba mewarmes saSualod

produqciis yoveli erTeulis gamoSveba. moklevadian periodSi

sawarmos danaxarji iyofa mudmiv da cvalebad danaxarjebad, ris

gamoc SesaZlebelia saSualo mudmivi da saSualo cvalebadi

danaxarjebis gaangariSeba.

saSualo mudmivi danaxarjebi (AFC) gaiangariSeba mudmividanaxarjebis gayofiT warmoebuli produqciis raodenobaze.

formuliT gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:

saSualo cvalebadi danaxarjebis (AVC) gaangariSeba

xdeba cvalebadi xarjebis gayofiT warmoebuli produqciis

raodenobaze. formuliT gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:

sagulisxmoa, rom rodesac warmoebuli produqciis mocu-

loba mcirea, mudmivi danaxarji mZime tvirTad awveba produqciis

TiToeul erTeuls, radgan produqciis erTeulis Rirebuleba

283282

amrigad, gairkva, rom produqciis moculobis gadidebisaTvis

mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto warmoebis faqtorebis danaxarjis

absolutur moculobas, aramed maTs Tanafardobasac. saqme isaa,

rom warmoebis faqtorebi erTmaneTTan kavSirSia da gansazRvrul

farglebSi urTierTSenacvlebadia. magram faqtorTa urTierTSenac-

vlebas sazRvari aqvs, romlis iqiT efeqti mcirdeba. magaliTad,

Tu muSaxelis raodenobas ucvlelad davtovebT, xolo Carxebis

ricxvs TandaTanobiT gavadidebT, dadgeba momenti, romlis iqiT

damatebiTi Carxis gamoyeneba klebad efeqts mogvcems, e.i. Carxebis

SeZenaze gaweuli danaxarjis zRvruli (sazRvriTi) nayofiereba

klebas daiwyebs. igive Sedegs miviRebT maSinac, rodesac Carxebis

raodenobas ucvlelad davtovebT da muSaTa ricxvs gavzrdiT.

pirvel xanebSi, Carxebis srul datvirTvamde, produqciis gamoSveba

gaizrdeba, magram Tu kidev gavagrZelebT damatebiTi muSakebis

daqiravebas, maTi nawili zedmeti aRmoCndeba, erTmaneTs xels

SeuSlian da zRvruli produqti klebas daiwyebs, e.i. yoveli

damatebiT daqiravebuli muSaki nakleb produqcias Seqmnis.

amrigad, klebadi ukugebis kanons Zala aqvs maSin, rodesac

warmoebis erTi romelime faqtoris danaxarji Tanmimdevrulad

izrdeba, xolo danarCeni faqtorebi ucvlelia. warmoebis yvela

faqtoris danaxarjis erTdrouli gadidebisa da teqnikuri

progresis pirobebSi aRniSnuli kanoni ar moqmedebs.

erT-erTi pirveli da mTavari sakiTxi, romelic unda

gadawyvitos mewarmem Tavisi momavali saqmianobis dawyebisas, es

aris sawarmos sididis gansazRvra. cxadia, man unda airCios is

optimaluri sidide, romelic moutans yvelaze met mogebas. unda

gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom es zoma yovelTvis ar daemTxveva

warmoebis maRal dones. Tu sawarmom momxmarebels pirvel dRes

SesTavaza 500 nayini, meore dRes _ 800, mesame dRes _ 1000,

xolo mogeba miiRo: pirvel dRes _ 100 lari, meore dRes _ 180

da mesame dRes _ 150 lari. es imaze metyvelebs, rom yvelaze

optimaluria nayinis yoveldRiuri warmoeba 800 calis odenobiT.

MC = VCQ

sadac VC asaxavs cvalebadi danaxarjis matebas.

sawarmosaTvis zRvrul danaxarjebs, saSualo danaxarjebisagan

gansxvavebiT, aqvs strategiuli mniSvneloba, vinaidan iZleva im

danaxarjebis gansazRvris saSualebas, romelsac sawarmo uSualod

akontrolebs. kerZod, igi avlens im danaxarjebs, romlebsac sawarmo

gaiRebs produqciis bolo erTeulis warmoebis SemTxvevaSi da im

danaxarjebsac, romelTa `dazogvac~ SesaZlebelia am bolo

erTeuliT warmoebis moculobis Sekvecis SemTxvevaSi. amrigad,

zRvruli danaxarjebi gamoxatavs cvlilebebs im danaxarjebSi,

romelic iwvevs warmoebis moculobis Semcirebas an gadidebas

erTi erTeuliT.

imis gamo, rom mudmivi danaxarjebis sidide damokidebuli

araa warmoebuli produqciis moculobaze, produqciis gamoSvebis

gadidebasTan erTad produqciis erTeulze gaweuli mudmivi

danaxarjebi anu saSualo mudmivi danaxarjebi mcirdeba. saSualo

cvalebadi danaxarjebis gaangariSeba ufro rTulia, vinaidan igi

produqciis moculobis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba da, garda

amisa, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi klebadi ukugebis kanonis moqmedeba.

klebadi ukugebis kanoni da sawarmos optima-

luri sidide. evropelma da amerikelma ekonomistebma didi

xania SeniSnes, rom rodesac warmoebis romelime faqtoris danaxarjs

Tanmimdevrulad vadidebT, xolo danarCen faqtorebs ucvlelad

vtovebT, gansazRvruli mijnis iqiT am faqtoris zRvruli

(sazRvriTi) produqti Semcirebas iwyebs, e.i. cvalebadi faqtoris

yoveli damatebiTi erTeuli nakleb produqcias iZleva. danaxar-

jebisa da Sedegis am urTierTdamokidebulebas ewoda klebadi

ukugebis kanoni.

285284

zRvruli mogeba, rogorc vTqviT, zRvrul Semosavalsa da

zRvrul danaxarjebs Soris sxvaobaa. sanam produqciis (Cvens

magaliTSi, nayinis) damatebiTi warmoeba iwvevs, danaxarjebis

zrdasTan SedarebiT, mTliani Semosavlis ufro metad zrdas,

sawarmom unda gaafarToos misi warmoeba. magram, rogorc ki

produqciis damatebiTi warmoeba gamoiwvevs SemosavalTan SedarebiT,

danaxarjebis ufro metad gazrdas, piriqiT, sawarmom warmoebis

gafarToeba unda Sewyvitos. sawarmom produqciis warmoeba unda

gazardos manam, sanam zRvruli Semosavali gautoldeba zRvrul

danaxarjebs, xolo mogeba _ nuls.

sawarmos optimaluri zomis gansazRvrisa da, saerTod, biznes-

saqmianobis warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis sabazro ekonomikis

qveynebSi farTod gamoiyeneba marketinguli samsaxuri.

nax. 5.4. sazRvriTi wonasworobis grafiki

1

2

3

4

1 2 3 4 5 6

sazRvriTi

mogeba

sazRvriTi

danaxarjebi

sazRvriTi

sargeblianobis

wertili

MR.MC

MR

MC

Q

A

sanam damatebiTi produqciis warmoebas damatebiTi Semosavali

moaqvs, am procesis gagrZelebas aqvs azri. produqciis damatebiTi

erTeulis warmoebisaTvis miRebuli Semosavali ekonomikur enaze

zRvrul (sazRvriT) Semosavals warmoadgens. zRvrul Semosa-

vals Tu gamovaklebT zRvrul danaxarjebs, miviRebT zRvrul

(sazRvriT) mogebas .

zRvruli danaxarjebi sawarmos danaxarjebia produqciis

damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebaze. warmoebis zrdis kvalobaze

zRvruli danaxarjebi Tavdapirvelad mcirdeba, magram Semdeg

iwyebs zrdas. es imis Sedegia, rom sawarmos maqsimaluri

efeqtianobis wertili imyofeba produqciis gamoSvebis maqsimalur

da minimalur doneebs Soris. rodesac produqciis gamoSveba

matulobs, magram am wertilamde jer ar miuRwevia, produqciis

TiToeuli damatebiTi erTeulis warmoebaze zRvruli danaxarjebi

mcirdeba. maqsimaluri efeqtianobis wertilis miRwevis Semdeg

ZalaSi Sedis klebadi ukugebis kanoni da zRvruli danaxarjebi

izrdeba (ix. nax. 5.4.).

287286

ralur figurad, ramdenadac mis kompetenciaSi Sedis bazris

saqonliT gajerebis gamo garTulebul pirobebSi sawarmos

Seuferxebeli da efeqtiani funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa.

marketingis koncefcia oTx safexurs, anu rogorc maT uwodeben,

marketingis oTx P-s (maTi inglisuri saxelwodebis mixedviT)

moicavs: produqti, fasi, promouSeni da adgili.

produqti (produqt). upirveles yovlisa, produqti

momxmarebels unda sWirdebodes. mas iseTi Tvisebebi da xarisxi

unda hqondes, rogorsac momxmarebeli moelis gadaxdil fasad.

fasi (price). sawarmom unda miagnos iseT fass, roca maqsi-malur mogebas miiRebs. es imas niSnavs, rom fasma unda aanazRauros

mudmivi da cvalebadi danaxarjebi. Semdeg sawarmo am danaxarjebs

Tavisi nulovani mogebis wertilis gasaangariSeblad iyenebs. es

is wertilia, roca realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavali mudmivi

da cvalebadi danaxarjebis tolia. am wertilis erT mxares

sawarmo zaralSi iqneba, meore mxares ki _ mogebaSi.

promouSeni (promotion). promouSeni produqtis gayidvisxelSewyobas gulisxmobs. am gziT sawarmoebi momxmareblebs

Setyobinebas ugzavnian. Setyobineba SeiZleba agreTve reklamiT,

pirdapiri fostiT da uSualo kontaqtiT. ra Tqma unda, Tu

momxmarebels araferi ecodineba produqtis Sesaxeb, igi mas ar

SeiZens. reklamis meSveobiT sawarmoebi momxmareblebs arsebuli

saqonlis Sesaxeb atyobineben. reklama maT yidvis sababsac ki

aZlevs.

adgili (place). imisaTvis, rom produqti sargebliani iyos,

igi unda gamoCndes maSin da iq, sadac mas momxmareblebi SeiZenen.

cudad SerCeuli adgilis gamo mraval sawarmos ganucdia kraxi.

Tumca, dRes adgili ukve aRar niSnavs raime konkretul teritorias,

ramdenadac sul ufro meti produqciis reklama da gayidva

warmoebs internetis saSualebiT. saqonlis fostiT gamosaweri

katalogebi uaRresad qmediTi saSualebaa sxvadasxva saxis saqonlis

leqcia 16. marketingi sawarmos

biznes-saqmianobaSi

`marketingi niSnavs... rigi amoca-

nebis Sesrulebas imisaTvis, rom gan-

xorcieldes sxvadasxva bazrebze pro-

duqciis gasaRebaSi sasurveli Sede-

gebis miRweva.~

f.kotleri

marketingis arsi da oTxi Semadgeneli nawili.

marketingi warmodgeba inglisuri sityvisagan _ market da pirdapirimniSvnelobiT bazars, gasaRebas niSnavs. Tu gamovricxavT

arakomerciul sferos, marketingi aris sawarmos biznes-

saqmianobis warmarTvis integrirebul RonisZiebaTa sistema,

romelic moTxovnis formireba-cvalebadobis detaluri

gamokvleva-gaangariSebis safuZvelze uzrunvelyofs warmo-

ebriv-gasaRebiTi programis SemuSaveba-realizacias da

orientirebulia mogebis maqsimizaciaze .

marketingis ZiriTadi devizia iwarmoos is, rac iyideba (rac

momxmarebels surs) da ara gaiyidos is, rac iwarmoeba. sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sawarmom, sanam awarmoebs, gulmodgined

unda Seiswavlos konkretul momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi, miRebuli

monacemebiT daazustos nomenklatura da mxolod amis Semdeg

SesTavazos momxmarebels saqoneli da ara piriqiT: awarmoos

saqoneli da misi realizaciis dros dadges seriozuli siZneleebis

winaSe.

sagulisxmoa, rom Tu warmoebaze orientirebis pirobebSi

gasaRebis sakiTxze gapirovnebul muSaks sawarmoSi SedarebiT

meorexarisxovani poziciebi ekava da misi funqciebi arsebiTad

sawarmosaTvis SekveTebis miRebiT Semoifargleboda, marketingul

sistemaze orientaciis pirobebSi igi ukve iqceva erT-erT cent-

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saqonlisa da momsaxurebis programiT gansazRvruli

odenobiT winaswar dadgenil vadebsa da moniSnul bazarze reali-

zaciis uzrunvelyofa, rac saWiroebs saTanado poziciis SerCevas

(saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sarealizaciod miwodebas iq da

maSin, sadac da ra drosac mas realurad hyavs myidveli);

sawarmos biznes-saqmianobis stabiluri maRalefeqtianoba;

mwarmoebelTa qcevis strategiisa da taqtikis adaptireba

momxmarebelTa cvalebad moTxovnilebebTan da, imavdroulad,

moTxovnilebebis Camoyalibebasa da stimulirebaze zemoqmedeba.

sawarmoSi specialuri qvedanayofis saxiT iqmneba marketingis

samsaxuri, romelic marketingis principebisa da meTodebis

safuZvelze moqmedebs. mis kompetenciaSi Sedis: koniunqturis

Rrma analizi da xelsayreli bazris SerCeva; bazris prognozi

da axali produqciis gamoSvebis Taobaze rekomendaciebis momzadeba;

marketingis strategiisa da taqtikis, agreTve marketingis

programebis damuSaveba da realizacia; saqonelze moTxovnis

formirebis, faswarmoqmnis, reklamisa da produqciis gasaRebis

programebis gansazRvra.

marketingis ZiriTadi funqciebia:

gasaRebis bazris kompleqsuri gamokvleva. igi mo-

icavs saWiro informaciis mopovebas, marketinguli garemos

gamokvlevas, bazris koniunqturis Seswavla-analizsa da prognozebis

gansazRvras, gasaRebis formebisa da meTodebis analizs;

sawarmos warmoebriv-gasaRebiTi SesaZleblobebis

analizi. amis gareSe SeuZlebelia bazris konkretuli segmentis

SerCeva;

marketingis strategiis, taqtikisa da programebis

SemuSaveba. marketingis strategia emyareba bazris koniunqturisa

da momxmarebelTa moTxovnis grZelvadian prognozebs da

gulisxmobs sawarmos warmoebriv-gasaRebiTi SesaZleblobebis bazris

situaciasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanas perspeqtivaSi. marketingis

gasayidad, tansacmliT dawyebuli da samzareulo mowyobilobiT

damTavrebuli.

sawarmos biznes-saqmianobaSi marketingis gansakuTrebul rolsa

da mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs Tundac is faqti, rom mis danaxarjebze

(magaliTad, aSS-Si) modis saqonlis gasayidi fasis 50-60%-mde.

es danaxarjebi savsebiT amarTlebs Tavis daniSnulebas da

mosalodnelia momavalSi gaizardos kidec. es dakavSirebulia

or ZiriTad momentTan: jer erTi, momsaxurebaze moTxovnis

amaRlebasTan da, meore, sawarmoebs Soris konkurenciuli brZolis

gaaqtiurebasTan. marketinguli danaxarjebi ZiriTadad xmardeba

produqciis saukeTeso dizainis Seqmnas, faswarmoqmnas, reklamis

srulyofas, saqonlis gayidviswina da gayidvisSemdgom momsaxurebas

da a.S.

marketingis ZiriTadi principebi da funqciebi.

marketingis fuZemdebluri debulebebi, anu ZiriTadi princi pebia:

produqciis warmoebis organizacia moTxovnis, bazriskoniunqturisa da sawarmos SesaZleblobaTa zust codnasa da

urTierTSejerebaze damyarebiT;

bazris segmentacia _ konkurent-sawarmoebTan upirateso-bis mopovebis, moqmedebis mizanswrafulobisa da maRali efeqtianobis

uzrunvelyofis, konkurentebTan pirdapiri dajaxebis Tavidan

acilebisa da kvleva-Ziebis xarjebis dazogvis mizniT, sawarmos

mier mis profilTan da SesaZleblobebTan yvelaze ufro morgebul

momxmarebelTa konkretuli jgufis SerCeva;

inovacia _ saqonlis asortimentis sistemuri srulyofa,

modificireba da ganaxleba, saqonlis axali nimuSebis Seqmna,

axali teqnologiebisa da mecnierul-kvleviT da sakonstruq-

toro samuSaoTa axali mimarTulebebis damuSaveba;

didi mogebis uzrunvelsayofad momxmarebelTa moTxovnis

srulad dakmayofileba;

291290

igulisxmeba TviT sawarmos mier filialebis, gasaRebis punqtebisa

da sawyobebis, sademonstracio darbazebis, teqnikuri momsaxurebis

sadgurebisa da centrebis organizacia, e.i. realizacia gasaRebis

sakuTari, damoukidebeli qselis meSveobiT. arapirdapiri meTodi

ki niSnavs nawarmis realizacias damoukidebeli Suamavlebis

meSveobiT. arsebobs nawarmis kombinirebuli, anu Sereuli meTodiT

gasaRebac;

komunikaciuri politikis ganxorcieleba. aq vgulisx-

mobT saqonlis pirdapir anu personalur gayidvas, finansuri

saSualebebis meSveobiT gasaRebis stimulirebas, nawarmis gayidvamde

da gayidvis Semdgom momsaxurebas, gamoyenebas, bazrobebs, saqonlur

niSnebsa da stils, SefuTvas, suvenirebs, teqmomsaxurebas, servisul

politikas da a.S.

marketinguli saqmianobis organizacia. igulisxmeba

sawarmos warmoebriv-gasaRebiTi da mecnierul-teqnikuri saqmianobis

sistemaSi specialuri struqturebis Seqmna, romlebic, Cveulebriv,

agebulia sami ZiriTadi principiT: saqonluri, regionuli da

momxmarebelTa jgufebis mixedviT. SeiZleba maTi kombinirebac.

garda amisa, daSvebulia moqnili droebiTi muSa jgufebis Seqmna,

romelTac SeuZliaT marketinguli Zalisxmeva koncentrirebulad

mimarTon gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mimarTulebiT da swrafi

reagireba moaxdinon makro- da mikro garemos cvlilebebze;

marketinguli saqmianobis kontroli. igi xorcieldeba

sawarmos biznes-saqmianobis efeqtianobis analizis mizniT da

tardeba strategiul, taqtikur da operatiul doneze. gaTvalis-

winebul marketingul RonisZiebaTa realizaciis mimdinare kontroli

(monitoringi) SesaZlebels xdis msvlelobis procesSive iqnas

Setanili garkveuli koreqtivebi marketingul saqmianobaSi, rac

xels uwyobs warmoebisa da gasaRebis mxriv SemuSavebuli programis

saerTo Sedegianobis amaRlebas.

kontrolSi igulisxmeba realizaciis gegmis Sesruleba,

taqtika gamoxatavs sawarmoSi produqciis arsebul nomenklaturaze

moTxovnis formirebis koniunqturul principebs. igi ganisazRvreba

mokle (Cveulebriv, erT wlamde) vadiT da aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi

operatiulad koreqtirdeba. marketingis taqtika xels uwyobs

sawarmos biznes-saqmianobis gaaqtiurebas. marketingis programa

warmoadgens urTierTdakavSirebul RonisZiebaTa sistemas, romelic

gansazRvravs sawarmos biznes-saqmianobas (drois mocemul monakveT-

Si) marketingis yvela blokSi. igi SeiZleba iyos moklevadiani

da grZelvadiani. marketingis programa dgeba bazris koniunqturis

kompleqsuri gamokvlevis, momxmarebelTa moTxovnis gansazRvrisa

da marketingis strategiisa da taqtikis SemuSavebis safuZvelze,

rac uzrunvelyofs sawarmos yvela qvedanayofis SeTanxmebul

Tanamoqmedebas;

saqonlis (momsaxurebis) warmoebis dagegmva . igi,

iseve rogorc marketingis momdevno sami funqcia, warmoadgens

marketingis programis specialur ganyofilebas da mimarTulia

sawarmos konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisaken, konkretulad exeba

sawarmos produqciis samomxmareblo Tvisebebs, axali saxeobisa

da asortimentis saqonlis SemuSavebas da miznad isaxavs efeqtiani

gasaRebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT misi xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebis

momxmarebelTa konkretul moTxovnebTan misadagebas;

saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasis dagegmva . moicavs

bazarze sawarmos qcevis fasTan dakavSirebuli strategiis gan-

sazRvras xangrZlivi periodisaTvis da taqtikis gansazRvras

mokle periodisaTvis saqonlis TiToeuli jgufisa da saxeobis

mixedviT. igi gulisxmobs ekonomikuri koniunqturis, saqonlis

sasicocxlo ciklis fazebis, alternatiuli Rirebulebisa da

sxva faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebiT fasebis donis gansazRvras;

saqonlis (momsaxurebis) gasaRebis dagegmva. mxedvelo-

baSi gvaqvs sawarmos nawarmis gasaRebis arxebis dagegmva da

formireba pirdapiri da arapirdapiri meTodebiT. pirdapir meTodSi

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Tu myidvels aseTi informacia ar eqneba, gauWirdeba arCevanis

gakeTeba. es informacia imdenad damajerebeli unda iyos, rom

myidvelma swori arCevani gaakeTos _ darwmundes arCevanis motiva-

ciaSi, imaSi, Tu ramdenad daakmayofilebs arCeuli saqoneli mis

moTxovnilebas da ramdenad xelmisawvdomia misTvis saqonlis

fasi. rac adre da zustad miiRebs myidveli am informacias, miT

ufro kargad darwmundeba saqonlis saWiroebaSi da daaCqarebs

gadawyvetilebis miRebas.

saqonlis Sesaxeb sajaro Sexseneba, damatebiTi informaciis

miwodeba da misi ganmeoreba damatebiTi moTxovnis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani RonisZiebaa, romelic myidvels ara marto Seaxsenebs

aseTi saqonlis arsebobis Sesaxeb, aramed miuTiTebs misi SeZenis

adgils da axal fasebs, miT ufro, Tu am saqonels raime axali

samomxmareblo Tvisebac daemata.

amrigad, saqonlis sabazro arxebis mixedviT gadaadgilebaSi

daCqareba (win waweva) ara marto arsebuli momxmareblisaTvis

saqonlis droze miwodebas gulisxmobs, aramed xels uwyobs

damatebiTi momxmareblebis mozidvas, maT darwmunebas arCevanis

miRebaSi.

saqonlis realizaciis procesis daCqarebas da amisaTvis

saTanado informaciis gavrcelebas, myidvelis darwmuneba-Sexse-

nebisaTvis damatebiTi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas sasurveli

Sedegi moaqvs da sasargebloa rogorc mwarmoeblisaTvis, ise

momxmareblisaTvis. amasTan, es RonisZiebebi da, saerTod, saqonlis

Sesaxeb informaciuli sistema efeqtiania mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu am procesSi daculia eTikis normebi, keTilsindisiereba da

informaciis saimedooba.

saqonlis mwarmoeblidan momxmareblamde gadaadgilebis

daCqarebis RonisZiebaTa SemuSavebis mizniT aucilebelia SemuSavdes

daCqarebis RonisZiebaTa struqtura, romelSic ZiriTadad oTxi

Semadgeneli Sedis: piradi gayidva (e.i. gamyidvelisa da myidvelis

gasaRebis SesaZleblobaTa analizi, marketinguli danaxarjebisa

da momgebianobis analizi, marketingis strategiuli kontroli

da revizia. marketingis kontrolis kompetenciaSi Sedis agreTve

gayiduli saqonlis reklamaciisa da dabrunebis analizi da kon-

kretul winadadebaTa SemuSaveba msgavsi SemTxvevebis aRmosaf-

xvrelad;

marketinguli saqmianobis marTva. marketingi sawarmos

marTvis sistemis Semadgeneli nawilia, amasTan, igi TviTonac eqvem-

debareba marTvas. marketingis marTvaSi igulisxmeba im RonisZiebaTa

(informaciis mopoveba, bazris gamokvleva, momsaxurebis, gasaRebis

operaciebisa da reklamis organizacia) analizi, dagegmva, cxovrebaSi

gatareba da kontroli, romlebic mimarTulia miznobriv myidvelTan

kontaqtebis dasamyareblad, raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnas sawarmos

produqciis gasaRebis moculobis gazrda da minimaluri danaxar-

jebiT maqsimaluri ekonomikuri efeqtis miReba. marketingis marTva

arsebiTad momxmarebelTa moTxovnis marTvaa.

saqonlis realizaciis xelSewyoba (gadaadgile-

bis daCqareba). rogorc cnobilia, marketingis oTxi ZiriTadi

Semadgeneli nawilidan saqonlis realizaciis sistemaSi misi

gadaadgilebis daCqareba erT-erTi mniSvnelovania.

gadaadgilebaSi win waweva gulisxmobs iseTi meTodebisa da

RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas, romelic momxmarebels daarwmunebs

da miaRebinebs gadawyevtilebas, rom, saxeldobr, esa Tu is saqoneli

SeiZinos, e.i. gaakeTos konkretuli arCevani bazarze gamotanili

saqonlis mravalferovnebaSi.

am SemTxvevaSi myidvelze zemoqmedebis meTodebi SeiZleba

iyos rogorc uSualo, e.i. myidvelTan pirispir kontaqti, ise

arapirdapiri _ masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis farTo SesaZ-

leblobis gamoyenebis gziT. yvela am saSualebis gamoyenebas sami

ZiriTadi amocana aqvs: informaciis miwodeba, darwmuneba da Sexseneba.

295294

gamoyeneba. es forma ZiriTadad gamiznulia momxmarebelTa dainte-

resebis amaRlebisaken, saxeldobr, gayidvis daCqarebisaken SeRavaTebis

sxvadasxva saSualebebis gamoyenebiT (rogoricaa: fasdakleba, ufaso

damatebiTi momsaxureba da sxv.).

amrigad, realizaciis daCqarebis RonisZiebaTa struqturaSi

yovel elements aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxare.

mwarmoebelma sworad unda gansazRvros da awon-dawonos yoveli

maTgani. yoveli sawarmo realizaciis daCqarebis sakuTar stra-

tegias SeimuSavebs, romelic mWidrod unda daukavSirdes rogorc

marketingul miznebs, ise realizaciis daCqarebis RonisZiebebs.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Tanamedrove pirobebSi mza nawarmis

ganawilebisa da realizaciis procesis daCqarebaSi Zalze mniSvne-

lovania reklama.

reklamis masStabebi da nairferovneba Tanamedrove biznesis

damaxasiaTebel niSnad iqca. reklama mniSvnelovania ara marto

erovnul bazrebze, aramed saerTaSoriso masStabiTac _ msoflio

ekonomikaSi saerTaSoriso vaWrobis integraciisa da internaci-

onalizaciis pirobebSi. reklamis roli da masStabebi dRiTidRe

izrdeba da farTovdeba. ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi,

saerTaSoriso gamocdilebiT cnobilia, rom sawarmoTa xarjebi

reklamaze daaxloebiT 4-5-jer gaizarda. amasTan, msxvili sawarmo-

ebis xarjebi Semosavlebidan SedarebiT ufro mcire _ daaxloebiT

1%-is farglebSia, xolo ufro mets _ 2,5%-s reklamaze mcire

sawarmoebi xarjaven. praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba metad mravalferovani

sareklamo RonisZiebebi, romlebic TavianTi daniSnulebis mixedviT

SeiZleba Semdegnairad dajgufdes: sasaqonlo reklama, instituciuri

reklama, propaganduli reklama da sakonkurencio reklama. yoveli

maTganis gamoyenebas konkretuli pirobebi da amocanebi ganapirobebs.

sasaqonlo reklama Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvelaze gav-

rcelebuli saxea. sasaqonlo reklamis mTavari daniSnulebaa

daCqardes ama Tu im konkretuli saxis saqonlis gayidva. reklama

piradi kontaqtebis gziT gayidvis procesis daCqareba), reklama,

kavSirisa da kontaqtebis sazogadoebrivi formebis gamoyeneba da

daCqarebis stimulireba. am elementebidan romelimes sworad

SerCevas an maT urTierTSexamebiT kompleqsurad gamoyenebas gadam-

wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs gayidvebis gafarToebasa da daCqarebaSi.

mza produqciis realizaciis procesSi piradi gayidvis forma

ufro metad mcire biznesSia gamoyenebuli. misi upiratesobaa

garigebisa da gayidvis procesis mokle droSi ganxorcieleba da

mwarmoeblis mier konkretul momxmarebelTan piradi kontaqtiT

misTvis misaRebi produqciis advilad SerCeva. mwarmoeblis mier

saqonlis piradi gayidvis pirobebSi SedarebiT metia danaxarjebi,

magram gayidvis procesis daCqarebis wyalobiT es danaxarjebi

umetes SemTxvevaSi kompensirebulia.

reklamis arsi da roli saqonlis realizaciis

procesis daCqarebaSi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi realizaciis

procesis daCqarebisaTvis sawarmoTa umravlesoba mimarTavs

reklamis sxvadasxva formebs. gayidvebSi reklamis gamoyeneba xels

uwyobs ara marto saqonlis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebas,

aramed myidvelTa farTo masebis mozidvasa da dainteresebas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom reklamis pirobebSi mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba

ukukavSirebi da reklamis zogierTi saxe maRal danaxarjebs

iwvevs, misi gamoyeneba mTel rig upiratesobebs aniWebs im sawarmoebs,

romlebic mas iyeneben da afinanseben.

gayidvis procesis daCqarebis mizniT, zogierTi sawarmo mimar-

Tavs momxmareblebTan kavSirisa da maTi dainteresebis ama Tu im

formebs, sazogadoebrivi kavSiris sxvadasxva saSualebebis

gamoyenebis gziT. am dros mniSvnelovnad farTovdeba momxmarebelTa

auditoria da informaciis gavrcelebis masStabebi.

dasasruls, realizaciis procesis daCqarebaSi garkveul mniS-

vnelobas iZens gayidvebis stimulirebis sxvadasxva formebis

297296

reklamaSi farTod gamoiyeneba fotomodelebis mier

Sesrulebuli sareklamo fotoreproduqcia, romelic gamiznulia

adamianTa mgrZnobiarobis gaZlierebiT garkveuli saxis saqonlis

mimarT yuradRebis gamaxvilebisaken. xSiria sanaxaobiTi

dawesebulebebisa da Sou-programebis gamoyeneba produqciis

reklamirebis mizniT da sxv.

sareklamo gancxadeba ZiriTadad ori komponentisagan Sedgeba

_ teqstisa da mxatvruli gaformebisagan. pirveli komponenti

reklamis sityvieri nawilia da garkveul Sinaarss moicavs, xolo

meore gamiznulia vizualur efeqtze. xSirad es orive komponenti

erTmaneTTan Sexamebulia da garkveulad aZlierebs STabeWdilebas.

reklamis sainformacio saSualebebidan ZiriTadia: gazeTebi,

Jurnalebi, telexedva, radio, safosto gzavnilebi da sxv.

reklamirebis mizniT xSirad mimarTaven pres-konferenciebis

gamarTvas, qalaqebsa da mWidrod dasaxlebul adgilebSi

mxatvrulad gaformebuli sareklamo farebis saSualebiT sareklamo

gancxadebebs, moZrav satransporto saSualebebze damagrebul

sareklamo saSualebebs da sxv. yvela saxis sareklamo RonisZiebis

farTod gamoyeneba erT ZiriTad amocanas _ realizaciis daCqarebas

emsaxureba.

amrigad, marketingi biznes-saqmianobis umniSvnelovanesi

komponentia. mis racionalur gamoyenebaze didadaa damokidebuli

nebismieri sawarmos funqcionirebis efeqtianoba.

xorcieldeba saqonlis samomxmareblo Tvisebebis aRweriTa da

fasis miTiTebiT.

instituciuri reklamiT xdeba mwarmoeblis sasurveli

iersaxis gacnoba da myidvelTa farTo wreSi keTili ganwyobis

Camoyalibeba. e.i. aq reklamirebis obieqtia ara marto saqoneli,

aramed misi mwarmoebeli, misi avtoriteti da imiji. am reklamis

erT-erTi mizania, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, damatebiTi investiciebis

mozidvac, radgan kreditorebi sawarmos gadaxdisunarianobas maTi

avtoritetiTac afaseben.

propagandul reklamas mimarTaven maSin, rodesac sajarod

gamoaqvT iseTi problemebi, romlebic sazogadoebas awuxebs da

maTi gadawyveta diskusiiT an azrTa gaziarebis gziT xdeba.

xSirad am movlenebs sawarmoebi iyeneben sakuTari produqciis

reklamisaTvis.

reklamas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs konkurenciul

brZolaSi. sawarmo reklamis saSualebiT cdilobs daarwmunos

momxmareblebi maTi produqciis upiratesobaSi da amiT Seasustos

konkurentis gavlenis sfero.

sakonkurencio reklama sakmaod gavrcelebulia farTo

moxmarebis saqonlis realizaciis procesSi, rodesac bazarze

gamotanilia erTi da imave daniSnulebis ramdenime dasaxelebis

saqoneli. am SemTxvevaSi sakonkurencio reklama mimarTulia bazarze

ama Tu im sawarmos gavlenis sferos gafarToebisaken.

reklamis gavlenis gaZlierebis mizniT mimarTaven sxvadasxva

xerxebs. erT-erTi aseTi xerxia reklamaSi cnobili pirebis

monawileoba, rodesac sayovelTaod cnobili piri _ upiratesad

msaxiobebi, xelovnebis muSakebi da sportsmenebi mouwodeben

potenciur myidvelebs ama Tu im sawarmos romelime konkretuli

saxis produqciis SeZenas. xSirad sportsmenebs sportul formaze

ukeTeben sareklamo gancxadebebs, an kidev aCveneben, Tu rogori

interesiT iyenebs cnobili pirovneba ama Tu im saxis saqonels.

299298

SedarebiT ufro mcire sawarmoebi qmnian;

g. amerikul mcire biznesze modis qveynis mTliani Sida

produqtis 60%-ze meti;

d. mcire sawarmoebs, rogorc wesi, cvlilebebTan adaptaciis

meti unari aqvT, vidre msxvil sawarmoebs.

5. amxanagobis ti pis sazogadoebebs miekuTvneba:

a. solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba da Sez-

Ruduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba;

b. komandituri sazogadoeba da SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-

lobis sazogadoeba;

g. solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba da

komandituri sazogadoeba;

d. komandituri sazogadoeba da saaqcio sazogadoeba.

6. amxanagobis erT-erTi upiratesoba is aris, rom:

a. yovel partniors SeuzRudavi pasuxismgebloba akisria;

b. SezRudulia partniorTa simdidriT da fulis sesxad

aRebis SesaZleblobiT;

g. partniorebi, ueWvelia, iolad SeTanxmdebian saqmian

gadawyvetilebaTa Taobaze;

d. sawarmo arsebobas erT-erTi partnioris gardacvalebis

SemTxvevaSic ganagrZobs.

7. msxvil korporaciaSi (saaqcio sazogadoebaSi):

a. marTvis funqciebs aqcionerebi asruleben;

b. mflobelebi direqtorebi arian;

g. floba da xelmZRvaneloba gamijnulia erTmaneTisagan;

d. ar arsebobs aranairi aqciebi.

8. Tu Tqven korporaciis aqcias SeiZenT, maSin:

a. Tqveni fulis dakargvis riski ar gemuqrebaT;

?testebi SeZenili codnis

SemowmebisaTvis

1. samewarmeo saqmianobad miiCneva:

a. marTlzomieri da erTjeradi saqmianoba;

b. nebismieri saxis momgebiani saqmianoba, romelic xor-

cieldeba ekonomikurad damoukideblad;

g. marTlzomieri da araerTjeradi saqmianoba, romelic

xorcieldeba mogebis mizniT, damoukideblad da organizebulad;

d. nebismieri marTlzomieri saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba

damoukideblad da organizebulad.

2. saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT, samewarmeo

saqmianobis miznad aRiarebulia:

a. momavali Taobis aRzrda;

b. mogebis maqsimizacia;

g. qvelmoqmedeba;

d. sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba da mogebis

miReba.

3. samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxorcieleba SeuZlia:

a. mxolod iuridiul pirs;

b. mxolod fizikur pirs;

g. rogorc iuridiul, ise fizikur pirs;

d. mxolod rezident iuridiul pirs.

4. qvemoT moyvanili gancxadebebidan, mcire biznesis

Sesaxeb aSS-is ekonomikaSi, sinamdviles ar Seesabameba:

a. mcire sawarmoebi ufro xSirad kotrdebian, vidre

SedarebiT msxvili sawarmoebi;

b. qveyanaSi axali samuSao adgilebis umravlesobas

301300

g. individualuri sawarmo, solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis

sazogadoeba, komandituri sazogadoeba, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis

sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba da kooperativi;

d. individualuri sawarmo, solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis

sazogadoeba, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio

sazogadoeba da municipaluri sawarmo.

12. giorgim am cota xnis win iyida maRazia, romelic

qveyanaSi kargad cnobili nayinis mwarmoebeli kompaniissaxels atarebs. Tu giorgi mowyobilobasa da sasaqonlo

marags aRniSnuli kompaniisagan iyidis da misi saxelis

gamoyenebis sanacvlod fuls gadaixdis, maSin misi sawarmo

warmoadgens magaliTs:

a. kooperativisa;

b. franCaizisa;

g. holdingisa;

d. kornerisa.

b. garantirebuli geqnebaT, rom imaze meti fuli dagib-

rundebaT, vidre aqciaSi CadeT;

g. Tqven ar geqnebaT kompaniis momavali mogebis wili;

d. Tqven ver dakargavT imaze met fuls, vidre aqciaSi

CadeT.

9. mcire da msxvili sawarmoebis TanamSromlobas,

romlis drosac msxvili sawarmo iRebs valdebulebas

mcire sawarmos sakuTari saqonliTa da teqnologiebiTmomaragebaze, sareklamo momsaxurebaze, menejmentis da

marketingis sferoSi momsaxurebaze, ewodeba:

a. koncerni;

b. holdingi;

g. tresti;

d. franCaizi.

10. Tu sawarmo iuridiuli piria, es imas niSnavs,

rom:

a. misi daarseba Znelia da did xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli;

b. mas kapitalis mxolod gansazRvruli odenobis mobilizeba

SeuZlia;

g. igi biznesis organizaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa;

d. mas SeuZlia sasamarTloSi gamovides mosarCelis da

mopasuxis saxiT, dados xelSekrulebebi da gadaixados gadasaxadebi.

11. `mewarmeT Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad,

samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formebia:

a. individualuri sawarmo, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis

sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba da erToblivi sawarmo;

b. erTi piris sawarmo, komandituri sazogadoeba, SezRuduli

pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba, saaqcio sazogadoeba, kooperativi

da komandituri sazogadoeba;

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leqcia 17. ojaxis adgili da roli

sazogadoebis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi

òjaxi _ es aris miniaturuli

sazogadoeba, romlis mTlianobaze

(erTianobaze) damokidebulia mTeli

didi adamianuri sazogadoebis usaf-

rTxoeba.~

f.adleri

ojaxis Camoyalibeba da arsi. ojaxi aris qorwi-

nebis Tu naTesaobis safuZvelze Seqmnili mcire socialuri jgufi,

romlis wevrebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian yofa-cxovrebis

erTianobiT, urTierTmxardaWeriT, moraluri pasuxismgeblobiT da

saerTo meurneobiT. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, swored es

ukanasknelia yvelaze niSandoblivi ojaxisaTvis.

Tanamedrove formiT, ojaxi yovelTvis ar arsebobda. misi

Camoyalibeba amJamindeli saxiT, Cvens xelT arsebuli istoriuli

wyaroebis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas Semdegi Tanamim-

devrobiT: uwesrigo sqesobrivi urTierTobani kacobriobis for-

mirebis gariJraJze _ jgufuri qorwineba _ wyviladi ojaxi,

warmodgenili Tavdapirvelad dediseuli (matriarqati), Semdgom-

Si ki mamiseuli (patriarqati) formiT. patriarqaluri ojaxi

(swored aseTi formiTaa damkvidrebuli ojaxi amJamad), Zvel

romSi mas uwodebdnen familia-s, niSnavs saxls, agreTve individTa

jgufs, romelic ekuTvnis ama Tu im saxls (an monaTmflobelis

gankargulebaSi myofi monebis garkveuli odenoba) da eweva

sameurneo saqmianobas.

ojaxis moTxovnilebis jgufebi. ojaxi uzrunvel-

yofs misi wevrebis mravali socialur-ekonomikuri xasiaTis

moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas. ganasxvaveben ojaxis moTxov-

6Tema

ojaxis ekonomikis safuZvlebi

`bednieria is, vinc bednieria Ta-

vis saxlSi.~l. tolstoi

`yoveli ojaxi mini-fabrikaa, rome-

lic sawarmoo faqtorebis... saSualeb-

iT qmnis keTildReobis safuZvlebs.~

g.bekeri

wina TemaSi davaxasiaTeT ekonomikis sferoSi adamianTamravalferovani biznes-saqmianoba. yovelive amas Sedegad mosdevssazogadoebis wevrTa mudmivad mzard moTxovnilebaTa sul ufro

srulad dakmayofileba, ojaxebis cxovrebis donis amaRleba. amprocesis erTi romelime maCvenebliT gamoxatva SeuZlebelia.amisaTvis gamoiyeneba socialur-ekonomikur maCvenebelTa mTeli

sistema, romlis calkeuli komponentebi am rTuli kategoriismxolod calkeul mxareebs hfenen naTels, yvela erTad ki,urTierTkavSirsa da urTierTganpirobebulobaSi, mis met-naklebad

srul suraTs iZleva.ojaxis cxovrebis donis kompleqsuri problemis zogierT

moments wina TemebSic SevexeT (iq ganxiluli sakiTxebis aspeqtiT),

magram misi sistemuri gaSuqeba sxva konteqstSi maT aq CarTvasacmoiTxovs, ris gamoc mcireodeni ganmeorebebi SeiZleba Tavidanver aviciloT.

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vevaSi miRebuli Sromis Sedegi nawilobriv gamoiyeneba uSualod

ojaxis wevrebis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad, nawilobriv

ki gadis bazarze saqonlis saxiT da gankuTvnilia sazogadoebis

sxva wevrebis analogiur moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad.

amrigad, moTxovnilebebi aiZulebs nebismier individs mimar-

Tos SromiT saqmianobas da am gziT Caebas sazogadoebis ekono-

mikur cxovrebaSi. amasTanave, TviT adamianis moTxovnilebebis

Sinaarsi, moculoba, struqtura mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs

ekonomikuri saqmianobis xasiaTs.

aRsaniSnavia ojaxis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba individis

samomxmareblo rolis SesrulebaSi. sakiTxi metad mtkivneulia

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan individebis

erTobliobis moTxovnilebaTa safuZvelze ganisazRvreba bazarze

erToblivi moTxovnis moculoba da Semadgenloba, rac sabazro

urTierTobebis erTi nawilia. rac Seexeba meore nawils _ miwodebas,

misi moculoba ganisazRvreba garkveulwilad adamianis SromiTi

aqtivobiT da Sromisadmi misi damokidebulebiT.

amrigad, swored ojaxis wiaRSi eyreba safuZveli sazogado-

ebis ekonomikuri cxovrebisaTvis or iseT mniSvnelovan faqtors,

rogoric aris: gonivruli moxmarebis kulturis gamomuSaveba

(individis Camoyalibeba momxmareblis rolis SesrulebisaTvis)

da SemoqmedebiTi SromiTi saqmianobis Cvevebis SeZena (individis

momzadeba sazogadoebriv warmoebaSi monawileobisaTvis).

ojaxis moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis princi-

pebi. yovel ojaxSi moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis gansazRvruli

wesi unda damkvidrdes, romelic Semdeg principebs daefuZneba:

ojaxis wevrebma unda gansazRvron maTTvis misaRebmoTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis Tanmimdevroba, anu rodis

ra SeiZinon. am SemTxvevaSi ojaxis yvela wevri cdilobs

gonivrulad gamoiyenos ojaxis gankargulebaSi arsebuli fula-

di resursebi da zrunavs pirveladi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-

nilebaTa sam jgufs: materialurs, suliersa da socialurs.

materialuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaSi igulisxmeba

ojaxis wevrTa uzrunvelyofa kvebis produqtebiT, tansacmliT,

sacxovrebeli farTiT, sanitarul-higienuri pirobebiT da a.S.

sulier moTxovnilebaSi igulisxmeba ganaTlebis miReba, kul-

turuli, saxelovnebo da saliteraturo faseulobebis SeTviseba.

maTgan gansxvavebiT, socialuri xasiaTis moTxovnilebis dakma-

yofileba gulisxmobs Tavisufali drois gonivrul gamoyenebas,

aqtiur monawileobas sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi.

aRniSnul moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba xorcieldeba ori

ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT:

uSualod saojaxo meurneobaSi. aq moTxovnilebis

garkveuli nawili kmayofildeba. ase, magaliTad, yurZnis mwar-

moebeli fermeri miRebuli mosavlis nawils Tavadve moixmars,

e.i. ikmayofilebs moTxovnilebas kvebis am produqtze. zogierTi

adamiani TviTon ikeravs tansacmels, zogierTi Tavad aremontebs

sakuTar binasa Tu avtomobils da a.S.

sazogadoebrivi warmoebis procesSi adamianis monawi-leobis safuZvelze. Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis igi gansaz-

Rvruli raodenobis fulad anazRaurebas Rebulobs da misi

meSveobiT ikmayofilebs sxvadasxva moTxovnilebas: SeiZens kvebis

produqtebs, tansacmels, wignebs, kinos bileTebs, agarakze midis

dasasveneblad da a.S.

ojaxis funqciebi. ojaxis ekonomikuri roli misi mwar-

moebluri da samomxmareblo funqciebiT vlindeba.

ojaxis mwarmoebluri funqciis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT

SesaZlebelia gamovyoT Sualeduri rgoli, romelic, erTi mxriv,

ganekuTvneba sazogadoebriv warmoebas, meore mxriv, ki warmoadgens

saojaxo meurneobas. aseTebad gvevlineba piradi damxmare meurneoba,

saojaxo ferma, saojaxo kooperativi, individualuri SromiTi

saqmianoba (namcxvris damzadeba, samkervalo saqmianoba). am SemTx-

307306

Semosavals an danakargs. misi azriT, adamianis moqmedeba ganisaz-

Rvreba instiqtiT, CvevebiT da mSromeli adamianisaTvis ZiriTadad

damaxasiaTebelia maRalnayofieri muSaobis instiqti;

amerikelma mecnierma h.saimonma Camoayaliba ̀ administraci-

uli adamianis~ modeli. aseT adamians, misi azriT, gaaCnia survili

miiRos racionaluri gadawyvetilebebi, magram ver flobs Sesabamis

informacias, ara aqvs saTanado dro. mecnieris mier warmoCenili

adamianis modeli srulad miesadageba Cvens sazogadoebaSi sakmaod

gavrcelebul biurokratis tips, romelsac, Tumca, gaaCnia

racionaluri xelmZRvanelobis survili, magram ara aqvs saTanado

dro, ris Sedegadac verc arsebul informacias flobs;

dasavleTis ekonomikur literaturaSi farTod moikida

fexi amerikeli mecnieris makgregoris, e.w. X da Y Teoriebma.

X Teoriis Tanaxmad, saSualo adamiani bunebiT zarmacia,

Tavs aridebs pasuxismgeblobas, ewinaaRmdegeba yovelgvar gar-

daqmnebs, advilad emorCileba demagogebis gavlenas. aseTi indi-

vidis saqmianobis warmarTvisaTvis, makgregoris azriT, umjobesia

`maTraxisa da Taflakveris~ politikis gamoyeneba.

daxasiaTebuli adamianis tipis sawinaaRmdegod, Y TeoriismixedviT, individi bunebiT aqtiuria, avlens iniciativas SromiTi

saqmianobis procesSi. aseTi pirovnebisaTvis yvelaze misaRebia

muSaobis iseTi pirobebi, rodesac wina planze wamoiwevs sakuTari

saqmianobis TviTkontrolis SesaZlebloba. msgavsi individis

nairsaxeobas Cveulebrivad Segnebul adamians vuwodebT.

sazogadoebis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi (iseve rogorc nebis-

mier ojaxSi), Tanabrad aris warmodgenili adamianis yvela gan-

xiluli tipi, rac ganapirobebs rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryo-

fiT ekonomikur Sedegebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, aucilebelia ojaxSi

mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebis sistematiurad Semowmeba,

calkeuli ojaxebis samomxmareblo biujetis Sedgenis, SemdgomSi

misi calkeuli monacemebis yovelmxrivi Seswavlisa da ganxilvis

safuZvelze.

lebisaTvis. magaliTad, zamTris sezonis moaxloebasTan erTad,

isini SeiZenen Tbil tansacmels, imarageben saTbob-sawvav masalas.

moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis Tanmimdevrobasa da xasiaTs gansa-

zRvravs ojaxis Semosavlebis sidide. TiToeul ojaxs moTxov-

nilebaTa dakmayofilebis mkveTrad gamoxatuli Tavisebureba

axasiaTebs: erT SemTxvevaSi wina planze wamoiweva avtomobilis,

meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ tansacmlis SeZena;

SeiZinon ara nebismieri maRalxarisxovani nivTi,

aramed mxolod is, rac ojaxisaTvisaa aucilebeli . sam-

wuxarod, aRniSnuli martivi principi praqtikulad ar xor-

cieldeba, ris Sedegadac Cveni qveynis mraval ojaxSi SeimCneva

ama Tu im dasaxelebis nivTebis siWarbe;

ojaxSi arsebuli yvela nivTi gonivrulad da ya-

iraTianad gamoiyenon. samwuxarod, aRniSnuli principis gan-

xorcieleba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria Cveni qveynis ojaxebi-

saTvis, sadac yairaTianobisaken mimarTuli yoveli mowodeba

sazogadoebis ZiriTad nawilSi iwvevs ironiul Rimils.

adamianis modelebi (tipebi) da maTi gavlena

ojaxze. imis mixedviT, ra motiviT xelmZRvanelobs sameurneo

saqmianobaSi konkretuli individi, ekonomikur literaturaSi

ganasxvaveben adamianis Semdeg modelebs (tipebs):

jer kidev klasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis erT-erTma

mamamTavarma adam smiTma Camoayaliba èkonomikuri adamianis~

modeli (homo economicus), romlis Sesabamisadac individi momxma-

reblis da mwarmoeblis rolSic avlens racionalizms da miisw-

rafvis materialuri sikeTis moxmarebisagan miRebuli siamovnebis

maqsimizaciisaken, yairaTianad eweva warmoebas, aRricxavs da iTvlis

yvela gaweul xarjs;

a.smiTis modeli gaakritika t.veblenma, romelmac ar gaiziara

mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos nebismieri adamiani Tavis saqmianobaSi

xelmZRvanelobs sakuTari gamorCenis mizniT da aRricxavs yovelgvar

309308

miuxedavad mravali dadebiTi momentisa, ojaxis samomxma-

reblo biujetis mxolod amgvari saxiT Seswavlas gaaCnia erTi

uaryofiTi mxare _ igi iZleva realuri mdgomareobis statistikur

suraTs da SeuZlebeli xdeba Sesabamisi zomebis droulad gatareba

uaryofiTi faqtorebis gamosaricxad. magaliTad, biujetis saSu-

alebiT wlis (kvartlis) bolos davadgineT, rom kvebisaTvis

gankuTvnili xarjebis odenoba mkveTrad gaizarda wina welTan

(kvartalTan) SedarebiT. am SemTxvevaSi miRebuli monacemebi

asrulebs ̀ fuWi gasrolis~ rols, magram analogiuri informaciis

droulad (yovelTviurad an yovelkvireulad) miRebis SemTxvevaSi

SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi koreqtivebis Setana.

swored amasTan dakavSirebiT aris aucilebeli calkeul

ojaxebSi mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebis dokumenturi asaxva,

anu aRricxva, romlis mizanSewonilobaze jer kidev bibliaSi

miuTiTebda mefe solomoni. mefe savaWro operaciebis warmoebisas

gvirCevs gacemuli saqonlis zust daTvlas da Sefasebas. xolo

cnoba miRebuli faseulobis Sesaxeb, misi azriT, unda aisaxos

werilobiT.

garda amisa, cnobilia mravali istoriuli faqti, romelic

metyvelebs sameurneo operaciebis aRricxvis aqtualobis Sesaxeb.

TurqmeneTis samxreTSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis procesSi aRmo-

aCines Tixis firfita, romelzedac amobeWdilia Cvens welTaRri-

cxvamde I saukunisdroindeli sameurneo operaciis amsaxveli

sabuTi. masSi miTiTebulia cixesimagreSi puris fqvilis Semozidvis

faqti. sameurneo xasiaTis operaciebi egvipteSi sruldeboda

papirusze, xolo babilonSi _ Tixis firfitebze.

pouloben monacemebs gacemuli xelfasis Sesaxeb. CvenTvis

kargad aris cnobili, rom hamurabis specialuri kanonmdebloba

avaldebulebda vaWrebs CaeweraT gacvliTi operaciebi. imave

kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifoebrivi Tanxebis gadacema

specialuri xelwerilis gareSe iTvleboda arakanonierad. berZeni

istorikosis _ herodotes cnobiT, heopsis piramidaze amokveTili

leqcia 18. ojaxis samomxmareblo

biujeti

`dazogva didi Semosavalia.~

ciceroni

`dazogva dazogvisaTvis friad sa-

zizRari saqmea, Tundac fuli pati-

osani gziT iyos naSovni... dagroveba

mxolod imisaTvis, rom gsiamovnebs iyo

mdidari, SezRuduli Wkuisa da dabali

sulis damaxasiaTebeli niSania.~

s.smailsi

ojaxis samomxmareblo biujetis arsi, daniSnu-

leba da struqtura. biujeti, rogorc ekonomikuri movlenebis

warmarTvisa da kontrolis mZlavri meTodi, SesaZlebelia

gamoyenebul iqnas nebismieri donis ekonomikur sistemaSi, maT

Soris saojaxo meurneobaSic.

ojaxis samomxmareblo biujetSi aisaxeba saojaxo meurne-

obis Semosaval-gasavlis absoluturi monacemebi (fuladi gamo-

xatulebiT) da maT Soris Tanafardoba (%-obiT) drois garkveuli

monakveTisaTvis. igi ori nawilisagan _ Semosavlebisa da xarje-

bisagan Sedgeba.

ekonomikur literaturasa da sameurneo praqtikaSi farTod

gamoiyeneba ojaxis biujetis iseTi forma, romelSic mocemulia

saojaxo meurneobis wliuri Semosaval-gasavlis struqtura mTeli

mosaxleobisa da misi calkeuli kategoriebis (muSebi, mosamsaxureebi,

fermerebi) mixedviT; saojaxo meurneobis saSualoTviuri Semosa-

val-gasavlis struqtura mTeli wlisa da misi calkeuli kvarta-

lebis mixedviT; saojaxo meurneobis saSualoTviuri Semosaval-

gasavlis struqtura qalaq-soflisa da regionebis WrilSi.

311310

marTalia, biujetis Sedgenis mravali xerxi arsebobs, magram,

Cveulebriv, ojaxis biujetis Sedgenis procesi moicavs sam fazas:

finansuri miznebis dasaxva. fuladi Semosavlis didi

nawili SesaZloa mimdinare moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad

ixarjebodes. magram, drodadro warmoiSoba im saqonlis an

momsaxurebis SeZenis saWiroeba, romlis yidvas erTi Tvis Semosavali

ar yofnis. es ki moiTxovs fuladi Semosavlis nawilis dazogvas,

romlis sidide damokidebulia Semosavlis moculobaze. am miznis

misaRwevad saWiroa fuladi danazogis gegmis Sedgena;

mosalodneli Semosavlis wyaroebis dadgena. ojaxis

biujetis Sedgenis momdevno etapze adgenen Semosavlis wyaroebis

nusxas. aq igulisxmeba Sromidan da simdidridan miRebuli fuladi

Semosavali, agreTve transfertebi (sxvadasxva saxis fuladi

daxmarebebi);

xarjebis dagegmva. da bolos, adgenen ojaxis savaraudo

mimdinare navaWrisa da sxva xarjebis nusxas (plius danazogis

Tanxa, riTac miiRweva grZelvadiani miznebi). maSasadame, am gegmaSi

aisaxeba yvela mosalodneli xarji rogorc mimdinare, aseve per-

speqtiuli. es saSualebas iZleva ojaxis moTxovnilebebi dajguf-

des maTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT. SeiZleba nusxidan amoRebul

iqnas iseTi moTxovnilebebi, romelTa dakmayofilebac mwiri

biujetiT amjerad SeuZlebelia. am dros dgeba alternatiuli

Rirebulebis problema. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac SemosavliT

yvela sasurveli SenaZenis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia, maSin biujetidan

Seusyidveli saqoneli (momsaxureba) warmoadgens alternatiul

Rirebulebas.

rogoria ojaxis Semosavlebis wyaroebi da ojaxis xarjebis

struqtura?

sakiTxis arsSi gasarkvevad mivmarToT ojaxis samomxmareblo

funqcias. momxmarebelia yvela, vinc saqonels am momsaxurebas

SeiZens raime moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. yvela adamiani

da, Sesabamisad, saojaxo meurneoba momxmarebelia. momxmarebelTa

iyo mSenebeli monebis kvebisaTvis gacemuli nioris, xaxvis, bolokis

da a.S. produqtebis odenoba. amis safuZvelze istorikosma gaweuli

samuSaoebis Rirebuleba Seafasa 40 tona vercxlis fasad.

gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT xorcieldeboda fuladi saSu-

alebebis Senaxva. Zvel saberZneTSi fuli inaxeboda Tixis speci-

alur qoTnebSi. yoveli dasaxelebis xarjebisaTvis gankuTvnili

iyo konkretuli qoTani. salaros gasaRebi inaxeboda erT moxelesTan,

xolo mTlianad Senobis gasaRebi, sadac moTavsebuli iyo agreTve

saaRricxvo dokumentebi _ meore moxelesTan. gasaRebis gacvla

moxeleebs Soris sastikad iyo akrZaluli. miuxedavad aRricxvis

aseTi Rrma istoriuli fesvebisa, amJamad adamianis praqtikuli

saqmianobis iseTi mniSvnelovani sfero, rogoricaa aRricxva, xSirad

xelovnurad aris gadaweuli ukana planze, ris gamoc sazogadoeb-

rivi azri uaryofiTia.

specialuri sameurneo wignebis an misi Semcvleli sabuTis

warmoebis gareSe SeuZlebelia sistematuri kontrolis daweseba

ojaxis Semosaval-gasavalze. nebismier ojaxSi SesaZlebelia

SemoRebul iqnas Jurnali, romelSic mocemuli iqneba sameurneo

xasiaTis yvela ganxorcielebuli operacia. amasTan, sasurvelia,

rom yvela saxis Semosavlisa da gasavlisaTvis gaixsnas speci-

aluri saqaRalde. Tanamedrove kompiuteruli teqnikis farTod

gamoyeneba sul ufro amartivebs aRniSnuli dokumentebis warmoebis

process.

aRricxvis Sesaxeb saubrisas SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT

balansis cnebas. nebismieri sameurneo saqmianoba, maT Soris

saojaxo ekonomikac, SeiZleba gamoisaxos balansis meSveobiT.

balansi franguli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs wonasworobas.

Cvens konkretul SemTxvevaSi balansis meSveobiT unda damyardes

wonasworoba ojaxis gankargulebaSi arsebul Semosavlebsa da

mis mier gasawev xarjebs Soris. ojaxis biujeti dabalan-

sebulia, rodesac Semosavlebi da xarjebi Tanabaria. rodesac

Semosavlebi aRemateba xarjebs, maSin biujeti aqtiuria.

313312

profesia aSS dolari

farmacevti 5519

inJiner-eleqtrikosi 5188

programisti 4130

ekonomisti 4028

arqiteqtori 3976

diplomirebuli medda 3390

buxhalteri 3155

policieli 3142

fostalioni 2903

santeqnikosi 2889

durgali 2395

uZravi qonebis agenti 2335

avtomeqanikosi 2281

reportiori 2170

avtobusis mZRoli 2031

mdivani 1962

fotografi 1745

bankis mosamsaxure 1433

damlagebeli 1328

sacalo vaWrobis muSaki 1319

taqsis mZRoli 1297

fermis muSa 1281

molare 1141

oficianti 1014

cxrili 6.1.saSualoTviuri SromiTi Semosavlebi,

samuSaos xasiaTis

mixedviT, aSS-Si (2006 w.)

Si daqiravebuli muSakebis xelfasi XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis

bolos ojaxis mTliani Semosavlis 65%-s Seadgenda. saqarTveloSi

es maCvenebeli gacilebiT naklebia (33%).

xarjebi Seadgens mocemuli qveynis ekonomikaSi gaweuli yvela

xarjis mniSvnelovan nawils. magaliTad, aSS-is mokle statis-

tikuri mimoxilvis mixedviT, 2006 wels momxmarebelTa xarjebma

Seadgina daaxloebiT 5,8 trilioni dolari, anu im wels saqonelsa

da momsaxurebaze gaweuli mTeli xarjebis 68 procenti.

saojaxo meurneobaTa xarjebis donis mcire cvlilebac ki

sagrZnoblad zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze. marTlac, sawarmoebi

cdiloben saojaxo meurneobebi uzrunvelyon maTTvis saWiro

saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT. rodesac saojaxo meurneobaTa

samomxmareblo xarjebi (moTxovna) izrdeba, maSin sawarmoebi

afarToeben warmoebis moculobas masSi damatebiTi resursebis

CarTviT. es iwvevs warmoebis moculobis, dasaqmebisa da mogebis

zrdas. misi logikuri Sedegia ekonomikuri zrda da saojaxo

Semosavlis mateba. samomxmareblo xarjebis Semcirebisas ki

sawinaaRmdego procesebi iwyeba: ekonomika gadadis krizisul

mdgomareobaSi da mcirdeba ojaxis Semosavali.

rodesac saojaxo meurneoba fuls xarjavs, igi saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis bazarSi monawileobs. me-2 TemaSi naCvenebi iyo,

Tu rogor aris es bazari CarTuli sabazro ekonomikis wreb-

runvis modelSi. iqve iyo axsnili, rom sanam momxmarebeli gaxdeba,

saojaxo meurneobam unda moipovos Semosavali.

ojaxis Semosavlis wyaroebi. ojaxis Semosavlis

umTavresi wyaroa misi wevrebis mier daxarjuli Sromis sanacvlod

miRebuli xelfasi an sargo. sargo (wage) _ es aris saaTobrivadan produqciis erTeulis mixedviT gadaxdili anazRaureba, xelfasi

(salary) ki aris yovelkvireuli an yovelTviuri anazRaureba. is,

Tu ramdens gamoimuSavebs ojaxi, damokidebulia mis dasaqmebul

wevrTa ostatobaze, ganaTlebaze, energiaze, samewarmeo unarze,

samuSaos xasiaTze, Sromis Sedegebsa da sxva faqtorebze. 6.1

cxrilSi asaxulia samuSaos xasiaTis mixedviT, saSualoTviuri

SromiTi Semosavlebis Sesaxeb aSS-is 2006 wlis monacemebi. aSS-

315314

cxril

i 6.3.

saqarTvel

os ekonomikaSi dasaqmebul

Ta saSual

oTviuri

nominal

uri xel

fasi,

sqesisa da saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT,

1998-2004 w.w

.

su

lsofl

is meurneoba,

nadiroba da metyeveoba,

TevzWera

mrewvel

oba, sul

samTomopovebiTi mrewvel

oba da

karierebis damuSaveba

damamuSavebel

i mrewvel

oba

el

eqtroenergia, gazi da

wyal

momarageba

mSenebl

oba

sabiTumo da sacal

o vaWroba,

avtomobil

ebis,

motocikl

ebis,

sayofacxovrebo saqonl

isa da

piradi moxmarebis nivTebis remonti

sastumroebi da restornebi

transporti, sasawyobo meurneoba

da kavSirgabmul

oba

safinanso Suamavl

oba

operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara

da komerciul

i saqmianoba

saxel

mwifo marTva da Tavdacva,

saval

debul

o social

uri dazRveva

ganaT

leba

janmrTel

obis dacva da

social

uri momsaxureba

sxva komunal

uri, social

uri da

personal

uri momsaxureba

1998 2000 2002 2003 2004

lari

qal

i kaci

qal

i kaci

qal

i kaci

qal

i kaci

47.4

23.2

14.2

62.7

53.0

63.3

116.2

72.9

29.2

26.2

91.0

247.0

57.0

69.0

40.0

28.5

47.1

qal

i kaci

90.9

29.7

8.8

97.6

67.2

98.7

397.2

149.3

41.8

34.7

113.2

397.2

83.1

95.7

54.9

50.3

72.2

52.1

11.1

14.4

78.9

99.9

68.8

116.6

81.8

40.4

33.5

108.5

431.0

55.5

78.6

41.3

31.2

48.7

59.9

26.1

23.7

124.9

122.9

116.2

142.9

139.0

53.8

49.1

135.9

495.2

89.2

94.5

57.4

35.4

90.4

63.5

25.4

27.0

111.1

153.0

82.7

205.9

112.8

50.6

45.7

113.7

382.6

65.4

73.7

43.5

42.5

53.0

125.2

37.2

46.9

164.0

156.6

141.5

213.9

149.2

63.7

54.8

151.9

488.9

107.0

125.0

52.5

58.1

104.9

75.5

36.9

22.8

126.1

167.5

101.6

198.0

120.5

60.1

46.1

137.2

381.6

70.0

99.1

52.0

51.7

59.1

150.1

44.5

41.3

185.2

199.5

165.1

219

.7181.9

84.4

57.6

185.3

492.3

113.7

163.0

71.1

72.0

114.3

85.7

45.1

25.2

138.6

192.4

108.4

226.2

124.3

72.6

41.1

145.6

473.3

83.3

93.9

62.7

69.0

53.6

163.0

48.3

54.3

203.3

226.2

174.9

257.0

215.4

97.5

63.0

208.3

607.6

135.0

151.5

86.7

106.0

99.0

su

lsofl

is meurneoba,

nadiroba da metyeveoba

TevzWera

mrewvel

oba, sul


oba da karierebis

damuSaveba

damamuSavebel

i mrewvel

oba

el

eqtroenergia,

gazi da wyal

momarageba

mSenebl

oba

sabiTumo da sacal

o vaWroba,

avtomobil

ebis, motocikl

ebis,

sayofacxovrebo

saqonl

isa da piradi moxmarebis nivTebis

remonti


transporti, sasawyobo meurneoba da

kavSirgabmul

oba

safinanso Suamavl

oba

operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da

komerciul

i saqmianoba

saxel

mwifo marTva da Tavdacva, saval

debul

osocial

uri dazRveva

ganaT

leba

janmrTel

obis dacva da social

uri momsaxureba

sxva komunal

uri, social

uri da personal

uri

momsaxureba

67.5

27.5

9.2

85.3

52.8

54.9

171.7

141.1

37.6

24.9

83.9

251.3

55.8

84.9

44.1

34.9

54.9

72.3

29.7

22.1

110.4

119.3

99.3

187.0

147.1

47.0

40.4

103.4

513.4

74.3

88.5

45.5

32.1

66.9

94.6

33.2

43.0

147.7

153.8

120.8

212.1

145.9

57.4

50.1

141.1

428.7

88.2

105.9

45.5

45.6

75.3

113.5

72.2

37.5

167.6

192.2

143.4

214.9

176.1

72.8

51.5

171.7

429.6

92.0

141.2

56.5

55.6

82.1

125.9

47.6

46.2

184.4

218.7

152.5

250.2

206.2

85.5

56.6

191.1

530.5

110.3

132.0

68.5

78.8

72.2

lari

cxril

i 6.2.

saqarTvel


Ta saSual

oTviuri nominal

uri

xel

fasi, saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT, 19

98-2004 w.w.

1998 2000 2002 2003 2004

317316

sul

q.Tbilisi

aWara

guria

imereTi

kaxeTi

samcxe-javaxeTi

SidaqarTli

su

lsofl

is meurneoba,


TevzWera

mrewvel

oba. sul


oba da


damamuSavebel

i mrewvel

oba

el


wyal

momarageba

mSenebl

oba

sabiTumo da sacal

o vaWroba,

avtomobil

ebis,

motocikl

ebis,


isa da piradi

moxmarebis nivTebis remonti



kavSirgabmul

oba

safinanso Suamavl

oba


komerciul

i saqmianoba

saxel


saval

debul

o social

uri dazRveva

ganaT

leba

janmrTel


uri

momsaxureba

sxva komunal

uri, social

uri da

personal

uri momsaxureba

lari

125.9

47.6

46.2

188.1

218.7

152.5

250.2

206.2

85.5

56.6

181.1

530.5

110.3

132.0

68.5

76.8

72.2

174.4

92.8

_248.8

238.2

159.9

338.9

257.1

101.8

68.9

194.0

782.2

121.6

173.5

134.2

136.1

112.7

116.3

62.1

47.9

128.0

75.0

117.3

149.3

269.4

81.5

62.9

246.0

415.6

158.9

137.5

45.2

56.5

68.9

73.0

92.3

_110.5

125.8

47.5

187.4

70.5

43.3

8.2

112.9

338.7

94.4

69.7

56.1

59.5

39.5

94.7

30.3 _

132.7

119.7

128.4

179.4

197.6

52.7

38.7

153.5

193.7

62.1

69.2

56.8

51.1

45.8

74.8

37.9

48.0

177.3

59.5

236.8

106.7

142.9

41.7

62.1

83.2

230.9

54.6

78.5

48.5

45.5

39.2

83.4

31.2

50.0

158.2

32.3

168.7

139.2

137.2

52.1

27.6

72.6

339.8

54.5

67.7

63.3

57.3

42.8

101.1

29.7

31.7

83.7

31.6

84.2

82.1

114.3

73.2

44.6

225.3

305.8

84.3

73.7

65.3

53.5

81.2

131.2

44.4

60.1

218.9

597.9

186.9

129.9

185.7

107.7

32.9

150.3

308.6

77.6

83.3

61.2

48.0

54.4

85.0

44.4 _

124.5

79.6

127.5

114.3

135.2

34.8

29.5

195.1

426.3

50.8

83.9

53.6

41.2

18.9

sammegrelo-zemosvaneTi

qvemoqarTli

cxril

i 6.5.

saqarTvel

os ekonomikaSi

dasaqmebul

Ta

saSual

oTviuri nominal

uri

xel

fasi,

regionebisa da

saqmianobis saxeobebis

mixedviT, 19

98-2004 w.w.

cxril

i 6.4.

saqarT

vel


Ta saSual

oT

viuri nominal

uri

xel

fasi,

seqtorebisa da saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT

, 1998-2

004 w.w

.

su

lsofl

is meurneoba,


TevzWera


oba da


damamuSavebel

i mrewvel

oba

el


wyal

momarageba

mSenebl

oba

sabiTumo da sacal

o vaWroba,

avtomobil

ebis,

motocikl

ebis,


isa da

piradi moxmarebis nivTebis remonti


transporti, sasawyobo meurneoba

da kavSirgabmul

oba

safinanso Suamavl

oba

operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara

da komerciul

i saqmianoba

saxel


saval

debul

o social

uri dazRveva

ganaT

leba

janmrTel

obis dacva da

social

uri momsaxureba

sxva komunal

uri, social

uri da

personal

uri momsaxureba

eqsteritoriul

i orgnizaciebi da

organoebi

1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 19

98 2000 2002 2003 2004

l

ari

64.5

35.5 _

80.1

104.6

118.8

138.2

38.9

36.0

109.9

563.6

69.8

84.9

43.6

33.0

52.6

558.1

66.6

25.0

52.6

140.4

95.4

143.9

126.8

36.1

39.2

110.6

587.2

69.3

88.4

45.1

31.8

68.0

_

85.7

35.7 _

164.5

123.5

145.4

148.4

63.3

16.1

134.2

724.6

67.3

105.7

43.4

45.1

71.9

_

104.1

40.8

29.1

187.4

145.6

156.4

152.8

65.2

66.0

160.6

808.4

69.3

141.3

54.6

55.5

76.1

_

114.5

42.4

40.6

230.4

155.4

201.3

190.8

66.9

91.6

179.8

802.4

83.1

132.1

67.2

64.5

57.8 _

82.5

20.1

9.2

75.4

75.5

302.0

141.0

39.7

30.6

101.9

232.0

106.8

127.4

53.9

33.2

53.4

456.2

94.8

8.3

20.0

71.3

101.7

95.4

135.4

48.9

40.7

165.5

353.6

118.7

132.8

54.1

39.7

60.3

_

123.5

29.5

43.0

73.6

118.4

427.2

144.9

56.8

42.5

165.5

236.8

144.8

161.4

80.4

49.7

87.0 _

145.1

44.3

39.3

227.7

141.7

417.6

187.7

73.5

47.0

207.3

213.9

141.0

113.0

84.3

57.3

111.8

_

167.1

69.3

47.5

139.5

140.1

420.0

211.8

87.0

49.5

233.2

313.7

173.2

17.1

86.2

165.3

148.4

_

saxel

mwifo seqt

ori

arasaxel

mwifo seqtori

319318

saangariSo periodSi nominaluri xelfasis indeqsi unda gaiyos

saqonlis fasebisa da momsaxurebis tarifebis indeqsze da gamrav-

ldes 100-ze. yvelaze idealuri variantia nominaluri xelfasis

zrda da imavdroulad saqonelze sacalo fasebisa da momsaxurebis

tarifebis Semcireba, ramdenadac, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, misi

gardauvali Sedegia realuri xelfasis swrafi da ganuxreli

mateba (xelfasis saxiT miRebuli TanxiT, winandel periodTan

SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZena).

realuri xelfasi SeiZleba ramdenadme amaRldes sacalo

fasebisa da tarifebis zrdis SemTxvevaSic, Tuki nominaluri

xelfasi imdenad moimatebs, rom gaZvirebis miuxedavad, momxmarebels

saSualeba miecema ufro meti saqoneli da momsaxureba SeiZinos,

vidre manamde iZenda. yvelaze cudi variantia nominaluri xelfasis

kleba da sacalo fasebisa da tarifebis zrda, vinaidan igi

uciloblad gansazRvravs cxovrebis pirobebis gauaresebas. cxov-

rebis done ecema maSinac, rodesac nominaluri xelfasi izrdeba,

magram masze ufro swrafi tempiT matulobs saqonelze sacalo

fasebi da momsaxurebis tarifebi. swored aseTi viTareba Seiqmna

saqarTveloSi 1991-1994 w.w., romelmac ukiduresad gaauaresa

mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebi. 6.6 cxrilSi asaxulia saqar-

Tvelos ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa realuri xelfasis indeqsis

cvlileba 1998-2004 w.w. saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT.

rogorc cxrilSi motanili monacemebidan Cans, saqarTvelos

ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa saSualoTviuri realuri xelfasi, fasebis

indeqsis gaTvaliswinebiT, 2004 wels wina welTan SedarebiT

5,8%-iT gaizarda.

realuri xelfasi (rom araferi vTqvaT nominalur xel-

fasze) srul warmodgenas ver iZleva ojaxis fulad Semosavalsa

da, miT ufro, mis erTobliv Semosavalze. es ukanaskneli, garda

xelfasis saxiT miRebuli fuladi Semosavlisa, Sedgeba: mewarme-

obrivi (TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli) Semosavlebisagan, simdidridan

(sakuTrebidan) miRebuli Semosavlisagan (renta, sargebeli, divi-

zemoT motanili 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 da 6.5 cxrilebi warmodgenas

gviqmnis saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa saSualoTviuri

nominaluri xelfasis Sesaxeb saqmianobis saxeobebis, sqesis,

seqtorebisa da regionebis mixedviT.

rogorc cxrilebidan Cans, saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi dasaq-

mebulTa saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi 2004 wels 1998

welTan SedarebiT 1,9-jer gaizarda da 125,9 lari Seadgina.

yvelaze maRali saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi cal-

keuli saqmianobis mixedviT 2004 wels aRiniSna safinanso Su-

amavlobaSi _ 530,5 lari, Semdegia eleqtroenergia, gazi da

wyalmomarageba _ 250,2 lari, mSeneblobaSi _ 206,2 lari, yve-

laze dabalia saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi sastumroebsa

da restornebSi _ 56,6 lari, ganaTlebaSi _ 68,5 lari,

janmrTelobasa da socialur momsaxurebaSi _ 76,8 lari.

2004 wels erTnaxevarjer metia arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi

dasaqmebulTa saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi (167,1 lari),

vidre saxelmwifo seqtorSi (114,5 lari). 2004 wels TiTqmis

orjer metia mamakacebis saSualoTviuri nominaluri xelfasi

(163,0 lari), vidre qalebis (85,7 lari).

qveynis saSualoTviur nominalur xelfasze (125,9 lari)

maRali xelfasi aRiniSna q.TbilisSi (174,4 lari) da qvemo

qarTlSi (131,2 lari). iseve rogorc qveynis masStabiT, calkeuli

regionebis mixedviT yvelaze maRalia saSualoTviuri nominaluri

xelfasi safinanso Suamavlobasa da eleqtroenergiaSi.

magram, rogorc me-4 TemaSic aRiniSna, ekonomikaSi dasaqme-

bulTa nominaluri xelfasi ver iZleva naTel warmodgenas

misi mimRebi muSakis cxovrebis doneze. am TvalsazrisiT, ufro

praqtikuli mniSvnelobisaa realuri xelfasi. mis Sinaarss

gansazRvravs materialuri dovlaTisa da momsaxurebaTa masa,

romlis SeZenac SeiZleba nominaluri xelfasis saxiT miRebuli

TanxiT.

realuri xelfasis doneSi momxdar cvlilebaTa dasadgenad

321320

dendi, saarendo Semosavali), saxelmwifo transfertuli Semosavle-

bisagan (pensiebi, stipendiebi, daxmarebebi, ufaso momsaxureba

janmrTelobis dacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi), sxva wyaroebidan

(memkvidreoba, anderZi, Cuqeba da sxv.) miRebuli Semosavlisagan.

maSasadame, ojaxi Semosavlebs Rebulobs ara mxolod gaweuli

SromiT, aramed agreTve warmoebis sxva faqtorebis flobiTac.

zemoT aRniSnul mtkicebas adasturebs XX saukunis 90-iani

wlebis aSS-is saojaxo Semosavlebis struqtura, romelic Semdeg-

nairad gamoiyureba: daqiravebuli muSakebis xelfasi da sxva

saxis anazRaureba iyo mTeli Semosavlebis 65%, satransferto

gadaricxvebi _ 10,9%, sargebeli _ 12%, firmebis erTpirovnuli

mflobelebis Semosavali _ 8%, dividendebi _ 4%, renta _ 0,1%.

yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi sruliad sawinaaRmdego situacia

iyo. imis gamo, rom kapitalsa da miwaze kerZo sakuTreba ar

arsebobda, saojaxo Semosavlebis ZiriTad wyaros saxelmwifo

seqtorSi Sroma da misi xelfasis saxiT anazRaureba Seadgenda.

qvemoT motanil 6.7 da 6.8 cxrilebSi da 6.1 diagramaze

asaxulia erTi saojaxo meurneobis (Sinameurneobis) Semosav-

lebis dinamika da struqtura saqarTveloSi, Semosavlebis ZiriTadi

jgufebis mixedviT, 1998-2004 w.w.

saqarTveloSi erTi saojaxo meurneobis saSualoTviuri Semo-

savlebi 2004 wels 1998 welTan SedarebiT TiTqmis 2,0-jer

gaizarda da 168,2 lari Seadgina. Semosavlebis struqturaSi

2004 wels yvelaze maRali xvedriTi woniT gamoirCeoda

Semosavlebi daqiravebuli Sromidan (21,2%), Semdeg modioda

Semosavlebi TviTdasaqmebidan (11,5%), fulis sesxeba an danazogis

gamoyeneba (11,4%), Semosavlebi soflis meurneobis produqciis

gayidvidan (10,1%) da a.S.

rogorc Cans, fulis sesxeba (krediti) da danazogis gamoye-

neba saojaxo Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa.

saojaxo Semosavlis erTi nawiliT iqmneba danazogi, romlis

gamoyeneba, Tavis mxriv, ojaxis biujetis Sevsebis erT-erTi wya-

su

lsofl

is meurneoba,


TevzWera


oba da karierebis

damuSaveba

damamuSavebel

i mrewvel

oba

el

eqtroenergia,

gazi da wyal

momarageba

mSenebl

oba

sabiTumo da sacal

o vaWroba,

avtomobil

ebis, motocikl

ebis,

sayofacxovrebo

saqonl

isa da piradi moxmarebis nivTebis

remonti



kavSirgabmul

oba

safinanso Suamavl

oba


komerciul

i saqmianoba

saxel

mwifo marTva da Tavdacva, saval

debul

osocial

uri dazRveva

ganaT

leba

janmrTel


uri momsaxureba

sxva komunal

uri, social

uri da personal

uri

momsaxureba

102.2

146.0

58.9

87.2

83.7

126.0

104.7

122.7

72.6

90.7

177.0

138.5

107.9

79.7

113.9

113.2

103.0

103.8

231.0

173.8

217.7

104.7

100.2

120.2

156.0

118.5

196.4

128.0

100.2

99.2

88.5

117.2

124.9

106.8

185.9

116.1

123.1

108.3

94.7

116.6

118.4

130.4

79.7

113.4

114.3

95.5

135.7

107.5

113.6

120.4

82.6

112.4

118.4

95.9

114.3

120.0

97.3

115.2

94.9

98.8

126.2

117.6

115.4

103.2

105.8

107.5

117.5

108.8

101.4

111.1

111.7

112.0

104.9

106.2

117.8

114.4

89.2

115.6

131.8

83.9

cxril

i 6.6.

saqarTvel


Ta real

uri xel

fasis indeqsis

cvl

il

eba 19

98-2004 w.w., saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT,

procentobiT wina wel

Tan

1998 2000 2002 2003 2004

3233221998 wl

is mudmiv f

asebSi

ful

adi Semosavl

ebi da transfertebi

daqiravebul

i Sromidan

TviTdasaqmebidan

sofl

is meurneobis produqciis

gayidvidan

qonebidan (gaqiravebidan, procenti anabridan)

pensiebi, stipendiebi, daxmarebebi

ucxoeTidan miRebul

i gzavnil

ebi

axl

obl

ebisagan miRebul

i ful

i

araful

adi Semosavl

ebi

Semosavl

ebi,

sul

sxva ful

adi saxsrebi

qonebis g

ayidva

ful

is s

esxeba a

n d

anazogis g

amoyeneba

ful

adi saxsrebi,

sul

ful

adi da araful

adi saxsrebi,

sul

85.6

31.8

25.4

16.9

0.2

7.81.5

2.2

79.7

165.3

11.9

5.0

6.9

97.5

117.2

99.6

39.5

21.0

19.8

0.6

9.0

4.05.7

58.3

157.9

23.1

9.7

13.3

122.7

181.0

85.8

34.9

12.1

21.6

1.0

6.3

4.45.5

61.0

146.7

18.0

5.2

12.8

103.7

164.7

84.2

34.2

16.8

16.3

1.0

6.6

2.9

6.4

59.5

143.7

20.9

5.4

15.5

105.2

164.7

97.1

39.2

18.1

15.9

1.2

9.2

6.3

7.2

55.2

152.3

13.8

5.2

8.6

110.9

166.1

107.2

40.6

20.3

20.3

0.7

8.6

7.6

9.9

52.1

159.2

31.3

6.2

25.1

138.5

190.5

113.1

40.1

21.6

19.0

1.1

5.8

13.4

12.1

48.7

161.8

27.6

5.7

21.8

140.7

189.4

6.7.

cxril

is gagr

Zeleba

ful

adi Semosavl

ebi da transfertebi

daqiravebul

i Sromidan

TviTdasaqmebidan

sofl


gayidvidan



ucxoeTidan miRebul

i gzavnil

ebi

axl

obl

ebisagan miRebul

i ful

i

araful

adi Semosavl

ebi

Semosavl

ebi,

sul

sxva ful

adi saxsrebi

qonebis g

ayidva

ful

is s

esxeba a

n d

anazogis g

amoyeneba

ful

adi saxsrebi,

sul

ful

adi da araful

adi saxsrebi,

sul

85.6

31.8

25.4

16.9

0.2

7.81.5

2.2

79.7

165.3

11.9

5.0

6.9

97.5

177.2

cxril

i 6.7.

saqarTvel

os erTi saojaxo meurneobis saSual

oTviuri

Semosavl

ebis dinamika 19

98-2004 w.w.

1998 19

99 2000 2001

2002 2003 2004

mimdinare f

asebSi

103.2

40.9

21.8

20.5

0.6

9.4

4.1

6.0

60.4

163.6

23.9

10.1

13.8

127.1

187.5

105.8

43.1

15.0

26.6

1.2

7.8

5.46.7

75.3

181.0

22.2

6.4

15.8

128.0

203.3

108.1

43.9

21.6

20.9

1.3

8.53.8

8.2

76.4

184.5

26.9

6.9

20.0

135.0

211.4

130.5

52.7

24.3

21.4

1.6

12.3

8.5

9.6

74.2

204.7

18.6

7.0

11.5

149.0

223.3

152.1

57.5

28.9

28.9

1.0

12.2

10.8

12.8

73.9

226.0

44.4

8.8

35.6

196.5

270.4

168.2

59.6

32.1

28.3

1.6

8.7

19.9

18.0

72.4

240.6

41.0

8.5

32.5

209.2

281.6

l

ari

325324

diagrama 6.1.erTi Sinameurneobis Semosavlebis dinamika

Semosavlebis ZiriTadi jgufebis mixedviT,

1998-2004 w.w. (lari/TveSi)

1) fuladi Semosavlebi da transfertebi;2) fuladi saxsrebi, sul;3) Semosavlebi, sul;4) fuladi da arafuladi saxsrebi, sul.

roa. danazogis warmoSobis ramdenime piroba arsebobs, romelTa-

gan umTavresia:

Semosavali. Semosavlis donis zrdasTan erTad tipiur

saojaxo meurneobas ufro meti danazogi aqvs da metis inves-

tirebas axdens;

xangrZlivi moxmarebisa da ZviradRirebuli saqon-

ful

adi Semosavl

ebi da transfertebi

daqiravebul

i Sromidan

TviTdasaqmebidan

sofl


gayidvidan



ucxoeTidan miRebul

i gzavnil

ebi

axl

obl

ebisagan miRebul

i ful

i

araful

adi Semosavl

ebi

Semosavl

ebi,

sul

sxva ful

adi saxsrebi

qonebis g

ayidva

ful

is s

esxeba a

n d

anazogis g

amoyeneba

ful

adi saxsrebi,

sul

ful

adi da araful

adi saxsrebi,

sul

48.3

17.9

14.3

9.5

0.1

4.4

0.8

1.2

45.0

93.3

6.7

2.8

3.9

55.0

100

cxril

i 6.8.

saqarTvel


oTviuri

Semosavl

ebis struqtura 19

98-2004 w.w.

1998 19

99 2000 2001

2002 2003 2004

mimdinare f

asebSi 55.0

21.8

11.6

10.9

0.3

5.0

2.2

3.2

32.2

87.2

12.8

5.47.4

67.8

100

52.1

21.2

7.4

13.1

0.6

3.92.7

3.3

37.1

89.1

10.9

3.27.8

63.0

100

51.1

20.8

10.2

9.9

0.6

4.0 1.8

3.9

36.1

87.3

12.7

3.3

9.4

63.9

100

58.4

23.6

10.9

9.6

0.7

5.53.8

4.3

33.3

91.7

8.3 3.1

5.2

66.7

100

56.2

21.3

10.7

10.7

0.4

4.5

4.0

4.7

27.3

83.6

16.4

3.2

13.2

72.7

100

59.7

21.2

11.5

10.1

0.63.1

7.1

6.4

25.7

85.4

14.6

3.0

11.4

74.3

100

327326

safasuri ki mogvianebiT gadaixadoT. qvemoT motanilia am saxis

kreditis magaliTebi:

uZravi qonebis dagiraveba saxlis SesaZenad . es aris

grZelvadiani sesxi, sakuTari saxlis an mravalbinian saxlSi

binis SesaZenad. bankebi da Semnaxvel-gamsesxebeli dawesebulebebi

uZravi qonebis dagiravebiT aRebuli sesxebis farTod gavrcele-

buli wyaroebia. saxlis SesaZenad uZravi qonebis dagiravebiT

aRebul sesxebs ixdian procentiT, yovelTviuri Tanabari Senatanebis

saxiT, sesxis mTeli vadis ganmavlobaSi. sesxebi uZravi qonebis

garantiiT gaicema 15-dan 30 wlamde vadiT.

avtomanqanis SesaZenad da sxva samomxmareblo miz-

nebisaTvis aRebuli sesxebi. sesxebs konkretuli saqonlis

(magaliTad, avtomanqanis) SesaZenad gascemen bankebi da Semnaxvel-

gamsesxebeli dawesebulebebi. am sesxebis dafarva, Tanabari yovel-

Tviuri Senatanebis saxiT xdeba, rogorc wesi, 3-dan 7 wlamde

vadaSi.

kreditebi Ria angariSze. kreditebi Ria angariSze

gansazRvruli Tanxis farglebSi saqonlis SeZenis saSualebas

iZleva naRdi fulis gadauxdelad. Tu Tvis balansi sruladaa

gadaxdili, gadasaxads angariSiT sargeblobisaTvis, Cveulebriv,

aRar axdevineben. procenti iricxeba gadauxdel balansebze.

sakredito baraTebi. es aris Ria sakredito angariSis

nairsaxeoba, romelic mis mflobels sayidlebis sxvadasxva adgilas

SeZenis uflebas aZlevs. ̀ masterkardi~, ̀ viza~, ̀ emeriken eqspresi~,

`diskaveri~ da `dainers klabi~ xuTi yvelaze xSirad gamoyene-

buli sakredito baraTia. sakredito baraTebis kompaniebi nayidi

saqonlis safasuris gadasaxdelad angariSebs warudgenen sakre-

dito baraTebis mflobelebs. Ria sakredito angariSebis msgavsad,

es kompaniebi baraTebis mflobelebs procentebs ar dauricxaven,

Tu es ukanasknelni yovelTviurad wardgenil angariSebs srulad

dafaraven.

saerTod, Tu Tqven sakredito baraTis gadasaxdeli angariSis

lis SeZena. am mizniT ojaxis fuladi Semosavlis nawili gada-

inaxeba, radgan mimdinare Semosavali arasakmarisia am saqonlis

SesaZenad;

molodini. rodesac ojaxs perspeqtiuli momavlis imedi

aqvs, igi, rogorc wesi, mets xarjavs da naklebs zogavs. magram

Tu momavali arasaimedoa, igi am fuls ara xangrZlivi moxmarebis

saqonlis SesaZenad an investiciebisaTvis zogavs, aramed `Savi

dRisaTvis~ (umuSevroba, avadmyofoba da a.S.) inaxavs;

strategiuli miznis ganxorcieleba. saojaxo Semo-

savlis nawilis dazogvis erT-erTi mizani SeiZleba iyos moma-

valSi bavSvebisaTvis prestiJuli ganaTlebis micema an sxva geog-

rafiul regionSi sacxovreblad gadasvlis ganzraxva;

anabarze sargeblis mimdinare ganakveTi. rac ufro

maRalia anabarze sargeblis mimdinare ganakveTi, miT ufro metia

daxarjvasaTan SedarebiT saojaxo Semosavlis dazogvis stimuli.

ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi danazogebis me-

ti wili inaxeba komerciul bankebsa da sxvadasxva tipis Semnax-

vel dawesebulebebSi. simdidris zrda, Tavis mxriv, adidebs danazogis

moculobas.

mosaxerxebelia danazogis moTavseba sabanko-sakredito

dawesebulebebSi. aq fuli daculia xanZris, gaZarcvisa da sxva

saSiSroebisagan. Tanac, Senaxuli fuli sargeblis momtania da

ar ufasurdeba.

axla davuSvaT, rom ojaxs ar surs daelodos sakmarisi

fulis dagrovebas sasurveli saqonlis SesaZenad. am SemTxvevaSi

mas mouxdeba samomxmareblo kreditis aReba. es krediti

saSualebas miscems ojaxs axlave miiRos naRdi fuli saqonlis

SesaZenad im pirobiT, rom momavalSi vals gaistumrebs.

arsebobs samomxmareblo kreditis ori saxeoba: krediti-

sesxi da savaWro krediti. krediti-sesxi saSualebas gaZlevT

fuli isesxoT SenaZenis dasafinanseblad, savaWro krediti

saSualebas gaZlevT saqoneli da momsaxureba iyidoT axla, maTi

329328

raodenobazea damokidebuli, aramed am fulis yidviTunarianobazec,

anu imaze, Tu ra raodenobis saqonlis SeZena da gaweuli

momsaxurebis anazRaurebaa am fuliT SesaZlebeli. aRniSnulidan

gamomdinare, ganasxvaveben ojaxis nominalur da realur Semosavals.

nominaluri Semosavali aris fuladi Tanxa, romelsac

ojaxis wevrebi iReben drois garkveul periodSi. realuri

Semosavali aris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis is moculoba, romlis

SeZenac ojaxs nominaluri SemosavliT SeuZlia. realuri

Semosavlis cvlilileba martivi formuliT daaxloebiT

Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamovsaxoT:

realuri Semosavlis cvlilebebi=nominaluri Semosavlis

cvlilebebi (%-obiT) minus cvlilebebi fasebisa da tarifebis

doneSi (%-obiT). magaliTad, Tu Tqveni ojaxis nominaluri

Semosavali mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi gaizrdeba 20%-iT (100-

dan 120 laramde), xolo fasebis done (indeqsi) _ 10%-iT (100-

dan 110 laramde), maSin realuri Semosavali gaizrdeba 9%-iT

(120:110) da, piriqiT, nominaluri Semosavlis 10%-iani gadideba

20%-iani inflaciis pirobebSi, Tqveni ojaxis realur Semosavals

Seamcirebs daaxloebiT 10%-iT.

unda daimaxsovroT, rom TviT inflaciis faqti _ laris

msyidvelobiTunarianobis dacema anu im saqonlisa da momsaxu-

rebis raodenobis Semcireba, romelic lariT SeiZleba SeiZinoT,

aucileblad ar gamoiwvevs Tqveni ojaxis realuri Semosavlis

Semcirebas an cxovrebis donis dacemas. marTalia, inflacia Se-

amcirebs laris msyidvelobiT unars, magram Tqveni ojaxis realuri

Semosavali da, Sesabamisad, cxovrebis done Semcirdeba mxolod

maSin, Tu Tqveni nominaluri Semosavlis zrda CamorCeba inflacias.

nominaluri Semosavali, rogorc aRvniSneT, ojaxis erToblivi

Semosavalia, magram sanam am maCvenebels realuri Semosavlis

gasaTvlelad gamoviyenebT, aucilebelia mas gamovakloT gada-

saxadebi (e.i. is nawili, romelic realurad ver iqneba gamo-

yenebuli moxmarebis sagnebisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad). am

yovelTviurad gasworebas apirebT, maSin SeecadeT monaxoT iseTi

baraTi, romelsac dabali an nulovani yovelwliuri gadasaxadi

aqvs. xolo Tu Tqven balansis anazRaurebis Tvidan Tveze gadatanas

apirebT, gijobT arCevani dabali saprocento ganakveTis mqone

baraTze SeaCeroT.

marTalia, krediti ojaxis finansur SesaZleblobebs zrdis,

magram ar SeiZleba misi zedmeti ̀ eqsploatacia~, gansakuTrebiT

gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxvevebis dros. gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxve-

vebisagan Tavis dasacavad arsebobs ojaxis biujetis dagegmvis,

fuliT uzrunvelyofis ukeTesi gza _ dazRveva.

yvelaze ufro gavrclebulia sicocxlis, janmrTelobis,

qonebisa da moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva. arsebobs

sicocxlis dazRvevis sami mTavari saxeoba: vadiani dazRveva

(dazRvevis vadis damTavrebasTan erTad mTavrdeba dazRvevis Tanxis

gadaxdis garantia); samudamo dazRveva (adgili aqvs fulis

dagrovebas) da dazRveva-anabari (dazRvevis moqnili saxeobaa,

romelic dazRvevis Tanxis koreqtirebis SesaZleblobas iZleva).

sicocxlis dazRvevisagan gansxvavebiT, janmrTelobis

dazRveva SesaZleblobas iZleva avadmyofobis an ubeduri

SemTxvevis dros Tavidan aicilon finansuri problemebi. aseT

SemTxvevaSi Tanxis gadamxdelia Sesabamisi sadazRvevo kompania.

dazRvevis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa qonebisa

da moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva. qonebis dazRveva

mesakuTres icavs qonebis dakargvis, dazianebis an ganadgure-

bisagan. moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva ki mo-

qalaqeebs im danakargis Rirebulebis gadaxdisagan icavs, romelic

maT sxva pirs an piris qonebas miayenes.

amrigad, dazRveva ojaxebs moulodneli riskisagan icavs. am

mizniT gadanaxuli Tanxa gauTvaliswinebeli danaxarjis dafarvas

iTvaliswinebs, ris gamoc dazRveva nebismieri ojaxis biujetis

mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia.

ojaxis Semosavlebis sidide ara mxolod miRebuli fulis

331330

kategoriul xasiaTs, ramdenadac naTeli gaxda, rom Semosavlis

garda, xarjebis struqturaze sxva faqtoric, kerZod, aramateri-

aluri, moqmedebs. magaliTad, amerikelma i. diuzenberma gaakritika

Sexeduleba _ TiTqos arsebobs cxovrebis iseTi done, romlis

drosac ojaxi dazogavs am donis zeviT miRebul Semosavals,

Sesabamisad ki gaizrdeba danazogis jamic. diuzenberis gamokvleviT,

miuxedavad omebisa da koniunqturuli ryevebisa, danazogis sidide

yovelTvis imyofeba eqvsi procentis farglebSi. aqedan gamomdinare,

igi askvnis, rom ar arsebobs cxovrebis iseTi done, romelic

SeiZleba damakmayofileblad da komfortabelurad CaiTvalos.

diuzenberma wina planze wamowia socialuri fsiqologiis faq-

tori, romelmac ganapiroba moxmarebis TeoriaSi axali Teoriuli

koncefciebis (`momxmarebelTa qcevis Teoria~, ̀ SerCevis Teoria~,

`fsiqologiuri Teoria~...) Setana.

meore, saojaxo danaxarjebis gawevisas momxmarebelTa asaksa

da gemovnebasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, Tu moswavle

totalizatorSi 10 lars moigebs, mas sul sxvanairad daxarjavs,

vidre misi mSobeli.

mesame, ekonomikuri koniunqtura iaffasiani saqonlis Se-

saZenad gaweul xarjebze did zegavlenas ar axdens, magram Zvi-

radRirebuli saqonlis realizaciaze igi mniSvnelovnad zemoq-

medebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, rac ufro mdidaria qveyana, ojaxis

Semosavlis ufro naklebi nawili gamoiyeneba kvebis produqtebis,

tansacmlisa da sxva savaldebulo xarjebis asanazRaureblad

da, piriqiT. magaliTad, XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolosaTvis

aSS-isa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris saojaxo xarjebis Sedareba

gviCvenebs, rom aSS-Si sakveb produqtebsa da tansacmelze gaweuli

danaxarjebi gacilebiT naklebi iyo sabWoTa kavSiris analogiur

maCveneblebTan SedarebiT. igi Seadgenda Sesabamisad kvebaze _

16%-sa da 30%-s, tansacmelze _ 6%-sa da 16%-s.

koreqtivis gareSe gaangariSebuli realuri Semosavali mniS-

vnelovanwilad ararealur safuZvelze iqneba damyarebuli da

swori daskvnebis gasakeTeblad ver gamodgeba.

ojaxis danaxarjebis struqtura. moTxovnilebis

saxeebsa da maTi dakmayofilebis gzebze saubrisas, ojaxis

samomxmareblo xarjebis sakiTxs nawilobriv ukve SevexeT. amjerad

ramdenime momentze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.

pirveli, ojaxis yovelwliuri danaxarjebi imazea damoki-

debuli, Tu ramdens gamoimuSaveben misi wevrebi. ojaxis Semosavlisa

da samomxmareblo xarjebis struqturas Soris arsebul kavSirs

jer kidev XX saukuneSi miaqcia yuradReba cnobilma germanelma

statistikosma engelma. man daadgina Semosavlis donis mixedviT

sxvadasxva saxeobis saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis mocu-

lobis funqcionaluri damokidebulebis cvalebadoba da daaskvna:

ojaxis Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad (garkveuli momentidan), masSi

mcirdeba pirveladi aucileblobis sagnebze (ZiriTadad kvebis

produqtebze) xarjebis xvedriTi wona; SedarebiT stabiluri

rCeba sacxovrebel binaze, tansacmelze, gaTboba-ganaTebaze xarjebis

xvedriTi wona da matulobs fufunebis sagnebze xarjebis xvedriTi

wona. marTlac, friad angariSgasawevi mosazrebaa da ekonomikur

mecnierebaSi man amitomac daimkvidra adgili engelis kanonis

saxelwodebiT.

ufro gvian aRmoaCines moxmarebis sxva empiriuli kanonebi.

magaliTad, Svabes kanoni (rac ufro Raribia ojaxi, miT ufro

maRalia sacxovrebel binaze xarjis wili), raitis kanoni (rac

ufro maRalia Semosavali, miT maRalia mTlian xarjSi danazogis

done da wili), Jinis kanoni (Tu sasursaTo saqonelze xarji

ariTmetikuli progresiiT izrdeba an ecema, maSin xarjis sxva

saxe icvleba ukumimarTulebiT, magram geometriuli progresiiT).

Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoria uaryofs ̀ empiriuli kanonebis~

333332

samomxmarebl

o ful

adi xarj

ebi

sursaTze, sasmel

ze, Tambaqos nawarmze

tansacmel

sa da fexsacmel

ze

saojaxo moxmarebis s

aqonel

ze

janmrTel

obis d

acvaze

saTbobsa da el

eqtroenergiaze

transportze

ganaTl

ebaze, kul

turasa d

a d

asvenebaze

sxva samomxmarebl

o xarjebi

araful

adi xarj

ebi

samomxmarebl

o xarj

ebi,

sul

arasamomxmarebl

o ful

adi xarj

ebi

sasofl

o-s

ameurneo xarjebi

transfertebze

dazogvaze an gasesxebaze

qonebis S

eZenaze

ful

adi xarj

ebi,

sul

xarj

ebi,

sul

171.3

97.8

10.3

17.4

6.0

12.2

13.4

5.3

9.0

79.7

251.0

13.2

4.3

0.88.1 _

185.5

264.2

cxril

i 6.9.

saqarTvel


oTviuri xarjebis

dinamika,

1998-2004 w.w.

1998 19

99 2000 2001

2002 2003 2004

mimdinare f

asebSi

162.3

93.9

10.9

18.3

4.7

11.9

11.4

5.2

6.0

60.2

222.4

18.8

3.4

0.6

14.8_

181.1

242.4

179.7

102.4

11.8

21.0

6.3

12.5

11.2

5.2

9.3

75.4

255.2

16.5

4.2

0.4

11.9 _

196.2

271.7

197.0

100.9

12.7

27.1

10.2

15.8

13.6

7.0

9.7

76.4

273.5

26.0

5.6

0.4

20.0_

223.0

299.4

201.8

106.7

12.2

25.6

11.5

17.1

12.4

7.3

9.2

74.2

276.0

27.2

5.8

0.7

20.6

_

228.9

303.2

216.7

113.0

12.4

7.6

15.7

20.0

25.7

13.3

9.1

73.9

290.6

50.1

7.1

5.7

23.2

14.2

266.8

340.7

209.0

111.4

12.2

7.2

13.8

18.6

21.8

5.8

18.2

72.4

281.4

47.1

7.3

9.2

24.4

6.2

256.2

328.6

lari

saqarTveloSi 1970-1990 w.w. kvebaze ixarjeboda saojaxo

Semosavlebis 40-43%, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ki (TqvenTvis

kargad cnobili mizezebis gamo) _ mTeli saojaxo Semosavali

da isic mxolod nawilobriv faravda kvebasTan dakavSirebul

kolosalur xarjebs. cxadia, es mosaxleobis yvela fenas erTnairad

ar Sexebia. 1995 wels saojaxo xarjebis saerTo moculobaSi

kvebis danaxarjebi mosaxleobis SeZlebul 10%-s 2-jer da metad

naklebi hqonda, xolo arasasursaTo saqonlis SeZenaze _ 3-jer

meti, vidre uRaribes 10%-s.

qvemoT motanil 6.9 da 6.10 cxrilebSi da 6.2 diagramaze

asaxulia erTi saojaxo meurneobis (Sinameurneobis) xarjebis

dinamika da struqtura saqarTveloSi, xarjebis ZiriTadi muxlebis

mixedviT, 1998-2004 w.w.

saqarTveloSi erTi saojaxo meurneobis saSualoTviuri

xarjebi 2004 wels 1998 welTan SedarebiT 24,4%-iT gaizarda

da 328,6 lari Seadgina. xarjebis struqturaSi 2004 wels

yvelaze maRali xvedriTi woniT gamoirCeoda danaxarjebi sursaTze,

sasmelze da Tambaqos nawarmze (33,9%), Semdeg modioda danaxarjebi

dazogvaze an gasesxebaze (7,4%), transportze (6,6%), saTbobsa

da eleqtroenergiaze (5,7%), janmrTelobis dacvaze (4,2%),

tansacmelsa da fexsacmelze (3,7%), transfertebze (2,8%),

saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze (2,2%) da a.S. maSasadame, sabazro

ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi ekonomikurma siZneleebma

saqarTveloSi ojaxis danaxarjebis metad araracionaluri

struqturis Camoyalibeba ganapiroba.

335334

samomxmarebl

o ful

adi xarj

ebi

sursaTze, sasmel


tansacmel

sa da fexsacmel

ze


aqonel

ze

janmrTel

obis d

acvaze

saTbobsa da el

eqtroenergiaze

transportze

ganaTl

ebaze, kul

turasa d

a d

asvenebaze

sxva samomxmarebl

o xarjebi

araful

adi xarj

ebi

samomxmarebl

o xarj

ebi,

sul

arasamomxmarebl

o ful

adi xarj

ebi

sasofl

o-s

ameurneo xarjebi

transfertebze


qonebis S

eZenaze

ful

adi xarj

ebi,

sul

xarj

ebi,

sul

64.9

37.0

3.9

6.6.

2.3

4.65.1

2.0

3.4

30.2

95.0

5.0 1.6

0.33.1 _

69.8

100

cxril

i 6.10.

saqarTvel


oTviuri xarjebis

struqtura, 19

98-2004 w.w.

1998 19

99 2000 2001

2002 2003 2004

mimdinare f

asebSi

66.9

38.8

4.5

7.5

1.9

4.9

4.7

2.2

2.5

24.8

91.8

7.8

1.4

0.2

6.1 _

74.7

100

66.2

37.7

4.3

7.7

2.3

4.6

4.1

1.9

3.4

27.8

93.9

6.1

1.6

0.1

4.4 _

72.2

100

65.8

33.7

4.2

9.1

3.4 5.3

4.6

2.3

3.2

25.5

91.3

8.71.9

0.1

6.7 _

75.5

100

66.5

35.2

4.0

8.4 3.8

5.64.1

2.4

3.0

24.5

91.0

9.0

1.9

0.2

6.8 _

75.5

100

63.6

33.2

3.7

2.2

4.6

5.9 7.5

3.92.7

21.7

85.7

14.3

2.1

1.7

6.8

4.2

78.3

100

63.6

33.9

3.7

2.2

4.2

5.7

6.6 1.8

5.5

22.0

85.7

14.3

2.2

2.8

7.41.9

78.0

100

1999 w

lis mudmiv f

asebSi

samomxmarebl

o ful

adi xarj

ebi

sursaTze, sasmel


tansacmel

sa da fexsacmel

ze


aqonel

ze

janmrTel

obis d

acvaze

saTbobsa da el

eqtroenergiaze

transportze

ganaTl

ebaze, kul

turasa d

a d

asvenebaze

sxva samomxmarebl

o xarjebi

araful

adi xarj

ebi

samomxmarebl

o xarj

ebi,

sul

arasamomxmarebl

o ful

adi xarj

ebi

sasofl

o-s

ameurneo xarjebi

transfertebze


qonebis S

eZenaze

ful

adi xarj

ebi,

sul

xarj

ebi,

sul

171.3

97.8

10.3

17.4

6.0

12.2

13.4

5.3

9.0

79.7

251.0

13.2

4.3

0.88.1 _

185.5

264.2

156.6

90.7

10.5

17.6

4.5

11.5

11.0

5.05.8

58.1

214.7

18.2

3.3

0.6

14.3_

174.8

233.9

145.6

83.0

9.5

17.1

5.1

10.1

9.1

4.2

7.6

61.1

206.8

13.4

3.40.3

9.7 _

159.0

220.1

153.4

78.6

9.9

21.1

8.0

12.3

10.6

5.47.5

59.5

213.0

20.2

4.3

0.3

15.5 _

173.7

233.2

150.1

79.4

9.1

19.1

8.5

12.7

9.2

5.46.8

55.2

205.4

20.2

4.3

0.6

15.3 _

170.3

225.6

152.7

79.6

8.85.3

11.1

14.1

18.1

9.3

6.4

52.1

204.8

35.3

5.0

4.0

16.3

10.0

188.0

240.1

140.6

74.9

8.2

4.99.3

12.5

14.6

3.9

12.3

48.7

189.3

31.7

4.9

6.2

16.4

4.2

172.3

221.0

6.9.

cxril

is gagr

Zeleba

337336

leqcia 19. ojaxis Semosavlebis

uTanasworoba da siRaribesTan

brZolis gzebi

`dauSvebelia gansxvavebis mTlianad

aRmofxvra ojaxis Semosavlebisa da

simdidris doneebSi, magram saxelmwifom

Tavidan unda aicilos ekonomikuri

uTanasworobis metismeti gaZliereba

da ganaxorcielos uRaribesi moqa-

laqeebis daxmarebis socialuri prog-

ramebi.~

i.lipsici

ojaxis Semosavlebis uTanasworobis warmoSo-

bis mizezebi. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi adgili aqvs oja-

xebis Semosavlebis uTanasworobas. uTanasworobis problema xan-

grZlivi da winaaRmdegobrivi istoriis mqonea. SemosavlebSi

uTanasworobis warmoSobis mizezebs Soris sayuradReboa:

qonebrivi gansxvaveba. simdidris floba Tu uqonloba

uTanasworobis warmoSobis ZiriTadi mizezia. arsebobs damoki-

debuleba simdidresa da Semosavals Soris. erTi mxriv, axlan-

deli Taobis simdidre wina Taobebis dagrovili Semosavlis Sedegia

(naRdi fuli, fasiani qaRaldebi, miwa, saxli, sawarmoebi,

Zvirfaseuloba da sxv.); meore mxriv, ojaxis gankargulebaSi

arsebuli moZravi qoneba gansazRvruli Semosavlis (renta, mogeba,

dividendi, sargebeli) miRebis wyaroa;

adamianis Tandayolili niWi. SeuZlebelia pirovneba

diriJori gaxdes, Tu mas Tandayolili absoluturi niWi ar

gaaCnia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas momRerlebze, mxatvrebsa Tu mwer-

lebze. amitom am adamianTa Sromis anazRaureba Zalze maRalia;

diagrama 6.2.

erTi Sinameurneobis xarjebis dinamika

xarjebis ZiriTadi jgufebis mixedviT,

1998-2004 w.w. (lari/TveSi)

1) samomxmareblo fuladi xarjebi;2) mTliani moxmareba;3) fuladi xarjebi;4) mTliani xarjebi.

339338

mixedviT mosaxleobis ganawilebis medianidan aiTvleba. moxmarebis

mixedviT mosaxleobis ganawilebis mediana moxmarebis iseTi sididea,

rom mosaxleobis naxevari (50%) masze naklebs, xolo meore

naxevari masze mets moixmars.

siRaribis maCveneblebi Sefasebulia sojaxo meurneobebis

mTliani moxmarebis safuZvelze, Sromisunariani asakis mamakacis

ekvivalentur erT wevrze gadaangariSebiT da erTblivi moxmarebis

(Tanacxovrebis) efeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT. siRaribis zemoT

CamoTvlili sami zRvris mimarT siRaribis samgvari maCvenebeli

gaiangariSeba:

siRaribis done, anu sxvagvarad, Raribebis raodenobis indeqsi(Raribi mosaxleobis wili mTel mosaxleobaSi);

siRaribis siRrme (Raribi mosaxleobis siRaribis zRvramde

daSorebis wili mTeli mosaxleobis siRaribis zRvris doneze

jamuri moxmarebidan);

siRaribis simwvave (Rarib ojaxTa Soris siRaribis

uTanabrobis maCvenebeli), romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT moicavs

rogorc siRaribis siRrmes, ise RaribTa Soris uTanabrobas.

qvemoT motanil 6.11. cxrilSi asaxulia siRaribis absoluturi

da fardobiTi maCveneblebis dinamika siRaribis absoluturi

da fardobiTi zRvrebis mimarT saqarTveloSi.

saqarTveloSi 2004 wels 1998 welTan SedarebiT siRaribis

done gaizarda: saarsebo minimumis mimarT _ 46,2-dan 54,5%-mde,

medianuri moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT _ 25,0%-dan 56,9%-mde,

medianuri moxmarebis 40%-is mimarT _ 10,8-dan 55,7%-mde; siRaribis

siRrme gaizarda: saarsebo minimumis mimarT _ 17,3-dan 20,8%-mde,

medianuri moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT _ 8,1-dan 22,7%-mde, medianuri

moxmarebis 40%-is mimarT _ 3,3-dan 21,9%-mde; siRaribis simwvave

gaizarda: saarsebo minimumis mimarT _ 8,9-dan 10,8%-mde, medianuri

moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT _ 3,9-dan 12,3%-mde, medianuri moxmarebis

40%-is mimarT _ 1,6-dan 9,7%-mde.

gansxvaveba Sromis mwarmoeblurobaSi. ufro mwar-

moebluri Sroma met produqts qmnis. amitom rac ufro kvalifi-

ciuria warmoebaSi CarTuli muSaki, miT ufro maRalia misi piradi

Semosavali da, piriqiT.

ganviTarebul da, gansakuTrebiT ki, ekonomikurad CamorCenil

qveynebSi Semosavali metad araTanabrad nawildeba. es sazoga-

doebaSi socialur daZabulobas qmnis. saxelmwifos amocanaa am

daZabulobis Seneleba, cxovrebis doneTa Soris gansxvavebis

Semcireba da siRaribis winaaRmdeg brZola.

siRaribe SedarebiTi cnebaa da mas TiToeul qveyanaSi gan-

sxvavebuli done aqvs. magaliTad, aSS imdenad mdidari qveyanaa,

rom iqauri dabalSemosavliani moqalaqeebi, sxva qveynebis moqala-

qeebTan SedarebiT, SeZlebuladac ki SeiZleba mogveCvenos.

siRaribe da misi maCveneblebi. siRaribis gansazRvris

sxvadasxva definicia arsebobs. zogjer mas ganmartaven rogorc

Semosavlis iseT dones, romelic adamianis arsebobisaTvis ara-

damakmayofilebelia.

siRaribis zRvari, saarsebo minimumTan erTad, yovelwliurad

icvleba. igi aseve damokidebulia ojaxis sididesa da misi wev-

rebis wlovanebaze.

saqarTveloSi siRaribis maCveneblebi Sefasebulia siRaribis

Semdegi sami zRvris mimarT:

saarsebo minimumi; medianuri moxmarebis 60%;

medianuri moxmarebis 40%.

saarsebo minimumi siRaribis absoluturi zRvaria. saar-

sebo minimumad miCneulia Sromisunariani asakis (15-dan 65 wlam-

de) mamakacis saarsebo minimumi.

medianuri moxmarebis 60% da medianuri moxmarebis

40% siRaribis fardobiTi zRvrebia, romlebic mTliani moxmarebis

341340

siRaribesTan brZolis gzebi. uwinares yovlisa, es

aris Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa. siRaribis

donis Semcirebis efeqtiani saSualebaa ekonomikuri zrda, RaribTa

ganaTlebisa da profesiuli donis amaRleba, saqonlisa da momsaxu-

rebis gaiafeba da sxv.

transfertuli gadasaxdelebic siRaribesTan brZolis

erT-erTi gzaa. es aris pirdapiri daxmareba gaWirvebulTaTvis

maTi mimdinare saarsebo moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis mizniT.

igi biujetis xarjze xorcieldeba.

saxelmwifo daxmareba arafuladi formiTac xorciel-

deba. magaliTad, mcireSemosavliani ojaxebisaTvis kvebis produq-

tebis SesaZenad dabal fasebSi talonebis an kuponebis micema.

aSS-is yovel StatSi miRebulia socialuri uzrunvelyofis

gaTvaliswineba, romelic gaWirvebulebs naturalur daxmarebas

(kvebis produqtebs, tansacmelsa da sacxovrebel binebs) sTavazobs.

daxmarebis kidev erTi formaa bavSviani ojaxebisaTvis

Semweobis programa, romelic CvilbavSvian mSoblebs moicavs.

daxmarebis swrafad ganviTarebadi programaa ̀ medikeidi~, romelic

dabalSemosavliani ojaxebis samedicino momsaxurebas uzrunvel-

yofs.

siRaribesTan brZolis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gzaa maRali

Semosavlebis mqone pirebisagan dabali Semosavlebis mqone pire-

bis sasargeblod Semosavlebis gadanawilebis programebi.

dabalSemosavliani moqalaqeebi, rogorc wesi, saSemosavlo

gadasaxads ar ixdian. isini ki, visi Semosavalic maRalia, Cveulebriv,

progresul gadasaxads ixdian (e.i. gadasaxadis ganakveTi izrdeba

Semosavlebis zrdis Sesabamisad).

mosaxleobis uRaribesi fenebisaTvis socialuri daxmarebis

programebis ganxorcielebis mravali gza arsebobs, Tumca, TiToe-

ulma qveyanam, kulturuli tradiciebidan da ekonomikuri siZli-

eridan gamomdinare, Tavisi sakuTari gza unda airCios.

saarsebo minimumis mimarT

medianuri moxmarebis 60%-is mimarT


46.2

25.0

10.8

cxril

i 6.11.

siRaribis absol

uturi da fardobiTi maCvenebl

ebis dinamika

siRaribis absol

uturi da fardobiTi zRvrebis mimarT

saqarTvel

oSi,

1998-2004 w.w. (%

-obiT)

1998 19

99 2000 2001

2002 2003 2004

siRaribis d

one

50.2

23.3

10.7

51.8

23.6

10.2

51.8

23.0

10.2

51.1

21.6

8.9

52.1

21.8

9.7

54.5

56.9

55.7




siRaribis siRrme




siRaribis simwvave

17.3

8.1

3.3

19.5

8.1

3.6

20.5

7.7

3.3

20.2

7.6

3.2

19.3

6.8

2.8

19.8

7.1

3.0

20.8

22.7

21.9

8.9

3.9 1.6

10.4

4.1

1.9

10.9

3.8

1.6

10.7

3.7

1.6

9.9

3.3

1.4

10.3

3.5 1.5

10.8

12.3

9.7

343342


SemowmebisaTvis

1. ojaxis socialuri xasiaTis moTxovnilebis dak-

mayofilebaSi igulisxmeba:

a. ganaTlebis miReba;

b. kulturuli, saxelovnebo da saliteraturo faseulo-

bebis SeTviseba;

g. Tavisufali drois gonivruli gamoyeneba, aqtiuri

monawileoba sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi;

d. ojaxis wevrTa uzrunvelyofa sanitarul-higienuri

pirobebiT.

2. samecniero brunvaSi èkonomikuri adamianis~ (homoeconomicus) modeli Semoitana:

a. veblenma;

b. smiTma;

g. saimonma;

d. samuelsonma.

3. saqarTvelos saojaxo meurneobaTa SemosavlebSi

yvelaze maRali xvedriTi woniT gamoirCeva:

a. Semosavali daqiravebuli Sromidan;

b. Semosavali TviTdasaqmebidan;

g. fulis sesxeba an dazogvis gamoyeneba;

d. Semosavali soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan.

4. Semosavlis donis mixedviT sxvadasxva saxeobis

saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnis moculobis fun-

qcionaluri damokidebulebis cvalebadoba pirvelma da-

?dabalSemosavlianTa socialuri dacvis mizanSewoniloba da

aucilebloba marto humanurobis pricipiT ar ganisazRvreba.

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoebac, rom sxvadasxva fenis

cxovrebis doniT mkveTrad gansxvavebul (kontrastul) sazo-

gadoebaSi TviT yvelaze uzrunvelyofili nawilic ver igrZnobs

Tavs bednierad. rogorc irkveva, SemTxveviT ar hqvia meore msoflio

omiT gapartaxebul germaniaSi ekonomikuri ̀ saocrebis~ avtoris

ludvig erhardis wigns ̀ keTildReoba yvelasaTvis~. masSi sagangebod

gatarebulia azri imis Taobaze, rom calkeuli individebi an

sazogadoebis nawili ver icxovrebs namdvilad kargad, Tu mTel

sazogadoebas ar Seeqmna keTildReobis miRwevis saSualeba. swored

am mimarTulebiT unda iRvawos saxelmwifom, raTa SeZlebisdagvarad

gamoaTanabros SesaZleblobebi da yovel moqalaqes misces Sansi

Tavisi niWisa da unaris gamosavlenad. magram yovelive es unda

gakeTdes civilizebuli meTodebiT.

rac ufro swrafad amoqmeddeba Semosavlis gadanawilebis

gonivrulad SemuSavebuli meqanizmi da moqnili, mizanswrafuli

gaxdeba saxelmwifos socialuri politika, miT ufro swrafad

gamoTanabrdeba sazogadoebis wevrTa Semosavali da daCqardeba

mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebis procesi. cxovrebis

pirobebis gaumjobeseba sagrZnoblad gazrdis sazogadoebis Sromisu-

nariani nawilis aqtiurobas qveynis meurneobriv saqmianobaSi da

xels Seuwyobs ekonomikis aRmavlobas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Seqmnis

Zlier ekonomikur bazas da axal impulss miscems kidev ufro

masStabiani socialuri politikis ganxorcielebas. aseTia am

umniSvnelovanesi socialur-ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis

dialeqtikuri urTierTkavSiri da urTierTganpirobebuloba.

344

adgina:

a. kenem;

b. engelma;

g. marqsma;

d. engelsma.

5. saqarTvelos saojaxo meurneobaTa xarjebSi yvelaze

maRali xvedriTi woniT gamoirCeva danaxarjebi:

a. transportze;

b. saTbobsa da eleqtoenergiaze;

g. sursaTze, sasmelsa da Tambaqos nawarmze;

d. saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze.

6. siRaribis done, anu Raribebis raodenobis indeqsi

aris:

a. Raribi mosaxleobis wili mTel mosaxleobaSi;

b. Raribi mosaxleobis siRaribis zRvramde daSorebis

wili mTeli mosaxleobis siRaribis doneze jamuri moxmarebidan;

g. Rarib ojaxTa Soris siRaribis uTanasworobis maCvenebeli;

d. Raribi mosaxleobis absoluturi ricxvi.

345

ganyofileba III

makroekonomikis safuZvlebi

7Tema

qveynis makroekonomikuristruqtura da erovnul

angariSTa sistema

`sazogadoebis ekonomikuri

mowyoba Seicavs aranakleb war-

mtac problemebsa da gamocanebs,

vidre buneba~.T. malTusi

`Tu mTlian erovnul pro-

duqts guldasmiT gaviangari-

SebT. . . aRmoCndeba, rom bevr

SemTxvevaSi qalebi awarmoeben

mis naxevarze mets~.e.hanseni

347346

leqcia 20. qveynis

makroekonomikuri sistema da

mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika

`makroekonomika _ es aris

msxvilmasStabiani sameurneo saq-

mianoba, romelic aerTianebs

erovnul ekonomikas mTlianad.~e.borisovi

`makroekonomika moicavs

ekonomikur sistemas, sadac xor-

cieldeba erTiani ekonomikuri

politika mTeli sazogadoebis

interesebisaTvis.~gr.menqiu

makroekonomikis arsi da Tavisebu-

rebani. Tu mikroekonomikis safuZvlebis Seswavli-

sas Cven saqme gvqonda saojaxo meurneobebTan da calkeul

sawarmoebTan, axla ukve CvenTvis mniSvnelovania ganzoga-

doebuli warmodgenis miReba am sameurneo erTeulTa

mTeli erTobliobis Sesaxeb.

imavdroulad, unda aRmovaCinoT sameurneo saqmi-

anobis iseTi formebi, romlebic moicaven da erTad kraven

mTel erovnul ekonomikas.

makroekonomika _ es aris qveyanaSi arsebuli

meurneobriobis yvela, formis erToblioba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali qveyana mravale-

rovnulia, maTi sameurneo saqmianobis formebic iseve

mocemuli TemiT SesaZlebloba ixsneba yuradRebiT

ganvixiloT sazogadoebis ekonomika ̀ didi simaRlidan`,

raTa movicvaT erovnuli meurneoba mTlianad. es Sesa-

Zleblobas gvaZlevs Tanmimdevrulad avxsnaT Semdegi

mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi:

romeli nawilebisagan Sedgeba sazogadoebis

ekonomika;

rogor mimdinareobs mTeli erovnuli meurneo-

bis zrda da ganviTareba;

ratom warmoiSoba makroekonomikaSi arastabi-lu-ri da stabiluri mdgomareoba;

vin da rogor aregulirebs ekonomikur urTi-

erTobaTa mTel erTobliobas;

rogor rols asrulebs amJamad safinanso-sabi-

ujeto da sabanko-sakredito sistemebi sazogadoebis

ganviTarebaSi;

ra instrumentebiT xorcieldeba qveyanaSi fis-

kaluri da fulad-sakredito anu monetaruli politi-

ka.

am Temis SeswavliT studenti SeZlebs ukeT gai-

gos, Tu is sawarmo an organizacia, romelSic mas mouw-

evs muSaoba, ganuyofeli ekonomikuri kvanZebiT rogoraa

dakavSirebuli erovnuli meurneobis yvela msxvil qvedan-

ayofTan.

349348

seqtori saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli is speci-

fikuri ekonomikuri bazaa, romelic mowodebulia uzrun-

velyos saerToerovnuli moTxovnilebebi da interesebi.

masSi Sedis:

saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da organizaciebis er-

Toblioba;

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis warmoeba da maTi koleq-

tiuri moxmarebis organizacia;

saerToerovnuli sawarmoo da socialuri in-

frastruqtura.

aseT ekonomikur bazaze dayrdnobiT saxelmwifo

moqmedebs gansakuTrebulad: igi aTanxmebs, koordinacias

uwevs da aregulirebs mTel sameurneo saqmianobas mak-

roekonomikis masStabiT.

meurneobriobis makroekonomikuri sistemisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi ZiriTadi elementebi:

saxelmwifo sakuTrebis formiT warmodgeni-

li saerTo erToblivi miTviseba, romelic, rogorc

cnobilia, Tvisobrivad da raodenobrivad gansxvavdeba

kerZo da saerTo wilobrivi miTvisebisagan. saxelmwifo

sakuTrebis damkvidreba xSirad xorcieldeba nacional-

izaciis (miwis, sawarmoebis, bankebis, transportis da

sxva qonebis kerZo da saerTo wilobrivi sakuTrebidan

saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi gadasvlis) gziT;

saerTo erToblivi miTvisebis xasiaTi ganapirobebs

saxelmwifo organoTa qcevis sruliad sxvagvar tips,

imasTan SedarebiT, riTi xelmZRvanelobasac SeCveuli iyo

kerZo mesakuTre. kidev meti, saxelmwifo sakuTreba da

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mier dadgenili iuridiu-

li normebi arsebiTad zRudaven erTpirovnuli mflobe-

erTiandeba makroekonomikis masStabiT, rogorc erTi eriT

warmodgenil saxelmwifoSi. amitom èrovnul ekonomi-

kas` Cven pirobiTad vuwodebT nebismieri mravalerovnu-

li qveynis meurneobas.

farTo gagebiT, makroekonomika moicavs mTel

erovnul ekonomikas; viwro gagebiT ki, makro-

ekonomika warmoadgens saxelmwifo seqtors, romel-

ic aerTianebs da warmarTavs erovnuli ekonomikis, rogorc

erTiani mTelis ganviTarebas.

sagulisxmoa, rom XIX-XX saukuneebSi saxelmwi-

fos roli erovnul ekonomikaSi sistematurad izrde-

boda. XIX saukunemde saxelmwifo metwilad kmayofilde-

boda Tavisi upirvelesi funqciebis ganxorcielebiT: 1.

daecva qveyana Siga uwesrigobisa da sxva qveynebis mxri-

dan Tavdasxmisagan; 2. SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi Tavi-

si qveynisaTvis mieerTebina axali teritoriebi; 3. gaezar-

da Tavisi qveynis saerTaSoriso prestiJi da avtorite-

ti. am funqciebis realizacias emsaxureboda jari, policia

da sasamarTlo.

XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saxelmwifos roli

ekonomikaSi gazarda industrializaciis procesis daw-

yebam, rac ganpirobebuli iyo ucxoeTis konkurenciisa-

gan samamulo warmoebis dacvis aucileblobiT. Semdeg

mas daemata erovnuli ekonomikis dinamizaciisa da mod-

ernizaciis (sagzao da satransporto qselis Seqmna da

ganviTareba, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisaTvis mxardaWera,

sabanko sistemis srulyofa...) amocana.

XX saukuneSi dasavleTis qveynebSi saxelmwifo

aqtiurad ereoda ekonomikaSi, TavisTvis winaswar Seqmna

ra sameurneo saqmianobis gansakuTrebuli seqtori. es

351350

erovnuli meurneobis mTlianobis erT-erTi mniS-

vnelovani gamovlenaa saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri

politikis gatareba mTeli sazogadoebis interesebis

uzrunvelyofiT.

mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika.

ekonomikuri politika tardeba mTavrobis mier saxelm-

wifos saxeliT. is warmoadgens mTavrobis moqmedebis

mTavar xazs warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da mox-

marebis, dagrovebisa da sxva qveynebTan ekonomikuri kav-

Sirebis sferoSi. ekonomikur politikaSi gamoiyofa Sem-

degi ZiriTadi saxeebi: struqturuli (ekonomikis Se-

madgenel nawilTa kavSiris cvlilebebi), samecniero-te-

qnikuri, sainvesticio, safinanso-sabiujeto (fiskaluri),

fulad-sakredito (monetaruli), sagareo-ekonomikuri.

ekonomikuri politika _ es aris mTavrobis

mmarTvelobiTi moqmedeba, romelic makroekonomi-

kas aniWebs gansazRvrul mimarTulebas saxelmwi-fos interesebisa da miznebis Sesabamisad.

ekonomikuri politika tardeba imisaTvis, raTa

Tavidan iqnas acilebuli Tavisufali bazris monawile-

Ta stiqiuri, umarTavi qmedebebi. aseTi qmedebebi xSiraduaryofiTad aisaxeba qveynis mTel sameurneo saqmianoba-

ze: ekonomikis zrdis nacvlad mimdinareobs warmoebis

dacema, muSakTa dasaqmebis gafarToeba icvleba umuSevar-Ta ricxvis gadidebiT, fulis msyidvelobiTi unariano-

bis amaRleba adgils uTmobs mis gaufasurebas.

am da sxva msgavs SemTxvevebSi ekonomikis sax-elmwifoebrivi regulireba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom:

sameurneo saqmianobas mianiWos saWiro organi-zebuloba;

lobis qcevis winaT dadgenil wesebs. is unda daeqvemde-

baros mTeli sazogadoebis interesebs;

qveynis saxalxomeurneobrivi mTlianoba efuZneba

Sromis saerTo (erovnul) danawilebas, romelic

urTierTdamokidebuls xdis yvela msxvil sferos, war-

moebis dargs da qveynis ekonomikur regions. mtkice

urTierTkavSirebi Sromis saerTo danawilebis rgolebs

Soris qmnis makrosistemas, romelic iwodeba saxalx-

omeurneobriv kompleqsad. is organulad aerTianebs

materialur da aramaterialur warmoebas;

meurneobis makroekonomikuri centralizaciisa da

Sromis erovnuli kooperaciis mniSvnelovani Tavisebu-

rebaa ierarqiuli wyoba _ mTelis elementebis gan-

lageba zemodan qvemoT, maTi daqvemdebarebis rig-

iT (saxelmwifodan sawarmomde);

makrosistema moaswavebs erovnuli ekonomikis ga-

dasvlas misi realuri gansazogadoebis yvelaze maRal

safexurze. makroekonomikas aqvs erovnuli

ekonomikuri integraciis mkveTrad gamoxatuli

xasiaTi. aseT integracias (mTelad gaerTianebas) erovnu-

li meurneobis doneze saxelmwifo axdens, rodesac auci-

lebelia, magaliTad, insfrastruqturis dargTa saqmi-

anobis mowesrigeba

makroekonomika qmnis erTian ekonomikur sivrc-

es, romelic mtkicdeba saerTo fuladi sistemiT. am

sivrces aqvs ori ̀ gamaerTianebeli`: 1. erovnuli bazari;

2. saxelmwifo seqtori, sadac xelisufleba moqalaqeebs

sTavazobs ufaso materialur dovlaTs da momsaxure-

bas.

353352

procesebisa, rogoricaa, magaliTad, umuSevroba da saqon-

lis gatana.

XX saukunis meore naxevarsa da XXI saukuneSi

ekonomikis mdgomareobaze saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblo-

ba ar Semoifargleba mxolod zemoaRniSnuli mniSvnelovani

maCveneblebiT. amJamad mxedvelobaSi miiReba agreTve qveynis

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis muqarebis maCveneblebic.

qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba ni-

Snavs misi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis iseT dones, romel-

ic uzrunvelyofs erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi interese-

bis realizacias, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis arsebo-

bisaTvis Rirseuli pirobebis Seqmnas da win aRudgeba

ekonomikis mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebis Semafer-

xebel muqarebs.

erovnuli ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis muqaris

qveS igulisxmeba is pirobebi da faqtorebi, romlebic

zarals ayeneben saerToerovnul interesebs da arRveven

qveynis ekonomikas. ganasxvaveben ekonomikuri usafTxoe-

bis Sinagan da garegan muqarebs.

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis Sinagan muqarebs

qmnis: ekonomikuri krizisebi (warmoebis vardna); maso-

brivi umuSevroba; qveynis mniSvnelovani CamorCena uax-

lesi mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebis aTvisebasa da gan-

viTarebaSi; mosaxleobis dabali uzrunvelyofa sur-

saTiT, samkurnalo da samedicino preparatebiT; adamian-

Ta janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauareseba da sicocx-

lis xangrZlivobis Semcireba; gare samyaros dabinZure-

bis saxifaTo done da bevri sxva arakeTilsasurveli

piroba da faqtori.

moawesrigos ekonomikur subieqtTa qceva; uzrunvelyos sameurneo saqmianobis maregulire-

beli sakanonmdeblo aqtebis dacva;

daicvas saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi intere-

sebi.

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis Ziri-

Tad miznebs miekuTvneba:

erovnuli meurneobis mdgradi ekonomikuri zr-

dis uzrunvelyofa;

Sromisunariani mosaxleobis maqsimaluri dasaqme-

bis miRweva;

fuladi mimoqcevis ganmtkiceba.

mecnieruli midgoma ekonomikuri politikisadmi

ar Semoifargleba mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi regulire-

bis miznebis dadgeniT. aq mniSvnelovania aixsnas erovnu-

li meurneobis ZiriTad maCveneblebs Soris obieqturad

arsebuli kanonzomieri urTierTdamokidebulebebi.

ekonomikurma mecnierebam daadgina makroekonomi-

kaSi arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebis amsaxve-

li Semdegi maCveneblebi.

urTierTSemavsebeli maCveneblebi. maT Soris yal-

ibdeba pirdapirproporciuli damokidebulieba. ase, ma-

galiTad, rac ufro maRalia ekonomikuri zrdis tempi,

miT metia Sromisunariani mosaxleobis dasaqmeba;

urTierTSemcvleli maCveneblebi. maT Soris ar-

sebobs ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba. swored asea

urTierTdakavSirebuli, vTqvaT, umuSevroba da inflacia;

neitraluri maCveneblebi. am SemTxvevaSi erTi

maCveneblis cvlileba aranair gavlenas ar axdens meo-

reze. albaT, rTulia aRmovaCinoT urTierTqmedeba iseTi

355354

ganviTareba.

umaRlesi xarisxis ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba mi-

iRweva maSin, rodesac yvela maCvenebeli dasaSveb sazRvreb-

Sia. Tu romelime maCvenebeli zRvars aWarbebs, muqara

izrdeba. muqara metia, rac ufro izrdeba dasaSveb zR-

vars miRma arsebuli maCveneblebis raodenoba. am dros

pirovneba da sazogadoeba, moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis

mizniT, instiqturad mimarTavs Crdilovan urTierTo-

bebsa da korufcias, riTac kidev ufro zrdis muqareb-

is albaTobas.

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis donis sayovelTaod

aRiarebuli yvela ZiriTadi maCveneblis mixedviT, amJa-

mad saqarTvelo aWarbebs ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis

kritikul parametrebs. aseT pirobebSi SeuZlebelia

sazogadoebis normaluri ganviTareba civiluri samarT-

lebrivi da eTikuri normebis Sesabamisad.*

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis miR-

weva prevenciuli politikis ganxorcielebas moiTxovs,

romelic istoriuli gamowvevebis, ekonomikuri muqareb-

is, usafrTxoebis zRvruli sidideebis gansazRvrasa da

realizacias gulisxmobs.

ekonomikis mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebisaTvis

yvelaze ufro mTavaria qveynis mzadyofna istoriuli

gamowvevebisa da konkretuli muqarebis sapasuxod.

istoriuli gamowvevebidan mTavaria:

sayovelTao globalizaciis procesTan dakavSi-

* r.oTinaSvili, ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba. analizis antik-riminaluri aspeqtebi. _ Tb., 2005, gv. 302.

adamianebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis ekologiuri

usafrTxoebis muqaris droulad aRmosaCenad saxelm-

wifo organoebma ganuwyveteli dakvirveba unda awar-

moon makroekonomikis mdgomareobaze. amasTan, mniSvnelo-

vania dadgindes, Tu arakeTilsasurveli procesebi (ma-

galiTad, atmosferuli haeris dabinZureba) rodis aRw-

evs eris usafrTxoebis muqaris Sesaxeb damadasturebel

zRvrulad dasaSveb sidides. es SesaZleblobas iZleva

dauyovnebliv aRmoifxvras adamianTa sicocxlisunari-

anobis normaluri pirobebidan gadaxris mizezebi.

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis garegan muqarebs

miekuTvneba saxelmwifos sameurneo Zalebis wyaroebis

rRveva. amis axsna SeiZleba Semdegi magaliTiT. Cveu-

lebriv, yoveli qveyana sesxulobs ucxour valutas sazR-

vargareT aucilebeli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesa-

Zenad. aseTi fuladi sesxebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos

sesxis amRebi saxelmwifos SesaZleblobasTan-eqspor-

tis xarjze uzrunvelyos sagareo valis drouli mom-

saxureba. magram, praqtikulad, es yovelTvis ase ar xde-

ba.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sesxis Tanxa mravaljer aRemate-

ba misi momsaxurebis SesaZleblobebs, maSin iqmneba sa-

SiSroeba movale qveynisaTvis. is SeiZleba aRmoCndes

ucxoeli kreditorebisagan ekonomikur da politikur

damokidebulebaSi.

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi gan-

sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba misi maCveneblebis

(parametrebis) zRvrul mniSvnelobebs, romelTa qvemoT

iwyeba negatiuri procesebi da safrTxis qveS dgeba

pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis normaluri arseboba da

357356

bamisi ekonomikis damkvidrebaa.

ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze realurad gamoikve-

Ta Sinagani da garegani muqarebi, romelTa daZleva, pre-

vencia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikis umniSvnelo-

vanesi amocanaa.

Sinagani muqarebidan aRsaniSnavia:

inteleqtualuri, saganmanaTleblo, inovaciuri po-

tencialis CamorCeniloba;

mosaxleobis socialuri diferenciaciis gaR-

rmaveba da siRaribis maRali done;

instituciuri mowyobisa da wesrigis sisuste,

sakanonmdeblo bazis arasrulyofileba;

ekonomikis struqturuli deformacia, rac war-

moebis efeqtianobis, produqciis konkurentunarianobis,

msoflio meurneobaSi monawileobis dabali doniT gam-

oixateba;

qveynis energetikuli uzrunvelyofis aramdgra-

doba;

sawarmoo potencialis Semcireba ZiriTadi fon-

debis maRali cveTis Sedegad;

biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis xlsayreli sainves-

ticio klimatis uqonloba;

dabali inovaciuri da investiciuri aqtivoba;

finansuri usafrTxoebis dabali done;

qveynis regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis dabali done da misi gamoTanabrebis tendenciis

uqonloba;

sazogadoebisa da sameurneo saqmianobis mzardi

kriminalizacia.

garegani muqarebidan gamosayofia:

rebuli gamowveva, im uaryofiTi Sedegebis Tavidan ac-

ileba, rac SeiZleba mas Tan sdevdes. aucilebelia qvey-

nis sulieri, ideologiuri, fsiqologiuri, inteleqtu-

aluri, kulturuli, instituciuri, teqnologiuri mza-

dyofna saqarTvelos erovnuli identurobis, saxelmwi-

foebriobis, mosaxleobis cxovrebis maRali xarisxis,

msoflio meurneobaSi integraciis uzrunvelsayofad;

sayovelTao lokalizaciis procesTan dakavSire-

buli gamowveva. igulisxmeba, pirvel rigSi, regionul

ekonomikur gaerTianebebSi integracia. aucilebelia

kavkasiis regionSi saqarTvelos poziciebis Sesustebis

tendenciis daZleva da tradiciulad wamyvani pozicie-

bis damkvidreba, saqarTvelos teritoriaze dezintegraci-

uli da separatistuli tendenciebis aRmofxvra;

mecnierul-teqnologiur revoluciasTan dakav-

Sirebuli gamowveva. msoflio meurneobaSi qveynis monaw-

ileoba misi inteleqtualuri, mecnierul-teqnologiuri

potencialiT, msoflio bazrebze konkurentunarianobis

xarisxiT izomeba. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos ekono-

mikuri usafrTxoeba komunikaciur-informaciuli da bi-

ologiuri revoluciebis dauflebaze, inovaciuri me-

warmeobisa da menejmentis ganviTarebis xarisxzea damok-

idebuli.

saqarTvelos umTavresi amocanaa upasuxos am is-

toriul gamowvevebs. jerjerobiT, samwuxarod, saqarTvelo

taqtikurad da strategiulad arasaTanadod momzade-

buli Sexvda am gamowvevebs. sakmarisad ar aris gaTviTc-

nobierebuli, rom globalizaciis procesSi gadarCenis

mTavari piroba qveynis mdgrad da usafrTxo ganviTare-

baze gadasvlaa, postindustriuli sazogadoebis Sesa-

359358

leqcia 21. ZiriTadi

makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi da

erovnuli angariSwarmoeba

àmerikuli andaza ambobs,

`vaSlsa da forToxals ver Sek-

rebo`, magram mTliani Siga pro-

duqti zustad ase iqceva~.gr.menqiu

istoriulad, Tavdapirvelad makroekonomikis gam-

zomad gamodioda mxolod materialuri warmoebis sf-

eros ganviTarebis masStabebis maxasiaTebeli maCveneble-

bi. es iyo savsebiT bunebrivi industriamdeli da in-

dustriuli ekonomikisaTvis, sadac fasdeboda mxolod

sasargeblo nivTebis damzadebaze daxarjuli Sroma.

sawarmoo sferos ganviTarebis gasazomad gamoiyeneboda

erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produqtis maCvenebe-

li. igi moicavda garkveuli periodis (Cveulebriv wlis)

ganmavlobaSi Seqmnil materialuri warmoebis yvela na-

keTobas. amis safuZvelze dRemde gaiangariSeba qveyanaSi

dagrovili erovnuli simdidris maCvenebeli.

erovnuli simdidre (es) yvelaze zogadi mak-

roekonomikuri maCvenebelia. masSi igulisxmeba materi-

aluri dovlaTi, romelsac flobs mocemuli qveyana gan-

sazRvruli TariRisaTvis da, romelic Seqmnilia mrava-

li Taobis SromiTYmTeli ganvlili drois manZilze.

farTo gagebiT, erovnul simdidreSi, adamianis SromiT

Seqmnil materialur dovlaTTan erTad, Sedis kvlavwar-

moebis procesSi CarTuli bunebrivi resursebic.

qveynis susti monawileoba saerTaSoriso ekonomi-

kaSi, msoflio Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi;

qveynis ekonomikis dabali mimzidveloba da

konkurentunarianoba saerTaSoriso bazrebze;

samuSao Zalisa da inteleqtualuri potencial-

is migraciis maRali tempi;

didi garRveva sagareo valis sididesa da misi

momsaxurebis SesaZleblobas Soris;

sazRvrebis daucveloba da kontrabandis didi

masStabebi;

teqnologiuri, menejmenturi da instituciuri

SeuTavsebloba saerTaSoriso bazrebis moTxovnebTan;

saqarTvelos Siga bazris aTviseba sazRvargare-

Tuli firmebis mier farTo moxmarebis mravali saxeo-

bis saqonlis mixedviT, maT Soris sursaTisa da energi-

is importze qveynis Zlieri damokidebuleba.

am muqarebis prevencia da daZleva saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo politikis umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa rogorc

mimdinare, ise grZelvadian periodSi.

erovnuli meurneobis warmatebiT regulirebisaTvis

saxelmwifom unda gamoiyenos Tanamedrove, mecnierulad

dasabuTebuli monacemebi makroekonomikuri maCvenebleb-

is Sesaxeb da amis safuZvelze gansazRvros qveynis so-

cialur-ekonomikuri progresis perspeqtivebi.

361360

makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa axa-

li tipi da misi Taviseburebani. axali

drois Secvlil pirobebTan dakavSirebiT daiwyo mak-

roekonomikur maCvenebelTa axali sistemis SemuSaveba,

romelSic maqsimalurad aisaxeboda makroekonomikuri

analizis Taviseburebani. am saqmis dawyebas mZlavri biZgi

misca 1929-1933 wlebis msoflio ekonomikurma kriz-

isma, romelmac aCvena, rom sabazro ekonomikas ar ZaluZs

TviTregulirebis bazaze ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva.

aucilebeli gaxda ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis ga-

Zliereba. es uCveulo movlena iyo msoflio ekonomikaSi,

romelmac ekonomistebi aiZula moeZebnaT agregirebuli*

maCveneblebi.

amerikelma mecnierma s.kuznecma (1901-1985) 1933

wels kongress warudgina 1929-1932 wlebis aSS-is

erovnuli Semosavlis monacemebi, romelSic asaxuli iyo

amerikuli ekonomikis umZimesi mdgomareoba. erovnuli

Semosavlis gasaangariSeblad man Seqmna erovnuli an-

gariSebis sistema, romelSic igulisxmeba statistikur

maCvenebelTa erToblioba, romliTac izomeba qveynis

mTliani warmoeba da misi komponentebi. aman safuZveli

daudo axali makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis gaangariSe-

bas.

makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa axali tipi gaCnda

XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, postindustriul sazoga-

* agregireba aris mravalricxovani individualuri mik-roekonomikuri maCveneblebis statistikuri dajamebis proce-si erT mTlian maCvenebelSi.

statistikuri organoebis mier aRricxuli erovnu-

li simdidris mTavari elementebia: warmoebrivi ZiriTa-

di da sabrunavi fondebi, materialuri maragebi da rezerve-

bi, arawarmoebrivi ZiriTadi fondebi (saxelmwifo da

kerZo sabinao fondi, socialur-kulturuli daniSnulebis

Senoba-nagebobebi, xangrZlivi gamoyenebis samomxmareblo

daniSnulebis sagnebi: aveji, macivrebi, televizorebi, mag-

nitofonebi, kompiuterebi da sxv.), meurneobriv brunvaSi

CarTuli bunebrivi resursebi (am ukanasknelSi SeaqvT

dazverili bunebrivi resursebic, romelic uaxloes pe-

riodSi SeiZleba CarTul iqnas meurneobriv brunvaSi).

ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze mizanSewonilad

miiCneven erovnul simdidreSi iseTi axali elementis

Setanas, rogoricaa informacia da es arcaa gasakviri.

igi xom gadawyvetilebaTa (iqneba es ekonomikuri Tu

politikuri xasiaTisa) miRebis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa.

misi ekonomikuri faseuloba sakmaod mravalferovania.

igi ekonomikaSi kontrolis instrumentad gamoiyeneba

da, Tanac, marTvis safuZvelia. kargad damuSavebuli in-

formaciis gareSe warmoudgenelia Tanamedrove ekonomikis

potencialis srulad realizeba. ai, ratomaa gamarTle-

buli erovnul simdidreSi misi Setana. Tumca, amis praq-

tikulad ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia informaci-

is fuladi Sefasebis meTodikis damuSaveba.

erovnuli simdidre sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

safuZveli da yvelaze zogadi makroekonomikuri maCvene-

belia. magram igi realurad ver asaxavs sazogadoebis

keTildReobis dones da ver gamodgeba qveynis ekonomikis

ganviTarebis xarisxis saerTaSoriso SefasebisaTvis.

363362

savali sazRvargareTidan, Tuki sazRvargareT muSaoben

an ucxouri firmebis aqciebs floben. Semosavlis es

nawili mocemuli qveynis mep-Si aRiricxeba. maSasadame,

mep aris Semosavlebis is erToblioba, romelsac iReben

mocemuli qveynis fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi imis

miuxedavad, es Semosavali samamulo ekonomikaSi miiReba

Tu sazRvargareTulSi.

mTliani Sida produqti. arsebobs sa-

zogadoebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis amsaxveli meore,

ufro martivi maCvenebeli _ mTliani Sida produqti

(mSp), romelic erovnuli angariSebis sistemaSi gaeros

mier rekomendirebulia mTavar makroekonomikur maCvene-

blad. mep-isagan gansxvavebiT, mSp aris drois garkveul

periodSi (Cveulebriv kvartlis, wlis ganmavlo-

baSi) qveynis SigniT warmoebuli yvela saboloo

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro Rirebuleba.

ufro naTlad rom warmovidginoT am ori termin-

is Sinaarsi da maT Soris gansxvaveba, SeiZleba aRiniSnos,

rom mTliani erovnuli produqti aris, vTqvaT,

saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqis erToblivi Semosavali,

maT Soris isic, romelic miRebulia sazRvargareT maTi

kuTvnili warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis wyalobiT

an, rac igivea, saqarTvelos erToblivi danaxarji saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaze rogorc qveynis ter-

itoriaze, aseve sazRvargareT. rac Seexeba mTlian Sida

produqts, masSi igulisxmeba saqarTvelos teritori-

aze warmoebuli erToblivi Semosavali, maT Soris im

faqtorebis xarjzedac, romelic ucxoelTa sakuTreba-

Sia an, rac igivea, mSp aris saqarTvelos teritoriaze

doebaze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT. maCvenebelTa am tip-

isaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ori mTavari ganmasxvavebeli

niSani:

erovnuli meurneobis ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSi

miiReba ara mxolod materialuri warmoebis ganviTare-

bis xarisxi, aramed momsaxurebis sferos cvlilebebic.

da es aucileblobad iqca, ramdenadac dasavleTis qvey-

nebSi axali Rirebulebis daaxloebiT 2/3 iqmneba mom-

saxurebis sferoSi;

axali makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi Zvelisagan

sxva niSniTac gamoirCevian. maTSi gamoiricxeba Suale-

duri produqtebis Rirebulebis meoradi aRricxva da

gaiTvaliswineba mxolod axali (damatebuli) Rirebuleba.

mTliani erovnuli produqti. sazoga-

doebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis amsaxvel makro-

ekonomikur maCvenebelTa Soris pirveladia mTliani

erovnuli produqti (mep). igi ganisazRvreba rogorc

erovnuli warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis safuZ-

velze drois garkveul periodSi (Cveulebriv wlis

ganmavlobaSi) warmoebuli yvela saboloo saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis sabazro Rirebuleba.

mep-is gaangariSebisas ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT

erT metad mniSvnelovan garemoebas: nebismieri qveynis

ekonomikaSi warmoebis faqtorebis garkveuli nawili

ucxoel moqalaqeTa sakuTrebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, Se-

mosavlebis is nawili, romelic miRebulia maTi kapi-

talis gamoyenebiT, faqtobrivad maT ekuTvniT da mocemuli

qveynis mep-Si ar aRiricxeba. meore mxriv, qveynis fiz-

ikur da iuridiul pirebs aseve SeuZliaT miiRon Semo-

365364

li gansxvavebebi. am gansxvavebebis gamo mSp-is kvarta-

luri maCveneblebi wina da momdevno kvartalebis

maCveneblebTan Sesadarisi ar aris.

am problemis gaawyvetisaTvis saerTaSoriso praq-

tikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba mSp-is kvartaluri maCvenebleb-

is droiTi mwkrivebis statistikuri analizis safuZ-

velze sezonuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli

gadaxrebis maRali sizustiT Sefasebisa da am Sefasebe-

biT `sezonuri Sesworebebis` ganxorcieleba. sezonuri

Sesworebebis Sedegad miRebuli axali droiTi mwkrive-

bis maCveneblebi ukve sakmarisi sizustiT gamosadegi

xdeba kvartaluri maCveneblebis urTierTSedarebisaTvis.

`...qveynis SigniT...`. mSp moicavs konkretuli

saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis Rirebulebas. Tu saqarTvelos moqalaqe

droebiT muSaobs germaniaSi, maSin misi Sromis Sedegi

iqceva germaniis mSp-is nawilad. rodesac germaneli

flobs kompanias saqarTveloSi, misi produqcia Sedis

saqarTvelos da ara germaniis mSp-Si. amrigad, mSp-Si

CairTveba mis teritoriaze warmoebuli yvela saqoneli

da momsaxureba, maTi mwarmoeblis moqalaqeobis miuxe-

davad.

`...warmoebuli...`. mSp-Si CairTveba yvela axlad

warmoebuli saqoneli da momsaxureba da misgan gamoir-

icxeba saqoneli, romelic gaiyida gansaxilvel period-

Si, magram warmoebulia winaT. ase, magaliTad, Tu korpo-

racia General Motors-i amzadebs da yidis axal avtomo-

bils, misi fasi Seva mSp-Si, magram Tu erTi adamiani

Tavis naxmar avtomobils mihyidis meores, garigebis Tanxa

ar CairTveba mSp-Si. maSasadame, mSp moicavs mxolod ̀ mim-

dinare warmoebas`, e.i. masSi ar Sedis adre warmoebuli

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaze gaRebuli danax-

arjebis erToblioba. roca gansxvaveba mep-sa da mSp-s

Soris umniSvneloa, igi miuTiTebs, rom qarTvelTa Semo-

savali sazRvargareT daaxloebiT emTxveva ucxoelTa

gamomuSavebul Semosavals saqarTveloSi.

rogorc gansazRvrebidan Cans, mep da mSp yvela

warmoebuli produqciis Rirebulebas ki ar zomavs, aramed

saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas, anu

im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas, romel-

ic namdvilad SeiZineba moxmarebisaTvis an gaTval-

iswinebulia eqsportisaTvis.

mSp-is zemoT motanili formulireba gansazRvravs

am fenomenis arss sakmaod martivad, magram sinamdvileSi

misi gaangariSebisas Cndeba erTi SexedviT SeumCneveli

mravali problema. amitom saWiroa dawvrilebiT ganvix-

iloT gansazRvrebis calkeuli nawilebi.

`mSp aris drois garkveul periodSi (Cveuleb-

riv wlis an kvartlis ganmavlobaSi)...`. mSp asax-

avs drois konkretul monakveTSi, Cveulebriv wlis an

kvartlis ganmavlobaSi, warmoebuli saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis raodenobas.

xSirad warmoiSoba kvartaluri periodulobiT

ekonomikaSi mimdinare procesebis analizis saWiroeba.

amitom mTavroba sistematurad aqveynebs mSp-is rogorc

wliur, aseve kvartalur monacemebs. amave dros, ekonomi-

kaSi sxvadasxva obieqturad arsebuli faqtorebis (kli-

maturi pirobebi, nedleulis miwodeba, winasadResaswau-

lo bumi, rodesac mosaxleobis danaxarjebi aRwevs

umaRles niSnuls da sxv.) gamo kvartalebs Soris

yovelTvis arsebobs am faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT gamowveu-

367366

leba Sualedur produqtad, misaloci baraTebi ki _

saboloo produqtad. mSp-Si Sedis mxolod saboloo

produqtebis Rirebuleba, ramdenadac maTSi ukve CarTu-

lia Sualeduri produqtebis fasebi. Cvens SemTxvevaSi

mSp-Si gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba mxolod misaloci baraTe-

bi, ramdenadac maTi fasi ukve moicavs qaRaldis Rire-

bulebas.

axla davuSvaT, rom velosipedebis mwarmoebeli

firma erTi velosipedis dasamzadeblad saWiro naw-

ilebsa da SromaSi ixdis 300 lars. firma velosipeds

400 larad mihyidis sportuli saqonlis maRazias. ma-

Razia velosipeds 550 larad gayidis. ramdeniT gazar-

da erTi velosipedis warmoebam qveynis mSp? radganac

aRiricxeba mxolod saboloo produqti, pasuxi 550

lari iqneba. velosipedis nawilebisa da Sromis mom-

wodeblisaTvis gadaxdili 300 lari da mwarmoebli-

saTvis gadaxdili 400 lari saboloo jamSi aRar Se-

dis, radgan 550 lari ukve moicavs am xarjebs.

am wesidan gamonaklisi keTdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

Sualeduri produqti Semdgom teqnologiur ciklSi

CairTveba ara erTbaSad, aramed firmis balansze rCeba

Semdgomi gadayidvis an warmoebaSi gamoyenebisaTvis. am

SemTxvevaSi drois garkveul momentSi igi ganixileba

rogorc saboloo da gaiTvaliswineba mSp-Si. magram

Semdgom, rodesac firma hpovebs mis gamoyenebas, misi

aqtivebi Semcirdeba da imave sididiT Semcirdeba mSp-is

moculoba.

`...saqonlisa da momsaxurebis...`. mSp-Si CairTve-

ba rogorc warmoebuli materialuri dovlaTi (kvebis

produqtebi, tansacmeli, avtomobili), ise gaweuli mom-

saxureba (binis dalageba, eqimis konsultacia). rodesac

produqciis xelaxali gayidva.

`...yvela...`. mSp-Si SeZlebisdagvarad unda Cair-

Tos kanonierad warmoebuli da gayiduli yvela saqone-

li da momsaxureba, vaSlidan da forToxlidan wignsa

da kinobileTamde, parikmaxeris mier Sesrulebuli Tmis

SeWridan eqimisa da advokatis konsultaciamde.

arsebobs saqonelTa garkveuli jgufebi, romelTa

Rirebuleba ar gaiTvaliswineba mSp-Si misi gansazRvris

sirTulis gamo. maT miekuTvneba aradeklarirebul,

`Crdilovan ekonomikaSi` arakanonieri gziT warmoebu-

li da gayiduli saqoneli (magaliTad, narkotikebi) an

saojaxo meurneobaTa mier Sidasaojaxo moxmarebisaTvis

warmoebuli produqtebi. amitom maRaziaSi SeZenili bost-

neuli gaiTvaliswineba mSp-Si, sakuTar nakveTSi moyvani-

li da ojaxSi moxmarebuli ki _ ara.

msgavs gamoricxvebs zogjer paradoqsul situa-

ciebamde mivyavarT. Tu gazons kreWT da amaSi fuls

gixdian, Tqveni gasamrjelo mSp-Si Seva da Tqveni Sromis

Sedegi (momsaxureba) qveynis saerTo warmoebis nawilad

iqceva, magram Tu Tqven Tqvensave sakuTar gazons kreWT,

Tqveni Sroma mSp-is gamoTvlisas gaTvaliswinebuli ar

iqneba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas ojaxzec, romelic momvle-

lis ayvanis nacvlad amjobinebs skolamdeli asakis bavS-

vebs ojaxis pirobebSi mouaros. Cveni sakuTari Svileb-

is movla mSp-Si ar Sedis.

`...saboloo...`. erTi da imave produqtis orjeran metjer aRricxviT mSp-is sididis arasworad Sefase-

bis Tavidan asacileblad, masSi mxolod saboloo produ-

qti Seitaneba. rodesac kompania International Peper-i awar-moebs qaRalds, romelic gamoiyeneba firma Hallmark-ismier misaloci baraTebis dasamzadeblad, qaRaldi iTv-

369368

qveynis ekonomikur teritoriaze drois Sesabamis mo-

nakveTSi ekonomikis rezidenti erTeulebis mier ekono-

mikuri saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxeobebSi Seqmnili mTliani

damatebuli Rirebulebebis jami.

gamoyenebis (xarjebis) meTodiT gaangariSe-

buli mSp warmoadgens saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sab-

oloo moxmarebis xarjebis, mTliani dagrovebisa da wminda

eqsportis jams. maSasadame, mSp warmodgenilia rogorc

qveynis ekonomikur teritoriaze danaxarjebis jami,

romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa danaxarjebad individu-

alur da koleqtiur moxmarebaze da danaxarjebad kap-

italisa da sabrunavi saSualebebis maragebze (inves-

ticiebze), Sesworebuli wminda eqsportiT.

Semosavlebis meTodiT mSp ganisazRvreba

rogorc saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis proces-

Si monawile rezidenti erTeulebis pirveladi Semosav-

lebis (Sromis anazRaurebis, produqciasa da importze

wminda gadasaxadebis*, mTliani mogebisa** da mTliani

Sereuli Semosavlebis***) jami. maSasadame, mSp warmod-

* maT miekuTvneba: damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, aq-cizi da sabaJo gadasaxadi. termini ̀ wminda` niSnavs, rom gada-saxadebi naCvenebia Sesabamisi subsidiebis gamoklebiT.

** mTliani damatebuli Rirebulebis nawili, romelic rCe-baT mwarmoeblebs (kompaniebs) Sromis anazRaurebisa da war-moebaze wminda gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg.

*** saojaxo meurneobebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli arakor-poraciuli sawarmoebisaTvis, sadac saojaxo meurneobebs Seu-ZliaT awarmoon gadauxdeli SromiTi danaxarjebi. igi moicavsrogorc saojaxo meurneobaTa Sromis anazRaurebas, ise am sawar-moTa mogebas.

Tqven yidulobT sayvareli rok-jgufis kompaqt-disks,

SeiZenT sabazro saqonels da misi Rirebuleba gaiTval-

iswineba mSp-Si. xolo rodesac Tqven yidulobT bi-

leTs am jgufis koncertze dasaswrebad, anazRaurebT

momsaxurebas da am SemTxvevaSic misi Rirebuleba Sedis

mSp-Si.

`...sabazro Rirebuleba`. TqvenTvis, albaT, cno-

bilia gamonaTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikaSi, ariTme-

tikisagan gansxvavebiT, `SeuZlebelia vaSlisa da for-

Toxlis Sekreba`. magram mSp-is gaangariSebisas swored

msgavsi ram xdeba, _ erTian ekonomikur maCvenebelSi jamdeba

mravali sruliad sxvadasxvagvari saqoneli. amaSi gvex-

mareba sabazro fasebis gamoyeneba. Tu erTi vaSli Rirs

forToxalze orjer ufro Zviri, maSin vaSlis wili

mSp-Si orjer meti iqneba.

aSkaraa, rom mSp ekonomikuri aqtivobis Sefasebis

rTuli maCvenebelia, magram misi sityvasityviTi gansazRvre-

bis yovel nawils Tavisi Rrma da saintereso azri

gaaCnia.

mSp-is gaangariSebis meTodebi. mSp-is

gaangariSeba xorcieldeba sami meTodiT:

warmoebis meTodiT mSp ganisazRvreba rezi-

denti ekonomikuri erTeulebis mier sawarmoo saqmiano-

bis Sedegad Seqmnili mTliani damatebuli Rirebulebe-

bis* SejamebiT. maSasadame, mSp warmodgenilia rogorc

* mTliani damatebuli Rirebuleba aris sxvaoba warmoebu-li saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas (mTlian gamoSve-basa) da Sualedur moxmarebas Soris. termini `mTliani` niS-navs, rom maCvenebeli moicavs warmoebis procesSi monawileZiriTadi kapitalis moxmarebas (fizikur da moralur cveTas).

371370

+

ZiriTadi kapitalis mTliani formireba

+

materialuri sabrunavi saSualebebis maragebis cv-

lileba

=

mTliani Sida xarjebi sabazro fasebSi

+

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsporti

_

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis importi

=

mTliani Sida produqti sabazro fasebSi.

mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSeba Se-

mosavlebis mixedviT:

Semosavali dasaqmebidan daricxuli xelfasisa da

danamatebis saxiT, xelfasze daricxuli gadasaxadebis

CaTvliT

+

TviTdasaqmebidan miRebuli Sereuli Semosavali

+

kompaniebis mier saqmianobidan miRebuli mTliani

mogeba

+

qonebis gaqiravebidan daricxuli renta

+

gadasaxadebi warmoebasa da importze

=


saqarTveloSi mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSeba

genilia, rogorc ekonomikuri aqtivobis Sedegad dar-

icxuli Semosavlebis jami.

ufro konkretulad, mSp-is gaangariSebebi xorcield-

eba Semdegi ZiriTadi sqemebiT:

mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSeba war-

moebis mixedviT:

saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT produqciis (saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis) mTliani gamoSveba sabaziso fasebSi

_

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gamoSvebisaTvis gamoy-

enebuli Sualeduri moxmareba

=

mTliani Sida produqti sabaziso fasebSi

+

wminda gadasaxadebi saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze

da importze

=


mTliani Sida produqtis gaangariSeba xar-

jebis mixedviT:

mosaxleobis samomxmareblo xarjebi

+

Sinameurneobebis momsaxure arakomerciuli orga-

nizaciebis mier gaweuli momsaxureba

+

saxelmwifo marTvis organoebis mier gaweuli

koleqtiuri (saxelmwifos marTva, Tavdacva, wesrigisa

da usafrTxoebis dacva) da personaluri (ganaTlebis,

jandacvisa da socialuri momsaxurebis sferoebSi) mom-

saxureba

373372

war

moebis mixed

viT

mTliani gamoSveba (sabaziso

fasebSi)

Sual

eduri moxmareba

damat

ebuli Rir

ebuleba sabaziso

fasebSi

gadasaxadebi produqciaze

subsidiebi produqciaze

wminda gadasaxadebi pr

oduqciaze

mTliani Sida poduqt

i sabazro

fasebSi

Semosavlebis formirebis

mixed

viT

Sromis anazRaureba

xel

fasi

socialuri anaricxebi

cxril

i 7.1

mTl

iani Sida produqtis agregatebi saqarTvel

oSi 19

96-2003 wl

ebSi

mimdinar

e fasebSi, ml

n lar

i

eas

kat

eg.

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

P.1 P.2 B.1g

D.21

D.31

D.2

1-D

.31

B.1g D.1

D.11

D.12

639

6.0

2527.5

3756.9

158.1

46.5

111.6

3868.5

891.2

716.1

175.1

7468.7

2913.7

4285.4

319.5

50.0

269.5

4554.9

1137.2

963.7

173.5

7986.8

2966.7

4781.7

300.4

60.0

240.4

5022.1

1396.4

1147.8

248.6

9032.5

3363.8

5341.7

397.0

70.0

327.0

5668.7

1509.1

1257.3

251.8

10707.5

4059

.7

6.211.9

490.1

54.1

436.0

6647.9

1816.4

1507.6

308.8

12104.7

4648.1

6961.2

550.4

55.0

495.4

7456.6

1787.3

1493.7

293.7

14001.8

5440.7

8039

.0578.3

56.1

522.2

8561.2

1921.0

1513.0

408.0

9628.2

3612.8

5648.6

422.8

56.0

366.8

6015.4

1794.9

1510.8

284.0

mimdinareobs erovnul angariSTa eas-1993 sistemis Se-

sabamisad, kvartaluri periodulobiT.

7.1 cxrilSi asaxulia mTliani Sida produqtis

agregatebis cifrobrivi monacemebi saqarTveloSi 1996-

2003 wlebisaTvis.

sxvadasxva meTodiT gaangariSebuli mSp-is mocu-

lobebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs ar emTxveodes, radganac maTi

informaciuli wyaroebi gansxvavebulia.

nominaluri da realuri mSp. rogorc

aRvniSneT, mSp iTvaliswinebs drois garkveul periodSi

qveynis SigniT warmoebuli yvela saboloo saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis sabazro Rirebulebas. Tu maTi mox-

marebis maCvenebeli wlis ganmavlobaSi gaizarda, amas

SeiZleba mieces oris axsna:

1. ekonomikaSi SeiniSneba warmoebis gadideba;

2. saqoneli da momsaxureba gaZvirda.

mSp-is zrdis gaanalizebisas ekonomistebi cdi-

loben orive mizezis gavlenis gansxvavebas da imis gan-

sazRvras, Tu sinamdvileSi ramdenad gaizarda warmoeba

fasTa zrdisagan damoukideblad. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba

realuri mSp-is maCvenebeli, romelic SesaZleblobas iZleva

vupasuxoT hipoTezur kiTxvas: `rogori iqneba am wels

warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba, Tu

Cven mas gaviangariSebT wina wlebis fasebSi?` msgavsi

midgoma iZleva konkretuli periodisaTvis ekonomikuri

zrdis SedarebiTi analizis Catarebis SesaZleblobas.

imisaTvis, raTa ukeTesad gavigoT Tu rogor gan-

isazRvreba realuri mSp, ganvixilo ricxobrivi ma-

galiTi.

375374

qvemoT motanili 7.2 cxrili asaxavs hipoTezuri

ekonomikis muSaobis Sedegebs, romelSic iwarmoeba mx-

olod ori saxis saqoneli _ Rvezeli da nayini. cxril-

Si motanilia monacemebi maTi gamoSvebis moculobisa da

saqonlis erTeulis gayidvis fasebis Sesaxeb 2001, 2002

da 2003 wlebSi.

gamoSvebuli saqonlis SesaZenad saWiro danaxar-

jebis saerTo sididis gamosaTvlelad unda movZebnoT

cxrili 7.2

nominaluri da realuri mSp

fasebi da warmoebis moculoba

200120022003

200120022003

200120022003

200120022003

wlebiRvezelis

fasi(lari)

Rvezelis war-moebis mocul.

(cali)

nayinisfasi

(lari)

nayinis war-moebis mocul.

(cali)

nominaluri mSp-is gaangariSeba

123

100150200

234

50100150

(1lari X 100Rvezeli) + (2lari X 50nayini)=200 lari(2lari X 150Rvezeli) + (3lari X 100nayini)=600 lari(3lari X 200Rvezeli) + (4lari X 150nayini)=1200 lari

(1lari X 100Rvezeli) + (2lari X 50nayini)=200 lari(1lari X 150Rvezeli) + (2lari X 100nayini)=350 lari(1lari X 200Rvezeli) + (2lari X 150nayini)=500 lari

(200 lari : 200 lari) X 100 = 100%(600 lari : 350 lari) X 100 = 171%(1200 lari : 500 lari) X 100 = 240%

realuri mSp-is gaangariSeba

mSp-is deflatoris gaangariSeba

produqciasa da importze

gadasaxadebs minus su

bsidiebi

gadasaxadebi

subsidiebi

mTliani Sereuli Semosavali

Sereuli Semosavali, wminda

mTliani Sida pr

oduqt

i sabazro

fasebSi

saboloo gamo

yenebis mixed

viT

saboloo moxmarebis xarjebi

ZiriT

adi kapital

is formireba

maragebis cvl

ileba

(+) saqonl

isa da momsaxurebis

eqsporti

(-) saqonl

isa da momsaxurebis

importi

mTliani Sida pr

oduqt

i sabazro

fasebSi

cxril

i 7.1-is gagrZel

eba

mimdinar

e fasebSi, ml

n lar

i

eas

kat

eg.

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

D.2

1-D

.31

D.21

D.31 B.2

B.3

B.1g P.3 P.51

P.52

P.6 P.7 B.1g

111.6

158.1

46.5

2273.0

2193.7

3868.5

4372.0

713.0

39.7

515.5

1252.2

3868.5

269.5

319.5

50.0

2376.0

2295.9

4554.9

5110.6

840.8

-28.3

711.0

1919.6

4554.9

240.4

300.4

60.0

2435.6

2354.5

5022.1

4781.3

961.9

81.2

826.6

1863.6

5022.1

327.0

397.0

70.0

2343.2

2254.1

5668.7

5203.2

1222.7

13.9

1080.2

2159.6

5668.7

366.8

422.8

56.0

2299.2

2204.5

6015.4

5940.2

1214.8

68.5

1389

.6

2397.1

6015.4

436.0

490.1

54.1

2520.1

2415.0

6647.9

5878.1

1378.2

70.0

1632.6

259

4.1

6647.9

495.4

550.4

55.0

2559.4

2452.5

7456.6

659

4.4

1576.8

70.0

2179.3

3161.3

7456.6

522.2

578.3

56.1

3050.6

2931.3

8561.2

7791.6

2005.0

64.4

2726.7

2975.4

8561.2

377376

boda erTi da imave fasebiT.

amrigad, nominaluri mSp asaxavs warmoebuli

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo Rirebulebas

mimdinare fasebSi, xolo realuri mSp _ sabaziso

periodis fasebSi. ramdenadac realuri mSp-is mniS-

vneloba ar ganicdis safaso ryevebis gavlenas, is Sei-

Zleba gamoyenebuli iqnas warmoebis zrdis gasazomad.

Cven gamovTvaleT mSp-is sxvadasxva saxe ekonomikis

efeqtianobis xarisxis gansazRvris mizniT. ramdenadac

realuri mSp-is maCvenebeli asaxavs saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis warmoebis faqtiur moculobas, igi nominalur

mSp-sTan SedarebiT ufro metad gviCvenebs ekonomikis

SesaZleblobas _ daakmayofilos mosaxleobis moTxov-

nilebani. xolo roca saubaria warmoebis gazomvis Sesaxeb,

Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba wina periodTan SedarebiT re-

aluri mSp-is cvlilebis maCvenebeli procentul gamoxat-

ulebaSi.

nominaluri da realuri mSp-is meSveobiT Segvi-

Zlia gamovTvaloT kidev erTi mniSvnelovani maCvenebeli

_ mSp-is deflatori, romelic asaxavs Tanafardobas

mimdinare fasebis donesa da sabaziso periodis fasebis

dones Soris. sxva sityvebiT, mSp-is deflatori axasi-

aTebs ekonomikaSi fasebis da ara warmoebis moculobis

SefardebiT cvlilebas. is gaiangariSeba Semdegnairad:

formulidan cxadi xdeba, Tu mSp-is deflatori

ratom asaxavs swored fasobriv variaciebs _ saqon-

mSp-is deflatori = X 100.nominaluri mSprealuri mSp

yoveli saxeobis produqciis warmoebis moculoba da

erTeulis Rirebuleba. rogorc cxrilidan Cans, 2001

wels warmoebuli iyo 100 Rvezeli da 50 nayini, rom-

lebic iyideboda Sesabamisad cali 1 da 2 larad. mo-

saxleobis danaxarjebma maT SeZenaze Seadgina 200 lari.

warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebis

aseTi maCvenebeli, gamoxatuli mimdinare fasebSi, iwode-

ba nominalur mSp-d.

cxrilSi motanilia monacemebi nominaluri mSp-is

zrdis Sesaxeb 2001 wlis 200 laridan 600 laramde

2002 wels da 1200 laramde 2003 wels. nominaluri

mSp-is zrdis gansazRvruli nawili ganpirobebulia

produqciis gamoSvebis gadidebiT, xolo nawili _ fase-

bis cvlilebebiT.

fasTa donisagan damoukideblad, warmoebuli produ-

qciis moculobis SefasebisaTvis Cven gamoviyenebT re-

alur mSp-is cnebas, romelic asaxavs Seqmnili saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas gaangariSebuls drois

gansazRvruli periodis (sabaziso periodis) mudmiv

fasebSi. sabaziso periodis fasis gamoyeneba SesaZle-

blobas iZleva vawarmooT sxvadasxva wlebis produ-

qciis moculobaTa raodenobrivi Sedareba.

Cvens magaliTSi sabaziso periodad varCevT 2001

wels da misi fasebis Rvezelisa da nayinis gamoSvebis

Sesabamis moculobebze gamravlebiT vRebulobT realuri

mSp-is mniSvnelobebs 2001, 2002 da 2003 wlebSi. Sed-

egad Cven aRmovaCenT mSp-is realur zrdas 2001 wlis

200 laridan 2002 wlis 350 laramde da 500 laramde

2003 wels, rac mowmobs produqciis gamoSvebis mocu-

lobaTa saerTo gadidebaze, ramdenadac gaTvlebi tarde-

379378

wlebis (periodebis) saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fiz-

ikuri moculoba;

p1 da p0,_Sesabamisad, saangariSo da sabaziso wlebSi

(periodebSi) saqonlisa da momsaxurebis erTeulebis

sabazro fasi;

_ sigma (Sejamebis simbolo).

zemoT moyvanili indeqsis mricxvelSi gvaqvs saan-

gariSo periodis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fizikuri

moculobisa da erTeulis sabazro fasebis namravlTa

jami, anu mSp-is saerTo Rirebuleba saangariSo period-

Si, mniSvnelSi ki _ Sesabamisi maCveneblebi sabaziso

periodSi.

maSasadame, mSp-is moculobas rogorc saangariSo,

ise sabaziso periodSi, ori maCvenebeli (saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis fizikuri moculoba da erTeulis fasi)

gansazRvravs. amitom sainteresoa vicodeT, Tu ra gavle-

na moaxdina mSp-is dinamikaze TiToeulma faqtorma cal-

calke. amisaTvis SeiZleba gaangariSebuli iqnas mSp-is

fizikuri moculobis indeqsi:

fasebis indeqsi:

rogorc Cans, TiToeul indeqsSi erTi faqtori

cvalebadia (romlis gavlenac gvsurs gavigoT), xolo

meore _ ucvlelia (mricxvelSic da mniSvnelSic). fiz-

ikuri moculobis indeqsisa da fasebis indeqsis namrav-

Iq = q1p0q0p0

Ip = q1p1q1p0

lisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebis nebismieri cvlile-

ba, maTi warmoebis moculobis Seucvlelad, gavlenas axdens

mxolod nominaluri da ara realuri mSp-is maCvenebelze.

Cvens magaliTSi mSp-is deflatoris gaangariSeba

moyvanilia 7.2 cxrilSi. 2001 wels is toli iyo 100%-

is, 2002 wels _ 171%-is, 2003 wels ki _ 240^%-isa,

saidanac Cans, rom gansaxilvel periodSi fasebi gaizar-

da 2,4-jer.

mSp-is deflatorTan erTad arsebobs fasebis zr-

dis gazomvis sxva maCvenebelic, e.w. samomxmareblo

fasebis indeqsi. igi gamoiTvleba mimdinare wlis fasebis

sabaziso periodis fasebze gayofiT. am maCveneblis dax-

marebiT realuri mSp gaiangariSeba Semdegnairad:

mSp-is gazomva dinamikaSi. ekonomikis ga-

zomva saWiroa ara marto statikaSi, aramed dinamikaSic.

amas sazogadebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis donis cvale-

badobis gasazomad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. mTliani

Sida produqtis cvalebadobis gazomva da am cvaleba-

dobis gamomwvevi faqtorebis gaanalizeba dinamikis in-

deqsebis gamoyenebiTaa SesaZlebeli.

dinamikaSi mSp-is cvalebadobis gasazomi indeqsi,

zogadi formiT, SegviZlia Semdegnairad warmovidginoT:

sadac: I aris mSp-is saerTo indeqsi;

q1 da q0 _ Sesabamisad, saangariSo da sabaziso

realuri mSp = .1nominaluri mSpfasebis indeqsi

I = ,q1p1q0p0

381380

soflis meurneoba,nadiroba da metyeveoba,TevzWeramrewveloba samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba da kareierebis damuSaveba damamuSavebeli mrewveloba eleqtroenergia, airi da wyalmomaragebaSinameurneobebis mierproduqtebisgadamuSaveba sakuTarimoxmarebisaTvis angasayidadmSeneblobasabiTumo da sacalovaWroba, avtomobilebis,sayofacxovrebosaqonlisa da piradisargeblobis nivTebisremontisastumroebi darestornebitransporti dasasawyobo meurneoba

cxrili 7.3

nominaluri mSp-is moculoba, zrdis tempebi

da struqtura, ekonomikuri saqmianobis

saxeobebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi

2003 da 2004 wlebSi

mimdinarefasebSi

(mln lari)

zrdistempi

(procenti)

struqtura(procenti)

2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004

1649.11145.3

75.3

746.1

323.9

370.0547.4

1137.6

244.9

880.6

1589.71298.3

80.4

900.2

317.7

373.6630.6

1312.6

267.0

955.7

110.3108.3

97.9

109.5

109.2

104.7146.6

112.1

114.2

104.4

93.3112.2

84.9

120.1

100.4

98.0107.5

109.5

103.7

105.8

19.313.4

0.9

8.7

3.8

4.36.4

13.3

2.9

10.3

16.213.2

0.8

9.2

3.2

3.86.4

13.4

2.7

9.8

li udris mSp-is saerTo Rirebulebis indeqss:

Iqp = Iq ? Ip.

tolobis sami elementidan Tu viciT romelime

ori maTgani, SegviZlia gavigoT mesamec. magaliTad, Tu

qveynis ganviTarebis indikaturi gegmiT 2007 wlisaTvis

2006 wlis mimarT, mSp-is mateba 20%-iT (Iqp=120%) da

inflaciis wliuri tempidan gamomdinare, fasebis mateba

10%-iTaa (Ip=110%) gaTvaliswinebuli, maSin mSp-is fi-

ikuri moculoba 9,1%-iT (Iq=Iqp/Ip=(120/110)x100=109,1%)

unda gaizardos.

ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT saqar-

Tvelos nominaluri mSp-is moculobis, realuri zrdisa

da struqturis maCveneblebi 2003 da 2004 wlebi-

saTvis asaxulia 7.3 cxrilSi.

wliuri struqturuli statistikuri gamokvle-

vis monacemebis safuZvelze dazustebuli monacemebiT

2003 wels mSp-is moculoba 8560,1 mln laris, xolo

wliuri realuri zrdis tempi 111,1%-is toli iyo.

aRsaniSnavia 2004 wels produqciaze gadasaxadeb-

is mkveTri zrda (realuri sididiT TiTqmis 1,5-jer)

wina welTan SedarebiT. es maCvenebeli axasiaTebs 2004

wels samewarmeo seqtoris saqmianobisa da importis

legalizaciasa da sagadasaxado administrirebis Tvise-

briv gaumjobesebas.

am cvlilebebis Sedegad sabazro fasebSi mSp-is

=q1p1q0p0

xq1p0q0p0

q1p1q1p0

383382

saerTo ekonomikuri zrdis TiTqmis naxevari produq-

ciaze daricxuli gadasaxadebis amoRebasa da sabiuje-

to seqtoris Semosavlebis matebaSi aisaxa.

momdevno 7.4 cxrilSi warmodgenilia saqarTve-

los 2000-2004 wlebis realuri mSp-is kvartaluri

maCveneblebis saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi miRebuli me-

Todebis gamoyenebiT Sesworebuli droiTi mwkrivi.

sezonuri Sesworebebis gaTvaliswinebiT 2004 wels

mSp-is moculoba kvartalebSi wina kvartalTan Sedare-

biT realuri sididiT saSualod 3,3%-iT izrdeboda.

qvemoT motanil 7.1 diagramaze naTlad Cans mSp-is

kvartaluri maCveneblebis sezonuri Sesworebis gareSe

da sezonuri SesworebebiT miRebul droiT mwkrivebs

I kvart.II kvart.III kvart.IV kvart.

I kvart.II kvart.III kvart.IV kvart.

cxrili 7.4

saqarTvelos 2000-2004 wlebis realuri mSp-

is kvartaluri maCveneblebi sezonuri

Sesworebis gareSe da sezonuri

SesworebebiT

(1996 w. fasebSi; mln. lari)

2000

sezonuri Sesworebis gareSe

sezonuri SesworebebiT

1057110012151247

1166110011681186

1102123412331271

1210123611881207

1160123813371371

1271123912961297

1225138514751584

1342138414381494

1342153515531719

1471153315161618

2001 2002 2003 2004

kavSirgabmulobasafinanso Suamavlobaoperaciebi uZraviqonebiT, ijara dakomerciuli saqmianobasaxelmwifos marTva daTavdacvaganaTlebajanmrTelobis dacvada socialurimomsaxurebasxva komunaluri,socialuri dapersonalurimomsaxurebaSinameurneobebSidaqiravebulimomsaxurebafinansuri Suamavlobismomsaxurebisgamoyenebisarapirdapiri SefasebamSp sabaziso fasebSigadasaxadebiproduqciazesubsidiebiproduqciazemSp sabazro fasebSimSp-s deflatori winawlis saSualo fasebismimarT, procentimSp erT sulze, larimSp erT sulze, aSSdolari

cxrili 7.3-is gagrZeleba

mimdinarefasebSi

(mln lari)

zrdistempi

(procenti)

struqtura(procenti)

2003 2004 2003 2004 2003 2004

306.9126.0

517.1

307.6277.8

346.2

249.8

9.4

-77.88037.9

578.3

-56.18560.1

X1879.1

876.5

409.3131.3

512.5

532.3345.7

335.0

337.5

9.2

-75.08965.3

892.1

-57.39800.0

X2160.8

1135.3

136.5118.1

125.2

97.7101.6

101.7

119.4

96.1

104.5112.3

100.4

97.3111.1

103.2X

X

125.5108.7

106.3

104.8100.9

101.0

111.7

100.6

91.0104.8

146.8

97.3108.4

105.9X

X

3.61.5

6.0

3.63.2

4.0

2.9

0.1

-0.993.9

6.8

-0.7100.0

XX

X

4.21.3

5.2

5.43.5

3.4

3.4

0.1

-0.891.5

9.1

-0.6100.0

XX

X

385384

cxril

i 7.5

saqarTvel

os mSp-is gamoyenebis ZiriTadi mimarTul

ebebi xarjebis

kategoriebis mixedviT 2003-2004 wl

ebSi

(mimdinar

e fasebSi; ml

n. lar

i)

mTliani damat

ebuli

Rirebuleba sabaziso

fasebSi

gadasaxadebi produqciaze

subsidiebi produqciaze

mTliani Sida pr

oduqt

isabazro fasebSi

xar

jebi

saboloo

moxmarebaz

eSinameurneobebi

Sinameurneobebis momsaxure

arakomerciuli

organizaciebi

saxel

mwifo mmarTvelobis

organoebi

2003

IIIkv.

IVkv.

wel

isul

I kv.

IIkv.

IIIkv.

IVkv.

1975

.914

5.4-1

2.7

2108

.5

1533

.813

31.2

15.1

187.5

2098.0

164.8

-16.2

2246.6

1530.5

1318.4

15.7

196.3

2288.3

127.0

-15.9

239

9.4

1887.3

1621.4

15.7

250.2

8037.9

578.3

-56.1

8560.1

659

9.6

5750.1

62.8

786.6

1972.5

143.1

-11.5

2104.0

1930

.21644.5

16.0

269.7

2220.3

214.3

-12.9

2421.6

1989

.11642.6

15.3

331.2

2240.8

254

.7-16.7

2478.8

2218.3

1856.1

15.2

346.9

2531.8

280.0

-16.2

2795.6

2324.1

1866.8

15.2

442.1

8965.3

892.1

-57.3

9800.0

8461.7

7010.0

61.8

1390.0

1675.7

141.1

-11.3

1805.6

1648.0

1479.1

16.2

152.6

Ikv.

IIkv.

wel

isul

2004

mTliani Sida pr

oduqt

is gamoyeneba

Soris urTierTgansxvaveba da saerTo tendencia.

da bolos, 7.5 cxrilSi asaxulia saqarTvelos

2003-2004 wlebis mSp-is gamoyenebis ZiriTadi mima-

rTulebebi xarjebis kategoriebis mixedviT

cxrilSi motanili monacemebidan Cans, rom xarje-

bis (gamoyenebis) kategoriebis mixedviT gaangariSebuli

mSp-is struqturaSi saboloo moxmarebis xarjebi, maT-

gan ki Sinameurneobebis samomxmareblo xarjebi yvelaze

msxvili elementia.

ganviTarebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani parametria

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis wminda eqsportis sidide.

misi saldo ki uaryofiTia, rac qveynidan sazRvargareT

finansuri resursebis gawovis da valdebulebebis zr-

diagrama 7.1

saqarTvelos mSp mudmiv (1996 wlis) fasebSi

2000-2004 wlebSi (mln. lari)

1 _ sezonuri Sesworebis gareSe2 _ sezonuri SesworebiT

2000 200 1 2002 2003 2004

1

2

387386

dis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. sagareo vaWrobis defi-

cits nawilobriv faravs wminda transferebi sazRvarg-

areTidan. dafinansebis ufro did wyarod ki ucxouri

pirdapiri investiciebi gvevlineba.

yvela instituciuri seqtoris mixedviT gaangariSe-

buli kapitalis mTliani formirebis wili gamoyenebis

mimarTulebebis mixedviT mSp-is 26,0%-ia, rac ganviTare-

badi ekonomikisaTvis Sesafer maRal maCveneblad unda

CaiTvalos da igi ekonomikuri zrdis karg safuZvels

qmnis.

mSp-is done da ekonomikuri keTild-

Reoba. dasawyisSi Cven mSp davaxasiaTeT rogorc sa-

zogadoebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis saukeTeso maCvene-

beli. axla, rodesac detalurad varT gacnobili am

fenomens, SesaZlebloba gveZleva SevafasoT msgavsi pozici-

is samarTlianoba.

CvenTvis cnobilia, rom mSp asaxavs saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis mwarmoebelTa Semosavlebis saerTo jams

da maT anazRaurebaze danaxarjebis saerTo jams. am-

rigad, mSp-is sidide mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSe-

biT axasiaTebs qveynis abstraqtuli mcxovrebis gasaSu-

alebul Semosavlebsa da danaxarjebs da warmoadgens

misi keTildReobis sazoms.

magram zogierTi sadaod xdis msgavsi midgomis

samarTlianobas. magaliTad, senatori robert kenedi Tavisi

winasaarCevno saprezidento kampaniis dros 1968 wels

gamovida sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis merkantiluri

Sefasebis aseTi emociuri kritikiT:

ìgi (mSp) ar iTvaliswinebs Tqveni bavSvebis jan-

cxril

i 7.5-is gagrZel

eba

individual

uri saqoneli

da momsaxureba

koleqtiuri momsaxureba

(+)

mTliani kapital

isformireba

ZiriT

adi saSual

ebebis

mTliani formireba

maragebis cvl

ileba

faseulobebis SeZena

(+)

saqonl

isa

da

momsaxurebis eqspo

rti

saqonl

is eqsporti

momsaxurebis eqsporti

(_)

saqonl

isa

da

momsaxurebis impo

rti

saqonl

is importi

momsaxurebis importi

(+)

stat

istikuri

cdomileba

(=)

mTliani Sid

aproduqti

sabazro fasebSi

2003

IIIkv.

IVkv.

wel

isul

Ikv.

IIkv.

IIIkv.

IVkv.

81.4

106.0

509.1

483.8

15.3 _

613.1

379.7

233.3

929.3

726.8

202.4

381.8

2108.5

93.6

102.8

534.6

518.5

16.1_

877.8

600.2

277.6

1120.1

890.6

229.5

423.8

2246.6

97.5

152.7

565.7

548.7

17.0 _

772.8

536.7

236.1

1144.4

930

.7213.7

318.0

239

9.4

362.3

424.4

2066.0

2003.8

62.2 _

2726.7

1777.4

949.3

3975.4

3142.0

833.3

1143.1

8560.1

129.0

140.7

562.2

549.1

13.1 _

576.3

340.8

235.5

958.1

752.2

205.9

-6.5

2104.0

168.5

162.7

616.7

602.2

14.5 _

842.0

613.5

228.4

1164.6

929.2

236.4

138.4

2421.6

163.6

183.3

656.3

640.9

15.4 _

779.8

493.8

286.0

1226.9

981.1

245.8

51.3

2478.8

194.5

247.6

717.7

684.1

33.6 _

753.1

519.9

233.2

1104.6

888.7

215.9

105.3

2795.6

655.7

734.3

2552.9

2476.3

76.6 _

2951.1

1968.0

983.1

4454.2

3551.2

902.9

288.5

9800.0

89.8

62.8

456.6

442.9

13.8 _

463.0

260.8

202.3

781.6

594.0

187.6

19.6

1805.6

Ikv.

IIkv.

wel

isul

2004

389388

CanarTi 7.1 mSp-isa da cxovrebis

xarisxis kavSiri sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

mSp-is maCvenebeli sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ekono-

mikuri keTildReobis doneTa Sedarebis moxerxe-

buli instrumentia, ramdenadac mdidar da Rarib

saxelmwifoebSi mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze gaan-

gariSebiT SeiZleba arsebiTad gansxvavdebodes.

TiToeuli qveynisaTvis, rogorc wesi, rac ufro

maRalia es maCvenebeli, miT maRalia misi mo-

qalaqeebis cxovrebis xarisxi.

saerTod, Semosavlebis dabali donis qveyne-

bad Tvlian im qveynebs, romelTaTvisac mSp-is

moculoba, mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSe-

biT, weliwadSi 785 aSS dolars ar aRemateba,

saSualo donis Semosavlebis qveyanaSi es maCvene-

beli 786-dan 9655-mde aSS dolaris farglebSi

meryeobs, xolo maRali donis Semosavlebis qvey-

nebSi _ 9656 aSS dolarze maRalia.

qvemoT motanil 7.6 cxrilSi warmodgenilia

mSp-is saSualosuladobrivi, mosaxleobis sic-

ocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobisa da ganaTlebu-

lobis maCveneblebi msoflios 13 qveynis mixed-

viT. es monacemebi TvalsaCino demonstrirebas

akeTebs imisas, rom iseT mdidar qveynebSi, rogoricaa

aSS, iaponia da germania, adamianebi cocxloben

saSualod 75 welze ufro met xans da maTSi

miRweulia TiTqmis sayovelTao (99%-iani) ga-

naTlebuloba. Rarib qveynebSi (nigeria, banglade-

Si, indoeTi, pakistani) ki sicocxlis saSualo

mrTelobis mdgomareobas, skolis niSnebs, sixarulsa da

mxiarulebas. masSi ar Sedis poeziis silamaze, ojaxuri

urTierTobebis simtkice, politikuri diskusiebis in-

teleqtualuri done an saxelmwifo moxeleTa patios-

neba. masSi araferia Cveni gabedulebidan, sibrZnidan da

samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebidan. is Tavis TavSi Seicavs

yvelafers, garda imisa, rac Cvens cxovrebas amSvenebs da

yvelafers mogviTxrobs amerikis Sesaxeb, garda imisa, Tu

ratom vamayobT imiT, rom amerikelebi varT`.

ra Tqma unda, bevr rameSi robert kenedi marTali

iyo. magram maSin ratomaa CvenTvis esoden mniSvnelovani

mSp-is maCvenebeli?

saqme imaSia, rom maRali mSp SesaZleblobas gva-

Zlevs gaviumjobesoT Cveni cxovreba. marTalia, is ar

iTvaliswinebs Cveni bavSvebis janmrTelobis mdgomare-

obas an maTi swavlebis xarisxs, magram qveyanas mSp-is

maRali doniT eZleva saSualeba mniSvnelovnad meti xar-

jebi gaiRos janmrTelobis dacvasa da ganaTlebaze. mSp

aranairad ar asaxavs Cvens kulturas, patiosnebas, gabed-

ulebas, sibrZnes an samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebas, magram

am Tvisebebis Camoyalibeba bevrad ufro advilia, rode-

sac adamiani naklebadaa dakavebuli yoveldRiuri mate-

rialuri problemebis gadawyvetiT. ra Tqma unda, mSp-s

ar SeuZlia Seafasos is, rac Cvens cxovrebas xdis mdgrads,

magram is asaxavs Cveni cxovrebis Rirseulad warmarTvis

SesaZleblobebs (ix. CanarTi 7.1).

unda davamatoT, rom mSp-s, rogorc qveynis ganvi-

Tarebisa da sazogadoebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis

gamzoms, gaaCnia sxva naklovanebebic.

uwinares yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia is, rom mSp ar iTval-

391390

iswinebs Tavisufali drois problemas. wuTierad war-

movidginoT situacia, rodesac mTeli Sromisunariani

mosaxleoba muSaobs kviris Svidive dRes. eWvgareSea,

rom es gamoiwvevda saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoe-

bis gadidebas da mSp-is zrdas, magram saeWvoa, rom gaaum-

jobesebda Cvens cxovrebas, ramdenadac Tavisufali drois

SezRudvis uaryofiTi Sedegebi gadaametebda yvela mate-

rialur SenaZens.

da ganaTlebuloba (99,7%).

Tumca, cxrilSi ar aris CarTuli monaceme-

bi cxovrebis xarisxis sxva aspeqtebis Sesaxeb,

magram, rogorc wesi, isini dakavSirebulia sax-

elmwifos ekonomikur keTildReobasTan. qvynebSi,

sadac dabalia mSp-is maCvenebeli erT sul mo-

saxleze gaangariSebiT, ufro meti bavSvebi ibadeba

arasakmarisi woniT, maRalia bavSvTa da dedaTa

sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli, xSirad Cndeba produ-

qtebisa da sasmeli wylis deficitis problema,

skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis naklebi raodenoba

dadis skolaSi, isini ki, vinc swavloben, iZule-

bulni arian imecadinon gadavsebul klasebSi.

Rarib qveynebSi savalaloa gzebis mdgomareoba,

dabalia eleqtrofikaciisa da telefonizaciis

done. ase rom, problemis saerTaSoriso masSta-

biT analizi eWvs ar gvitovebs mSp-is saSualo-

suladobrivi moculobisa da mosaxleobis cx-

ovrebis donis pirdapir kavSirSi.

xangrZlivoba Seadgens daaxloebiT 60 wels da

maTi mozrdili mosaxleobis mxolod daaxloe-

biT naxevarma icis wera da kiTxva. cxrilSi

moyvanili qveynebidan am mxriv gamonaklisia sa-

qarTvelo, sadac, mSp-is saSualosuladobrivi

maCveneblis yvelaze dabali donis (877 aSS

dolari) miuxedavad, sakmaod maRalia mosaxle-

obis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba (72 weli)

cxrili 7.6

mSp-is saSualosuladobrivi moculobis,

mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo

xangrZlivobisa da ganaTlebulobis

maCveneblebi msoflios 13 qveynisaTvis

(2002 w.)

aSSiaponiagermaniameqsikabraziliaruseTiindoneziaCineTiindoeTipakistanibangladeSinigeriasaqarTvelo

qveyana

realurimSp

mosaxleobiserT sulze,aSS dolari

sicocxlissaSualo

xangrZlivoba,weli

mosaxleobisganaTlebuloba,

%

29010240702126083706480437034903130167015601050920877

77807772676765706364585072

99999999849985835341395999

393392

ur keTildReobaze laparaki zedmetia da socialuri

viTarebac Zalze daZabulia.

mSp-is Tanabari moculobis pirobebSi sazogadoe-

bis keTildReoba damokidebulia saboloo saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis sabazro fasebis doneze. Tu aviRebT

or iseT qveyanas, romelTa saSualo suladobrivi mSp

erTnairi moculobisaa, magram fasebis done gansxvavebu-

li, im qveyanaSi, sadac fasebi SedarebiT dabalia, sazoga-

doebis realuri keTildReobis done ufro maRali iqneba

da, piriqiT.

da bolos, erTxel kidev unda aRiniSnos rom, Tum-

ca mSp adekvaturad asaxavs sazogadoebrivi keTildRe-

obis mraval aspeqts, magram igi ar iTvaliswinebs cx-

ovrebis donis zogierT mniSvnelovan Tvisobriv Semad-

genels da es arasodes unda iqnas daviwyebuli.

mTliani erovnuli produqti da mTliani Sida

produqti qmnis bazas sxva agregirebuli makroeko-

nomikuri maCveneblebis gaangariSebisaTvis.

wminda erovnuli produqti. mep-isa da

mSp-is maCveneblebis erT-erTi arsebiTi naklia is, rom

isini moicaven ara marto im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

Rirebulebas, romelic gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis cxovre-

bis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis, aramed imasac, romel-

ic gamoiyeneba gacveTili ZiriTadi kapitalis (Senoba-

nagebobebis, manqana-mowyobilobebis) aRsadgenad. sazoga-

doebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis amaRlebisaTvis ga-

mosayenebeli saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis namd-

vili sididis dasadgenad wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebu-

li kapitaluri saqonlis moculobas unda gamovakloT

ramdenadac mSp-is gaangariSebisas gamoiyeneba saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis sabazro fasebi, is moicavs mx-

olod bazriT gaSualebuli Sromis Sedegebs da ver

gamoxatavs realur socialur faseulobebs. bavSvebis

aRzrda da moxaliseTa saqmianoba, usityvod, didi wv-

lilia sazogadoebis keTildReobaSi, magram isini ver

hpoveben adekvatur asaxvas ekonomikis mTlian maCvenebleb-

Si da maT Soris mSp-Si. Tu erT-erTi mSobeli gadaw-

yvets Seamciros samuSao kvira, raTa meti dro gaataros

bavSvTan, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba Semcirde-

ba, rac aisaxeba mSp-is sidideze, magram gardauvlad ar

gamoiwvevs ojaxis cxovrebis xarisxis dacemas.

mSp verc sazogadoebis winaSe mdgar ekologiur

problemebs iTvaliswinebs. rogorc cnobilia, mravali

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba dakavSirebulia

garemos dabinZurebasTan, ris gamoc sazogadoebrivi dan-

axarjebi izrdeba. mSp-Si aisaxeba mxolod warmoebuli

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro fasebi, maSin rode-

sac misi WeSmariti realuri faseuloba unda gamoiTva-

los rogorc sxvaoba am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

sabazro fassa da garemos dabinZurebasTan dakavSire-

bul socialur danaxarjebs Soris. imis gamo, rom mSp-

is aRricxvisas aRniSnuli garemoeba gaTvaliswinebuli

ar aris, es maCvenebeli srulad ver asaxavs sazogadoe-

bis keTildReobis dones.

mSp sazogadoebis keTildReobis arasruli maCvene-

belia imitomac, rom masSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli

mocemuli qveynis Semosavlebis doneTa uTanabroba. rode-

sac mSp qveynis mosaxleobis mdidar da Rarib fenebs

Soris uTanabrod aris ganawilebuli, qveyanaSi social-

395394

da gamovaklebT mimdinare transferebis gacemas sazR-

vargareT, miviRebT wminda erovnul gankargvad Semo-

savals.

piradi Semosavali. erovnuli Semosavali

gansxvavdeba piradi Semosavlisagan. es imiT aixsneba, rom

gamomuSavebuli Semosavlis nawili (Senatanebi social-

ur dazRvevaze, gadasaxadi sawarmos mogebaze da sawar-

mos gaunawilebeli mogeba) faqtobrivad ar xvdeba sao-

jaxo meurneobis pirad moxmarebaSi. piriqiT, saojaxo

meurneobaSi moxvedrili Semosavlis nawili (transfer-

uli gadasaxdelebi) ar warmoadgens SromiTi saqmiano-

bis Sedegs. erovnuli Semosavlisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic

gamomuSavebuli Semosavlis maCvenebelia, piradi Semo-

savali faqtobrivad miRebuli Semosavalia. mTliani

piradi Semosavlis (mpS) gaangariSebisaTvis saWiroa

erovnul Semosavals daakldes SromiT gamomuSave-

buli, magram miuRebeli Semosavali (socialuri

dazRvevis anaricxebi, mogebis gadasaxadi, gaunawilebeli

mogebis naSTi) da daematos Semosavali, romelic

araa dakavSirebuli mimdinare SromiTi saqmiano-

bis SedegTan _ saxelmwifo transferuli gada-

saxdelebi (pensiebi da daxmarebebi sazogadoebis garkveu-

li fenebisaTvis).

Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, moqalaqeTa piradi Semo-

savalic ibegreba sxvadasxva gadasaxadebiT, romelTa Soris

mTavaria saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. ai, ratomaa, rom indi-

vidTa srul gankargulebaSi gadadis mTliani piradi

Semosavlis mxolod is nawili, romelic rCeba yvela

individualuri gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg. aseT maCve-

is nawili, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia gacveTili Zir-

iTadi kapitalis Sesacvlelad (amortizacia). erovnul

angariSTa sistemaSi saamortizacio anaricxebi figur-

irebs rogorc ̀ ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba`. Tu mep-

s gamoakldeba amortizacia, miviRebT wminda erovnul

produqts (wep), anu saboloo saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis im nawils, romelic realurad emateba

erovnul ekonomikas.

erovnuli Semosavali. Tu wminda erovnul

produqts davumatebT pirveladi Semosavlebis miRebas

danarCeni msofliodan da gamovaklebT pirveladi Semo-

savlebis gadaxdas danarCeni msofliosaTvis, miviRebT

mTlian erovnul Semosavals (meS).

meS-Si Sedis saxelmwifos mier dadgenili ara-

pirdapiri gadasaxadebi (gadasaxadi damatebul Rire-

bulebaze, aqcizi, sabaJo gadasaxadi da sxv.). arapirdapi-

ri gadasaxadi gadasaxadebis gansakuTrebuli saxea, romel-

ic emateba sawarmoebis mier dadgenil fasebs. ase, magal-

iTad, aSS-Si isini Seadgenen meS-is 10%-s. aseT gadasax-

adebs ixdian momxmareblebi, am nawiliT kargaven ra Ta-

vianT Semosavlebs, romelsac Rebulobs saxelmwifo. Tu

meS-idan gamovricxavT arapirdapir gadasaxadebs, miviRebT

wminda erovnuli Semosavlis (weS) maCvenebels ,

anu materialuri warmoebisa da aramaterialuri

momsaxurebis sferoebis yvela monawilis Semo-

savlebis (renta, xelfasi, sargebeli, samewarmeo

mogeba) erTobliobas.

Tavis mxriv, Tu wminda erovnul Semosavals davu-

matebT mimdinare transferebis miRebas sazRvargareTidan

397396

nax. 7.1. makroekonomikur maCvenebelTaTanafardoba

mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)

mTliani Sida produqti (mSp)

wminda erovnuli produqti (wep)

mTliani erovnuli Semosavali (meS)

wminda erovnuli Semosavali (weS)

wminda erovnuli gankargvadi Semosavali (wegS)

mTliani piradi Semosavali (mpS)

wminda piradi gankargvadi Semosavali (wpgS)

ucxoelTa sakuTrebaSi arsebuli warmoebis faq-torebiT mocemuli qveynis sazRvrebSi Seqmnilisaboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebaerovnuli warmoebis faqtorebiT sazRvargareTSeqmnili saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebisRirebuleba

ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmareba (amortizacia)

pirveladi Semosavlebis miReba danarCeni msofliodanpirveladi Semosavlebis gadaxda danarCeni msof-liosaTvis

arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi

mimdinare transferebis miReba sazRvargareTidanmimdinare transferebis gacema sazRvargareT

saxelmwifo transferuli gadasaxdelebiSromiT gamomuSavebuli, magram miuRebeli Semosavali(soc. dazRvevis anaricxebi da sxv.)

moqalaqeTa individualuri gadasaxadebi

=

=

=

=

=

=

=

+

_

_

+_

_

+_

+_

_

nebels ekonomikaSi wminda pirad gankargvad Semosa-

vals (wpgS) uwodeben. aSS-Si piradi gankargvadi Semo-

savali Seadgens mep-is daaxloebiT 70%-s. mis xarjze

xorcieldeba samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxureb-

is SeZena (daaxloebiT 95%) da piradi danazogis Camoy-

alibeba.

amrigad, adamianebi maT gankargulebaSi arsebul

Semosavals yofen or nawilad: Semosavlis erTi nawili

moixmareba (moxmarebis fondi), meore nawili ki daizoge-

ba (danazogis fondi). sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, mox-

marebis sidide pirdapir damokidebulia wminda piradi

gankargvadi Semosavlis moculobaze. rac ufro metia

es ukanaskneli, miT metia moxmarebis sidide da, piriqiT.

es damokidebuleba maTematikurad Semdegnairad war-

mogvidgeba: c=c(r ? t) , sadac c aris moxmareba, r _ ekonomi-kaSi warmoebuli produqti, t _ gadasaxadi.

es gantoleba miuTiTebs, rom moxmareba aris wmin-

da piradi gankargvadi Semosavlis funqcia. moxmarebisa

da wminda piradi gankargvadi Semosavlis aseTi damok-

idebuleba ekonomikaSi cnobilia moxmarebis funqci-

is saxelwodebiT.

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri

maCveneblebis Tanafardoba sqematuradaa warmodgenili

7.1 naxazze. 7.7 cxrilSi ki asaxulia saqarTvelos

mTliani Sida produqtisa da TanmimdevrobiT misgan

miRebuli erovnuli angariSebis sxva ganzogadebuli

agregatebis maCveneblebi 1996-2003 wlebSi.

399398(+) kapital

uri transf

erebis

miReba sazRvargareTidan

(-) kapital

uri transf

erebis

gacema sazRvargareT

(=) kapital

is wminda Rir

ebulebis

cvl

ileba danazogebisa da

kapital

uri transf

erebis

Sedegad

(-) mTliani kapit

alis formireba

(+) ZiriT

adi kapital

is moxmareba

(-) arawarmoebuli arafinansu

ri

aqtivebis wminda Sesyidva

(-) st

atistikuri gansxvaveba

(=)

wmind

a dakred

iteba

(+),

wmind

a sesx

eba

(-)

cxril

i 7.7-is gagrZel

eba

mimdinar

e fasebSi, ml

n lar

i

eas

kat

eg.

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

D.9

D.9

B.8+

D.9

P.51

K.1

K.2

B.9

58.5

0.0

-732.3

752.7

304.5

0.0

-519.9

-661.0

0.0

8.4

-527.4

812.5

383.6

0.0

-159

.6

-706.6

0.0

-8.4

287.8

1043.1

516.4

0.0

234

.7

-473

0.0

14.2

480.8

1236.6

661.6

0.0

308.3

-402.5

0.0

10.7

272.6

1448.2

706.0

0.0

-38.2

-431.3

59.4

19.0

164.5

1646.8

770.7

0.0

-318.9

-392.7

59.9

17.2

210.3

2069.4

898.1

0.0

-207.6

-753.3

0.0

9.4

-66.5

1283.3

630.6

0.0

-200.6

-518

mTliani Sid

a pr

oduqt

i(+) pirveladi Semosavl

ebis miR

eba

danarCeni mso

fliodan

(-) pirveladi Semosavl

ebis

gadaxda danarCeni mso

flio

saTvis

(=)

mTliani er

ovnuli

Semosavali

(-)Zir

iTadi kapital

is moxmareba

(=)

wmind

a er

ovnuli Semosaval

i

(+)mimdinare transf

erebis miR

eba

sazRvargareTidan

(-) mimdinare transf

erebis gacema

sazRvargareTidan

(=) wmind

a er

ovnuli

gankar

gvadi Semosaval

i

(-) saboloo moxmareba

(=)

wmind

a danaz

ogi

cxril

i 7.7

mTl

iani Sida produqtisa da erovnul

angariSTa sistemis sxva

agregatul

i maCvenebl

ebi saqarTvel

oSi 19

96-2003 wl

ebSi

(mimdinar

e fasebSi, ml

n lar

i)

eas

kat

eg.

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

B.1g

D.1-

D.4

D.1-

D.4

B.5g K.1

B.5n

D.5-

D.7

D.5-

D.7

B.6n P.3 B.8

3868.5

7.0

95.9

3779.6

304.5

3475.1

106.1

0.0

3581.2

4373.0

-790.8

4554.9

242.1

76.8

4720.3

383.6

4446.7

266.6

11.7

459

1.6

5110.6

-519.0

5022.1

338.8

72.4

5288.5

516.4

4772.1

305.0

16.4

5060.7

4781.3

279.4

5668.7

422.4

128.4

5962.8

661.6

5301.2

463.0

65.9

5698.2

5203.2

495.0

6647.9

202.7

135.4

6715.2

706.0

6009.2

510.7

36.2

6482.7

6199.4

283.3

7456.6

364.6

279.3

7541.9

770.7

6771.2

539.4

75.8

7234.8

7110.7

124.0

8561.2

384.7

311.1

8634.7

898.1

7736.7

467.6

88.6

8115.7

7948.0

167.7

6015.4

352.4

120.6

6247.3

630.6

5616.7

322.4

55.9

5883.1

5940.2

-57.1

401400

ba _ rogorc mSp-s gamoklebuli sazogadoebiskeTildReobaze uaryofiTad moqmedi faqtorebida damatebuli arasabazro saqmianoba da Tavisu-fali dro (gamoxatuli fuladi formiT).

Tanamedrove pirobebSi ganviTarebul qveynebSi didi

yuradReba eqceva cxovrebis xarisxobriv maCveneblebs,

rac agregirebuli saxiT asaxvas hpovebs wek-is maCvenebel-

Si. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa germaniis saxalxo

meurneobis institutis gamokvleva, romliTac qveynebi

ranJirebulia adamianuri kapitalis ganviTarebis donis

mixedviT. mis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoyenebulia 37 sxva-

dasxva maCvenebeli. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia iseTi maCveneble-

bi, rogoricaa pirovnuli Tavisufleba, kaloriis mox-

mareba, bavSvTa sikvdilianoba, Sromisunariani mosaxleo-

bis dasaqmebis saSualo wliuri zrda, sufTa wylis

xelmisawvdomoba, energiis moxmareba erT sulze da a.S.

magaliTad, iseTi maCvenebliT, rogoricaa pirovnebis Tavisu-

fleba, pirveli adgili uWiravs aSS-s, meore _ kanadas,

mesame _ iaponias; janmrTelobis dacvis ganviTarebis

donis mixedviT pirvel adgilzea dania, meoreze _ Svei-

caria, mesameze _ gfr; umaRlesi ganaTlebis doniT

pirvelzea aSS, meoreze _ kanada, mesameze _ Sveicaria da

a.S. keTildReobis dones yvelaze zustad gansazRvravs

àdamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi`, romelic axasi-

aTebs adamianis cxovrebis xarisxs da moicavs Semdeg

ZiriTad parametrebs: Semosavali mosaxleobis erT sulze;

sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba; ganaTlebis done.

zemoT CamoTvlili makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi

organul kavSirSia erovnul simdidresTan. rac ufro

didia erovnuli simdidris moculoba da efeqtiania

misi struqtura, miT maRalia qveyanaSi warmoebul sxva

wminda ekonomikuri keTildReoba.

ekonomikur mecnierebasa da sameurneo praqtikaSi Se-

darebiT axali makroekonomikuri maCvenebelia wmindaekonomikuri keTildReoba (wek). igi, uwinares yov-lisa, emyareba monacemebs wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi

Seqmnili mSp-is Sesaxeb. magram, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,

es ukanaskneli srulad ver asaxavs realur mdgomare-

obas. magaliTad, masSi araa gaTvaliswinebuli iseTi

saqmianobis Sedegebi, rogoricaa: moxucebis, avadmyofebi-

sa da bavSvebis movla ojaxis pirobebSi; ojaxis keTil-

mowyoba; repetitoroba da Semosavlis sxva analogiuri

wyaroebi; sakuTari ZalebiT Sesrulebuli binis remon-

ti, sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebis xangrZlivi moxmareb-

is sagnebis SekeTeba, romelic aumjobesebs cxovrebis

pirobebs; Crdilovani ekonomikis iseTi elementebi, rogor-

icaa garTobis aralegaluri saxeobebi, reketi, narko-

tikebis warmoeba-gasaReba da a.S., rac uaryofiTad mo-

qmedebs sazogadoebis keTildReobaze.

mSp-Si araa asaxuli warmoebis ganviTareba-gafar-

Toebis mravali negatiuri Sedegic: resursebis gamofitva,

warmoebis narCenebiTa da gamonabolqvi airebiT garemos

dabinZureba da sxv., rac aseve auaresebs sazogadoebis

cxovrebis pirobebs. am maCvenebelSi ara marto ar aris

asaxuli, aramed gaangariSebis meTodikac araa SemuSave-

buli sazogadoebis keTildReobis amaRlebis iseTi mniS-

vnelovani komponentebisa, rogoricaa saojaxo pirobeb-

Si dasveneba da Tavisufali drois gadideba.

sazogadoebis keTildReobaze am faqtorTa zegav-

lenis gaTvaliswinebis SesaZleblobas iZleva wek-is

maCvenebeli, romelic mecnieruli analizis sagnad pirve-

lad aqcies u.nordhausma da j.tobinma. wek gaiangariSe-

403402

Si (kvartalis, wlis ganmavlobaSi) qveynis ekonomikis

mimdinare da wina periodebTan SedarebiT ganviTarebis

tendenciebis raodenobriv daxasiaTebas; asaxavs erovnu-

li ekonomikis struqturas, umTavres proporciebs

ekonomikis seqtorebs Soris da, danarCen msofliosTan

ekonomikuri operaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qveynis ekonomi-

kaSi warmoebis, Semosavlebisa da danaxarjebis ganxor-

cielebis Sedegebs.

erovnul angariSTa sistema sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebuli standartebiT dain-

erga.

saqarTvelos erovnuli angariSebis meTodur safuZ-

vels warmoadgens gaero-s evrogaerTianebis komisiis,

ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaci-

is, msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-

dis mier rekomendirebuli erovnul angariSTa 1993 wlis

(SNA-93) sistemis standartuli meTodologia.

erovnuli angariSebis meSveobiT SeiZleba gan-

isazRvros makroekonomikis normaluri mdgomareobis miR-

wevis xarisxi. misi Sedegebi farTod gamoiyeneba war-

moebis moculobisa da struqturis, qveynis xarjebis,

investiciebis, moxmarebis, dabegvris da erovnuli meur-

neobis sxva parametrebis ekonomikuri prognozirebi-

saTvis. es angariSebi erovnuli ekonomikis struqturis

Seswavlisa da srulyofis, mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis

uzrunvelyofis safuZveli da instrumentia.

makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa moculoba da, piriqiT _

rac ufro maRalia am ukanasknelTa zrdis tempebi da

matebis absoluturi sidide, miT ufro izrdeba mocemu-

li qveynis erovnuli simdidre.

amrigad, Cven ganvixileT ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri

maCveneblebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba

erovnuli angariSwarmoebis organizeba.

erovnuli angariSebi da angariSwar-

moeba. ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba moiTx-

ovs Taviseburi erovnuli buRalteriis Seqmnas.

sabuRaltro aRricxvis erT-erTi ZiriTadi prin-

cipia buRaltrul balansSi ormagi Caweris warmoeba.

buRaltruli angariSebis erT nawilSi Caiwereba Semo-

savlebi, xolo meoreSi _ gasavlebi. mniSvnelovani prin-

cipia Semosavlebisa da gasavlebis toloba. momxmare-

belTa xarjebi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenaze war-

moadgens am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoebelTa

Semosavlebs. mSp-is maCvenebeli erTdroulad zomavs

rogorc yvela sameurneo erTeulis erTobliv Semosavals,

ise saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaze gaweuli xar-

jebis saerTo moculobas qveyanaSi.

aqedan gamomdinareobs mTeli qveynis masStabiT

sameurneo saqmianobis yovlismomcveli aRricxvis war-

moebis SesaZlebloba. aseTi aRricxva xorcieldeba

erovnul angariSTa sistemis saxiT.

erovnul angariSTa sistema (eas) aris qveynis

ekonomikis balansebisa da cxrilebis logikurad Tan-

mimdevruli, saerTaSoriso doneze SeTanxmebuli angariSe-

bis sistema, romelic moicavs drois garkveul monakveT-

405404

b. mTliani Sida produqti;

g. erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produqti;

d. firmebisa da saojaxo meurneobaTa Semosav-

lebi.

5. erovnul angariSTa sistemaSi gaero-s mier

mTavar makroekonomikur maCveneblad rekomendire-

bulia:

a. wminda erovnuli produqti;

b. wminda erovnuli Semosavali;

g. mTliani Sida produqti;

d. mTliani erovnuli produqti.

6. mTliani erovnuli produqti asaxavs:

a. qveynis teritoriaze saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis warmoebaze gaRebuli danaxarjebis erTobliobas;

b. qveynis erTobliv danaxarjs saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis warmoebaze rogorc saxelmwifos teri-

toriaze, aseve sazRvargareT;

g. qveynis teritoriaze miRebul erTobliv Se-

mosavals, maT Soris im faqtorebis xarjzec, romelic

ucxoelTa sakuTrebaSia;

d. qveynis teritoriaze ucxoelTa sakuTrebaSi

arsebuli faqtorebiT warmoebuli yvela saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis Rirebulebas.

7. mTlian Sida produqtSi aRiricxeba saba-

zro Rirebuleba:

a. kvartalis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli yvela

produqtisa;


SemowmebisaTvis

1 . m a kro eko nom i kaS i urTierSe m av s e bel

maCveneblebs miekuTvneba:

a. umuSevroba da inflacia;

b. ekonomikuri zrdis tempi da dasaqmeba;

g. inflacia da saqonlis Semotana;

d. umuSevroba da saqonlis gatana.

2. qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis gar-

egan muqarebs qmnis:

a. erovnuli warmoebis dacema;

b. sursaTiT qveynis mosaxleobis uzrunvely-

ofis Semcireba;

g. saxelmwifos sameurneo Zalebis wyaroebis

moSla;

d. masobrivi umuSevroba qveyanaSi.

3. erovnul angariSTa sistema pirvelad daa-

muSava:

a. jorj tobinma;

b. uiliam nordhausma;

g. pol samuelsonma;

d. sten kuznecma.

4. Tanamedrove makroekonomikur maCveneblebs

miekuTvneba:

a. firmis warmoebis xarjebi;

?

407406

11. Tu wminda erovnul Semosavals davumatebT

mimdinare transferebis miRebas sazRvargareTidan

da gamovaklebT mimdinare transferebis gacemas

sazRvargareT, miviRebT:

a. mTlian erovnul Semosavals;

b. wminda erovnul produqts;

g. wminda erovnul gankargvad Semosavals;

d. pirad Semosavals.

12. wminda ekonomikuri keTildReobis maCvene-

beli mecnieruli analizis sagnad pirvelad aq-

cies:

a. niordhausma da tobinma;

b. makkonelma da brium;

g. samuelsonma da kuznecma;

d. fiSerma, dornbuSma da Smalenzma.

b. wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli yvela Suale-

duri produqtisa;

g. kvartalis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli yvela

saboloo produqtisa;

d. wlis ganmavlobaSi qveynis SigniT warmoebu-

li yvela saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebisa.

8. nominaluri mSp-is ralur mSp-sTan pro-

centuli SefardebiT miiReba:

a. samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi;

b. mSp-is deflatori;

g. mSp-is fizikuri moculobis indeqsi;

d. mSp-is saerTo Rirebulebis indeqsi.

9. qveyanaSi cxovrebis done amaRldeba, Tuki:

a. mSp da mosaxleoba erTnairi tempebiT gaizrde-

ba;

b. gaizrdeba realuri mSp erT sul mosaxleze;

g. mosaxleoba mSp-ze metad gaizrdeba;

d. Semcirdeba warmoeba da moxmareba.

10. realuri mSp-is naklovaneba imaSi mdgo-

mareobs, rom igi:

a. ar Seicavs warmoebuli, magram gauyidavi saqon-

lis Rirebulebas;

b. koreqtirebuli ar aris inflaciis tempis

gaTvaliswinebiT;

g. ugulvebelyofs wminda eqsports;

d. ar Seicavs aralegalurad gayidul saqonel-

sa da momsaxurebas.

409408

wina TemaSi erovnul angariSTa sistemis maCvene-

belTa Cvens mier Catarebuli analizi iyo, upiratesad,

statikuri. igi faqtobrivad warmoadgenda erovnuli

ekonomikis momentalur gadaRebas, anu mis suraTs. dro-

Si ekonomikuri cvlilebis sruli aRwera ki moiTxovs

analizis gadayvanas dinamikaSi, anu filmiseburi msv-

lelobis micemas.

aqedanve saWiroa erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT ori cneba:

ekonomikuri zrda da ekonomikuri ganviTareba. meore

ufro farTo Sinaarsis cnebaa, vidre pirveli. ekonomikuri

ganviTareba, garda ekonomikuri zrdisa, Tavis TavSi moicavs

cxovrebis xarisxis amaRlebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, uaR-

resad rTuli da mravalmxrivi procesia.

garda amisa, raodenobrivi ekonomikuri zrda (produ-

qciis moculobis mateba) da ekonomikuri progresi (gan-

viTareba) erTi da igive rodia. amerikeli ekonomisti

pol xeine ambobs: èkonomikuri zrda mdgomareobs ara

nivTebis warmoebis gadidebaSi, aramed simdidris ga-

didebaSi`. amasTan, ekonomikur progress (ganviTarebas)

da simdidris gadidebas (zrdas) maSin aqvs adgili,

rodesac raodenobriv zrdas Tan sdevs xarisxobrivi

maCveneblebis gaumjobeseba: Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa

da produqciis xarisxis amaRleba, sazogadoebis keTil-

dReobis gadideba.

ekonomikuri progresi (ganviTareba) aris sazoga-

doebis materialuri da socialuri mdgomareobis cv-

lilebaTa kombinacia, romelic qmnis simdidris gadide-

bis (zrdis) SesaZleblobas. konkretul CarCoSi zrda

saxes ucvlis sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikur stru-

qturas. zrdis am globalur dinamikaze dayrdnobiT,

erovnuli meurneobisekonomikuri zrda da

ganviTareba

èkonomikuri zrda da nak-

lebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis

dRevandeli mdgomareoba bevrad

gansxvavdeba axlandeli ganvi-

Tarebuli qveynebis im mdgomar-

eobisagan, roca isini Sediod-

nen ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

stadiaSi~.s.kuzneci

rogorc cnobilia, saxelmwifo seqtori da mak-

roekonomika mTlianad, viTardeba adamianTa individu-

aluri da koleqtiuri interesebis realizebis mizniT.

es mizani, uwinares yovlisa, miiRweva erovnuli meurneo-

bis zrdisa da ganviTarebis pirobebSi. amitom saxelm-

wifo mowodebulia xeli Seuwyos mdgrad ekonomikur

zrdas da ganviTarebas, ris gasazomadac igi iyenebs

erovnul angariSTa sistemas.

8Tema

411410

leqcia 22. ekonomikuri zrda:

arsi, tipebi, gaangariSebis

meTodebi, daCqarebis faqtorebi

èkonomikuri zrda moicavs

struqturul cvlilebebs, yov-

lismomcvel seqtorul mutacias,

romlebic iqmnebian TviTkmayofis

safuZvelze... ekonomikuri zr-

dis mizania socialuri harmo-

niis miRweva, sadac meurneobis

organizaciis ZiriTadi princi p-

ia maqsimaluri ekonomiurobis

moTxovna~.f.peru

ekonomikuri zrdis arsi. adamianTa moTx-

ovnilebani usazRvro da mudmivad zrdadia maSin, rode-

sac am moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad aucilebeli

resursebi SezRuduli da klebadia. Cvens planetaze

mcxovreb adamianTa ricxvi ki sistematurad matulobs.

kerZod, 1850 wels msoflio mosaxleobam 1 mlrd kacs

miaRwia, 80 wlis Semdeg es ricxvi gaormagda, 1975 wels

planetaze mcxovreb adamianTa ricxvma 4 mlrd-s (4079

mlrd) gadaaWarba, xolo XXI saukunes kacobrioba 6

mlrd kaciT Sexvda.

adamianTa usazRvro da zrdadi moTxovnilebebis

da SezRuduli da klebadi resursebis, agreTve, mosax-

leobis sakmaod swrafi zrdis Sexameba kacobriobas

aiZulebs mudmivad gazardos saqonlisa da momsaxureb-

frangma ekonomistma f.perum zrda gansazRvra ̀ rogorc

martivi da rTuli ekonomikuri erTeulebis xangrZlivi

gadideba, romelic realizebulia struqturul da

garkveul SemTxvevaSi, sistemaTa cvlilebebSi, romelTac

Tan axlavs cvalebadi ekonomikuri progresi`. misi mt-

kicebiT, àraviTari zrda ar aris homoTetikuri: zrda

iqmneba struqturul cvlilebaSi da struqturuli

cvlilebebiT... ganviTareba erT mTlianSi aerTianebs da

xels uwyobs zrdas`.

tradiciulad, ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi mSp-is

aranakleb 3%-iani wliuri zrda igulisxmeboda. Tan-

amedrove pirobebSi es termini sxva cnebiT _ ekonomikuri

zrdiT Seicvala, xolo ekonomikurma ganviTarebam axali

Sinaarsi SeiZina: ekonomikuri zrdis safuZvelze mosax-

leobis cxovrebis donis mudmivi amaRleba da ekonomikis

struqturuli gardaqmna.

ekonomikur zrdasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas

Soris rTuli urTierTdamokidebuleba arsebobs. erTi

mxriv, ekonomikuri ganviTareba zrdis tempzea damokide-

buli, meore mxriv, rc ufro maRalia mosaxleobis cx-

ovrebis done da rac ufro srulyofilia ekonomikis

struqtura (ekonomikis calkeuli dargebisa da qve-

dargebis Tanafardoba), miT ufro metia ekonomikuri

zrdis sasurveli tempis SerCevis SesaZleblobac.

aqedan gamomdinare, mocemul TemaSi Tanmimdevru-

lad iqneba ganxiluli makroekonomikur cvlilebaTa

wamyvani faqtorebi _ ekonomikuri zrda da ekonomikuri

ganviTareba.

413412

CanarTi 8.1. sasurvelia Tu ara

ekonomikuri zrda?

ucnauri kiTxvaa, ara? marTlac, rogor Sei-

Zleba saeWvod vaqcioT ekonomikuri zrdis, meti

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis sasurvel-

oba?

magram faqtia, rom ukanasknel xans aseTi

sakiTxi wamoiWra. aRmoCndnen moRvaweni, romlebic,

rbilad rom vTqvaT, aRfrTovanebulni ar arian

ekonomikuri zrdis perspeqtiviT. rogoria maTi

argumentebi?

ekonomikuri zrdis mowinaaRmdegeni Sewuxe-

bulni arian garemos dabinZurebiT. erT-erTma

Tavisi mosazreba ukiduresi formiT Camoayaliba:

èkonomikuri cxovrebis saboloo produqti na-

gavia`. erTi sityviT, rac meti produqcia iwar-

moeba, miT metia nagavic. am Sexedulebis momxre-

ni amtkiceben, rom sazogadoebaSi, romelmac keTil-

dReobis maRal dones miaRwia, ekonomikuri zrda

emsaxureba sul ufro naklebi mniSvnelobis moTx-

ovnilebaTa dakmayofilebas. amisaTvis ki ar Rirs

ekologiuri krizisis gamwvaveba da safrTxis

Seqmna mTeli civilizaciisaTvis.

ekonomikuri zrdis mowinaaRmdegeni amtki-

ceben, rom warmoebis gadideba TavisTavad ar

wyvets siRaribis problemas. maTi azriT, siR-

aribe (e.i. Semosavlebis uTanabroba) aris ganaw-

ilebis problema da ara warmoebis problema:

is warmoeba. am procesma samecniero literaturaSi mi-

iRo ekonomikuri zrdis saxelwodeba, romelSic ig-

ulisxmeba wlidan wlamde, Taobidan Taobamde, xan-

grZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi qveynis warmoebrivi

SesaZleblobis myari gadideba.

ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofis ZiriTadi prob-

lema SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoyalibdes: `ra gziTaa

SesaZlebeli mTliani warmoebis gadideba resursebis

sruli gamoyenebis pirobebSi?`

ekonomikur zrdas safuZvlad uZevs mTliani

warmoebis gadideba. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, igi gana-

pirobebs mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebas da

Semdgomi ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis aucilebeli kapitalis

dagrovebis uzrunvelyofas. zogierT SemTxvevaSi

ekonomikuri zrdis mastimulirebeli faqtoria eko-

nomikis militarizacia da msoflioSi an planetis ama

Tu im regionSi hegemoniis damyarebis survili. amis

sailustraciod gamodgeba faSisturi germaniis eko-

nomikisa da ssr kavSiris ekonomikis daCqarebuli zrda.

saboloo angariSiT, ekonomikuri zrdis mniSvneloba

SeiZleba formulirebuli iqnas Semdegnairad: zrdadi

ekonomika flobs axal moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebi-

sa da socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gadawyvetis

met SesaZleblobas. amdenad, ekonomikis aseTi mdgomare-

oba sasurveli da aucilebelia (ix. CanarTi 8.1).

ras gulisxmobs ekonomikuri zrda? aucilebelia

aRiniSnos, rom mTliani warmoebis gadideba an, ufro

sworad, produqtis raodenobrivi mateba yovelTvis ar

gulisxmobs erovnuli meurneobis ekonomikur zrdas.

magaliTad, saqarTveloSi Cais krefis mateba aucile-

415414

blad ar niSnavs Cais ekonomikis zrdas, radgan uxvi

mosavali SeiZleba ufro metad iyos bunebis saCuqari

da ara adamianTa saqmianobis Sedegi. namdvil ekonomikur

zrdas maSin aqvs adgili, rodesac produqtis raodeno-

brivi zrda dakavSirebulia Sromis mwarmoeblurobis

amaRlebasTan.

zrdadi ekonomika xasiaTdeba wliuri produqtis

matebiT, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas arsebul

moTxovnilebaTa ufro ukeT dakmayofilebisaTvis an axali

socialuri da ekonomikuri programebis sarealizaciod.

ekonomikuri zrda xels uwyobs siRaribisa da garemos

dabinZurebis sawinaaRmdego programebis realizacias ise,

rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli arsebuli moxmarebis Sem-

cireba.

amrigad, ekonomikuri zrda amsubuqebs usazRvro

moTxovnilebebisa da SezRuduli resursebis probleme-

bis gadawyvetas.

zrdasa da ganviTarebas Soris peruseuli gansx-

obas TvalebSi unda SevxedoT: saeWvoa, rom mdi-

drebi daTmoben TavianT qonebas Raribebis sasarge-

blod. garda amisa, simdidris Zalismieri me-

TodebiT gadanawileba asustebs ekonomikur sti-

mulebs. siRaribis likvidaciis saimedo gza Sei-

Zleba iyos mxolod saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

warmoebis gadideba. aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri

zrda ara marto sasurveli, aramed aucilebeli-

caa .

misi gadawyvetisaTvis saWiroa politikuri si-

mamace da nebisyofa (e.i. samarTliani ganawileb-

is damkvidreba) da ara produqtis gamudmebuli

gadideba .

Semdeg amtkiceben, rom ekonomikuri zrda

iwvevs adamianur RirebulebaTa gaufasurebas.

ekonomikuri zrda adamianebs aZlevs cxovrebis

met saSualebebs, magram ar aZlevs ùkeTes cx-

ovrebas`. adamiani mets awarmoebs, magram nakleb

sixaruls da bednierebas ganicdis. swrafi te-

qnikuri progresis Sedegad xelosnebi, mxatvrebi,

Semoqmedni gadaiqcnen manqanis danamatebad, romel-

Ta saqmianoba amoiwureba Rilakze TiTis daWer-

iT, daikarga esTetikuri tkboba, rac muSaobas

axlda.

ekonomikuri zrdis damcvelebi, piriqiT, Tv-

lian, rom igi sakacobrio mizania, cxovrebis donis

amaRlebis ZiriTadi pirobaa. rac Seexeba ekono-

muri zrdis uaryofiT gavlenas garemoze, es

didi problemaa, magram arc misi gazviadebaa

marTebuli. ekologiuri krizisis Tavidan asac-

ileblad saWiroa resursebis gonivruli gamoy-

eneba da ara warmoebis gayinva. imisaTvis, rom

SevzRudoT garemos dabinZureba, unda SevzRu-

doT swored dabinZureba da ara ekonomikuri

zrda. ostap benderis ar iyos, sisufTavis dacvi-

saTvis saWiroa ara mowodebebi, aramed cocxis

aReba da dagva.

ra SeiZleba iTqvas Semosavlebis ganawile-

baze? ekonomikuri zrdis momxreTa azriT, real-

417416

dafuZnebuli codna;

gardamavali periodi (àRmavlobis winapirobe-

bis Seqmna`). zrdis am stadiaze Cndeba: optimizmi da

erovnuli Tavmowonebis SegrZneba; danazogis Seqmna, romel-

ic iZleva finansuri saxsrebis centralizaciis Sesa-

Zleblobas; ekonomikaSi investirebis dawyeba; Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis zrda;

aRmavloba. am stadiaze moxsnilia regularu-

li zrdis Semaferxebeli barierebi. kerZod, zrdaSi

erTveba sazogadoebrivi faseuloba da institutebi.*

investiciis norma erovnul SemosavalSi 10%-s aWar-

bebs. `zrdis Zravis` rolSi gamodis axali industria,

xolo agrokultura modernizebulia da aTavisuflebs

rogorc adamianebs, aseve kapitals;

momwifebisaken mimavali faza. es stadia war-

mogvidgeba rogorc ganviTarebis grZelvadiani faza,

romelic axangrZlivebs aRmavlobis efeqtebs: ekonomikis

yvela seqtori met-naklebad CarTulia teqnikur pro-

gresSi, investiciis norma 20%-s aRemateba, zrda iqvem-

debarebs yvela sazogadoebriv faseulobasa da insti-

tuts, viTardeba saerTaSoriso vaWroba;

samomxmareblo sazogadoeba. am stadiaze (`ma-

* sazogadoebrivi institutebi (Institutions Social) _ ofi-cialurad gaformebuli organizaciebi, romlebic marTaven sa-zogadoebriv cxovrebas. aseTi institutebis magaliTia ga-naTlebis sistema, kerZo sakuTreba, samarTlebrivi sistema dasxv.

vavebidan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri zrda aris:

zogierTi ekonomikuri sididis aRmavali

svla (produqtis, Semosavlis... mateba), romelic xasi-

aTdeba uwyveti matebiT erTi an ramdenime periodis

ganmavlobaSi. igi aris grZelvadiani periodis fenomeni;

farTod Seuqcevadi fenomeni. misi TviTSenaxvisxasiaTi gamoisaxeba warmoebis pirobebis damatebiTi

modifikaciiT (wminda investiciis mateba, samuSao Zalis

kvalifikaciis amaRleba, teqnikuri progresi, moxmarebis

axali Cvevebis Camoyalibeba, mewarmeTa ganWvretis cv-

lileba...);

struqturuli transformaciis procesi.

igi SeimCneva ara mxolod produqtisa da Semosavlis

martivi indikatorebiT, aramed seqtoruli mutaciiT

(cvlilebiT). zrda cvlis ekonomikis sxvadasxva seq-

toris Tanafardobas.

ekonomikur zrdas Tan axlavs socialuri cvlile-

bebi (axali sakuTrebiTi urTierToba, axali teqnolo-

gia, warmoebuli dovlaTis zrda...), romelic, Tavis mxriv,

iZleva warmoebis xangrZlivi zrdis SesaZleblobas.

ekonomikuri zrdis stadiebi. ekonomi-

kuri zrdis TeoriaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana

amerikelma mecnierma u.rostoum, romelmac kacobriobis

ganviTarebaSi ganasxvava zrdis xuTi stadia:

tradiciuli sazogadoeba. am stadias axasi-

aTebs ekonomikaSi soflis meurneobis maRali wili,

fatalizmze dafuZnebuli faseulobaTa sistema, xelisu-

flebis saTaveSi miwaTmflobelebis yofna, warmoebis

ojaxuri organizaciis wamyvani roli, tradiciebze

419418

nulovani zrdis koncefcia, romlis Tanaxmad, msoflio

warmoebis mudmivi wliuri mateba dasruldeba plane-

tis ekologiuri katastrofiT. forestiem Tavisi mt-

kiceba daafuZna ̀ msoflio modelis` proeqciaze, romelic

aerTianebs (2010 wlamde) xuT, evoluciurad cvalebad

serias: mosaxleoba, mwarmoebluri kapitali, agrokul-

tura, ganuaxlebadi simdidre (navTobi da mineraluri

nedleuli) da polucia (garemos dabinZureba). am mod-

elis mixedviT, bunebrivi resursebis zrdadi eqsploat-

acia gamoiwvevs investiciebis dacemas industriasa da

miwaTmoqmedebaSi. am ori seqtoris warmoeba 2015 wli-

saTvis Semobrundeba dacemisaken, mosaxleobis Semcireba

ki daiwyeba 2030 wlidan. foresties mtkicebiT, mx-

olod gonivrul gadawyvetilebas ekonomikuri poli-

tikisa da demografiuli zrdis sakiTxebSi SeuZlia

planetas Tavidan aacilos katastrofuli dasasruli.

maCvenebliTi zrda. igi aRniSnavs zrdas mud-

miv doneze; SerCeuli indikatori izrdeba multiplika-

toruli wesiT. magaliTad, wylis gubeSi yoveli 24

saaTis ganmavlobaSi dumfaras (TeTri) zrdis gaormage-

ba aris maCvenebliTi zrdis TvalsaCino gamovlineba.

eqstensiuri zrda. am SemTxvevaSi ekonomika

umTavresad viTardeba damatebiTi warmoebis faqtoreb-

is xarjze. zrdis es tipi umTavresad damaxasiaTebeli

iyo ekonomikis industriamdeli stadiisaTvis, rodesac

xeliT Sroma sWarbobda soflis meurneobaSi. am dros

warmoebis moculobis gadideba mimdinareobs war-

moebis sami tradiciuli faqtoris (miwa, Sroma,

kapitali) gamoyenebis masStabebis gafarToebis

xarjze.

sobrivi moxmarebis` epoqaSi) interesebi investiciidan

gadadis moxmarebaSi, warmoebuli produqti yvelasaTvis

xelmisawvdomia, Secvlilia samuSao Zalis Semadgenloba,

viTardeba da wamyvani xdeba momsaxurebis sfero, gazrdilia

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos roli.

ekonomikuri zrdis tipebi. ekonomikur

mecnierebaSi gamoiyofa zrdis sxvadasxva tipebi. maT

Soris umTavresia:

faqtobrivi zrda. igi gulisxmobs erovnuli

warmoebis moculobis wliur procentul gadidebas,

faqtobrivi produqtis raodenobis zrdis siswrafes.

rodesac saubroben zrdis siswrafis Sesaxeb, yovelTvis

gulisxmoben faqtobriv zrdas.

potenciuri zrda. igi aRniSnavs erovnuli

warmoebis moculobis wliuri procentuli gadidebis

SesaZleblobas, e.i. produqtis potenciuri gamoSvebis

moculobis zrdis siswrafes. aseTi zrda miuTiTebs

erovnuli warmoebis moculobis maqsimaluri matebis

procentze yvela arsebuli warmoebis faqtoris sruli

gamoyenebis pirobebSi.

gawonasworebuli zrda. zrdis mocemuli tipi

gulisxmobs klasikur makroekonomikur wonasworobaSi

(saxelmwifo biujetis wonasworoba, sagadasaxdelo bal-

ansis wonasworoba, resursebis sruli gamoyeneba...)

ekonomikis ganviTarebas.

nulovani zrda. XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi ̀ romis klubis` mecnierTa (d.meadovi, a.pesei,

r.late) da J.foresties irgvliv Semokrebilma jgufma

(masaCusetsis teqnologiis instituti...) ganaviTara

421420

vanebebic gaaCnia. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia teqnikuri

uZraoba, romlis drosac produqciis gamoSvebis raode-

nobriv gadidebas Tan ar axlavs warmoebis faqtorebis

srulyofa da maTi gamoyenebis efeqtianobis zrda.

eqstensiuri ekonomikuri zrda gulisxmobs qveya-

naSi sakmarisi raodenobis bunebrivi, SromiTi da kapi-

taluri resursebis arsebobas, romelTa xarjzec Sei-

Zleba gaizardos ekonomikis masStabebi. magram, amasTan,

gardauvalad uaresdeba kvlavwarmoebis pirobebi, sul

nax. 8.1. warmoebis faqtorTa gadidebis tempebieqstensiuri ekonomikuri zrdis dros

0 1 2 3 4 drois periodi, weli

140

130

120

110

100 K

L

N

ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi

warmoebis moculobis pirdapiri damokidebuleba

misi tradiciuli faqtorebis gadidebisagan, rac damax-

asiaTebelia eqstensiuri ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis,

grafikulad asaxulia 8.1 naxazze.

grafikidan Cans, rom garkveuli sididiT produ-

qciis gamoSvebis matebis tempebis yovelwliuri gadideba

gamoxatavs warmoebis am moculobis pirdapirpropor-

ciul damokidebulebas yvela tradiciuli faqtoris

raodenobrivi gadidebis xarisxisagan.*

eqstensiur ekonomikur zrdas gaaCnia zogierTi

Rirseba. es aris sameurneo ganviTarebis tempebis amaR-

lebis ufro ioli gza. misi daxmarebiT mimdinareobs

bunebrivi resursebis swrafi aTviseba, agreTve SesaZle-

beli xdeba umuSevrobis SedarebiT swrafi Semcireba an

likvidacia, samuSao Zalis sayovelTao dasaqmebis uzrun-

velyofa.

ekonomikuri zrdis aseT gzas seriozuli naklo-

* ekonomikaSi nobelis premiis laureatma robert soloum(aSS) daadgina, rom eqstensiuri zrdis modeli gamoxatavs garkveu-li sididiT (Z) produqciis gamoSvebis (Y) raodenobriv damok-idebulebas (F) warmoebis faqtorebisagan: ZiriTadi kapitali(K), Sroma (L) da bunebrivi resursebi (N):

ZY=F(ZK, ZL, ZN)es formula migvaniSnebs Semdegze: Tu warmoebis faqtorebi

gaizrdeba Z sididiT, maSin warmoebis moculobac gaizrdeba ZsididiT. aseTi damokidebuleba axasiaTebs produqciis gamoSve-bis zrdas warmoebis faqtorebis gadidebis masStabis (Z) ga-farToebisas.

423422

biT. sxvaTaSoris, intensifikacias Tan sdevs produqci-

is gamoSvebis gadideba.* saubaria warmoebis mecniere-

batevadobis amaRlebisa da nakeTobaTa Tvisobrivad ax-

ali saxeebis damzadebis Sesaxeb. ekonomikuri zrdis

aseTi tipi dakavSirebulia erovnuli meurneobis stru-

qturis Rrma progresul gardaqmnasTan, iniciativiani

da maRalprofesiuli muSakTa kadrebis momzadebasTan.

amrigad, intensiuri ekonomikuri zrda aris

produqciis gamoSvebis gafarToeba teqnikuri

progresis miRwevebis gamoyenebisa da warmoebis

yvela faqtoris efeqtianobis amaRlebis meSveo-

biT.

intensifikacia yovelTvis warmoebis faqtorTa

teqnikur srulyofas efuZneba, rac iwvevs ukanasknelTa

dazogvas produqciis erTeulze. magram es ekonomia sx-

vadasxva saxes Rebulobs teqnikuri progresis sxva-

dasxva etapebze. amasTan dakavSirebiT, ganasxvaveben in-

tensifikaciis ramdenime saxes ama Tu im resursisagan

damokidebulebiT (ix. nax. 8.2).

* amerikelma ekonomistma r.soloum maTematikurad aRweraproduqciis (Y) gamoSvebis intensiuri zrdis warmoebis faq-torebis (K, L, N) erToblivi mwarmoeblurobisagan (A) damok-idebulebis modeli:

Y=A(K, L, N)formulidan Cans: Tu warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli faqtorebis

sidide ar icvleba, xolo maTi erToblivi mwarmoebluroba (A)diddeba 1%-iT, maSin warmoebis moculoba izrdeba aseve 1 %-iT.

ufro Zveldeba ra moqmed sawarmoebSi arsebuli mowyo-

bilobani. araaRdgenadi bunebrivi resursebis zrdadi

amowurvis gamo saWiro xdeba sul ufro meti Sromisa

da kapitalis xarjva TiToeuli tona nedleulisa da

saTbobis mosapoveblad. Sedegad, ekonomikuri zrda

atarebs upiratesad xarjviT xasiaTs.

produqciis gamoSvebis zrdis upiratesad eqsten-

siur gzaze xangrZlivi orientacia iwvevs erovnuli

meurneobis Cixis mdgomareobaSi Seyvanas. ase moxda yo-

fil ssr kavSirSi XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, rodesac

SeuZlebeli gaxda ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebis

SenarCuneba, qveynis evropul nawilSi SromiTi rezerveb-

is nakadis Semcirebisa da bunebrivi nedleulis marage-

bis amowurvis Sedegad.

cxadi gaxda, rom ekonomikuri zrdis axali Sesa-

Zleblobebi dakavSirebulia warmoebis intensifikacia-

sTan.

intensiuri zrda. am SemTxvevaSi ekonomikis

zrda miiRweva warmoebis faqtorTa Tvisebrivi sruly-

ofis xarjze. Tu warmoebis eqstensiuri ganviTareba

sruliad gamoricxavs teqnikur progress, intensifika-

cia, piriqiT, efuZneba warmoebis yvela faqtoris efeq-

tianobis mudmiv zrdas.

warmoebis intesifikaciis upiratesoba gamoixate-

ba imaSi, rom igi uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis progresul

ganviTarebas, ramdenadac mis zrdaSi gadamwyvet rols

asrulebs mecnierebisa da teqnikis uaxlesi miRwevebis

danergva. amasTan, warmoebis intensiuri gadidebis pirobeb-

Si daiZleva ekonomikuri zrdis zRudeebi, rac war-

moSobilia bunebrivi resursebis cnobili SezRudulo-

425424

avtomaturi mowyobiloba, agreTve polimerebis qimiis

miRwevebi da warmoebis sxva efeqturi nivTobrivi faq-

torebi.

da bolos, yovelmxrivi intensifikacia ekonomikuri

zrdis iseTi mimarTulebaa, romlis drosac gamoiyeneba

resursdazogvis yvela aRniSnuli saxeoba. intensifikaciis

mocemuli saxe praqtikulad inergeba mecnierul-teqni-

kuri revoluciis Tanamedrove etapisa da maRali te-

qnologiebis pirobebSi _ warmoebis industriul da

gansakuTrebiT, postindustriul stadiaze.

ise ar unda warmovidginoT, TiTqos eqstensiuri

da intensiuri zrda xorcieldeba erTmaneTisagan izo-

lirebulad. piriqiT, orives adgili aqvs erTsa da imave

dros. laparaki SeiZleba mxolod imis Sesaxeb, Tu rome-

li Warbobs, e.i. zrda xdeba upiratesad eqstensiuri

gziT Tu upiratesad intensiuri gziT.

Tanamedrove epoqisaTvis upiratesad damaxa-

siaTebelia ekonomikuri zrdis intensiuri tipi,

romelic xasiaTdeba Semdegi ZiriTadi niSnebiT:

icvleba ekonomikuri zrdis socialuri

orientacia: xdeba warmoebis Semobruneba adamianisaken,

misi cxovrebisa da Sromis pirobebis xarisxobrivi

gaumjobesebisaken. dgeba keTildReobis epoqa, roca ad-

amianisaTvis mTavari problemaa ara fizikuri arsebobis

SenarCuneba, aramed civilizebuli adamianis Rirsebis

Sesaferisi cxovrebis uzrunvelyofa;

arsebiTad Seicvala ekonomikuri zrdis faq-

torTa Tanafardoba: vinaidan warmoebaSi damatebiTi

resursebis CarTvis SesaZlebloba SezRudula, eqsten-

siuri zrdis mniSvneloba da roli mcirdeba, erovnuli

intensifikaciis Sromadamzogi saxe gulisx-

mobs warmoebidan samuSao Zalis gamoTavisuflebas. am

SemTxvevaSi produqciis gamoSvebis zrdis daCqareba

uswrebs muSakTa ricxovnobis cvlilebis temps. aseTi

procesi farTo masStabiT mimdinareobda warmoebis in-

dustriul stadiaze, pirveli samrewvelo revoluciis

Sedegad.

intensifikaciis kapitaldamzogi saxe mdgo-

mareobs imaSi, rom ufro srulyofili manqanebisa da

mowyobilobebis, nedleulisa da masalebis gamoyenebis

wyalobiT miiRweva kapitaluri da bunebrivi resurseb-

is ekonomiuri xarjva. es cvlilebebi ZiriTadad gamov-

linda mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis sawyis etapze,

rodesac farTod iqna aTvisebuli maRalmwarmoebluri

nax. 8.2. intensiuri ekonomikuri zrdis saxeebi

ekonomikuri zrdis intensifikacia

Sromadamzogi kapitaldamzogi yovelmxrivi

muSakTa

ricxvis

Semcireba

kapitaluri da

bunebrivi

resursebis ekonomia

warmoebis yvela

faqtoris

dazogva

427426

(infrastruqtura); meoTxe, icvleba Tanafardoba mate-

rialuri da aramaterialuri warmoebis sferoebs Soris

meoris sasargeblod; aramaterialuri sfero gacilebiT

ufro maRali tempebiT viTardeba, vidre materialuri

warmoeba.

ekonomikuri zrdis gazomva. ekonomikuri

zrdis gazomva xdeba ori urTierTdakavSirebuli maCveneb-

lis gamoyenebiT: pirvelia drois garkveul monakveT-

Si realuri mSp-is gadideba, meore ki _ amave droSi

mosaxleobis erT sulze realuri mSp-is mateba.

pirveli maCvenebeli axasiaTebs mSp-is absolutur

sidides da saSualebas gvaZlevs erTmaneTs SevudaroT

warmoebis moculoba wlebis mixedviT, agreTve vimsjeloT

qveynis ekonomikuri da samxedro potencialis Sesaxeb.

meore maCvenebeli ufro srulad asaxavs sazogadoebis

keTildReobis dones da saSualebas gvaZlevs Sevadar-

oT calkeul qveyanaSi Tu regionSi mosaxleobis cx-

ovrebis done. magaliTad, indoeTis mSp-is absoluturi

moculoba bevrad aRemateba Sveicariis analogiur

maCvenebels, magram cxovrebis donis mixedviT (mosaxle-

obis erT sulze warmoebuli produqciis moculobiT)

indoeTi 60-jer CamorCeba Sveicarias.

ekonomikuri zrdis gaangariSebis me-

Todebi. or periods Soris warmoebis moculobis

cvlilebis Sejamebis dros gamoiyeneba ori ZiriTadi

meTodi: 1. lasferies indeqsi; 2. paaSis indeqsi. mokled

ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

lasferies indeqsi. simartivisaTvis warmov-

meurneoba gadadis upiratesad intensiuri ganviTarebis

relsebze, gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZens gadatrialebani

warmoebis teqnikasa da teqnologiaSi, Tanamedrove mec-

nierul-teqnikuri revoluciis miRwevaTa danergva;

ekonomikuri zrdis mTavar orientirad iqce-va maRali saboloo Sedegebi. tradiciuli maCveneblebi

_ produqciis moculoba, zrdis procentebi da sxv. _

ukve sakmarisi araa ekonomikuri zrdis daxasiaTebi-

saTvis. pirvel planze gamodis produqciisa da momsax-

urebis xarisxi, misi odenoba mosaxleobis erT sulze,

produqciis struqturis Sesabamisoba sazogadoebis

moTxovnilebebTan;

mkveTrad izrdeba resursebis dazogvis mniS-vneloba, igi iqceva ekonomikuri zrdis erT-erT mTavar

faqtorad. aqedan gamomdinare, gadaudebeli amocanebia:

resursebis racionaluri gamoyeneba, unarCeno warmoeba-

ze gadasvla, xelovnuri da iafi masalebis Seqmna;

ekonomikuri zrdis Tanamedrove tipisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia farTo masStabis cvlilebebi

ekonomikis struqturaSi: erovnuli meurneobis dargeb-

sa da sferoebs Soris myardeba axali Tanafardobani.

jer erTi, iqmneba da daCqarebuli tempebiT viTardeba

jgufi dargebisa, romlebic uzrunvelyofen Tanamedrove

mecnierul-teqnikur progress (qimiuri mrewveloba, ato-

muri energetika, eleqtronika da radioteqnika, robote-

bis warmoeba, kosmosis aTviseba da sxv.); meore, icvleba

Tanafardoba mompovebel da gadamamuSavebel mrewvelo-

bas Soris am ukanasknelis sasargeblod; saboloo produ-

qtis warmoeba ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre nedleu-

lis mopoveba; mesame, swrafad viTardeba momsaxure dargebi

429428

lovanebis gamosworebas emsaxureba paaSis indeqsi, romelic

iZleva ekonomikuri zrdis tempis ufro realur su-

raTs (ix. cxrili 8.2)

mocemul indeqsSi ucvlel fasad aRebulia ara

pirveli periodis (1980 w.), aramed meore periodis

(1990 w.) fasi.

paaSis indeqsi Seadgens 119,3 ( ? 100).mocemuli magaliTi simbolurad gamoxatavs defi-

niciis arsebiT mniSvnelobas.

lasferies indeqsSi zrda Zalze sagrZnobia. aq zrdis

done Seadgens 176%-s ( ), maSin, roca paaSis

indeqsi afiqsirebs mokrZalebul zrdas _ 19,3%-s

cxrili 8.2

zrdis gaangariSeba paaSis meTodis mixedviT

1980 wlis raodenoba1990 wlis fasi(lari)1980 wlis raodenobisSefaseba 1990 wlisfasebSi (larebSi)1990 wlis raodenoba1990 wlis fasi(lari)1990 wlis raodenobisSefaseba 1990 wlisfasebSi (larebSi)

kalkula-tori

purisbageti

metrosbileTi

sul

2000

10

20000200000

10

2000000

1000000

2.0

2000000900000

2.0

1800000

10000000

1.5

1500000011000000

1.5

16500000

17020000

20300000

2030000017020000

276 - 100100

idgonoT, rom ekonomikaSi iwarmoeba mxolod sami saxis

dovlaTi: kalkulatori, puris bageti da metros bile-

Ti (ix. cxrili 8.1).

or periods Soris (1980-1990 w.w.) zrdis indeq-

si Seadgens 276-s ( x 100), anu igi miuTiTebs

2,76-jer warmoebis moculobis gadidebis Sesaxeb. am

meTodis nakli is aris, rom igi ar iTvaliswinebs sxva-

dasxva faqtoris (teqnikuri progresi...) gavlenas fa-

sis cvlilebaze. amis gamo iZleva zrdis gazviadebul

Sefasebas.

paaSis indeqsi. zrdis lasferies meTodis nak-

cxrili 8.1

zrdis gaangariSeba lasferies meTodis

mixedviT

1980 wlis raodenoba1980 wlis fasi(lari)

1980 wlis raodenobisSefaseba 1980 wlisfasebSi (larebSi)1990 wlis raodenoba1980 wlis fasi(lari)1990 wlis raodenobisSefaseba 1980 wlisfasebSi (larebSi)

kalkula-tori

purisbageti

metrosbileTi

sul

2000

100

200000200000

100

20000000

1000000

1.5

1500000900000

1.5

1350000

10000000

1.0

1000000011000000

1.0

11000000

11700000

32350000

3235000011700000

431430

ladobrivi mSp-is gaormagebisaTvis sakmarisia 23,3 weli

(70:3).*analogiurad, qveynebs Soris zrdis wliur tem-

pebs Soris umniSvnelo gansxvavebam grZelvadian aspeqt-Si SeiZleba miiRos gadamwyveti mniSvneloba. davuSvaT,saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri zrdis wliuri tempi Sead-gens 3,5%-s, xolo somxeTSi _ 2,5%-s. zemoT aRniSnuli`wesis` Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi mSp-is gaormagebasdasWirdeba 20 weli (70:3,5), xolo somxeTSi _ 28weli (70:2,5) (ix. CanarTi 8.2).

Tu mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is sidide mcird-eba, es imas niSnavs, rom mocemul qveyanaSi an adgili araqvs warmoebis matebas, an mSp-is zrdis tempi CamorCebamosaxleobis zrdis temps. am principis safuZvelzeSedgenilia 8.4 cxrili.

afrikaSi warmoebis zrdis tempi, romelic kvlavCamorCeba mosaxleobis zrdis temps, iwvevs afrikismosaxleobis erT sulze mTliani Sida produqtis sid-idis Semcirebas. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT gamovlin-da saharis samxreTiT ganlagebul afrikul saxelmwi-foebSi. maSasadame, am regionSi ekonomikuri zrda faq-tobrivad ar SeimCneva. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom 90-ianiwlebis ekonomikur zrdas praqtikulad araviTari gav-lena ar mouxdenia am regionis ufro ganuviTarebeliqveynebis (`Savi afrikis`) mdgomareobaze. es qveynebiaxlac gamoirCevian siRatakiT, cudi socialur-ekonomi-kuri pirobebiT, umuSevrobis maRali doniT, gaunaTle-blobiT, sicocxlis naklebi xangrZlivobiT (saSualod

46,5 weli), sikvdilianobis maRali koeficientiT.

* Джеффри Д. Сакс, Феликс Ларрен Д., Макроэкономика.Глобальный подход. - М., 1996, с. 596

( ).

zogierTi mkvlevari ekonomikuri zrdis gaangariSe-

bis dros iyenebs ̀ fiSeris indeqss`, romelic wina ori

indeqsis saSualo geometriulia:

fiSeris indeqsi = lasferies indeqsi x paaSis indeqsi

anu

fiSeris indeqsi = 276 ? 119.3 = 181.5

ekonomikuri zrdis tempi. ekonomikuri

zrdis ukeT Sefasebis mizniT iyeneben mSp-is (agreTve

sxva maCveneblebis) zrdis wliur tempebs. zrdis

tempi iangariSeba Semdegnairad: mimdinare wlis realur

mSp-s akleben gasuli (sabaziso) wlis realuri mSp-is

sidides, miRebul sxvaobas yofen gasuli wlis mSp-is

sidideze da amravleben 100-ze. Tu, magaliTad, qveynis

realuri mSp sabaziso wels iyo 6 mlrd lari, xolomimdinare wels gaxda 8 mlrd lari, misi zrdis tempi

iqneba 33,3% ( ? 100 = 33.3%).

aRsaniSnavia, rom mcireodenma gansxvavebam zrdis

saSualowliur tempebSi droTa ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba

mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdinos mosaxleobis erT sulze

mSp-is donis cvlilebebze. e.w. ̀ 70 sididis wesis` Tanaxmad,

1%-iani zrdis tempis pirobebSi saWiroa 70 weli (70:1),

raTa mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp gaormagdes, magram Tu

zrdis saSualowliuri tempi 3%-s Seadgens, maSin su-

119.3 - 100100

8 - 66

433432

daaxloebiT 8-jer maRalia, vidre CineTSi da TiTq-

mis 15-jer meti, vidre indoeTSi. uRaribes qvey-

nebSi is imyofeba im doneze, romelic amerikis

mier miRweuli iyo mravali aTeuli wlis winaT.

2000 wels saSualo Cinelis Semosavali iyo

iseTive, rogoric saSualo amerikelisa 1870 wels,

xolo saSualo pakistanelze 2000 wels modio-

da 100 wlis win mcxovrebi aSS-is moqalaqis

Semosavlis daaxloebiT naxevari.

cxrilis bolo svetSi motanilia sxvadasx-

va qveyanaSi erT sul mosaxleze realuri mSp-is

zrdis tempebis maCvenebeli. magaliTad, aSS-Si

realuri saSualosuladobrivi mSp 1870 wlis

3188 aSS dolaridan gaizarda 28740 aSS dola-

ramde 2000 wels. maSasadame, misi zrdis tempma

130 wlis ganmavlobaSi Seadgina 1,75% wliurad.

Cvens mier gansaxilvel cxrilSi qveynebi

dalagebulia maTi ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis

klebis mixedviT. masSi pirvel striqons ikavebs

iaponia, romelSic ekonomikuri zrdis tempma Sead-

gina 2,8% wliurad. 100 wlis winaT saSualo

iaponelis Semosavali CamorCeboda saSualo ger-

manelis, argentinelis, kanadelis, amerikelisa da

ingliselis Semosavals. magram naxtomiseburi

ekonomikuri zrdis wyalobiT iaponia gadaiqca

msoflioSi erT-erT zesaxelmwifod da 2000 wl-

isaTvis TiTqmis gauTanabrda aSS-s mosaxleobis

erT sulze Semosavlebis mixedviT.

cxrilis bolo striqonze imyofeba bang-

ladeSi, romlis ekonomikuri zrdac XX saukune-

CanarTi 8.2. `70 sididis wesi`-s praq-

tikuli dasabuTeba

qvemoT motanil 8.3 cxrilSi asaxulia mo-

nacemebi msoflios 13 qveynis erT sul mosax-

leze realuri mSp-is cvlilebis Sesaxeb uka-

naskneli 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

realuri mSp-is saSualosuladobrivi mo-

nacemebi mowmobs sxvadasxva saxelmwifos mosax-

leobis cxovrebis doneSi SesamCnevi gansxvavebis

Sesaxeb. ase, magaliTad, aSS-Si es maCvenebeli

iaponiabraziliameqsikagermaniakanadaCineTiargentinaaSSindoneziaindoeTiinglisipakistanibangladeSi

cxrili 8.3

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis

ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblebi

qveyana gansaxilveliperiodi

realuri mSp 1 sulmosaxleze aSS dol saS.wliuri

zrdistempi, %periodis

dasawyisSiperiodisbolos

1890-20001900-20001900-20001870-20001870-20001900-20001900-20001870-20001900-20001900-20001870-20001900-20001900-2000

119661992217381890570182431887085373826587495

234006240812021300218603570995028740345019502052015901050

2.822.412.271.991.951.911.761.751.651.341.331.030.78

435434

di ganviTarebis arcTu maRali maCveneblebic ki,

romlebic qaRaldze gamoiyureba Zalze mokrZa-

lebulad, droTa ganmavlobaSi iwveven STambeWdav

Sedegebs, ramdenadac am SemTxvevaSi amuSavdeba

e.w. `geometriuli progresiis efeqti`.

ganvixiloT martivi situacia. davuSvaT, rom

kolejis ori kursdamTavrebuli _ giorgi da

vaxtangi 22 wlis asakSi pirvelad moewyvnen sa-

muSaoze erTnairi xelfasiT (30000 lari weli-

wadSi). axla warmovidginoT, rom giorgis da vax-

tangis Semosavlebi izrdeba Sesabamisad 1 da

3%-iani siswrafiT weliwadSi. 40 wlis Semdeg,

e.i. 62 wlis asakSi giorgi weliwadSi miiRebs

45000 lars, vaxtangi ki 98000 lars. erTi Sexed-

viT, araarsebiTi 2%-iani sxvaobis wyalobiT, erTi

saswavleblis kursdamTavrebulTa Semosavlebi 2-

jer da metad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.

zrdis siswrafisa da geometriuli progresiis

efeqtis ufro ukeTesad gasagebad ganvixiloT

Zveli wesi, romelic cnobilia `70 sididis we-

sis` saxelwodebiT. am wesis Tanaxmad, Tu rome-

liRac cvladi izrdeba weliwadSi X% siswrafiT,

maSin misi sidide gaormagdeba 70/X wlis Semdeg.

kerZod, Cvens magaliTSi giorgis Semosavali unda

gaormagdes 70(70/1) wlis Semdeg, xolo vaxtang-

is Semosavali 23,3 (70/3) wlis Semdeg.

es wesi gamoyenebadia ara mxolod Semosav-

lebis, aramed agreTve danazogebis gansazRvri-

saTvis. 1791 wels benJamin franklinma Tavis anderZ-

Si Semdgomi 200 wlisaTvis samedicino saswavle-

Si iyo umniSvnelo (0,78%), mosaxleobis keTil-

dReobis done ki darCa TiTqmis iseTive, rogoric

iyo 100 wlis winaT.

sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikuri zrda xasi-

aTdeba uTanabrobiT _ iaponiam SeZlo mkveTrad

gaWriliyo win, xolo inglisma da argentinam,

piriqiT, dakarges yofili poziciebi. 1870 wels

didi britaneTi iyo msoflios umdidresi qveyana.

misi saSualosuladobrivi Semosavali iyo or-

jer meti, vidre kanadaSi da 20%-iT maRali,

vidre aSS-Si. axla ki yofili metropolia Sesa-

mCnevad CamorCeba missave or yofil kolonias.

XX saukunis dasawyisSi argentinas gaaCnda Semo-

savali erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT TiTq-

mis samjer meti, vidre mezobel brazilias, dRe-

isaTvis ki es maCvenebeli orive qveyanaSi TiTq-

mis Tanabaria.

motanili monacemebi TvalnaTliv gviCveneben,

rom yvelaze mdidari qveyanac ki ar aris garan-

tirebuli Semdgomi ayvavebiT, ekonomikuri aut-

saiderebi ki ar arian ganwiruli mudmivi siR-

atakisaTvis.

8.3 cxrilze Sexedvisas SeiZleba warmoiS-

vas STabeWdileba, rom gansaxilveli qveynebis

ekonomikuri zrdis tempebSi gansxvaveba umniS-

vneloa. zrdis yvelaze maRali tempebi uaxlovdeba

3%-s, yvelaze dabali (bangladeSis gamoklebiT)

Seadgens daaxloebiT 1%-s. viTom 2%-Si gansx-

vavebas aqvs aseTi didi mniSvneloba?

aRmoCndeba, rom is metad arsebiTia. mdgra-

437436

ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebis faq-

torebi. yoveli qveynis ekonomikuri zrda ganisazRvre-

ba miwodebis, moTxovnisa da ganawilebis faqtorebiT.

miwodebis faqtorebi (bunebrivi resursebis raode-

noba da xarisxi; Sromis raodenoba da xarisxi; ZiriTa-

di kapitalis moculoba da xarisxi; teqnologiis done)

ekonomikur zrdas fizikurad SesaZleblad aqceven (ix.

CanarTi 8.3).

erTimeorisagan unda ganvasxvaoT ekonomikuri zr-

dis SesaZlebloba da realuri ekonomikuri zrda. pirveli

yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs meores, SesaZlebloba jer

kidev ar niSnavs sinamdviles. rogorc cnobilia,

ekonomikuri triadis pirveli problema _ `ra vawar-

mooT?` dakavSirebulia resursis iSviaTobasa da Sez-

RudulobasTan. magram mxolod resursi ar wyvets am

problemas. aranakleb mniSvnelovania SezRuduli resursis

bazarze warmoebul produqciaze moTxovnis arseboba.

es garemoeba ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom ekonomikuri zrda

mravalmxriv damokidebulia moTxovnis faqtorebze

(cvlileba samomxmareblo danaxarjSi, cvlileba invest-

iciur danaxarjSi, cvlileba saxelmwifo danaxarjSi).

ekonomikur zrdaze aseve gavlenas axdens ganaw-

ilebis faqtorebi. saqme is aris, rom warmoebrivi

potencialis racionaluri gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofili

unda iyos ekonomikaSi resursebis ara mxolod sruli

gamoyenebiT, aramed am resursebis iseTi ganawilebiT, sadac

TiToeuli resursi maqsimalur wvlils Seitans war-

moebis gadidebaSi.

ekonomikur zrdaze moqmedi faqtorebi urTier-

dakavSirebulia. magaliTad, umuSevrobis zrda kapital-

belTa studentebis sti pendiebze da samecniero

kvlevebis Catarebaze gamosayeneblad gamoyo 5000

dolari. Tu es fuli wliurad moitanda 7%-s

(rac savsebiT realuria), naanderZevi Tanxa gaor-

magdeboda yovel 10 weliwadSi da 200 wlis

Semdeg miaRwevda fantastikur mniSvnelobas _ 5

mlrd-s (sinamdvileSi man Seadgina 2 mln dola-

ri, ramdenadac saxsrebis nawili gaxarjuli iqna

meanderZis nebis Sesabamisad, magram arc esaa

cota).

Cveni magaliTebi TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs, Tu

raoden saocar Sedegebamde mivyavarT zrdis um-

niSvnelo procentsac ki. SesaZloa, swored ami-

tom uwoda erTxel albert einSteinma geometri-

ul progresias `yvela drois udidesi maTema-

tikuri aRmoCena`.

cxrili 8.4

afrikaSi warmoebisa da mosaxleobis zrdis

saSualowliuri tempebi 1970-2000 wlebSi*

* egviptisa da libiis gamoklebiT.

wlebi

1970-1980

1980-1990

1990-2000

gadaxrazrdis saSualowliuri tempi (%)

warmoebis (mSp) mosaxleobis

3.6

2.4

2.3

2.73

2.82

2.46

+ 0.87

_ 0.42

_ 0.16

439438

ormocdaTi wlis ukan zogierTma mecnierma

SeSfoTeba gamoTqva kalisa da spilenZis metis-

meti gamoyenebis Taobaze: maSin es liTonebi farod

gamoiyeneboda konservis qilebisa da satele-

fono sadenebis dasamzadeblad. maT Soris iyvnen

iseTebic, vinc gamovida am liTonebis mopovebis

moculobis SezRudvisa da kalisa da spilenZis

Semcvleli nakeTobebis savaldebulo Sekreba-uti-

lizaciis momxred. magram dReisaTvis kvebis mrew-

velobaSi sul ufro farTod gamoiyeneba plas-

tmasis tara, xolo Cveulebrivi satelefono sade-

nebi icvleba optikuri boWkovani kavSiriT, romel-

Ta sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneba Cveulebrivi qviSa.

ase rom, teqnikuri progresi SesaZleblobas iZleva

gadaiWras bunebrivi resursebis ukmarisobis mwvave

problemebi.

magram sakmarisi iqneba Tu ara aseTi Zalisx-

meva ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis aucilebeli pirobe-

bis mxardasaWerad? bazris pirobebSi xom defi-

citi gardauvalad aisaxeba fasebze, rac niSnavs,

rom bunebrivi resursebis Semcireba gardauvlad

gamoiwvevs nedleulis Rirebulis zrdas. magram

es argumenti ugulvebeliyofa praqtikiT, ram-

denadac fasebi umravles bunebriv resursebze

(inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT) darCeba stabil-

uri an Semcirdeba. es imas niSnavs, rom Cveni

SesaZleblobebi maTi dazogvis mimarTulebiT iz-

rdeba ufro swrafad, vidre iwureba nedleulis

bunebrivi maragebi. ase rom, mimdinare sabazro

situacia ar iZleva ekonomikuri zrdis Taobaze

SeSfoTebis safuZvels.

CanarTi 8.3. SesaZlebelia Tu ara

ekonomikuri zrda?

zogierTi analitikosi miiCnevs, rom bune-

brivi resursebis SezRuduloba gadaulaxav bari-

ers qmnis Semdgomi ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis. erTi

SexedviT, aseTi mtkiceba sakmaod damajereblad

gamoiyureba. marTlac, Tu Cveni planeta flobs

araaRdgenadi resursebis SezRudul maragebs, maSin

rogor SeiZleba vivaraudoT mosaxleobis, war-

moebisa da cxovrebis donis Semdgomi zrda? gana

bolos da bolos ar amoiwureba navTobisa da

sxva sasargeblo wiaRiseulis sabadoebi? da es,

Tavis mxriv, ar gamoiwvevs ekonomikuri zrdis

Sewyvetas da cxovrebis donis dacemas?

msgavsi argumentebis garegnuli damajere-

blobis miuxedavad, ekonomistTa umravlesobas Cveni

civilizaciis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi ase uime-

dod ar warmoudgenia. maTi azriT, teqnologiuri

progresi SesaZleblobas iZleva gadalaxuli iq-

nas resursuli SezRuduloba. ukanasknel wleb-

Si xom Tanamedrove mecnierebam da teqnikam arc

Tu ise mcire wvlili Seitana bunebrivi resursebis

ufro ekonomikur xarjvaSi. Tanamedrove avtomo-

bilebi moixmaren nakleb benzins, axal saxlebs

aqvT saukeTeso Tboizolacaia da nakleb ener-

gias Txouloben gaTbobisaTvis. sawvavis alter-

natiuli saxeebis, magaliTad, eTilis spirtis dan-

ergva nacvlad benzinisa, saSualebas mogvcems

SevamciroT navTobis moxmareba da gavzardoT

saTbobis aRdgenadi wyaroebis gamoyeneba.

441440

rigad namuSevari saaTebis jami iqneba 20000 saaTi (2000

X 10). Tu saSualo saaTobrivi gamomuSaveba Seadgens 3

lars, maSin warmoebis realuri moculoba, anu mSp iqneba

60000 lari (20000 X 3).

sqemidan Cans, rom SromiT danaxarjebs gan-

nax. 8.3. SromiTi danaxarjebisa da Sromismwarmoeblurobis sqematuri gamosaxuleba

1. dasaqmebulTaraodenoba

2. namuSevari saaTebissaSualo ricxvi

1. fizikuri kapitali(SromisfondaRWurviloba)2. adamianurikapitali (samuSaoZalis ganaTleba daprofesionalizmi)3. bunebriviresursebis moculobada xarisxi4. teqnologiuricodna (teqnikuriprogresi)5. resursebisganawilebis dagamoyenebis efeqtianoba6. sxva faqtorebi

SromiTidanaxarjebi(namuSevarisaaTebisjami)

warmoebisrealurimoculoba

(mSp)

Sromismwarmoeb-luroba(saSualosaaTobrivigamomuSaveba)

=

=

is dagrovebis zrdis tempis Senelebas da gamokvleve-

bze danaxarjebis zrdis Semcirebas iwvevs. Tavis mxriv,

kapitalis dagroveba da teqnikuri progresi umuSevro-

bis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes. amasTan, TiToeuli faqtori

ganicdis cvlilebas, asrulebs ekonomikur zrdaze zemo-

qmedebis gansxvavebul funqcias da sxvadasxva maCveneb-

lebiT izomeba.

ekonomikuri zrdis faqtorebs Soris mTavaria

miwodebis faqtorebi. kerZod, ekonomikur zrdas gan-

sazRvravs erToblivi miwodebis iseTi faqtorebi, rogor-

icaa: 1. fasebis cvlileba resursebze; 2. cvlileba Sro-

mis mwarmoeblurobaSi; 3. samarTlebrivi normebis cv-

lileba.

saboloo angariSiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom realuri

mSp-is gadideba xorcieldeba ori gziT: pirvelia war-

moebaSi ufro meti resursebis CarTva (eqstensiuri zrda);

meore ki _ resursebis ufro mwarmoebluri gamoyeneba

(intensiuri zrda).

yvela SemTxvevaSi, realuri mSp-is sidide gan-

isazRvreba SromiTi danaxarjebisa (kac-saaTebSi)

da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis (erT dasaqmebulze

realuri saaTobrivi gamomuSaveba) namravliT. sqe-

maturad igi naCvenebia 8.3. naxazze.

es sqema asaxavs im faqts, rom realuri mSp Seg-

viZlia warmovidginoT rogorc namuSevari saaTeb-

is jamisa da saSualo saaTobrivi gamomuSavebis

namravli.

davuSvaT, rom hipoTezur ekonomikaSi dasaqmebu-

lia 10 kaci, romelTagan TiToeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi

gamoimuSavebs 2000 saaTs (50 kvira ? 40 saaTze). am-

443442

ganxiluli iqneba misi faqtorebisa da ekonomikur zr-

dasTan kavSiris TvalsazrisiT.

modiT, Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da ekonomikuri

zrdis problemis Seswavla daviwyoT daniel defos

cnobili romanis `robinzon kruzo`-s mTavari gmiris

cxovrebidan motanili martivi magaliTis daxmarebiT.

rogorc gaxsovT, robinzon kruzo iyo mezRvauri, romelic

upatronod mitovebuli aRmoCnda dausaxlebel kunZu-

lze. is cxovrobda srul simartoveSi da iZulebuli

iyo TviTon daeWira Tevzi, moeyvana bostneuli da daemza-

debina saojaxo aveji. robinzonis SromiTi saqmianoba

ekonomikis umartivesi modelis magaliTia, Tumca, misi

analizi ufro rTuli da srulyofili modelebisaTvis

samarTliani daskvnebis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas iZle-

va.

maS ase, robinzonis cxovrebis dones gansazRvrav-

da misi sakuTari Sroma. rac ufro met Tevzs iWerda,

bostneuli moyavda da yoveldRiuri moxmarebis nivTebs

amzadebda, igi miT ufro kargad cxovrobda. ramdenadac

kruzo moixmarda mxolod imas, rasac TviTon awarmoeb-

da, misi cxovrebis done mTlianad iyo damokidebuli

misi Sromis Sedegebze.

Sromis mwarmoebluroba asaxavs muSakis mier sam-

uSao drois erT saaTSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da gaweu-

li momsaxurebis raodenobas. robinzonis magaliTi

gviCvenebs, rom Sromis mwarmoebluroba cxovrebis do-

nis ganmsazRvreli faqtoria; Sesabamisad, pirveli maCveneb-

lis gadideba ganapirobebs meoris amaRlebas. rac ufro

met Tevzs daiWerda kruzo erT saaTSi, miT ufro maZR-

risi (yuaTiani) iqneboda misi sadili. rac ufro ukeTe-

sad SearCevda igi adgils TevzaobisaTvis, miT maRali

sazRvravs dasaqmebulTa raodenoba da namuSevari saaTe-

bis saSualo ricxvi (samuSao kviris xangrZlivoba).

dasaqmebulTa raodenoba, Tavis mxriv, damokidebulia

Sromisunariani mosaxleobis ricxvze da warmoebaSi maTi

Cabmis sisruleze. samuSao kviris xangrZlivoba regu-

lirdeba kanonmdeblobiT da koleqtiuri xelSekrule-

bebiT.

rac Seexeba Sromis mwarmoeblurobas, igi gan-

icdis iseTi faqtorebis zemoqmedebas, rogoricaa fiz-

ikuri kapitali (Sromis fondaRWurviloba), adamiani-

seuli kapitali (samuSao Zalis ganaTleba, profesion-

alizmi), bunebrivi resursebis moculoba da xarisxi,

teqnologiuri codna (teqnikuri progresi), resurseb-

is ganawilebis da gamoyenebis efeqtianoba da sxv.

Sromis mwarmoebluroba da ekonomi-

kuri zrda. mdidari da Raribi qveynebis ekonomikuri

zrdis doneebSi arsebuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis

(romelic 8.3 cxrilSi iyo warmodgenili) axsna, erTi

mxriv, sakmaod martivad warmogvidgeba da, rogorc Semdgom-

Si davinaxavT, SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas Sromis mwarmoe-

blurobis martiv maCvenebelze. meore mxriv, Sromis mwar-

moeblurobis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebis detaluri da

yovelmxrivi gamokvlevis gareSe aseTi axsna ar SeiZleba

damakmayofileblad CaiTvalos.

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis maCveneblis

mniSvneloba ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis. Cven

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis maCvenebels ukve SevexeT (Tema

4) misi arsisa da gazomvis poziciidan. axla ki igi

445444

qveyanaTa erT nawilSi ratomaa saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis warmoeba ufro efeqtiani, vidre qveyanaTa meore

nawilSi.

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis ganmsazR-

vreli faqtorebi. robinzon kruzos Sromis mwar-

moeblurobis done (rac umniSvnelovanes rols Tama-

Sobs misi cxovrebis standartebis gansazRvraSi) gan-

isazRvra mravali faqtoriT.

Tu saubari midioda Tevzis daWeris Sesaxeb, misi

warmateba didad iyo damokidebuli ankesebis raode-

nobasa da xarisxze, ankesiT Tevzaobis Cvevebze, sanapiro

wylebSi TevziT uxviani adgilebis SerCevaze. TiToeul

am faqtorTagans, romlebic ekonomistebis mier gan-

isazRvreba rogorc fizikuri kapitali, adamianiseuli

kapitali, teqnologiuri codna da bunebrivi resurse-

bi*, analogebi aqvs nebismieri saxelmwifos realur

ekonomikaSi.

fizikur kapitalSi, an ubralod kapitalSi gage-

bulia mowyobilobebi, Senobebi da nagebobebi, romlebic

gamoiyeneba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad.

magaliTad, avejis warmoebisas gamoiyeneba xerxebi, sax-

arato Carxebi da saxraxnisi wnexebi. rac ufro farTea

instrumentebis nakrebi, miT swrafad da xarisxianad

sruldeba samuSao. muSa, romelic mxolod martiv in-

strumentebs iyenebs, erTi da imave droSi amzadebs ufro

* Менкью Н.Г., Принципы макроэкономики, 2-е изд.- СПБ.:Питер, 2003, с. 273.

iqneboda misi mwarmoebluroba. Sromis mwarmoebluro-

bis zrda ki robinzons SesaZleblobas aZlevda an mi-

erTva bevri Tevzi an naklebi dro daexarja sakvebis

mopovebaze da dakavebuliyo sxva saqmeebiT.

cxovrebis donis gansazRvraSi Sromis mwarmoe-

blurobis fundamenturi rolis Sesaxeb mtkiceba sa-

marTliania rogorc dausaxlebel kunZulze migdebuli

mezRvauris, aseve nebismieri didi da mcire saxelmwifo-

saTvis. gaixseneT, rom mSp erTdroulad zomavs or

maCvenebels: yvela saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoe-

belTa Semosavlebis saerTo jamsa da am saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis SeZenaze momxmarebelTa danaxarjebis saerTo

jams, da orive mniSvneloba unda iyos Tanabari. sxva

sityvebiT, nebismieri qveynis ekonomikaSi Semosavlebis

saerTo jami unda uTanabrdebodes danaxarjebis saerTo

jams.

rogorc daniel defos gmiris situaciaSi, saxelm-

wifos cxovrebis donec ganisazRvreba masSi warmoebu-

li saqonlisa da momsaxurebis raodenobiT. aSS-is mo-

qalaqeni cxovroben nigerielebze ukeT imitom, rom amerike-

li muSebis Sromis mwarmoebluroba ufro maRalia.

iaponiaSi cxovrebis donis zrdis tempebi maRalia, vi-

dre argentinaSi imitom, rom iaponeli muSebis Sromis

mwarmoebluroba izrdeba argentinelebisaze swrafad.

maSasadame, sxvadasxva qveynebSi cxovrebis doneTa

gansxvavebulobis mizezebisa da maTi cvlilebebis pro-

cesebis gasagebad aucilebelia yuradRebis koncentr-

ireba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis sakiTxebze.

magram cxovrebis donesa da Sromis mwarmoeblurobas

Soris kavSiris dadgeniT Cven mxolod pirveli nabiji

gavakeTeT. axla Cven unda vipovoT pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu

447446

zogjer studentebs ganixilaven rogorc erTgvar muSebs,

romlebic dakavebulni arian adamianiseuli kapitalis

matebiT, romelic gamoyenebuli iqneba momavalSi.

bunebrivi resursebi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis

mesame umniSvnelovanesi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. maT

miekuTvneba: miwa, wyali, nedleulisa da sasargeblo wiaR-

iseulis maragebi, romlebic warmoadgenen mravali sawarmoo

procesis amosaval elements.

gansxvaveba bunebrivi resursebis maragebis mocu-

lobebSi zegavlenas axdens mravali qveynis mosaxleo-

bis cxovrebis donis maCveneblebze. magaliTad, aSS-is

pirveli ekonomikuri miRwevebi nawilobriv dakavSire-

buli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo gamoyenebisaTvis vargisi

Tavisufali miwebis siuxvesTan. amJamad axloaRmosav-

leTis zogierTi qveyana (quveiTi, saudis arabeTi) aR-

moCnda umdidres saxelmwifoTa rigebSi mxolod imit-

om, rom floben navTobis didZal dazveril maragebs.

Tumca, bunebrivi resursebis maragebi ekonomikuri

ayvavebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria, maTi ar-

seboba amis gamo sruliadac ar iTvleba maRalefeqtiani

warmoebis Seqmnis savaldebulo pirobad. magaliTad,

iaponia gadaiqca msoflios erT-erT umdidres qveynad,

Tumca flobs bunebrivi resursebis sakmaod umniSvnelo

maragebs. misi ekonomikuri àRmafrena` didad gaxda

SesaZlebeli warmoebis maRali kulturisa da sagareo

vaWrobaSi mopovebuli warmatebebis wyalobiT. iaponias

importiT Semoaqvs sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mravali

saxeoba, upiratesad xe-tye da navTobi da gaaqvs qveynis

nedleuliT gacilebiT ufro uzrunyofili mza produ-

qcia.

nakleb avejs, vidre Tanamedrove xisdamamuSavebeli mow-

yobilobebis gamomyenebeli muSaki.

Cven warmoebis faqtorebi ukve ganvsazRvreT (Tema

1 da 4) rogorc saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebi-

saTvis gamoyenebuli resursebi (Sroma, kapitali da a.

S.). kapitalis umniSvnelovanesi niSani is aris, rom is

TviTon warmoadgens warmoebis produqts. ase magali-

Tad, avejis mwarmoebeli muSa magidis fexebs amzadebs

saxarato Carxze, romelic gamoSvebuli iqna xisdamamu-

Savebeli mowyobilobebis gamomSveb sawarmoSi. es sawarmo,

Tavis mxriv, Carxebis Sesaqmnelad iyenebs sxva manqanebsa

da meqanizmebs. sxva sityvebiT, kapitali warmoebis faq-

toria, romelic gamoiyeneba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

(axali kapitaluri saqonlis CaTvliT) sawarmoeblad.

adamianiseul kapitalSi ekonomistebi gulisx-

moben muSakebis mier swavlebisa da SromiTi saqmianobis

procesSi SeZenil codnasa da SromiT Cvevebs. adamiani-

seu-li kapitalis dagroveba mimdinareobs rogorc

skolamdel asakSi, ise skolaSi, kolejSi, universitetSi,

gadamzadebisa da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom codna da SromiTi Cvevebi ar

miekuTvneba materialurad xelSesaxeb sagnebs (rogori-

caa Carxebi, buldozerebi an Senobebi), adamianiseul kaap-

itals mainc bevri msgavsi niSnebi gaaCnia fizikur kap-

italTan mimarTebaSi. erTic da meorec adidebs sazoga-

doebis mier axali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoe-

bis SesaZleblobebs, erTic da meorec TviTon warmoad-

gens sawarmoo procesebis Sedegs. ase magaliTad, adami-

aniseuli kapitalis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia maswav-

lebeli, biblioTeka, treiningi da dro swavlebisaTvis.

449448

patentis moqmedebis vada amoiwureba, preparatis war-

moebis uflebas ukve Rebulobs yvela msurveli firma.

teqnologiuri codnis sxvadasxva formebs sagangebod

didi mniSvneloba aqvT ekonomikisaTvis.

CvenTvis azri aqvs zRvaris gavlebas teqnologiur

codnasa da adamianiseuli kapitals Soris, ramdenadac

am cnebaTa siaxlovis miuxedavad, maT gaaCniaT arsebiTi

ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. teqnologiur codnas miekuTvne-

ba sazogadoebis warmodgena sawarmoo procesebis Sesaxeb.

adamianiseuli kapitali ganisazRvreba am warmodgenebis

SromiT CvevebSi gadazrdaze Zalebis danaxarjebiT.

xatovnad rom vTqvaT, teqnologiuri codna gansazRvravs

saxelmZRvanelos xarisxs, romliTac swavlobs sazoga-

doeba, xolo adamianiseul kapitali izomeba mis wakiTx-

vaze daxarjuli droiT. Sromis mwarmoebluroba damok-

idebulia rogorc saxelmZRvanelos xarisxze, aseve misi

Seswavlisadmi miZRvnil droze.

warmoebis faqtorTa danaxarjebsa da gamoSvebuli

produqciis moculobas Soris kavSiris aRwerisaTvis

ekonomikaSi gamoiyeneba warmoebiTi funqciis cneba.

Tu gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobas aRvniSnavT Y-

iT, Sromis raodenobas _ L-iT, fizikuri kapitalis moc-

ulobas _ K-iT, adamianiseuli kapitalis moculobas _

H-iT, da bunebrivi resursebis moculobas _ N-iT, war-

moebiTi funqcia gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:

Y=AF(L, K, H, N),

sadac F() aris warmoebis fatorTa danaxarjebismniSvnelobebisagan gamoSvebuli produqciis moculo-

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis meoTxe ganmsazRvreli

faqtoria teqnologiuri codna, anu sazogadoebis mier

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis saukeTeso xerx-

ebis gageba.

jer kidev 100 wlis winaT amerikelebis umravle-

soba muSaobda fermebSi, ramdenadac maSin cnobili saso-

flo-sameurneo teqnologiebi sursaTiT mosaxleobis

uzrunvelyofisaTvis Sromis did danaxarjebs moiTxov-

da. amJamad, mecnierebisa da mrewvelobis warmatebaTa

wyalobiT, aSS-is Sromisunariani mosaxleobis umniSvne-

lo nawili sursaTiT uzrunvelyofs mTel qveyanas. ase

rom, axali sasoflo-sameurneo teqnologiebis ganviTarebam

Sroma gaxada ufro efeqtiani da SesaZleblad aqcia

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis gadideba.

teqnologiuri codna arsebobs sxvadasxva forma-

Si. zogierTi maTgani sakmaod martivia da gamoyenebis

Semdeg isini swrafad pouloben farTo gavrcelebas.

magaliTad, rodesac henri fordma pirvelad ganaxorcie-

la konvenieris idea avtomobilis awyobisaTvis, misi

siaxle myisierad iqna atacebuli msxvili mwarmoebleb-

is mier. sxva teqnologiebi patentdeba da warmoadgens

maTi dammuSavebeli kompaniebis sakuTrebas, rogorc aris

`laRiZis wylebis` an `koka-kolas` SemTxvevaSi, rode-

sac sawarmoebi saidumlod inaxaven cnobili sasmelis

damzadebis receptebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi patentis

moqmedebis vada SezRudulia. ase magaliTad, Tu aSS-Si

farmacevtuli firma SeimuSavebes axal preparats, maSin

sapatento samarTlis Sesaxeb qveynis kanonis mixedviT

igi SesaZleblobas Rebulobs garkveuli drois ganmav-

lobaSi iyos misi monopoliuri mwarmoebeli. rodesac

451450

resursebis (N/L) raodenobis da teqnologiis ganvi-

Tarebis (A) donisagan, e.i. im oTxi ZiriTadi faqtoris-agan, romelTac Cven zemoT gavecaniT.

msoflio ekonomikuri zrdis tendenciebi mokled

SeiZleba ganzogaddes Semdeg debulebaSi: mTeli XX sauku-

nis ganmavlobaSi warmoebis realuri moculoba (mSp)

metad Tu naklebad mudmivi tempebiT izrdeboda. mateba

ramdenadme aRemateboda Sromis, kapitalisa da resurs-

dabandebis zrdis saSualo maCveneblebs, rac aixsneba

mecnierul-teqnikuri aRmoCenebis warmoebaSi danergviT.

marTalia, SeuZlebelia absoluturi sizustiT dadg-

indes, didxans iqneba Tu ara SenarCunebuli ekonomikis

Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, magram erTis aRniSvna mainc

SeiZleba: logikis mixedviT, ar arsebobs safuZveli vamt-

kicoT, rom mimdinare XXI aswleuli didad iqneba gan-

sxvavebuli winasagan.

bis damokidebulebis ganmsazRvreli funqcia, xolo A _sawarmoo teqnologiebis efeqtianobisagan damokidebu-

li cvladi.

mraval warmoebiT funqcias gaaCnia masStabisagan

mudmivi ukugebis Tviseba. Tu warmoebiTi funqcia flobs

am Tvisebas, maSin erTi da imave sididiT warmoebis

yvela faqtoris erTdrouli cvlilebisas isic imave

sididiT icvleba.

maTematikurad es imas niSnavs, rom X-is nebismieri

dadebiTi ricxvisaTvis

xY=AF(xL, xK, xH, xN).

magaliTad, rodesac X=2, e.i. warmoebis yvela faq-

tori gaormagebulia, produqciis gamoSvebis moculo-

bac aseve orjer izrdeba.

masStabisagan mudmivi ukugebis Tvisebis mqone war-

moebiTi funqciis meSveobiT SeiZleba miviRoT erTi sain-

tereso Sedegi. davuSvaT, rom X=1/L, maSin toloba mi-

iRebs Semdeg saxes:

= AF (1 , , , ).

miaqcieT yuradReba imas, romYY/L asaxavs produ-qciis raodenobas erT muSakze, e.i. warmoadgens Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis maCvenebels.

amdenad, Cveni toloba gamoxatavs Sromis mwarmoe-

blurobis damokidebulebas erT muSakze fizikuri da

adamianiseuli kapitalis (K/L, H/L) sididis, bunebrivi

YL

KL

HL

NL

453452

danazogebisa da investiciebis mniS-

vneloba. ramdenadac kapitali miekuTvneba warmoebis

kvlavwarmoebad faqtors, misi sidide didad ganisazRvreba

sazogadoebis mier. Tu ekonomika dRes awarmoebs kapi-

talis formaSi gamosayenebel bevr axal saqonels, misi

potenciali izrdeba da xval is mosaxleobas uzrunve-

lyofs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ufro mravalfero-

vani arCevaniT. amrigad, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis amaR-

lebis erT-erTi gzaa investiciebis gadideba sawarmoo

sferoSi.

kapitalis dagrovebis sakiTxSi gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas iZens arCevanis problema. sinamdvileSi, Cve-

ni resursebis SezRudulobis pirobebSi investiciebis

nebismieri gadideba kapitalis (manqanebis, Senobebis, mow-

yobilobebis) kvlavwarmoebaSi iwvevs mimdinare moxmare-

bisaTvis gamosayenebeli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ga-

moSvebaze mimarTuli resursebis Semcirebas. sxva si-

tyvebiT, ekonomikis ganviTarebaze meti resursebis misa-

marTad sazogadoebas uwevs mimdinare moxmarebaze gamo-

sayenebeli resursebis SezRudva da kapitalis dagrove-

bis gadideba. ekonomikuri zrda miiRweva maRal fasad

da sazogadoebisagan moiTxovs materialur msxverpls

momavali ayvavebis saxiT.

erT-erT momdevno TemaSi Cven dawvrilebiT gavec-

nobiT sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu finansuri berketebiT

saxelmwifo rogor axerxebs danazogebisa da investicie-

bis moculobaTa koordinirebasa da regulirebas. ma-

gram ukve axla Cven SegviZlia SevniSnoT, rom danazoge-

bisa da investiciebis waxalisebis saxelmwifo

politika ekonomikuri zrdis da, Sesabamisad, mo-

leqcia 23. ekonomikuri zrda da

mis uzrunvelyofaze mimarTuli

samTavrobo politika

`saxelmwifo cdilobs eko-

nomikuri zrdis maRali sis-

wrafis miRwevas drois grZel-

vadiani periodis ganmavlobaSi.

sxva sityvebiT, saxelmwifo cdi-

lobs stabiluri zrdis miRwe-

vas vardnebisa da moklevadiani

aRmavlobebis Tavidan acilebiT.

Tumca, mas zogjer (gansakuTre-

biT arCevnebis win) awyobs bumi

ekonomikaSi~.j.solou

Cven wina leqciaze davadgineT, rom qveynis ekono-

mikuri zrdis siswrafe da sazogadoebis cxovrebis

done ganisazRvreba saxelmwifos unariT awarmoos saqone-

li da momsaxureba, mwarmoebluroba ki damokidebulia

fizikuri da adamianiseuli kapitalis, bunebrivi resurse-

bisa da teqnologiuri codnis arsebobaze. axla mivmar-

TavT sakiTxs, romliTac dakavebulia mTeli msoflios

politikosTa goneba: rogor zemoqmedebs saxelmwifos

politika Sromis mwarmoeblurobasa da, Sesabamisad,

ekonomikur zrdasa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis doneze?

sicxadisaTvis gamovyofT da cal-calke ganvixilavT

ramdenime ZiriTad sakiTxs:

455454

lagebuli arian gansaxilveli maCveneblis klebis rig-

iT. (b) diagramaze naCvenebia mSp-is wili (procentebSi),

romelic imave qveynebis mier imave wlebSi mimarTulia

investiciebze. motanili monacemebis analizi miuTiTebs

sakmaod mtkice kavSirze investiciebis moculobebsa da

ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs Soris. rac ufro met saSu-

alebebs mimarTavs qveyana warmoebis ganviTarebaze (iaponia,

singapuri), miT maRalia misi ekonomikuri zrdis maCvene-

beli. saxelmwifoebs, romelnic mSp-is nakleb wils mi-

marTaven investiciebSi (ruanda, bangladeSi), Sesabamisad

gaaCniaT zrdis dabali maCveneblebi. Cveni daskvna ufro

farTo gamokvlevebiTac mtkicdeba.

magram miRebuli Sedegebi uSveben sxva msjelo-

basac. rogorc cnobilia, or cvlads Soris kavSiris

arsebobidan SeuZlebelia erTmniSvnelovani daskvnis gak-

Teba imis Sesaxeb, rom erT-erTi maTganis cvlileba war-

moadgens meoris cvlilebis mizezs da ara Sedegs. amit-

om savsebiT koreqtuli iqneba imis daSveba, rom inves-

ticiebis gadidebis ZiriTadi faqtoria ekonomikuri zrda

(an orive es procesi ganpirobebulia romeliRac mesame

faqtoris cvlilebebiT). magram ramdenadac kapitalis

dagroveba aSkarad da uSualod zemoqmedebs Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis zrdaze, ekonomistTa umravlesoba Tvlis,

rom ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTadi pirobaa investicieb-

is gadideba.

klebadi Semosavlianoba da `swrafi

startis` efeqti. davuSvaT, rom romeliRac sax-

elmwifos mTavrobam, zemoT aRniSnuli daskvnebis gav-

leniT, gadawyvita gaedidebina dazogvis norma, e.i. dana-

saxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebis daCqareb-

is erT-erTi gzaa.

mivmarToT 8.4 naxazs. (a) diagrama Seicavs monace-

mebs msoflios 15 saxelmwifos ekonomikuri zrdis

tempebis Sesaxeb 1960-2000 wlebSi. saxelmwifoebi gan-

investiciebi(mSp-dan %-Si)

nax. 8.4. ekonomikuri zrda da investiciebi

(a) mosaxleobis erT sulzemSp-is zrdis tempebis

maCveneblebi (1960-2000 w.w.)

(b) investiciebiszrdis tempebi

(1960-2000 w.w.), %

zrdis maCveneblebi(%)

samxreT korea

singapuri

iaponia

israeli

kanada

brazilia

dasavleT germania

meqsika

didi britaneTi

nigeria

aSS

indoeTi

bangladeSi

Cile

ruanda

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 10 20 30 40

457456

neebs, magram sruliadac ara am cvladebis daC-

qarebul zrdas. magram msgavsi mdgomareobis miRweva

swrafad ar xdeba. kerZod, msoflio ekonomikis ganvi-

Tarebis Sesaxeb monacemebis Tanaxmad, dazogvis normis

gadidebas ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis arsebiTi mateba

mohyveba ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi.

kapitalis klebadi Semosavlianobis fenomenis an-

alizi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gavakeToT kidev erTi

mniSvnelovani daskvna: sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, daba-

li ganviTarebis donis mqone qveyanas gaaCnia ufro

swrafi ekonomikuri zrdis winamZRvrebi.

Semdgomi zrdis tempebze sawyisi pirobebis gavle-

nis aseTi Sedegi iwodeba `swrafi startis` efeqtad.

Rarib qveynebSi muSakebs xSirad ar gaaCniaT yvelaze

martivi instrumentebic ki, amitom Sromis mwarmoebluroba

Zalian dabal doneze imyofeba. Sedegad ki, misi sagrZno-

bi zrda SesaZloa miRweuli iqnas yvelaze umniSvnelo

investirebis drosac. ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki warmoe-

bis teqnikuri SeiaraReba Zalian maRalia. amis Sedegad,

erT muSakze kapitalis mniSvnelovani matebac ki Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis sakmaod mokrZalebul zrdas iwvevs.

sxvadasxva qveynebis ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneblebis

analizi amtkicebs `swrafi startis` efeqtis arse-

bobas: sxva maCveneblebis, kerZod, investiciebze mimarTu-

li mSp-is wilis Tanasworobis pirobebSi, Raribi qvey-

nebi zrdis ufro maRal tempebs aRweven, vidre mdidre-

bi.

`swrafi startis` efeqti SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs

avxsnaT 8.4 naxazze motanili zogierTi gansacvifrebe-

li cifri. ase magaliTad, 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi aSS-ma

zogebze mimarTuli mSp-is wili. raSi gamoixateba aseTi

politikis Sedegi? cxadia, rom danazogebis zrdis

pirobebSi mimdinareobs samomxmareblo saqonlis war-

moebaze mimarTuli resursebis SezRudva da diddeba

kapitaluri saqonlis gamoSvebaze mimarTuli resurseb-

is wili. Sedegad, kapitalis gadideba gamoiwvevs Sromis

mwarmoeblurobisa da mSp-is zrdis tempebis amaRlebas.

magram aq ismis kiTxvebi: ramdenad did xans SenarCundeba

es tendencia? iZleva Tu ara dazogvis axali, ufro

maRali norma imis SesaZleblobas, rom SenarCunebuli

iqnas mSp-is zrdis miRweuli maCveneblebi? Tu droTa

ganmavlobaSi mSp-is zrdis miRweuli maCveneblebi Tan-

daTanobiT Semcirdeba?

warmoebis procesze tradiciuli Sexedulebis

Tanaxmad, kapitalis erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia

misi klebadi Semosavlianoba. es imas niSnavs, rom

kapitalis Tanabari damatebiTi dabandebebi iwvevs produ-

qciis gamoSvebis klebad matebas. sxva sityvebiT, Tu erT

muSakze modis kapitalis mniSvnelovani raodenoba, romel-

ic SesaZlebels xdis produqciis raRaca moculobis

warmoebas, mis Semdgom matebas mosdevs Sromis Sedegeb-

is SefardebiTi Semcireba. klebadi Semosavlianobis Sed-

egad dazogvis normis gadideba Tavdapirvelad iwvevs

daCqarebul ekonomikur zrdas. im dros, rodesac da-

zogvis axali, ufro maRali norma xels uwyobs akumu-

lirebuli kapitalis gadidebas, misi zrdiT motanili

sargebeli xdeba sul ufro umniSvnelo, warmoebis zr-

dis tempebi ki mcirdeba. grZelvadian periodSi da-

zogvis ufro maRali norma iwvevs Sromis mwar-

moeblurobisa da Semosavlis ufro maRal do-

459458

da, amdenad, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrda. magram kapi-

talis gamravleba mimdinareobs ara mxolod Sida

resursebis xarjze. misi meore wyaro SeiZleba iyos

ucxouri investiciebi.

arsebobs ucxour kapitaldabandebaTa sxvadasxva

formebi. ase magaliTad, saavtomobilo korporacia Ford-ma SesaZloa axali sawarmoebi gaxsnas meqsikaSi. ucx-

ouri firmebis sakuTrebaSi da mmarTvelobis qveS myo-

fi kapitaldabandebebi iwodebian pirdapir ucxour

investiciebad. sxva SemTxvevaSi aSS-is moqalaqes ufleba

aqvs SeiZinos meqsikuri kompaniis aqciebi (e.i. gaxdes

misi Tanamflobeli), kompaniam ki aqciebis gayidvidan

miRebuli saSualebebiT ganaviTaros axali warmoeba. ucx-

ouri wyaroebidan miRebuli kapitaldabandebebi, rom-

lebic imyofebian samamulo mwarmoebelTa mmarTvelobis

qveS, iwodebian portfelur investiciebad. orive ma-

galiTSi saerToa is, rom dabandeba meqsikur ekonomika-

Si warmoebs amerikuli resursebis xarjze. sxva sityve-

biT, amerikelTa Siga danazogebi gamoiyeneba meqsikuri

ekonomikis dasafinanseblad.

rodesac ucxoelebi saSualebebs abandeben sxva

qveynis ekonomikaSi, isini varaudoben, rom investiciebi

maT moutans mogebas. kompania Ford-is saavtomobilo

sawarmo xels uwyobs meqsikis gankargulebaSi arsebu-

li kapitalis da, maSasadame, qveyanaSi Sromis mwarmoe-

blurobisa da mSp-is donis gadidebas, magram miRebuli

Semosavlebis nawils korporacia abrunebs aSS-Si. swored

aseve, meqsikuri kompaniis aqciebis SemZeni amerikeli in-

vestoric Rebulobs misi mogebis nawilis miRebis ufle-

bas.

da samxreT koream investiciebze mimarTes mSp-is TiTq-

mis erTi da igive wili, magram mosaxleobis erT sulze

mSp-is zrdam aSS-Si Seadgina saSualod daaxloebiT 1,8%

maSin, rodesac samxreT koreaSi am maCvenebelma 7%-s

miaRwia.

mocemul fenomens Cven vxsniT `swrafi startis`

efeqtiT. 1960 wels samxreT koreas hqonda mosaxleo-

bis erT sulze mSp-is maCveneblis TiTqmis 10-jer nak-

lebi mniSvneloba, vidre aSS-s, rac nawilobriv xsnida

investiciebis dabal donesac. sawyisi kapitalis didi

mniSvnelobis Sedegad misma akumulaciam SesaZlebeli

gaxada sasurveli Sedegebis swrafad miRweva, ramac gana-

piroba kidec mSp-is matebis maRali maCvenebeli am qvey-

anaSi.

`swrafi startis` efeqti sxvadasxva aspeqtiT gam-

ovlindeba Cvens cxovrebaSi. magaliTad, moswavlem, romelmac

sagrZnob progress miaRwia swavlaSi, rogorc Cans, sas-

wavlo weli daiwyo erTob saSualo niSnebiT. muyaiTad

swavlas miCveuli moswavle, piriqiT, Znelad Tu miaRwevs

ufro maRali niSnebis miRebas, magram samagierod misi

codna iqneba ufro sruli da mtkice. analogiurad,

samxreTkoreuli ekonomika ganviTarda ufro maRali

tempebiT, vidre amerikuli, magram aSS-Si iyo da rCeba

kidec mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is maRali maCvenebe-

li.

ucxouri investiciebi. aqamde Cven vix-

ilavdiT sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu dazogvis normis ga-

didebaze mimarTulma ekonomikurma politikam rogor

SeiZleba gamoiwvios investiciebis moculobis gadideba

461460

vani obieqtebis mSenebloba). amasTan, banki maT uwevs

sakonsultacio momsaxurebas nasesxeb saSualebaTa

saukeTesod gamoyenebis sferoSi. msoflio banki da misi

monaTesave organizacia _ saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-

di Seqmnil iqna meore msoflio omis Semdeg, romlis

erT-erTi gakveTili mdgomareobda imaSi, rom arcTu iS-

viaTad swored ekonomikuri gasaWiri iwvevs Sigapoli-

tikur arastabilurobas, saerTaSoriso daZabulobis

zrdas da SeiaraRebul konfliqtebs. amitom msoflio

bankisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis saqmianoba

mimarTulia msoflios yvela qveynis ekonomikur ayvave-

baze.

ganaTleba da profesionalizmi. ga-

naTlebasa da profesionalizms, romelic arsebiTad war-

moadgens investicias adamianiseul kapitalSi, mdgradi

ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevisaTvis aqvs aranaklebi mniS-

vneloba, vidre axal fulad dabandebebs fizikur kapi-

talSi. statistikis monacemebiT, aSS-Si individis mier

axali codnis misaRebad gamoyenebuli yoveli weli ni-

Snavs, rom misi xelfasi gaizrdeba 10%-iT. naklebad

ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi, sadac adamianiseuli kap-

italis deficiti gansakuTrebiT mwvaved igrZnoba, gan-

sxvaveba maRalkvalificiuri profesionalebisa da daba-

li kvalifikaciis muSakTa xelfasSi kidev ufro arse-

biTia. amrigad, ekonomikur zrdasa da mosaxleobis cx-

ovrebis donis amaRlebaze mimarTuli saxelmwifos Siga

politikis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa skolebisa da sxva

saswavlo dawesebulebaTa sistemis ganviTareba da ga-

naTlebis miRebisadmi mosaxleobis miswrafebis waxa-

maSasadame, ucxouri investiciebi sxvadasxva

zegavlenas axdens mSp-sa da mep-ze. gavixsenoT, rom

mSp aris yvela Semosavlebis jami, romlebic miRebulia

qveynis teritoriaze rogorc misi moqalaqeebis, aseve

ucxoelebis mier; mep ki moicavs saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa

yvela Semosavlebs, maTi miRebis adgilis miuxedavad.

amitom Ford-is sawarmo meqsikaSi, romlis Semosavlebis

nawili repatrirdeba aSS-Si, ufro metad adidebs meqsikis

mSp-s da ara mep-s.

ucxouri investiciebi erovnuli ekonomikis zr-

dis erT-erTi wyaroa. miuxedavad imisa, rom ucxouri

kapitaliT Seqmnil sawarmoTa mogebis nawili gadis

sazRvargareT, dafinansebis sazRvargareTuli wyaroe-

bi xels uwyoben qveynis sawarmoo potencialis

gadidebas, Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da, Sesabam-

isad, ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis amaRlebas. gar-

da amisa, ucxouri investiciebi SesaZleblobas aZlevs

ganuviTarebel qveynebs aiTvison mrewvelurad ganviTare-

bul qveynebSi SemuSavebuli da gamoyenebuli yvelaze

mowinave teqnologiebi. am mizeziT ganuviTarebeli qvey-

nebis mTavrobaTa mravali ekonomikuri mrCeveli aqti-

urad uWers mxars ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis

politikas.

ganuviTarebeli qveynebis ekonomikur zrdaze mima-

rTuli mravali sainvesticio proeqti xorcieldeba

msoflio bankis egidiT. es saerTaSoriso organizacia

mrewvelurad ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisagan miRe-

bul saSualebebs iyenebs sustadganviTarebuli qveynebi-

saTvis kreditebis misacemad (gzebisa da wyalkanalis

sistemebis, skolebisa da sxva sasicocxlod mniSvnelo-

463462

erTi mxriv, aSS flobs umaRlesi ganaTlebis saukeTeso

sistemas, amitom dainteresebuli qveynis mTavrobas Seu-

Zlia amerikaSi saswavleblad gaagzavnos saukeTeso stu-

dentebi. meore mxriv, ar arsebobs araviTari garantia

imisa, rom ramdenime wliT ucxoeTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli

axalgazrda specialisti ar moisurvebs iq samuSaod

darCenas, rac Seamcirebs misi mSobliuri qveynis isedac

dabal adamianiseul kapitals.

sakuTrebis ufleba da politikuri

stabiluroba. ekonomikuri zrdis xelSemwyobi

saxelmwifos Siga politikis kidev erTi mimarTulebaa

sakuTrebis uflebis dacva da politikuri stabil-

urobis ganmtkiceba. rogorc viciT, bazris pirobebSi

saqoneli warmoadgens milionobiT muSakisa da mraval-

ricxovani firmis rTul urTierTqmedebaTa Sedegs. sx-

vadasxva muSakebisa da firmebis specializacia produ-

qciis garkveuli saxeebis gamoSvebaze SesaZleblobas

iZleva miRweul iqnas warmoebis faqtorTa maqsimalu-

rad efeqtiani gamoyeneba. maRali ekonomikuri maCveneb-

lis misaRwevad aucilebelia rogorc calkeul firmebs,

aseve mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs Soris urTier-

TobaTa regulirebis meqanizmis Seqmna. sabazro ekonomi-

kaSi aseTi regulatoris saxiT gvevlineba sabazro fasebi,

romlebic uzrunvelyofen balanss warmoebasa da mox-

marebas Soris.

sabazro ekonomikis normaluri funqcionirebis

umniSvnelovanesi wanamZRvaria sakuTrebis uflebis

pativiscema da dacva. sakuTrebis uflebaSi igulisxmeba

adamianTa SesaZlebloba Tavisuflad gankargavdnen maT

liseba.

investiciebi adamianiseul kapitalSi, fizikur kap-

italSi dabandebada msgavsad, dakavSirebulia alterna-

tiul danaxarjebTan. magaliTad, ufrosklaselebi, es-

wrebian ra saskolo mecadineobebs, faqtobrivad uars

amboben im xelfasisagan, romlis miRebac maT SeeZloT

samuSao adgilebze. sustadganviTarebul qveynebSi, ga-

naTlebis miRebis aSkara sargeblianobis miuxedavad, bavS-

vebi arcTu iSviaTad iZulebulni arian ukve adreul

asakSi miatovon skola da eZion samuSao, raTa materi-

aluri daxmareba aRmouCinon TavianT ojaxebs.

zogierTi mecnieri amtkicebs, rom adamianiseuli

kapitali gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri

aRmavlobisaTvis, ramdenadac mas Tan axlavs dadebiTi

gare efeqtebi. es ukanaskneli aris individis moqmedeb-

is arapirdapiri Sedegi, riTac igi gavlenas axdens ir-

gvliv myofTa keTildReobaze. magaliTad, SeiZleba ma-

Ralkvalificiurma specialistma wamoayenos axali ideebi

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis srulyofis mima-

rTulebiT. rodesac es ideebi sayovelTao monapovrad

iqceva, maTi gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba eZleva ganaTlebis

dadebiTi gare zemoqmedebis sferoSi yovel moxvedrils.

sakmaod xSirad naklebganviTarebuli qveynebi awy-

debian e.w. ̀ tvinebis gadinebas` _ yvelaze kvalificiuri

specialistebis emigracias maRali cxovrebis donis mqone

qveyanaSi. Tu adamianiseuli kapitali namdvilad flobs

gare efeqtebs, ̀ tvinebis gadineba` gamoiwvevs im qveynis

mdgomareobis Semdgom gauaresebas, romelsac stoveben

yvelaze kvalificiuri specialistebi. es problema war-

moSobs sakmaod mraval sirTules politikosebisaTvis.

465464

das da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebas.

amrigad, ekonomikuri zrda zogjer damokidebulia

saxelmwifoSi damkvidrebul Sigapolitikur situaciaze.

qveynebs, efeqtiani sasamarTlo sistemiT, arakorumpire-

buli mTavrobiT da mtkice konstituciuri wesrigiT,

yovelTvis eqnebaT ekonomikuri zrdisa da mosaxleobis

cxovrebis ufro maRali done, vidre saxelmwofoebs,

romlebSic ar icaven kanonebs, Cinovnikebi iReben qrTams

da arsebobs putCebisa Tu revoluciebis mudmivi sa-

frTxe.

Tavisufali vaWroba. zogierTi uRaribe-

si qveyana Seecada ufro swrafi ekonomikuri zrdis

miRwevas daxuruli karis politikis meSveobiT. aseTi

politikis mizania mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaR-

leba danarCen msofliosTan saqmiani kontaqtebis

imavdrouli Semcirebis pirobebSi im motiviT, rom Siga

mwarmoeblebi xSirad saWiroeben ucxouri saqonlis

konkurenciisagan dacvis RonisZiebebs. msgavsi argument-

ebi, gamoxatavs ra erovnul mwarmoebelTa sisustes, ucx-

oelebisadmi undoblobis zogadi ganwyobiT xSirad ai-

Zulebs ekonomikurad CamorCenil saxelmwifoTa

mTavrobebs Seqmnan maRali sabaJo barierebi da SemoiRon

sagareo vaWrobis SezRudvis sxva zomebi.

magram dReisaTvis ekonomistTa umravlesoba erT-

sulovania imaSi, rom ufro efeqtiania Ria karis poli-

tika, romelic orientirebulia sustadganviTarebuli

saxelmwifoebis integraciaze msoflio meurneobaSi. mar-

Tlac, saerTaSoriso vaWroba xels uwyobs qveynis

ekonomikur zrdasa da, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis cxovre-

mflobelobaSi arsebul resursebs. amitom sabazro

ekonomikaSi did rols asrulebs sakuTrebis uflebis

damcavi kanonebi. sisxlis samarTali gvicavs Cven Cvens

qonebaze pirdapiri Zaladobisagan, samoqalaqo samarTa-

li ki aregulirebs urTierTobebs gamyidvelsa da myid-

vels Soris.

maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis mcxovrebni srulad

sargebloben sakuTrebis yvela uflebiT, magram arse-

bobs bevri saxelmwifo, sadac sakuTrebis uflebis dam-

cavi kanonebis ar arseboba warmoadgens seriozul prob-

lemas. mraval qveyanaSi cudadaa organizebuli samar-

Talwarmoebis sistema, xSirad gvxvdeba kontraqtebis

pirobaTa daucvelobisa da dausjeli TaRliTobis SemTx-

vevebi. cnobilia magaliTebi, rodesac mTavroba ara mx-

olod ar icavs sakuTrebis uflebas, aramed, piriqiT,

urcxvad arRvevs maT. zogierT qveyanaSi biznesis war-

matebiT gaZRolisaTvis aucilebelia qrTamis micema ma-

Rali Tanamdebobis samTavrobo CinovnikebisaTvis. ko-

rufcia xels uSlis sabazro meqanizmebis normalur

funqcionirebas, Siga danazogebis stimulirebasa da ucx-

ouri investiciebis mozidvas.

sakuTrebis uflebis dacvas safrTxes uqmnis Siga-

politikuri arastabilurobac, gansakuTrebiT iq, sadac

revoluciebi da saxelmwifo gadatrialebani Cveulebriv

movlenad iqceva. Tu axali revoluciuri mTavroba ad-

vilad axdens kerZo kompaniaTa sakuTrebis eqspropria-

cias, rogorc es araerTgzis momxdara komunisturi ga-

datrialebisas, mosaxleoba kargavs dazogvis, investiciebis,

sakuTari saqmis dawyebis stimulebs. amitom revoluci-

uri Zvrebis safrTxec ki xels uSlis ekonomikur zr-

467466

lagebulni. amitom SemTxveviTi araa, rom msoflios bev-

ri iseTi umsxvilesi qalaqi, rogoricaa niu-iorki, san-

francisko an hong-kongi, ganlagebulia zRvebisa da okeanee-

bis sanapiroebze. yoveli mxridan xmeleTiT garSemor-

tymuli qveynebi ki ganicdian sagareo ekonomikuri kav-

Sirebis damyarebisa da mxardaWeris problemebs da am-

itom xSirad, swored am mizezis gamo, maTi ekonomikuri

zrda da mosaxleobis cxovrebis done ramdenadme ufro

dabalia, vidre mezobeli qveynebisa.

mosaxleobis zrdis kontroli. Sro-

mis mwarmoeblurobisa da cxovrebis donis maCveneblebi

nawilobriv damokidebulia mosaxleobis matebis tempe-

bze. cxadia, rom qveynis mosaxleobis ricxovnoba gan-

sazRvravs mis Sromis resursebs. gasakviri araa, rom

didi ricxovnobis mosaxleobis mqone iseT qveynebs, rogor-

icaa, magaliTad, aSS da iaponia, aqvT sakmaod ufro maR-

Rali mSp, vidre luqsemburgsa da niderlandebs. magram,

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT (Tema 7), TavisTavad mSp-is done

ver gamodgeba ekonomikuri keTildReobis obieqtur kri-

teriumad. cxovrebis donis gansazRvrisaTvis ufro mniS-

vnelovania mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is maCveneblis

codna.

rogor moqmedebs mosaxleobis mateba saSualosu-

ladobrivi mSp-is maCvenebelze? cxadia, _ Semcirebis

mimarTulebiT, ramdenadac momuSaveTa ricxovnobis ga-

didebisas mcirdeba erT kacze mosul sxva warmoebis

faqtorTa wili. kerZod, mosaxleobis swrafi zrdis

pirobebSi TiToeuli momuSavis uzrunvelyofa warmoeb-

is saSualebaTa sakmarisi raodenobiT xdeba sakmaod

bis donis amaRlebas, ramdenadac vaWroba, garkveuli gagebiT,

gansakuTrebuli teqnologiuri procesia. kerZod, xorb-

lis eqsportiori da foladis importiori qveyana faq-

tobrivad iZens erTi saqonlis meoreSi gardaqmnis axal

teqnologias. amitom saxelmwifo, saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze

SezRudvebis moxsniT, iqmnis ekonomikuri zrdis iseT-

save wanamRZvrebs, rogorsac warmoebis axali teqnolo-

giebis danergvisas.

daxuruli karis politikis uaryofiTi Sedegebi

gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT sus-

tadganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikis mcire zomebs.

ase magaliTad, argentinis mSp daaxloebiT uTanabrdeba

filadelfiis analogiur maCvenebels. warmoidgineT situ-

acia, rodesac qalaqis xelisufleba ukrZalavs mis mcx-

ovrebT ivaWron aSS-is danarCen mosaxleobasTan. vaWro-

bisagan miRebuli sargeblianobis gamoyenebis aRkveTili

SesaZlebloba filadelfias iZulebuls gaxdida ewar-

moebina ara mxolod samomxmareblo, aramed kapitaluri

saqonelic. qalaqis mosaxleobis cxovrebis done umal

daecemoda da ganagrZobda Semcirebas. swored aseTi

suraTi SeiniSneba argentinaSi, romelic XX saukunis

didi nawilis ganmavlobaSi atarebda daxuruli karis

politikas. meore mxriv, iseTma qveynebma, rogoricaa

samxreT korea, singapuri da taivani, Tavisufal vaWroba-

ze orientirebiT miaRwies ekonomikuri zrdis maRal

maCveneblebs. sagareo vaWrobis moculoba SesaZloa damok-

idebuli iyos ara mxolod saxelmwifos politikaze,

aramed agreTve mis geografiul mdebareobazec. kerZod,

zRvaze gasasvlelis mqone qveynebi TavianT vaWrobas ufro

aqtiurad anviTareben, vidre kontinentis siRrmeSi gan-

469468

miRweva xorcieldeba ojaxSi bavSvTa ricxvis maregla-

mentirebeli kanonebis daxmarebiT. magaliTad, CineTSi

daojaxebul wyvils ekrZaleba erTze meti bavSvis yola.

am wesis damrRvevs emuqreba seriozuli jarima. ufro

liberalur qveynebSi msgavsi amocana wydeba kontracefciis

saSualebaTa farTod danergvis gziT.

da bolos, Sobadobis Semcirebis kidev erTi gza

dakavSirebulia gr. menqius èkonomikis aTi principi`-

dan erT-erTis gamoyenebasTan, romlis Tanaxmad, stimulebi

gansazRvraven adamianTa qcevebs. bavSvis gaCena, nebismieri

qcevis msgavsad, dakavSirebulia gaSvebul SesaZlebloba-

Ta danaxarjebTan. Tu alternatiuli danaxarjebi maRa-

lia, adamianebi amjobineben mcirericxovan ojaxebs. ker-

Zod, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ganaTlebis miRebisa da

karieris gakeTebis SesaZleblobis mqone qali upirate-

sobas aniWebs naklebi bavSvebis yolas, vidre is qali,

romelic ver xedavs Tavis perspeqtivas ojaxis gareT.

maSasadame, sqesTa Tanasworobis faqtobriv uzrunvely-

ofaze mimarTuli saxelmwifo politika daexmareba

sustad ganviTarebul qveynebs mosaxleobis zrdis tem-

pebis dastabilizebasa da SemcirebaSi (ix. CanarTi 8.4).

mecnieruli kvlevebi da damuSavebe-

bi. mTavari mizezi imisa, rom Tanamedrove amerikelTa

cxovrebis done arsebiTad maRalia, vidre igi iyo 100

wlis ukan, mdgomareobs axal teqnologiur codnaSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom gamogonebaTa umravlesoba

keTdeba kerZo kvleviTi firmebisa da talantiani er-

Teuli pirovnebebis mier, sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis ar-

sebobs daintereseba maTi Zalisxmevis stimulirebaSi.

problematuri. erT momuSaveze mosuli kapitalis raode-

nobis dabali maCvenebeli gansazRvravs misi Sromis mwar-

moeblurobis Sesabamis dones da, maSasadame, mosaxleo-

bis erT sulze mSp-is dabal donesac.

mosaxleobis zrdis siswrafis maCveneblebi qvey-

nebis mixedviT sagrZnoblad gansxvavebulia. ase magali-

Tad, aSS-sa da dasavleT evropis maRalganviTarebul

saxelmwifoebSi XX saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi

mosaxleoba izrdeboda daaxloebiT 1%-iT wliurad.

mosalodnelia, rom momavalSi es maCvenebeli kidev ufro

Semcirdeba.* sapirispirod, afrikis bevr uRaribes qvey-

anaSi mosaxleoba yovelwliurad matulobs 3%-iT. ase-

Ti tempebis SenarCunebis pirobebSi is gaormagdeba yov-

el 23,3 weliwadSi.

zogadi azriT, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleo-

bis zrdis tempebis Semcireba maTi cxovrebis donis

amaRlebis erT-erTi gzaa. zogierT saxelmwifoSi am miznis

* keTildReobis zrdis kvalobaze Sobadobis dacemis ekono-mikuri axsna ekuTvnis hari bekers. misi azriT, maRali keTil-dReobis sazogadoebaSi qalisa da mTlianad ojaxisaTvis sak-maod mniSvnelovani xdeba bavSvis dabadebis arCevanis fasi. esfasi ganisazRvreba im SemosavliT da karieriT, romelzec qalmauari unda Tqvas bavSvis yolis survilis SemTxvevaSi. amis gamoqalebi an uars amboben bavSvis yolaze an ifarglebian erTibavSviT, romelic, ra Tqma unda, arasakmarisia qveynis mosaxleo-bis ricxovnobis SesanarCuneblad, araferi rom ar vTqvaT mo-saxleobis matebaze. saqarTveloSic ki, sadac cxovrebis donesakmaod dabalia, SeiniSneba Sobadobis klebis tendencia (1985wels _ 18,5%; 1990 wels _ 17,0%; 1995 wels _ 11,5 %, 2000wels _ 8,9%).

471470

gaizarda 6-jer, magram adamianTa cxovrebis done

saSualod gaxda maRali, vidre winaT iyo. eko-

nomikuri zrdis Sedegad masobrivi SimSili bev-

rad ufro iSviaT movlenad iqca, vidre iyo T.

malTusis droSi. masobrivi SimSilis SemTxvevebs

adgili aqvs Cvens droSic, magram, Cveulebriv,

isini Semosavlebis usamarTlo ganawilebis an

politikuri arastabilurobis Sedegia da ara

sursaTis deficitisa.

maS, raSi mdgomareobda T.malTusis Secdo-

ma? is ar varaudobda, rom adamianTa gamomgoneblo-

ba ufro swrafad gaizrdeboda, vidre maTi ricx-

ovnoba. axalma ideebma saqonlisa da kvebis produ-

qtebis warmoebis Sesaxeb uzrunvelyo ekonomikuri

zrdis imdenad maRali done, romlis ganWvretac

ar SeeZloT arc T.malTuss da arc vinme sxva

mis Tanamedroves. teqnikuri progresis zegavle-

nam keTildReobis doneze daakompensira mosax-

leobis ricxovnobis gadidebis yvela negatiuri

efeqti.

dReisaTvis mravali ekonomisti amtkicebs,

rom mosaxleobis zrda SesaZloa daexmaros kidec

kacobriobas cxovrebis ufro maRali donis uzrun-

velyofaSi. dedamiwaze rac ufro metia adamiani,

maT Soris miT metia teqnikur progresSi Tavisi

wvlilis Semtani mecnieri, gamomgonebeli da in-

Jineri, rac uzrunelyofs axal dovlaTs yvelasa

da TiToeulisaTvis. SesaZloa, xalxTmosaxleo-

bis zrda, nacvlad imisa, rom T.malTusis Teori-

is Tanaxmad, gamxdariyo kacobriobis gaRatakebis

mizezi, gadaiqca teqnikuri progresis Zravad da

ekonomikuri zrdis wyarod.

CanarTi 8.4. Tomas malTusi mosaxleobis

zrdis Sesaxeb

Tavis cnobil wignSi `cda xalxTmosaxleo-

bis kanonis Sesaxeb` T.malTusma (1766-1834) gaa-

keTa metismetad uimedo prognozi kacobriobis

ganviTarebis perspeqtivebis Taobaze. kerZod, av-

tori amtkicebda, rom mosaxleobis zrda SezRu-

davs sazogadoebis SesaZleblobebs uzrunvelyos

Tavisi Tavi yvela aucilebliT. Sedegad kacobri-

oba aRmoCndeba ganwiruli siRatakeSi sacxovre-

blad.

T.malTusis logika iyo sakmaod martivi.

dasawyisisaTvis man aRniSna, rom `sursaTi auci-

lebelia adamianis arsebobisaTvis` da rom `xor-

cieli urTierTobebi sxvadasxva sqesis warmomad-

genelTa Soris gardauvalia da SenarCundeba maTi

dRevandeli saxiT`. Sedegad man gaakeTa daskvna

imis Sesaxeb, rom àdamianTa SesaZleblobani gam-

ravlebisadmi ramdenadme aRemateba bunebis Sesa-

Zleblobebs uzrunvelyos isini kvebis produqte-

biT`. T.malTusis Tanaxmad, mosaxleobis zrdis

erTaderTi dabrkolebaa `siRatake da ubedure-

ba`. siRaribesTan brZolis saxelmwifo Tu saqvel-

moqmedo organizaciaTa mcdelobebi aRmoCndeba

kontrproduqtiuli, ramdenadac isini mxolod xels

uwyoben Raribebs iyolion kidev meti bavSvebi,

rac kidev ufro metad zRudavs sazogadoebis

warmoebriv SesaZleblobebs.

sabednierod, T.malTusis es uimedo prog-

nozi aRmoCnda mcdari. Tumca, dedamiwis mosax-

leoba ukanaskneli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi

473472

ideidan piradi Semosavlis amoRebis SesaZleblobas.

maSasadame, sapatento sistema qmnis materialur stimuls

SemoqmedebiTi azris ganviTarebisaTvis da wanamZRvrebs

ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis.

zemoT Cven ganvixileT ekonomikur zrdaze orien-

tirebuli saxelmwifo politikis mniSvneloba. yove-

live aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs Semdegi ucilobeli

daskvna: saxelmwifos ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis daC-

qareba SeuZlia Siga danazogebisa da investiciebis wax-

alisebiT, ucxouri investorebis mozidviT, ganaTlebis

sistemis ganviTarebiiT, sakuTrebis uflebis dacviTa da

politikuri stabilurobis SenarCunebiT, sagareo savaWro-

ekonomikuri kavSirebis gafarToebiTa da Tavisufali

vaWrobisadmi mxardaWeriT, mosaxleobis zrdis kon-

troliT, mecnieruli kvlevebisa da axali teqnologie-

bis damuSavebisaTvis keTilsasurveli pirobebis Seqm-

niT. faqtobrivad, imaze, Tu dRes politikosebi ramde-

nad warmatebiT gaiazreben ekonomikuri zrdis determi-

nantebs, didadaa damokidebuli momaval TaobaTa cxovre-

ba.

farTo gagebiT, codna warmoadgens sazogadoebriv dov-

laTs: erTi adamianis mier gakeTebuli aRmoCena xvdeba

codnis saerTo ̀ yulabaSi` da xelmisawvdomi xdeba Ti-

ToeulisaTvis. ramdenadac xelisufleba, sazogadoebrivi

keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis mixedviT Tavisi valde-

bulebebis Sesabamisad, dakavebulia Tavdacvis sakiTxe-

biT, igi waaxalisebs kvlevebsa da aRmoCenebs axali te-

qnologiebis sferoSi.

magaliTisTvis, aSS-is mTavrobam xangrZlivi drois

ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa teqnikuri cod-

nis Seqmnasa da gavrcelebaSi. jer kidev 100 wlis win

igi afinansebda kvlevebs soflis meurneobis dargSi da

aswavlida fermerebs miwis efeqtianad gamoyenebas. XX

saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulebSi mTavrobam udidesi

mxardaWera aRmouCina (gauwia) aeronavtikis erovnul

marTvas da kosmosuri sivrcis kvlevebs (NASA), risSedegadac amJamad amerika ikavebs wamyvan adgils saavia-

cio da kosmosuri teqnikis mwarmoebelTa Soris. mTavro-

ba axalisebs mecnierebis ganviTarebas grantebis dax-

marebiT, agreTve mowinave damuSavebebSi monawile firme-

bisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis micemis gziT.

sagamomgoneblo saqmianobisadmi mxardaWeris sxva

mimarTulebaa sapatento sistemis dacva da srulyofa.

magaliTad, calkeuli gamomgonebeli an firma Seqmnis

axal, originalur produqts, saxelmwifo maT aZlevs

patentis miRebis SesaZleblobas. dapatentebuli produ-

qciis mwarmoebeli flobs misi damzadebis gansakuTre-

bul uflebas rigi wlebis ganmavlobaSi. arsebiTad, pat-

enti gamomgonebels aniWebs mis aRmoCenaze sakuTrebis

uflebas da aZlevs sazogadoebriv monapovrad qceuli

475474

sul sxva mdgomareobaa industriulad ganuviTare-

bel, anu e.w. ̀ mesame samyaros`* qveynebSi, sadac mosaxle-

obis erT sulze gacilebiT naklebi mSp iwarmoeba.

ganuviTarebel qveynebSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis

aRsawerad ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba ̀ ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis` cneba. es imiT aixsneba, rom ganuviTarebeli

qveynebi ekonomikuri zrdis procesSi sul sxva prob-

lemebis gadaWras cdiloben, vidre industriulad gan-

viTarebuli qveynebi. saqme is aris, rom ganviTareba unda

gavigoT, rogorc Seteva Cveni planetis Tanamedrove ube-

durebebze: SimSili, avadmyofoba, uwignuroba, ubinaoba,

umuSevroba, uTanasworoba. amrigad, ganviTarebaSi ig-

ulisxmeba mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba, rom-

lis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod ekonomikuri zrdis

safuZvelze. amasTan, zrda avtomaturad ar gulisxmobs

ganviTarebas. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom misi nayofiT

mxolod sazogadoebis SeZlebulma nawilma isargeblos.

am SemTxvevaSi araTu gaumjobesdeba mosaxleobis cx-

ovrebis done, aramed, piriqiT, gaRrmavdeba uTanasworoba

Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi, Tumca gaizrdeba mosaxleo-

bis erT sulze gaangariSebiT mSp-is sidide.

meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi `mesame

samyaros~ mravalma qveyanam SeZlo zrdis maRali tempe-

bis miRweva. magaliTad, 1970-1980 wlebSi zrdis wli-

* es cneba pirvelad XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSigaCnda. masSi igulisxmeboda agraruli da koloniuri qveynebi,romlebic ekonomikurad da politikurad maSindel imperial-istur saxelmwifoebs emorCilebodnen.

leqcia 24. ekonomikuri

ganviTareba _ `mesame samyaros`

qveynebis umTavresi problema

`ganviTareba _ es aris mo-

saxleobis inteleqtualuri da

socialuri cvlilebebis kombi-

nacia, romelic mas saSualebas

aZlevs kumulaciurad da sta-

bilurad gazardos Tavisi er-

Toblivi realuri produqti...

ganviTareba erT mTlianSi aer-

Tianebs da xels uwyobs zr-

das.~f.peru

`mniSvnelovani gansxvavebu-

lobis miuxedavad, siRaribe da

uTanasworoba yvela am qveyneb-

isaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saer-

To movlenaa.~g.miurdali

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis arsi da

zogadi tendenciebi. èkonomikuri zrdis` cneba,

Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba industriulad ganviTarebuli

qveynebis ekonomikis mdgomareobis aRsawerad. es is qvey-

nebia, sadac, rogorc wesi, maRalia mosaxleobis erT

sulze mSp-is maCvenebeli. Sesabamisad, am qveynebSi Zalze

maRalia cxovrebis done.

477476

zrdis mixedviT), es qveynebi ̀ viTardebodnen`, magram ax-

ali kriteriebis mixedviT (siRaribis done, uTanasworoba,

dasaqmeba...), amis mtkiceba ar SiZleba.

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, rogorc cxrilidan

Cans, ekonomikuri situacia gauaresda, gansakuTrebiT

afrikasa da gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi, maT Soris

saqarTveloSic. amasTan, gaizarda mravali ganuviTarebe-

li qveynis sagareo davalianeba. aseT pirobebSi am qvey-

nebis mTavrobebi iZulebulni arian SekumSon ekonomikuri

da socialuri ganviTarebis isedac SezRuduli pro-

gramebi.

amrigad, ekonomikuri ganviTareba SeiZleba gan-

vixiloT rogorc mravalmxrivi procesi, romelic iwvevs

radikalur cvlilebebs socialur struqturaSi, adami-

anTa qcevebSi, sazogadoebriv institutebSi; ekonomikuri

zrdis daCqarebas; uTanasworobis Semcirebasa da dasaqme-

bis amaRlebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ganuviTarebel

qveynebSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis arsia qveynis ekonomi-

kuri cxovrebis yvela aspeqtis modernizacia, romelSic

igulisxmeba:

mrewvelobis Seqmna, anu qveynis industrializa-

cia;

qalaqebis ganviTareba soflis mosaxleobis Sem-

cirebis xarjze (urbanizacia);

mosaxleobis kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo

donis amaRleba;

ekonomikuri da socialuri infrastruqturis

Seqmna da ganviTareba;

qveynis ekonomikis funqcionirebis moqnili eko-

nomikuri meqanizmis Seqmna.

uri tempiT ganuviTarebeli qveynebi TiTqmis orjer

uswrebdnen industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebs. kidev

ufro gaizarda es sxvaoba 1990-2000 wlebSi (ix. cxrili

8.5). magram am qveynebis mosaxleobis uRaribesi 50%-is

mdgomareoba (dasaqmeba, simdidris ganawileba, cxovrebis

pirobebi...) umniSvnelod gaumjobesda, ar Seicvala an

kidevac gauaresda. adrindeli gansazRvriT (ekonomikuri

* egviptisa da libiis garda.** avRaneTi, irani da pakistani. aq Sedis agreTve egvipte,

libia, malta da TurqeTi.*** eqs-ssrk, bulgareTi, yofili Cexoslovakia, rumineTi,

yofili iugoslavia, poloneTi, ungreTi, albaneTi.

msoflio _ mTlianadaqedan:ganviTarebuli qveynebiganuviTarebeli qveynebim.S.: afrika* azia Sua aRmosavleTi** laTinuri amerikagardamavali qveynebi***m.S. saqarTvelo

cxrili 8.5

msoflio warmoeba qveyanaTa jgufebis

mixedviT (wliuri zrdis tempi, %-Si)

1970-1980

1981-1990

1991-2000

20012000 2002

4.3

3.65.5

3.65.16.46.15.0_

3.4

3.24.1

2.46.92.81.52.72.9

3.3

2.75.6

2.37.64.03.4-3.0-6.6

2.3

0.93.9

3.65.71.40.65.13.8

4.7

3.85.7

2.86.85.84.06.62.0

3.0

1.84.6

3.46.54.5-0.14.15.4

479478

nedleulisa da masalebis moTxovnis did nawils im-

portiT ikmayofileben. mcirea im sawarmoTa wili (13%),

visi produqciac nawilobriv an mTlianad saeqsportoa.

aseve mcirea mrewvelobis wili mTliani Sida produq-

tis SeqmnaSi (17,6%).

urbanizaciis koeficienti saqarTveloSi Seadgens

55,7%-s. am maCvenebliT igi CamorCeba industriulad

ganviTarebul qveynebs, magram aRemateba ganuviTarebeli

qveynebis analogiur maCvenebels. igive SeiZleba iTqvas

kulturul-saganmanaTleblo donesa da ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis danarCen or problemazec

(ekonomikuri da socialuri infrastruqturis Seqmna-

ganviTareba da qveynis ekonomikuri meqanizmis srulyo-

fa).

industriulad ganuviTarebeli qvey-

nebis ekonomikuri Taviseburebebi da

zogadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. ganuvi-

Tarebel qveynebs mravali saerTo niSani aerTianebs, romel-

Ta Soris umTavresia: siRaribe, mosaxleobis swrafi zrda,

ganaTlebis dabali done, soflis meurneobis maRali

wili ekonomikaSi, mrewvelobis ganuviTarebloba, mZime

sagareo davalianeba, sxva qveynebze damokidebuleba da

uTanasworoba, agreTve demokratiuli reJimis uqonlo-

ba. davaxasiaToT zogierTi maTgani.

siRaribe. msoflio bankis monacemebiT, absolu-

turi siRaribis zRvari dRiurad erT sulze erTi

amerikuli dolaris Semosavalia. aseT pirTa raodenoba

ki msoflioSi erT mlrd kacs Seadgens.

ra Tqma unda, dasaxelebuli amocanebis warmatebiT

gadaWra drois mcire monakveTSi SeuZlebelia, miT ufro

sakuTari resursebis xarjze. am mxriv metad mniSvnelo-

vania saerTaSoriso mxardaWera, magram am mxardaWeras

maSin SeuZlia sargeblis motana, Tu mocemuli qveyana

aqtiurad qmnis Tavisi ganviTarebis pirobebs. am amocanebis

gadaWriT, qveynis ekonomika qmnis warmoebis gadidebis

met SesaZleblobas, amaRlebs cxovrebis saerTo dones.

saqarTvelos metnaklebad gadaWrili aqvs ekono-

mikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis pirveli sami prob-

lema (mrewveloba, urbanizacia, kulturuli da sagan-

manaTleblo done). amave dros unda aRiniSnos saqarTve-

los mrewvelobis sisuste. igi aisaxeba saxelmwifo

sakuTrebis maRali wiliT (52,4%), gansakuTrebiT msx-

vil warmoebaSi (75%). es imaze miuTiTebs, rom qveynis

ekonomikaSi arasaxelmwifo seqtori srulad ver Camoy-

alibda ekonomikis mTavar seqtorad da igi jer kidev

Tavisi formirebis sawyis stadiaSi imyofeba. sakmaod

mZimea ZiriTadi kapitalis mdgomareoba. eqspertTa Se-

fasebiT, igi saWiroebs gadaudebel modernizacias.

mTlianad Sesacvlelia mrewvelobis sawarmoTa

ZiriTadi kapitalis 24,5%. jerjerobiT samuSaod ga-

mosadegia maTi mxolod 46.4%. saSualo da mcire sawar-

moebTan SedarebiT, ZiriTadi kapitalis mdgomareoba msxvil

sawarmoebSi mniSvnelovnad uaresia. aq modernizacias

saWiroebs an mTlianad Sesacvlelia sawarmoTa 38,2%.

aseve unda aRiniSnos warmoebrivi simZlavreebis

datvirTvis dabali done (37%). amasTan, sawarmoTa 72%

naxevarze naklebadaa datvirTuli, gansakuTrebiT region-

ebSi. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos sawarmoebi

481480

tori 1990 wlidan gaiangariSeba da realur yidvi-

Tunarianobas, sicocxlis xangrZlivobas, srulasakovani

mosaxleobis ganaTlebis dones, janmrTelobis donesa

da erovnuli Semosavlis dones aerTianebs (ix. CanarTi

8.5).

dReisaTvis `sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeq-

sis` mixedviT msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea norvegia,

romlis mSp, mimdinare kursis mixedviT, mosaxleobis

erT sulze 37441 amerikuli dolaria, sicocxlis

xangrZlivoba _ 78,7 weli, wera-kiTxvis codnis maCvene-

beli ki _ 99%. es maSin, rodesac norvegia mSp-is mixed-

viT (yidviTunariani pariteti) mosaxleobis erT-sulze

msoflioSi meeqvse adgilzea (29620 dolari).

rac ufro CamorCenilia ekonomikurad qveyana, miT

ufro dabalia misi `sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis inde-

qsi`. magaliTad, saqarTvelo am maCveneblis mixedviT, 88-

e adgilzea msoflioSi. igi CamorCeba ruseTs, TuqmeneTs,

irans, ukrainasa da sxv.

Warbmosaxleoba. 2003 wlis monacemebiT, msof-

lio mosaxleobam Seadgina 6032 mln kaci (1970 wels _

3698 mln), maT Soris afrikaSi _ 851 mln (362 mln),

laTinur amerikaSi _ 543 mln (286 mln), CrdiloeT

amerikaSi (meqsikis gamoklebiT) _ 326 mln, aziaSi _

3823 mln (2147), evropaSi _ 726 mln (656), okeaneTSi _

32 mln.

prognoziT, 2025 wlisaTvis msoflio mosaxleoba

7851 mln-s gadaaWarbebs. ZiriTadad es ganviTarebadi

qveynebis mosaxleobis zrdis xarjze moxdeba. afrikis

mosaxleoba 1,3 mlrd kaci iqneba, xolo aziisa _ 4,474

siRatakis gasazomad gamoiyeneba mSp-is wliuri ra-

odenoba mosaxleobis erT sulze. 2000 wlis mixedviT,

yvelaze Rataki qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneba: mozambika

(191 dolari), tanzania (260 dolari), eTiopia (97

dolari), siera-leone (163 dolari), kongo (101 dola-

ri), burandia (102 dolari), nigeria (173 dolari), mala-

via (146 dolari). rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, igi mocemu-

li maCvenebliT ekonomikurad sustad ganviTarebuli sax-

elmwifoebis ricxvs miekuTvneba.

siRaribis gamzomi es kriteriumi saSualo sid-

idea, romelic garkveulad maRalSemosavlian da mosax-

leobis yvelaze Rarib jgufebs Soris uTanasworobas

niRbavs. am maCvenebelSi asaxuli ar aris arc TviTmox-

mareba (naturaluri meurneobis arseboba) da arc faru-

li ekonomika.

aseTi Seusabamobis dasaZlevad yidviTunariano-

bis paritetis meTodi gamoiyeneba, romelic aSS-Si

analogiur produqciaze fasebis dones iTvaliswinebs.

magaliTad, saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis erT sulze wli-

urad saSualod iwarmoeba 609 dolaris mSp. amiT

saqarTveloSi imdeni produqti SeiZineba, romelzec aSS-

Si daixarjeboda 2560 dolari. Sesabamisad, realuri

mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze saqarTveloSi 2560 dola-

ria, rac oTxjer aRemateba adrindel maCvenebels (609

dolari). samagierod, iaponiisaTvis analogiuri maCvene-

beli 32797 dolaridan 25130 dolaramde daiklebs,

rac iaponiaSi maRali fasebis dones gamoxatavs.

siRaribis gasaSifravad yidviTunarianobis pari-

tetic arasakmarisia. am mizniT gamoiyeneba e.w. ̀ sazoga-

doebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsi` . es axali indika-

483482

vnelobebis mixedviT qveynebi ganlagdebian sam

jgufSi: sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis maRali done

(0,8-1,0), saSualo done (0,5-0,799) da dabali

(0,5-ze qveviT). qvemoT motanil 8.6 cxrilSi,

romelic Sedgenilia sazogadoebrivi ganviTare-

bis Sesaxeb monacemebis mixedviT, asaxulia ind-

eqsebi zogierTi qveynisaTvis da miTiTebulia,

Tu romel kategorias miekuTvneboda qveyana 1998

wels. aqve mocemulia mosaxleobis erT sulze

mSp-is realuri maCveneblebic (Tavisi kategorie-

biT). cxrilis bolo sveti gviCvenebs gansxvave-

bas zemoT aRniSnul or kategorias Soris (Tu

ricxvi dadebiTia, qveyanas gaaCnia sazogadoe-

brivi ganviTarebis ufro maRali indeqsi, vidre

mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-isa).

zogierTo qveynisaTvis, rogoricaa, magali-

Tad, kuba, Svecia da tanzania, mosaxleobis erT

sulze mSp-is maCvenebeli sazogadoebrivi ganvi-

Tarebis doneze dabalia maSin, rodesac sxva

qveynebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad, quveiTi,

saudis arabeTi da botsvana, mSp mosaxleobis

erT sulze sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis doneze

maRalia. amrigad, mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-

is done senegalSi 2-jer metia, vidre nigeriaSi,

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsi ki ufro

dabalia. mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is done

botsvanaSi 2-jer metia, vidre kubaSi, magram

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsi mniSvne-

lovnad dabalia. gansakuTrebuloba mdgomareobs

imaSi, rom erovnuli Semosavlis erTnairi donis

CanarTi 8.5. sazogadoebrivi

ganviTarebis indeqsi _ adamianuri

keTildReobis sazomi?

1990 wels gaero-s `ganviTarebis progra-

maSi` gamoqveynda sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis

axali wliuri indeqsi. es iyo mcdeloba imisa,

rom gaangariSebuliyo ganviTarebis ufro farTo

sabazo sidide, vidre mSp-ia. sazogadoebrivi gan-

viTarebis indeqss gaaCnia mniSvneloba 0-dan 1-

mde da dafuZnebulia Semdeg sam cvladze: 1.

Sobadobis mosalodneli done; 2. ganaTleba (ga-

naTlebuli mozrdili adamianebis saSualo ricxvi

(2/3) da swavlebis wlebis saSualo raodeoba

(1/3); 3. mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is re-

aluri sidide.

mSp izomeba amerikul dolarebSi da gada-

iangariSeba inflaciisa da yoveli qveynis valu-

tis yidviTunarianobis gaTvaliswinebiT. sxva

sityvebiT, gamoiyeneba valutis kursis yidviTunar-

ianobis Tanasworoba. es kursia valutaTa gacv-

la amerikul dolarze, rac miuTiTebs imaze, Tu

erovnuli valutis ra raodenoba iZleva aSS-Si

imave raodenobis saqonlis SeZenis SesaZleblo-

bas, rogorisac Tvisi qveynis SigniT. mSp aseve im

faqtsac asaxavs, rom dolaris faseuloba adami-

anebisaTvis mdidar qveynebSi ufro naklebia, vi-

dre RaribSi.

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsis mniS-

485484

mqone qveynebma SesaZloa sxvadasxvanairad gamo-

iyenon TavianTi Semosavlebi.

amJamad sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeq-

si iTvaliswinebs iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa

Semosavlebis sruli ganawileba, Tanabroba sqesi-

sa da aRmsareblobis niSnis, eTnikuri jgufebis

mixedviT. amrigad, sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis

sruli indeqsi SeiZleba iqnas Semcirebuli, raTa

aisaxos yvela aRniSnuli uTanasworoba. aseTi

indeqsebi SeiZleba aseve gaangariSdes qveynis Sig-

niT calkeuli regionebis, eTnikuri jgufebis,

qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis.

mlrd-s miaRwevs. umniSvnelod gaizrdeba CrdiloeT

amerikis mosaxleoba (394 mln), evropis mosaxleoba ki

699 mln kacamde Semcirdeba.

amrigad, ganuviTarebel qveynebSi mosaxleoba ufro

swrafad izrdeba (magaliTad, afrika _ 2,06%, laTinuri

amerika _ 2,26%, azia _ 1,15%), vidre industriulad

ganviTarebul qveynebSi (CrdiloeT amerika _ 0,94%, evropa

_ minus 0,14%).

ganuviTarebel qveynebSi mosaxleobis swrafi zrda

mraval problemas warmoSobs. kerZod, Tu mosaxleobis

zrdis tempi warmoebis zrdis temps aRemateba an

utoldeba, am SemTxvevaSi mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze

an Semcirdeba, an ucvleli darCeba. swored aseTi situ-

acia SeimCneva afrikaSi, sadac mosaxleobis saSualo

wliuri zrdis tempi 1990-2000 wlebSi 2,45%, warmoe-

kanadanorvegiaaSSiaponiaSveciadidi britaneTisingapuriquveiTi

kubaruseTisaudis arabeTiCineTibotsvanaindoeTikenia

nigeriabangladeSisenegalitanzaniaeTiopiasiera-leone

cxrili 8.6

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis indeqsi

zogierTi qveynisaTvis (1998 w.)

wyaro: Human development Report 1999 - Human Development In-dex (united Nations Development Program). (http: //www. undp.org/hdro/HDI. html).

sazogado-ebrivi

ganviTar-e bi s

inde qsiskategoria

sazogado-ebrivi

ganviTa-rebis

indeqsi

mS pmosax-leobis1 sulze(dol.)

mSp-iskatego-

ri a

sx vao basaz .

ganv . - isindeqssada mSp-sSoris

ganviTarebis maRali done

ganviTarebis saSualo done

ganviTarebis dabali done

12346102235

58717898122132136

146150153156172174

0.9320.9270.9270.9240.9230.9180.8880.833

0.7650.7470.7400.7010.6090.5450.519

0.4560.4400.4260.4210.2980.254

2238024450290102007010790207302846025314

31004370101203130769016701190

92010501730580510410

137390241945

105794110452131152

161156129172173174

12505189-18-30

478-376-70-116

156-241610

qv ey an a

487486

kapitalis dagroveba da ekonomikuri zrda xorcield-

eboda.

industriulad ganviTarebuli da ganuviTarebeli

qveynebis mosaxleobas Tavisi ekonomikuri saqmianoba

gansxvavebul materialur da socialur-kulturul

pirobebSi uxdeba. amJamad, zogierTi qveynis warmatebisa

Tu warumateblobis mizezad swored es garemoeba unda

iqnas miCneuli. Tumca, ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebis

gzebi ganviTarebuli da ganuviTarebeli qveynebisaTvis

ZiriTadad erTnairia. aq, uwinares yovlisa, arsebuli

bunebrivi resursebis maragis ufro efeqtiani gamoyene-

ba igulisxmeba, rac iwvevs: erTi mxriv, samuSao Zalis

dasaqmebis donis amaRlebas da, meore mxriv, kapitaluri

resursebis maragis gadidebas. yoveliove amis Sedegia

warmoebrivi SesaZleblobis zrda.

`mesame samyaros` qveynebSi bunebrivi resurseb-

is maragi Zalze uTanabrodaa ganawilebuli. amitom

Znelia Tqma imisa, Tu mTlianobaSi ra rols asrulebs

igi am qveynebis ekonomikur winsvlaSi.

zogierT ganuviTarebel qveyanas navTobis, boqsite-

bis, spilenZis, manganumis, kalis, volframis da a.S. soli-

duri samrewvelo maragi aqvs. magaliTad, saudis arabe-

Ti msoflioSi pirvel adgilzea nedli navTobis mop-

ovebiT (msoflio warmoebis 11,5%), mexuTe adgilzea

meqsika (5,1%), meeqvseze _ irani (4,7%). CineTi naxSiris

mwarmoebeli pirveli qveyanaa msoflioSi (msoflio

warmoebis 28,4%), mesame adgilzea indoeTi (7,6%). gvin-

eas boqsitebis msoflio warmoebis 12,2% uWiravs, ia-

maikas _ 9,3%, brazilias _ 9,3%, indoeTs _ 6,7%

ekuTvnis. spilenZis umsxvilesi mwarmoebelia Cile (msof-

bis zrdis tempi ki 2,3% iyo.

mosaxleobis zrdis tempis gadaWarbeba warmoebis

zrdis tempTan SedarebiT, ra Tqma unda, auaresebs mosax-

leobis erT sulze mSp-is warmoebas da kidev ufro

zrdis gansxvavebas industriulad ganviTarebul da ganu-

viTarebel qveynebs Soris suladobrivi moxmarebis do-

neebis mixedviT.

ganaTlebis dabali done. ganuviTarebel qvey-

nebSi mozrdilTa wera-kiTxvis ucodinaroba 25,5%-ia.

SimSiloba, kvalificiuri samedicino daxmarebisa da ga-

naTlebis susti materialuri baza, erTad aRebuli,

ekonomikur ganviTarebas aferxebs. gansakuTrebuli nak-

lia energiul mewarmeTa fenis ararseboba; Zalze defi-

cituria is kadric, romelmac ganviTarebis programis

yoveldRiuri kontrolis funqcia unda Seasrulos.

amasTan, am qveynebidan SeimCneva maRalkvalificiuri ka-

drebis (eqimebis, inJinrebis da sxv.) emigracia indus-

triulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac maT maRali

anazRaureba da daostatebis didi SesaZlebloba aqvT.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis faqtore-

bi. ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebis procesSi qveynebis

erTma jgufma (aSS-ma, iaponiam, germaniam, SvedeTma...) did

warmatebas miaRwia, rac maTi cxovrebis donis gaum-

jobesebaSic aisaxa. qveynebis meore jgufi (indoeTi, pa-

kistani, bangladeSi...) ki Zalze CamorCa.

am CamorCenaSi, ra Tqma unda, garkveuli roli kolo-

niuri sistemis arsebobam Seasrula, ris xarjzec ax-

landel industriulad ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi

489488

ra Tqma unda, es am qveynebis didi naklia, radgan warmoe-

bis sxva faqtorebisagan gansxvavebiT, bunebrivi resursebis

bazis gafarToeba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. es ekono-

mikuri zrdis Zlieri Semaferxebelia. Tumca, Sveicaria,

israeli da iaponia imis naTeli magaliTia, Tu rogor

SeiZleba cxovrebis maRali donis miRweva SezRuduli

resursebis pirobebSic.

sayovelTao aRiarebiT, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria kapitalis dagroveba. am

cnebaSi investiciuri saqoneli (warmoebiTi nagebobani,

manqanebi da mowyobilobani, socialuri infrastruqtu-

ra...) igulisxmeba. rac ufro met da srulyofil teqni-

kas gamoiyenebs adamiani, miT ufro meti iqneba misi Sro-

mis Sedegi anu Sromis mwarmoebluroba. Sesabamisad, erTi

dasaqmebulis realuri Semosavali anu yidviTunariani

moTxovnileba (moTxovna) gaizrdeba, mis dakmayofilebas

meti raodenobis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba

daWirdeba.

kapitaldabandebis moculobasa da mSp-is zrdas

Soris pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobs. gamokvleulia, rom

ganuviTarebeli qveynebis mSp-Si kapitaldabandebis wilis

1%-iT gadideba ekonomikuri zrdis tempis 0,55-iT matebas

iwvevs.

samwuxarod, mraval ganuviTarebel qveyanaSi inves-

ticiis norma dabalia. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi inves-

ticiis wili mSp-is mimarT mxolod 4%-ia, haitSi _ 2%,

ukrainaSi _ 5%, nigeriasa da ruandaSi _ 6%, zambiaSi _

7%, moldovaSi _ 8%, somxeTSi _ 10%.

investiciis aseT dabal normas, ra Tqma unda, gana-

pirobebs am qveynebis mosaxleobis Semosavlis simcire.

lio warmoebis 34,2%), meore adgilzea indonezia (8,6%).

yvelaze met vercxls perusa (14,5%) da meqsikaSi (14,9%)

moipoveben.

ganuviTarebelma qveynebma TavianTi bunebrivi sim-

didris meSveobiT, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, swrafi

ekonomikuri zrda da cxovrebis donis gaumjobeseba

moaxerxes. gamonaklisia CineTi, romelic msoflioSi me-

ore adgilze gavida mSp-is absoluturi moculobiT,

magram mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is warmoeba ganvi-

Tarebuli qveynebis analogiur maCvenebels Zlier Camor-

Ceba.

aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, quveiTis, kataris da arabTa

gaerTianebuli emiratebis swrafi ekonomikuri zrda.

mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is moculobis (yidviTunar-

iani paritetis) mixedviT quveiTi 34-e qveyanaa msofli-

oSi (18,7 aTasi dolari), katari _ 33-e (18,8 aTasi

dolari), xolo arabTa gaerTianebuli emiratebi _ 36-e

(17,9 aTasi). Tumca, es naklebad aisaxa am qveynebis mo-

saxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebaze.

unda aRiniSnos, rom mraval SemTxvevaSi ganuviTare-

beli qveynebis resursebi industriulad ganviTarebuli

qveynebis saerTaSoriso kompaniebs ekuTvnis an mTlianad

maT mier kontrolirdeba. amis gamoa, rom resursebis

gamoyenebidan miRebuli mogeba sazRvargareT miedineba.

aseve, nedleulis produqciaze fasebis mniSvnelovani

meryeoba ganuviTarebeli qveynebis ekonomikur winsvlaze

arasasurvel gavlenas axdens.

ekonomikurad CamorCenili mravali qveyana sasarge-

blo wiaRiseuls umniSvnelo odenobiT flobs da saTe-

si miwisa da energoresursebis naklebobasac ganicdis.

491490

vTqvaT, naTesavis an axloblis lxinsa Tu dakrZalvaze

ixarjeba piradi Semosavlis mniSvnelovani nawili, rom-

lis dasafarad xSirad sakuTari Semosavalic arasakma-

risia. yvela es xarji investicias akldeba.

ekonomikuri zrdis Semaferxebeli instituciuri

faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia: korufcia da meqrTameoba;

ganaTlebasa da socialuri momsaxurebis sferoSi sus-

ti mmarTvelobis sistema; mouqneli da usamarTlo sa-

gadasaxado sistema. aseT SemTxvevebSi, politikuri gada-

wyvetilebebi xSirad saerTaSoriso prestiJis da ara

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis waxalisebis mizniT miiReba.

ganuviTarebeli qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli zog-

adi niSnebi (siRaribe, Warbmosaxleoba, dagrovebis daba-

li norma...) erTdroulad am qveynebis siRaribis mizez-

icaa da Sedegic. marTlac, yvela ganuviTarebeli qveyni-

saTvis, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT navTobis eqspor-

tior zogierT qveyanas (quveiTi, katari, arabTa gaer-

Tianebuli emirati, saudis arabeTi), ZiriTadi damaxasi-

aTebeli niSania mosaxleobis erT sulze mcire Semo-

savali. magaliTad, 2005 wels saqarTveloSi mosaxleo-

bis erT sulze saSualo Tviurma fuladma Semosavalma

da transferebma 59,7 lari Seadgina. aseTi Semosavali

danazogis warmosaSobad arasakmarisia, radgan TiTqmis

mTeli Semosavali arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli saqon-

lis SeZenas xmardeba. danazogis uqonloba investirebi-

sagan TavSekavebas niSnavs. es ukanaskneli ki ekonomikis

zrdis dabal tempSi aisaxeba. Tavis mxriv, rac ufro

dabalia ekonomikuri zrdis tempi, miT ufro naklebia

warmoebuli mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze, anu qveyanaSi

kvlav dabalia Semosavali da rCeba siRaribe. ikvreba

cnobilia, rom miRebuli Semosavali or nawilad iyofa:

pirvelia moxmarebis fondi, anu Semosavlis is nawili,

romelic adamianis materialuri da sulieri moTxov-

nilebis minimumis dasakmayofilebladaa aucilebeli, me-

orea _ dagrovebis fondi (mTliani Semosavali minus

moxmarebis fondi). es ukanaskneli investirebis safuZ-

velia. rac metia Semosavali, miT metia investiciebis

moculoba.

investiciuri Tanxis erTi nawili fizikuri (niv-

Tieri) kapitalis gansaaxleblad da gasafarToeblad

gamoiyeneba, meore _ kvalificiuri kadrebis mosamzade-

blad (adamianiseuli kapitali), mesame _ warmoebis or-

ganizaciis srulyofa-gasaumjobeseblad, meoTxe _ te-

qnikuri progresis dasaCqareblad.

`mesame samyaroSi` ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvel-

sayofad gamoyofili investiciebi arasakmarisia. im SemTx-

vevaSic ki, roca investiciis ganxorcielebisaTvis sakma-

risi Tanxa Cndeba, investirebis stimuli mainc dabalia.

es aixsneba rogorc samuSao Zalis dabali kvalifikaci-

iT, ise saSinao bazris simciriT. saqme is aris, rom

dabali Semosavali, praqtikulad, samrewvelo produq-

ciaze moTxovnas ar warmoSobs. aranakleb mniSvnelovani

faqtoria adekvaturi infrastruqturis ararseboba

_ gzebis uvargisoba, energiis arastabiluri miwodeba,

moZvelebuli komunikaciebi da a.S.

`mesame samyaros` qveynebSi ekonomikur zrdas

aferxebs agreTve socialur-kulturuli da in-

stituciuri faqtorebi. pirvel rigSi, igulisxmeba

adaTebi da tradiciebi, religiuri wes-Cveulebani. ma-

galiTad, saqarTveloSi, arsebuli tradiciis mixedviT,

493492

ucxoeTis daxmareba ganuviTarebeli

qveynebisadmi. kapitalis dagrovebis simcire sax-

elmwifos kerZo dagrovebisa da investiciebis gazrdas

aiZulebs sagadasaxado RonisZiebebis gamoyenebiT.

aq SesaZlebelia ramdenime alternativis warmoSoba:

pirvelia gadasaxadebis gadideba, sagadasaxado Semo-

savlis namati saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis obieqte-

bis dafinansebas unda moxmardes. es gza xSirad mraval

mwvave problemas warmoSobs da sagadasaxado kodeqsis

dacvas arTulebs, amasTan, xels uwyobs korufciis ga-

Zlierebas sagadasaxado sferoSi; meorea inflaciis

gziT iZulebiTi danazogis Seqmnis stimulireba.

es saxelmwifos mier damatebiT gamoSvebuli fulis

meSveobiT, kapitalis dagrovebis dafinansebiT, an am mizniT

saxelmwifo obligaciebidan miRebuli fuladi Semosavlis

gamoyenebiT miiRweva; mesamea kerZo seqtorisaTvis iaf-

fasiani kreditis miwodeba an misTvis, kapitalis

dagrovebis sanacvlod, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis micema.

roca qveynis SigniT kapitalis dagroveba ekonomi-

kuri ganviTarebis dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad arasakma-

risia, maSin yuradReba garedan miRebul daxmarebaze ga-

daitaneba. igi warmoSobis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos rogorc

kerZo, ise saxelmwifoebrivi. es kapitali ZiriTadad

infrastruqturis (janmrTelobis dacvis, ganaTlebis,

transportis, kavSirgabmulobis, Waobebis daSrobis...)

gansaviTareblad gamoiyeneba.

garedan moziduli kapitali upiratesad infras-

truqturis gasaumjobeseblad gamoiyeneba, upirvels

yovlisa, imis gamo, rom infrastruqturis aucilebeli

done aris rogorc erovnuli, ise ucxouri kapitalis

`mojadoebuli wre`, romelSic, saqarTvelos garda,

msoflios mravali qveyana imyofeba (ix. nax. 8.5).

rogorc naxazidan Cans, msoflios dabali ganvi-

Tarebis qveynebis `mojadoebeli wrisaTvis` damaxasi-

aTebelia: kapitalis dagrovebis, Sromis mwarmoebluro-

bis, xelfasisa da danazogebisaken midrekilebis dabali

done; kapitalis zrdasTan SedarebiT dasaqmebulTa

ricxovnobis winmswrebi zrda.

am mdgomareobidan gamosavali qveynis Siga da gare

faqtorebis gonivrul Sexamebasa da gamoyenebaSia.

nax. 8.5. sustad ganviTarebis`mojadoebuli wre`

dasaqmebulTa

ricxovnobis

winmswrebi zrda

kapitalis zrdasTan

Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis

dabali done

xelfasis

dabali done

kapitalis

dagrovebis dabali

done

danazogebisaken

dabali midrekileba

kapitalSeiaraRebis

dabali done

495494

Tarebeli qveynebis sagareo davalianebis zrda. am valma

2,4 trilion dolars miaRwia. misgan gamomdinare Sede-

gebi ganuWvreteli da saSiSia rogorc gamsesxebeli, ise

msesxebeli qveynebisaTvis. yvelaze didi valis mqone

kontinentebia laTinuri amerika (1970 w _ 27,7 mlrd

dolari, 2002 w. _ 789,4 mlrd dolari) da azia (Se-

sabamisad 19,3 mlrd dolari; 676,3 mlrd dolari).

gansakuTrebiT didi davalianebis mqone saxelmwifoebs

miekuTvneba: meqsika (154,4 mlrd dolari), brazilia (229,1

mlrd dolari), argentina (136,7 mlrd dolari), indo-

eTi (97,3 mlrd dolari), indonezia (135,7 mlrd dola-

ri), ruseTi (134 mlrd dolari), CineTi (180 mlrd

dolari) da TurqeTi (115,1 mlrd dolari).

ganuviTarebeli qveynebis sagareo davalianebis prob-

lema gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda mas Semdeg, rac axal miRe-

bul sesxsa da adre miRebuli sesxebis gastumrebas

Soris uaryofiTi saldo warmoiSva. magaliTad, 1984

wels `mesame samyaros` qveynebma adre aRebuli sesxis

momsaxurebasa da valis dafarvaze 92 mlrd dolari

gadaixades, xolo axali sesxi 85 mlrd dolaris ode-

nobiT miiRes. 1983-86 wlebSi, sagareo valTan dakav-

SirebiT, ganuviTarebelma qveynebma 400 mlrd dolari

(maT Soris sargebeli 204 mlrd dolari) gadaixades.

amave periodSi maT mxolod 344 mlrd dolaris axali

sesxi (uaryofiTi saldo _ 56 mlrd dolari) miiRes.

es cifrebi metyveleben axali mwvave ekonomikuri

problemebis gaCenaze - sesxebi xmardeba adre aRebuli

valis dafarvas da ara kapitalis dagrovebas, romelic,

rogorc ukve iTqva, ekonomikuri zrdis aucilebeli

mozidvis wanamZRvari, wamaxalisebeli.

ucxoeTidan miRebuli subsidiebi da sesxebi qvey-

nis SigniT kapitalis dagrovebas ganapirobebs da man

`mojadoebuli wridan` gamosvlaSi SeiZleba gadamwyve-

ti roli Seasrulos.

sazRvargareTidan miRebuli daxmareba SeiZleba iyos

pirdapiri da arapirdapiri. calkeuli saxelmwifoebi-

sagan miRebuli daxmareba (subsidiebi da sesxebi) pirda-

piria, xolo rodesac es saerTaSoriso organizaciebis

meSveobiT xdeba _ daxmareba arapirdapiria.

`mesame samyaros` qveynebi kerZo kapitalis formi-

Tac Rebuloben daxmarebas. am SemTxvevaSi kreditorebad,

upiratesad, msxvili kompaniebi da bankebi gvevlinebian.

saqarTvelo Rebulobs mniSvnelovan finansur dax-

marebas rogorc pirdapiri, aseve arapirdapiri formiT.

am aspeqtiT saqarTelosaTvis mTavari donori qveynebia:

aSS (1995-2003 wlebSi 227,85 mln dolari), SeerTebu-

li samefo (130,52 mln dolari), ruseTi (41,8 mln

dolari), TurqeTi (77,2 mln dolari). sul saqarTvelom

1995-2003 wlebSi pirdapiri daxmarebis formiT 318,8

mln amerikuli dolari miiRo. rac Seexeba garedan miRe-

bul arapirdapir daxmarebas, aq aRsaniSnavia msoflio

banki (314,2 mln dolari) da ganviTarebisa da rekon-

struqciis evropuli banki (27,4 mln dolari), rom-

lebmac mniSvnelovani investireba ZiriTad kapitalSi

ganaxorcieles.

ganuviTarebeli qveynebis sagareo da-

valianeba. XX saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi msoflio

ekonomikaSi gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT gamovlinda ganuvi-

497496

oiyenebs igi arsebul potencials.

amisaTvis aucilebelia dRes arsebuli mZime mdgo-

mareobidan gamosvlis daCqareba, ekonomikuri reformis

sistemuri da Tanmimdevruli ganxorcieleba da msof-

lio meurneobaSi efeqtiani integracia.

dRemde ekonomikuri strategiis safuZvelia anti-

inflaciuri politika erToblivi moTxovnis Semcire-

biT da fulis masis regulirebiT. maRali inflaciis

daZleva amiT marTlac miRweulia, magram es sakmarisi ar

aris. axlandeli da momavali Taobebis cxovrebis maRa-

li xarisxis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa myari ekonomikuri

zrdis damkvidreba.

saqarTvelos uaxloesi da Soreuli momavali,

uwinares yovlisa, imaze iqneba damokidebuli, Tu rogori

warmatebuli iqneba qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebi, rogor

SeZlebs qveyana konkurentuli upiratesobis dauflebas

msoflio meurneobis sistemaSi da masSi efeqtian inte-

gracias.

reformis strategiam unda uzrunvelyos mTavari

- rogorc inflaciis daZleva, finansuri stabilizaciis

miRweva, aseve myar ekonomikur ganviTarebaze gadasv-

la. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia: jer erTi, krizisidan

gamosvlis formulis realizacia, romelic gulisxmobs

erTdroulad da Tanabari proporciiT investiciebisa

da samomxmareblo moTxovnis stimulirebas; da meorec,

ekonomikuri zrdis, anu simdidris formulis realiza-

cias, romlis mixedviTac, rac ufro mdidaria mosaxleo-

ba, miT ufro maRalia misi yidviTunarianoba, miT ufro

metia warmoebis gafarToebisa da ganaxlebis SesaZle-

pirobaa, anu `mojadoebuli wridan` erTaderTi gamo-

savalia. aseTma situaciam movale qveynebis ekonomikuri

zrdis tempebi Seamcira.

sagareo davalianebis sferoSi Camoyalibebuli

mdgomareoba metad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelosaTvis,

romlis sagareo valma 2005 wlisaTvis 1,5 mlrd dolars

gadaaWarba. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom 2000-2005 wleb-

is monacemebiT, saqarTvelos sagareo valze gadasaxdelebma

(momsaxurebis Tanxebma) eqsportis 95% Seadgina. sak-

maod SesamCnevia sagareo valis wili mSp-Si. momavalSi

saqarTvlos kvlav mouwevs sagareo sesxebis aReba. amis

gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneba qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTare-

ba da efeqtiani CarTva Sromis saerTaSoriso danawile-

baSi.

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis perspeqtivebi. ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganvi-

Tarebis Sesaxeb zogadi warmodgena SesaZleblobas iZl-

eva gamoviyenoT igi Cveni erovnuli ekonomikis awmyos

Sefasebisa da erTiani samomavlo xedvis SemuSavebisaTvis.

qveynisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba

aqvs politikuri damoukideblobis, demokratizaciis,

sabazro ekonomikis TandaTanobiT srulyofis process.

marTalia, cxovrebis donis, Semosavlebis mixedviT

saqarTvelo jerjerobiT uRaribesi qveynebis jgufSia,

magram samagierod, ganaTlebis doniT, anu adamianiseuli

kapitaliT igi saSualod ganviTarebuli industriuli

qveynebis jgufs ganekuTvneba. rogori iqneba saqarTve-

lo momavalSi, es damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor gam-

499498

alibebis proeqtis farglebSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom

gaZlierdeba TanamSromloba am organizaciasTan saqarTve-

los socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis daCqarebis

mizniT.

demokratiuli ganviTareba, sabazro ekonomikaze

gadasvla, msoflios axali wesrigis Camoyalibeba saqar-

Tvelos ganviTarebisaTvis sruliad axal SesaZleblobebs

warmoSobs. mas inteleqtualuri da yvela sxva resursi

aqvs imisaTvis, rom istoriulad xanmokle periodSi

daZlios CamorCeniloba da maRalganviTarebul qveynad

gadaiqces.

bloba.

saqarTvelos konkurentuli upiratesobebis damkvi-

drebisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs mis

satranzito-savaWro funqcias, àbreSumis gzis`

saerTaSoriso proeqtis ganxorcielebas. igi udavod

did wvlils Seitans sazRvargareTuli investiciebis

mozidvaSi, saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi.

magram mxolod es sakmarisi ver iqneba.

aucilebelia saeqsporto warmoebis daCqare-

buli ganviTareba. am mxriv didi SesaZleblobebia

mtknari mineraluri wylebis, soflis meurneobrivi da

kvebis mrewvelobis produqciis, feromanganumis, Savi da

feradi metalurgiis, eleqtroteqnikuri nawarmis eqspor-

tisaTvis.

aseve didi SesaZleblobebia sxvadasxva daniS-

nulebis mecnierebatevadi produqciis, avtomobilebisa

da TviTmfrinavebis eqsportis ganviTarebisaTvis. kval-

ificiuri kadrebisa da mecnieruli potencialis arse-

boba amis realur saSualebas iZleva. udavod didi

perspeqtivebia turizmis ganviTarebisaTvisac.

am SesaZleblobebis ganxorcieleba damokidebulia

saerTaSoriso garemoze, imaze, Tu rogor Caewereba

saqarTvelo msoflio meurneobaSi.

miuxedavad Tanamedrove siZneleebisa, sakmaod dam-

aimedebeli tendenciebi ikveTeba. maT Soris aris saqarTve-

los mWidro urTierTobebi saerTaSoriso ekonomikur

organizaciebTan, misi gawevrianeba evropis sabWoSi. ganix-

ileba winadadeba 2010 wlisaTvis evropis kavSirSi 28

saxelmwifos gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, erTiani evropis Camoy-

501500

procentuli gadidebis SesaZleblobas aRniSnavs:

a. eqstensiuri zrda;

b. potenciuri zrda;

g. intensiuri zrda;

d. faqtobrivi zrda.

5. produqciis gamoSvebis intensiuri zrdiswarmoebis faqtorebis erToblivi mwarmoeblurobi-sagan damokidebulebis modeli maTematikuradaRwera:

a. forestiem;

b. rostoum;

g. lasferiem;

d. soloum.

6. giorgi 22 wlis asakSi moewyo samuSaoze

(30000-lariani wliuri SemosavliT). amasTan, misi

Semosavali izrdeba 2,5%-iani siswrafiT weli-

wadSi. `70 sididis wesis` Tanaxmad, 28 wlis Sem-

deg, e.i. 50 wlis asakSi giorgi weliwadSi miiRebs:

a. 40000 lars;

b. 50000 lars;

g. 60000 lars;

d. 65000 lars;

7. `fordis` sawarmo meqsikaSi, romlis Semosav-

lebis nawili repatrirdeba aSS-Si, yelaze metad adidebs:

a. meqsikis mSp-s;

b. aSS-is mSp-s;

g. meqsikis mep-s;


SemowmebisaTvis

1. mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp-is sididis

Semcireba imas niSnavs, rom mocemul qveyanaSi:

a. adgili aqvs warmoebis arsebiT matebas;

b. mosaxleobis zrdis tempi CamorCeba mSp-is

zrdis temps;

g. mSp-is zrdis tempi CamorCeba mosaxleobis

zrdis temps;

d. adgili aqvs mosaxleobis umniSvnelo zrdas.

2. `70 sididis wesis` Tanaxmad, 3,5%-iani

zrdis wliuri tempis pirobebSi mosaxleobis

erT sulze mSp-is gaormagebisaTvis saWiroa:

a. 10 weli;

b. 15 weli;

g. 20 weli;

d. 25 weli.

3. klasikur makroekonomikur wonasworoba-

Si ekonomikis ganviTarebas gulisxmobs:

a. nulovani zrdis koncefcia;

b. maCvenebliTi zrdis koncefcia;

g. faqtobrivi zrdis koncefcia;

d. gawonasworebuli zrdis koncefcia.

4. erovnuli warmoebis moculobis wliuri

?

503502

makroekonomikuriganviTarebis

arastabiluroba:ekonomikuri meryeoba,

umuSevroba da inflacia

àrc yvelaze mdidari qvey-

nebisaTvis aris sruliad garan-

tirebuli maTi Semdgomi ayvave-

ba da arc ekonomikuri autsaid-

erebi arian ganwiruli samuda-

mo siRatakisaTvis.~

gr.menqiu

stabilur ekonomikaSi cxovreba yvela adamianis

sanukvari ocnebaa, radgan igi uzrunvelyofs warmatebis

SesaZleblobas da sazogadoebas icavs arasasurveli

moulodnelobebisagan. Znelia am ocnebis axdena dRevan-

del saqarTveloSi, sadac mimdinareobs erTi ekonomikuri

sistemidan meoreSi mtkivneulad gadasvla. bevr iseT

qveyanasac ki, sadac demokratia da sabazro ekonomika

9Tema

d. aSS-is mep-s.

8. keTildReobis zrdis kvalobaze Sobadobis

dacemis ekonomikuri axsna ekuTvnis:

a. hari bekers;

b. robert solous;

g. Jan batist seis;

d. Tomas malTuss.

9. maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikuri

zrdis mTavari faqtori aris:

a. samuSao drois moculobis gadideba;

b. gamoyenebuli kapitalis moculobis gadideba;

g. uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoyeneba warmoebaSi;

d. ekonomikuri zrdis xelSemwyobi saxelmwi-

fos fulad-sakredito politikis ganxorcieleba.

10. ganuviTarebeli qveynebis mSp-Si kapitald-

abandebis wilis 1%-iT gadideba iwvevs ekonomikuri

zrdis tempis matebas:

a. 0,35-iT;

b. 0,45-iT;

g. 0,55-iT;

d. 0,65-iT.

505504

leqcia 25. ekonomikuri meryeoba

da ekonomikis ganviTarebis

cikluroba

èkonomikuri cxovrebis

TiTqmis yvela movlena, rogorc

bevri sxva procesi: socialuri,

meteorologiuri da sxv., mim-

dinareobs aRmavali da daRmava-

li moZraobiT, talRebis Tan-

mimdevrobis saxiT.~e. slucki

ekonomikuri meryeobis arsi, mizeze-

bi da formebi. yoveli sazogadoeba cdilobs mi-

aRwios uwyvet ekonomikur zrdas, sruli dasaqmebisa da

fasebis stabiluri donis pirobebSi. msoflio ekonomikis

istoriaSi SeimCneva ekonomikis sagrZnobi zrda da cx-

ovrebis donis mateba. magram grZelvadian ekonomikur

zrdas periodulad Tan axlda da axlavs ekonomikuri

arastabiluroba, rac gamoixateboda warmoebis mkveTri

daqveiTebiT.

mokled rom vTqvaT, adamianTa saqmianobis praqtika

miuTiTebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis pirobebis cvaleba-

dobaze. ekonomikurma aRmavlobam SeiZleba ganapirobos

ekonomikuri daqveiTeba, anu ekonomikuri krizisi, romelsac

mohyveba mSp-is, dasaqmebisa da mosaxleobis realuri

Semosavlis Semcireba. Semdeg, es procesi SeiZleba ganme-

ordes, anu aRmavlobas kvlav mohyves axali daqveiTeba

(krizisi).

didi xania arsebobs, mudmivi ekonomikuri stabiluroba

aseve rCeba miuwvdomel miznad. am qveynebs periodulad

aryevs ekonomikuri destabilizacia.

wina TemaSi aRiniSna, rom ekonomikuri zrda ar

aris ekonomikis TandaTanobiTi (narnari) aRmasvla. igi,

praqtikulad, zemoT da qvemoT mimarTuli naxtomebis

seriis saxiT xorcieldeba da, amdenad, ar SeiZleba misi

grafikuli gamosaxva aRmavali pirdapiri xazis meSveo-

biT. aseT SemTxvevaSi bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva: maS, rogoria

sinamdvileSi ekonomikuri moZraobis xazi? am kiTxvaze

pasuxs mocemuli Temis SeswavliT vipoviT.

507506

sasesxo sargeblis norma (damokidebulia moge-

bis normasa da fasebis doneze).

clkeuli ekonomikuri ryevebi erTimeorisagan gan-

sxvavdebian TavianTi masStabebiTa da vadianobiT. am niS-

nis mixedviT, isini SeiZleba iyos: a) moklevadiani, b)

saSulovadiani da g) grZelvadiani.

moklevadiani ekonomikuri ryevebi asaxavs erovnuli

warmoebis moculobis, samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis da fasebis

donis SedarebiT mcire masStabisa da xangrZlivobis

cvlilebebs.

aseTi meryeobebi gamowveulia, magaliTad, sasof-

lo-sameurneo produqtebis bazris koniunqturis (mdgo-

mareobis) sezonuri cvlilebebiT. axali mosavlis aRebis

Semdeg izrdeba, vTqvaT, bostneulisa da xilis gayidvebi

da mcirdeba maTi fasebi. gazafxulisaTvis am produ-

qtebis gayidvaTa moculobebi mcirdeba, fasebi ki izrdeba.

mTlianad, wlis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri zrda midis

ZiriTadi xazidan mcireodeni gadaxrebiT.

saSualovadiani ekonomikuri ryevebi niSnavs mniS-

vnelovan gadaxrebs wonasworobis mdgomareobidan

erovnul meurneobaSi. rogorc istoria mowmobs, XIX

saukunidan dawyebulma aseTi ryevebis veeberTela am-

plitudam (rxevaTa manZilma) daarRvia sameurneo ganvi-

Tarebis normaluri msvleloba da safrTxe Seuqmna

erovnul ekonomikur usafrTxoebas. saSualo sididis

talRebma gamoiwvia ekonomikuri cikli (saqmiani aq-

tivobis cikli).

grZelvadiani ekonomikuri ryevebi (anu `grZelva-

diani talRebi`) xasiaTdeba warmoebis Zalian didi

aRmavlobebiTa da dacemebiT. mecnieruli hipoTezis Tanax-

aRmavlobisa da daqveiTebis amgvar monacvleobas

xSirad saqmiani aqtivobis cikls an, ubralod,.ekono-

mikur cikls uwodeben. magram, ciklebis umetesi nawili-

sagan gansxvavebiT, ekonomikuri cikli Zalze araregu-

larulia da, amdenad, umjobesia es perioduli aRmavlo-

ba da daqveiTeba, uwinares yovlisa, ekonomikur meryeobad

ganvixiloT. amrigad, saqmiani aqtivobis cikli (anu

ekonomikuri cikli) aris aRmavlobisa da daqveiTe-

bis monacvleoba ekonomikaSi (ekonomikuri meryeo-

ba).

ekonomikuri meryeoba warmoadgens makroekono-

mikis umniSvnelovanes maCvenebelTa gadaxras maTi mdgra-

di mdgomareobidan, moZraobis traeqtoriidan (uwyveti

xazidan). amgvar gadaxrebs, romlebic gvaxsenebs tal-

Risebur ryevebs, warsulSic hqonda adgili da momaval-

Sic eqneba. maT SeiZleba iwvevdes ekonomikuri pirobeb-

is cvlilebebi, saerTaSoriso movlenebi, politikuri

gadawyvetilebebi, omebi da teqnologiuri cvlilebebi.

talRisebur ryevebs eqvemdebareba erovnul meur-

neobaSi gadamwyveti socialur-ekonomikuri cvlilebeb-

is maxasiaTebeli Semdegi ZiriTadi maCveneblebi:

warmoebisa da Semosavlis moculoba mTlianad

qveyanaSi (mSp da erovnuli Semosavali);

samuSao Zalis dasaqmeba;

fasebis done qveynis ekonomikis masStabiT.am ZiriTad maCveneblebze didad aris damokidebu-

li Semdegi warmoebuli cvladi sidideebi:

mTliani mogebis moculoba erovnul meurneoba-

Si (damokidebulia warmoebis moculobasa da fasebis

doneze);

509508

mdgradobis an aramdgradobis Sesaxeb iZleva wyalxazi

_ xomaldis bortis gaswvriv gavlebuli xazi, romelic

uCvenebs gemis zRvrul wyalSigs misi sruli datvirTvi-

saTvis. erovnuli meurneobisaTvis Taviseburi wyalx-

azis rolSi gamodis makroekonomikur maCvenebelTa zRvru-

lad dasaSvebi mniSvnelobebi. isini iZlevian signals

erovnuli Semosavlis saSiSi Semcirebis, samuSao Zalis

dasaqmebis klebis (umuSevrobis zrdis), fasebis donis

amaRlebisa da sazogadoebis cxovelmoqmedebis sxva mniS-

vnelovani pirobebis Sesaxeb.

ekonomikur ciklebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia

erToblivi miwodebisa da erToblivi moTxovnis

ekonomikur analizSi. aq gansakuTrebul garkvevas saWi-

roebs sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu erToblivi miwodebis da

erToblivi moTxovnis ra cvlilebebi udevs safuZvlad

ekonomikuri ciklis tipur brunvas. davuSvaT, rom in-

vesticiebis Semcirebis Sedegad ekonomika gamovida wonas-

worobis wertilidan. aseT SemTxvevaSi mkveTrad mcir-

deba erToblivi moTxovna, xolo erToblivi miwodeba

praqtikulad ucvleli rCeba. saboloo angariSiT, ekonomi-

ka aRmoCndeba wonasworobis axal wertilSi: Semcirde-

ba gamoSvebac da fasebic. aRmavlobis dros ki sawi-

naaRmdego tendencia yalibdeba: izrdeba er|Toblivi moTx-

ovna; matulobs gamoSveba, romelic uaxlovdeba an aWar-

bebs potenciur mSp-s; izrdeba fasebi.

ekonomikur ciklSi xdeba sxvaobis Semcireba an

gadideba potenciur da realur mTlian Sida

produqtebs Soris. ekonomikuri daqveiTebis dros

sxvaoba maT Soris izrdeba, xolo warmoebis moculo-

bis Semcireba, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs umuSevrobis donis

mad, aseTi ryeva meordeba daaxloebiT yoveli 50 wlis

Semdeg. isini warmoiSoba Sromis saSualebaTa ganaxleb-

is Sedegad sazogadoebis masStabiT da dakavSirebulia

mogebis normis amaRlebasTan an daqveTebasTan.

grZelvadiani ekonomikuri meryeoba seriozul mec-

nierul gamokvlevas saWiroebs. amitom Cven aq detalu-

rad gavecnobiT SedarebiT xSirad ganmeorebad `saSua-

lo talRebs`, miT ufro, rom, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

swored isini edeba safuZvlad ekonomikur ciklebs.

ekonomikuri ciklis zogadi mimox-

ilva. ekonomikurma mecnierebam, da sameurneo praq-

tikam jer kidev XIX saukuneSi daadgina, rom ekonomikur

ciklSi monacvleobs qveynis meurneobis ori sruliad

gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba.

pirveli maTgania erovnuli meurneobis ZiriTa-

di proporciebis (magaliTad, dovlaTis warmoebasa

da moxmarebas, yvela saqonlis miwodebasa da maTze moTx-

ovnas, saqonlisa da fulis nakadebs Soris) wonas-

woroba. ekonomikis aseTi mdgomareoba uzrunvelyofs

warmoebis procesis, samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis mdgra-

dobas da sabazro fasebis ucvlelobas.

meore SemTxvevaSi mkveTrad irRveva makroekono-

mikis mTavari proporciebis dadgenili wonaswo-

roba, rac gamowveulia sasaqonlo warmoebisa da ba-

zris stiqiuri ganviTarebiT. wonasworobis aseTma dar-

Rvevam SeiZleba iseT krizisul mdgomareobas miaRwios,

rac gamoiwvevs ekonomikuri organizmis Zlier ̀ daavade-

bas`.

TvalsaCino warmodgenas, magaliTad, sazRvao gemis

511510

garkveuli gagebiT, ekonomikuri ciklebi mTis qedebs

gvagonebs, romelTac aqvT mwvervalebisa da xeobebis

sxvadasxva done. zogi xeoba Zalze Rrmaa, rogorc es

iyo 1929-1933 ww. msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis dros,

zogi ki _ nakleb Rrma (1980-1982 ww.).

ekonomikuri ciklebi periodulad meordeba. droiTi

momentis gaTvaliswinebiT, ekonomikur cikls uwode-

ben periods erTi krizisidan meoremde an erTidan

Semdgom bumamde. saSualod, daaxloebiT 5 weli gadis

erTi krizisis dawyebidan meoris dawyebamde, an erTidan

Semdgom bumamde.

pirvelad ekonomikuri cikli aRiniSna 1825 wels

inglisSi, roca ifeTqa pirvelma sayovelTao krizisma.

Semdeg mas ,mohyva 1836 wlis ekonomikuri krizisi. mes-

ame krizisi daiwyo 1847 wels, meoTxe ki _ 1857 wels.

es ukanaskneli ukve warmoadgenda msoflio ekonomikur

kriziss.

XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi ekonomikuri kriz-

isebi ufro gaxSirda. ase magaliTad, 1857 wlis kriz-

iss mohyva 1866 wlis krizisi. Semdeg krizisebi ganme-

orda 1873, 1882 da 1890 wlebSi.

XX saukunis pirveli ekonomikuri krizisi daiwyo

1900 wels, romelsac mohyva 1907 wlis krizisi. pirvelma

msoflio omma daarRvia momdevno krizisis ganmeoreba,

magram omis damTavrebis Semdeg (1920-1921 ww.) daiwyo

axali ekonomikuri krizisi. mas mohyva industriuli

qveynebis ekonomikis stabilizacia, romelmac warmoSva

manamde arnaxuli siZlieris 1929-1933 wlebis ekonomi-

kuri krizisi, romelic umagaliTo iyo Tavisi siRrmiT,

simwvaviT da xangrZlivobiT. swored am krizisma mouRo

amaRlebas. moTxrobaSi ̀ alisa saswaulebis qveyanaSi` _

vxvdebiT aseT gamoTqmas: `zogjer saWiroa irbino mx-

olod imisaTvis, rom imave adgilze darCe`. es mosazre-

ba zustad Seesabameba mSp-is zrdasa da umuSevrobas,

radgan rom ar amaRldes umuSevrobs done, realuri mSp

iseve swrafad unda izrdebodes, rogorc potenciuri

mSp. vTqvaT, potenciuri mSp wliurad izrdeba 5%-iT, am

SemTxvevaSi umuSevrobis done rom ar amaRldes, aucile-

belia realuri mSp-is 5%-iT wliuri zrda.

rogorc aRiniSna, ekonomikur ciklamde mivyavarT

erToblivi miwodebisa da erToblivi moTxovnis urT-

ierTqmedebas, magram rogoria ekonomikuri ciklis is-

toria? ra ZiriTadi niSnebiT xasiaTdeba ekonomikuri

cikli? rogoria ekonomikuri ciklis ZiriTadi Teoriebi

da modelebi? ra urTierTkavSiri arsebobs ekonomikur

da politikur riskebs Soris? rogor SeiZleba

ekonomikuri ciklis garegan da Sinagan faqtorTa Se-

faseba da prognozireba? yvela am kiTxvaze metnaklebad

pasuxs iZleva ekonomikuri ciklebis ufro zusti

faqtobrivi aRwera da analizi.

ekonomikuri ciklis istoria. calkeu-

li ekonomikuri ciklebi erTimeorisagan gansxvavdebian

xangrZlivobiT da intensiurobiT. arc erTi cikli zus-

tad ar imeorebs meores. magram, miuxedavad amisa, maT

mainc aqvT bevri saerTo niSani: daqveiTeba (krizisi),

depresia (fskeri), aRmavloba (gamococxleba) da bumi

(piki) yoveli ekonomikuri ciklisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li saerTo fazebia, romelTa saxelwodebebi ekonomikur

literaturaSi sxvadasxvagvrad aris warmodgenili.

513512

cxril

i 9.1

meore msofl

io omisSemdgomi periodis ekonomikuri krizisebi aSS-S

i

wlebi

daqveiTebisxangrZlivoba

(TveebSi)

mTliani er

ovnuli

produqt

isamrew

velo war

moeba

daqveiTebissiRrme(%)

daqveiTebiswliuritewmpi(%)

daqveiTebisxangrZlivoba

(TveebSi)

daqveiTebissiRrme(%)

daqveiTebiswliuritewmpi(%)

1948-1949

1953-1954

1957-1958

1960-1961

1969-1970

1973-1975

1980

1981-1982

1990-1991

12 12 6 9 9 15 3 15 6

2.0

3.0

3.5

1.0 1.1

4.3

2.4

3.2

1.2

2.0

3.0

7.0 1.4

1.5

3.5

9.1

2.6

2.4

15 12 15 12 15 18 6 15 6

7.5 8.1

11.9

7.4

6.0

13.2

4.4 8.1

4.3

6.1

8.1

3.6

7.4

5.0

9.1

8.5

6.4 8.3

bolo Laisser faire doqtrinas da ganapiroba ekonomikaSisaxelmwifos rolis gaZliereba. 1937-1938 wlebSi if-

eTqa axalma ekonomikurma krizisma, magram meore msof-

lio omis dawyebam xeli SeuSala mis Semdgom gaRrmave-

bas.

meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi, marTalia,

ar yofila damangreveli siZlieris ekonomikuri kriz-

isi,* magram isini periodulad mainc àzanzarebdnen`

industriul qveynebs, gansakuTrebiT aSS-s (ix. cxrili

9.1).

cxrilSi asaxuli statistikuri maCveneblebi mow-

mobs meore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodis aSS-Si

momxdar warmoebis 9 daqveiTebaze (krizisze). sagulisxmoa,

rom XXI saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-ma gadaitana axali

ekonomikuri krizisi, xolo 2003 wlidan daiwyo war-

moebis aRmavlobis faza.

es kidev erTxel adasturebs im WeSmaritebas, rom

warmoebis perioduli daqveiTeba mxolod calkeuli

qveynebis xvedri ki ar aris, sadac raRaca mizezTa gamo

* unda SevniSnoT, rom ekonomikuri krizisebi mravalgvariaTavianTi gamovlenis formebiT. maTSi gamoiyofa, uwinares yov-lisa, warmoebis saerTo daqveiTeba mTlianad erovnulmeurneobaSi. maTTan erTad an calke mimdinareobs kerZo kriz-isebi (meurneobis romelime sferosa Tu dargSi), magaliTad,finansuri krizisi _ saxelmwifo finansebis siRrmiseuladmoSla; savaluto krizisi _ erovnuli valutis gaufasure-ba; fulad-sakredito krizisi _ komerciuli da sabankokreditebis mkveTrad Semcireba; agraruli krizisi _ saso-flo-sameurneo produqciis gasaRebis mkveTrad Seferxeba.

515514

aseTi mdgomareoba naCvenebia 9.2 naxazze, sadac ga-

mosaxulia saqmiani aqtivobis ciklebi iaponiaSi, did

britaneTSi, safrangeTSi, germaniasa da aSS-Si 1971-dan

2000 wlis CaTvliT. marTalia, es naxazi martiv suraTs

ar hgavs, magram sakmaod kargad asaxavs ekonomikuri

aRmavlobisa da daqveiTebis monacvleobas. ekonomikis

ayvavebis periodebi Sua xazis zemoTaa, xolo ekonomikur

siZneleTa periodebi _ am xazis qvemoT

ekonomikuri ciklis fazebs Soris arsebuli Zir-

iTadi gansxvavebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT 9.2 cxri-

lis mixedviT.

ekonomikuri ciklis amosaval fazas, tradiciulad,

nax. 9.1. ekonomikuri ciklis fazebi

5 10 15

erovnul

i warmoebis done

daqveiTebadepresia

daqveiTebadepresia

aRmavloba

bumiaRmavloba

bumi

tendenci

a

dro wlebSi

warumateblad moewyo sameurneo ganviTareba, aramed is

damaxasiaTebelia àyvavebuli` saxelmwifoebisTvisac.

ekonomikuri ciklis fazebis daxasi-

aTeba. ekonomikur cikls, weliwadis msgavsad, aqvs

`droebi`: daqveiTebas cvlis aRmavloba. amis gaTval-

iswinebiT, ekonomikuri cikli warmoadgens erovnuli

ekonomikis iseT ukuqceviT-winsvliT moZraobas, romlis

msvlelobaSi is gadadis erTi dapirispirebuli mdgo-

mareobidan meoreSi _ warmoebis daqveiTebidan mis aR-

mavlobaSi. cikluroba (wriuli moZraobis ganmeoreba)

vlindeba imaSi, rom sameurneo saqmianobaSi periodulad

meordeba ganviTarebis zemoT aRniSnuli oTxi faza (mo-

menti): 1. daqveiTeba (krizisi), 2. depresia (fskeri), 3.

aRmavloba (gamococxleba) da bumi (piki) (ix. nax. 9.1).

amrigad, ekonomikuri cikli aris makroekonomikis

wriuli moZraoba, romelSic Tanmimdevrulad me-

ordeba fazebi _ daqveiTeba (krizisi), depresia

(fskeri), aRmavloba (gamococxleba) da bumi (piki).

9.1 naxazze warmodgenili ekonomikuri ciklis

saerTo konturi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor moZraobs erovnu-

li ekonomika depresiidan bumamde da, piriqiT. es aris

stilizebuli cikli, is Tanabaria da regularuli. aq

Cven SegviZlia movnaxoT ciklis oTxive fazas Soris

arsebuli gansxvavebani. magram, rogorc ukve aRiniSna,

ekonomikuri cikli, praqtikulad, araregularulia. mi-

uxedavad amisa, ciklebi advilad gasarCevia erTimeoris-

agan. es gansakuTrebiT SesaZlebeli iqneba im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu vertikalur RerZze aisaxeba ganviTarebis siswrafe

da ara warmoebis done.

517516

cxril

i 9.2

ekonomikuri cikl

is fazaTa ZiriTadi gansxvavebebi

ekono

mikis

mdgomareo

ba

cikl

is fazebi

warmoeba

samuSao Zal

is da-

saqmeba

bazari (miwodebisa

da moTxo

vnis Tana-

fardoba)

kredit

i da saban-

ko sargebeli

saqonelTa fasebi

mogeba

daqveiTeba

(krizisi)

warmoebis

moculobaTa dacema

dasaqmebis mkveTri

Semcir

eba

miwodeba

mniSvnel

ovnad

aWarbebs moTxo

vnas

mwvave moTxo

vnil

eba

kredit

ze, izrdeba

sabanko sargebeli

fasebis Semcir

eba

mogebis moculobisa

da normis vardna

depresia

(fskeri)

warmoebis gaCereba

(uZraoba)

umcir

esi dasaqmeba

miwodebisa da

moTxo

vnis

wonasworoba

sabanko sargebl

isdabal

i ganakveTi

fasebis dabal

i done

mogebis dabal

inorma

aRmavl

oba

(gamococxleba)

warmoebis aRdgena kr-

izisiamdel

donemde

dasaqmebis gadideba

miwodebis z

rda kr

i-zisamdel

donemde

fulze moTxo

vnis ama-

Rleba, sabanko sargeb-

lis zrda

sabazro fasebis amaRleba

kapital

is momgebiano-

bis amaRleba

bumi

(piki)

warmoebis krizisamde-

li donis gadamet

eba

dasaqmebis swrafi zr-

da

miwodeba win uswrebs

moTxo

vnis zrdas

didi moTxovna sakr

e-dit

o saSual

ebebze,

maRal

i sabanko sarge-

beli

fasebis spekulaciuri

zrda

mogebis umaRlesi

norma

warmoadgens daqveiTeba (krizisi). am fazas maSin aqvs

adgili, rodesac realuri mSp mcirdeba zedized ori

kvartlis (6 Tvis) ganmavlobaSi. saubaria imis Sesaxeb,

rom rodesac qveyanaSi mimdinareobs saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis Warbwarmoeba (miwodeba mniSvnelovnad aWar-

bebs moTxovnas), am momentSi ekonomikuri zrdis done

da tempebi zRvrulad dasaSveb zomaze qvemoT ecema.

samrewvelo da savaWro sawarmoTa didi masa kotrdeba.

darCenili sawarmoebi samuSaodan iTxoven muSakebs, am-

cireben nedleulis moculobas, rasac mosdevs warmoeb-

is Sekveca da umuSevrobis zrda. warmoebis Semcireba

asustebs moTxovnas nedleulze. Sesabamisad, klebulobs

nedleulis fasebi da mcirdeba maTi miwodeba. sazoga-

doebaSi irRveva sakredito kavSirebi, yvela mewarme gan-

icdis mwvave moTxovnlebas sakredito saSualebebze

swrafad warmoqmnili valebis dasafarad da amitom mniS-

nax. 9.2. saqmiani aqtivobis ciklebi zogierTganviTarebul qveyanaSi (1971-2000 ww.)

iaponiadidi britaneTisafrangeTigermaniaaSS

wl

iuri siCqare

519518

kapitalze da sabanko sargeblis ganakveTi, rasac Tan

mohyveba kapitalis momgebianobis donis amaRleba. aRmav-

lobis faza, Cveulebriv, sul cota 3 wels grZeldeba

xolme. Tumca, yvelaze xangrZlivi aRmavloba aSS-is*

istoriaSi 1991 wlis martSi daiwyo da 2000 wlis

bolomde gagrZelda.

da bolos, dgeba bumis (pikis) faza. am periodSi

ekonomika yvavis: saqonlis gamoSveba aWarbebs krizisam-

del dones da adgili aqvs samuSao Zalis dasaqmebis

swraf zrdas; syidviTunariani moTxovnis gafarToebas

mosdevs saqonelze fasebis spekulaciuri zrda; didde-

ba moTxovna sakredito saSualebebze da, Sesabamisad,

izrdeba sabanko sargeblis ganakveTi; sagrZnoblad

maRldeba warmoebis momgebianoba. amrigad, bumis dros

sawarmoTa investiciebisa da momxmarebelTa xarjebis

done yvelaze maRalia. miuxedavad amisa, vinaidan ekonomika

sruli an TiTqmis sruli datvirTviT muSaobs da

saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovna diddeba, izrdeba

fasebic da, Sesabamisad, momgebianobac.

saqmiani aqtivobis ciklis zemoT aRwerili moZrao-

ba ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia sabazro urTierTobaTa

Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis adreuli periodisa da dRevan-

deli gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis. maRalgan-

viTarebuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis ki upiratesad tipi-

* unda SevniSnoT, rom aSS-isa da sabazro sistemis sxvasaxelmwifoTa ekonomikas gamococxlebis SesaniSnavi unariaxasiaTebs.

vnelovnad izrdeba sabanko sargeblis norma. ekonomikuri

daqveiTebis dros mkveTrad ecema mogebis moculoba da

norma. amis winaswari mauwyebelia aqciebis kursis dacema.

sxva ra mizezebic ar unda iyos, sawarmoTa da momxmare-

belTa xarjebis Semcireba daqveiTebis (krizisis)

dasawyiss moaswavebs.

daqveiTeba mTavrdeba meore faziT _ depresiiT.

depresiis periodSi ekonomika ciklis yvelaze dabal

wertils (fskers) aRwevs, sadac iqmneba pirobebi kriz-

isidan gamosasvlelad; sawarmoTa umravlesoba arasru-

li simZlavriT muSaobs an, saerTod, gaCerebulia; umuSevro-

ba maRal donezea; umniSvnelo moTxovnis gamo, izrdeba

Tavisufali fuladi kapitalis moculoba da minimumam-

de mcirdeba sabanko sargeblis ganakveTi; saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis miwodeba wyvets moTxovnaze gadaWarbebas,

saqonlis gamoSvebis Sewyveta ki amcirebs maTs miwode-

bas moTxovnis donemde; ekonomikis momgebianoba imyofe-

ba dabal doneze; mcirdeba fasebi warmoebis saSualebe-

bze da iafdeba krediti, rac xels uwyobs gafarToebu-

li kvlavwarmoebis aRdgenas axal teqnikur da te-

qnologiur safuZvelze.

garkveuli drois Semdeg ekonomika gajansaRebas

iwyebs, Sedis ra saqmiani aqtivobis ciklis rigiT mesame

_ aRmavlobis (gamococxlebis) fazaSi. aRmavlobis

periodSi warmoeba da, Sesabamisad, miwodeba farTovdeba

krizisamdel donemde; sasaqonlo maragebis moculoba

dgindeba bazris Seuferxebeli momaragebisaTvis auci-

lebel doneze; iwyeba sabazro fasebis amaRleba, rac

gamowveulia syidviTunariani moTxovnis gadidebiT; izrde-

ba samuSao Zalis dasaqmeba; izrdeba moTxovna fulad

521520

marqsisa da engelsis 1857-1859 da 1861-1863 wlebis

ekonomikur xelnawerebSi da maT momdevno periodis

SromebSi. am Teorias SeiZleba aseTi formulireba miec-

es: ekonomikuri cikli mocemulia 4 fazaSi _ krizisi,

depresia, gacxoveleba da aRmavloba. Warbwarmoebis

ekonomikuri krizisebi kapitalizmis ganuyofeli Tan-

amgzavria. igi vlindeba ekonomikis yvela sferoSi. kriz-

isebis dros saqonlis Warbwarmoeba SefardebiTia da

ara absoluturi. es imas niSnavs, rom saqonlis siWarbe

gamowveulia mosaxleobis syidviTunariani moTxovnilebis

dabali doniT da ara sazogadoebis namdvili moTxov-

nilebiT. SefardebiTi Warbwarmoeba, garkveuli kanon-

zomierebis safuZvelze, periodulad meordeba drois

gansazRvrul intervalSi.

marqsizmis klasikosebi ekonomikuri krizisebis

warmoSobis ZiriTad mizezad miiCneven kapitalizmis Zir-

iTad winaaRmdegobas, romelSic maT esmodaT winaaRm-

degoba warmoebis sazogadoebriv xasiaTsa da war-

moebis Sedegebis miTvisebis kerZo kapitalistur

formas Soris. maTi azriT, kapitalizmis ZiriTadi

winaaRmdegobis gamo kapitalisturi warmoeba gamodis

mosaxleobis syidviTunarianobis viwro sazRvrebidan.

es ki iwvevs sayovelTao disproporciulobas ekonomi-

kaSi da arRvevs erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produqtis

realizaciis pirobebs. bazari ufro nela farTovdeba,

vidre warmoeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, im ciklSi,

romelSic gaivlis kapitali Tavisi kvlavwarmoebis dros,

dgeba iseTi momenti, rodesac bazari Zalze viwro aR-

moCndeba warmoebisaTvis. es xdeba ciklis dasasruls.

amis Sedegad iwyeba Warbwarmoebis krizisi, romlis mo-

uria bumis faziT dawyebuli samiani aqtivobis cikle-

bi.

ekonomikuri ciklis Teoriuli

evolucia. ciklebis warmoqmnisa da gavrcelebis

erT-erT mniSvnelovani modeli dafuZnebulia im praq-

tikaze, rom ciklis aRmavlobis fazaSi izrdeba xangr-

Zlivi moxmarebis saqonlis gayidva, xolo misi realiza-

cia ecema ekonomikuri daqveiTebis fazaSi. es mdgomare-

oba gasakviri ar unda iyos, radganac maRali fasebis

pirobebSi Cven SegviZlia gadavdoT axali mowyobilo-

bis SeZena da sicocxle gavuxangrZlivoT Zvels, magram

igive moqmedeba gamoricxulia sasursaTo saqonelze.

ubralod, aq adamians SesaZlebloba ara aqvs ucados

fasebis daklebas.

bunebrivia, rom ekonomikuri ciklebis Teoriebis

umetesoba gansakuTrebul mniSvnlobas aniWebs xangr-

Zlivi moxmarebis saqonlisa da investiciebis rols

ciklis formirebasa da ganviTarebaSi.

yvelaze adreuli ekonomikuri ciklis Teoriaa

naklebmoxmarebis koncefcia. igi ekonomikuri kriz-

isebis mizezad miiCnevda mSromelTa masis siRaribes.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, es Teoria amarTlebda aramwarmoe-

bluri moxmarebis gadidebas. wvrilburJuaziuli mima-

rTulebis warmomadgenlebi _ ̀ wvrilburJuaziuli kri-

tikosebi` (J.S.l.s. sismondi, j.a. hobsoni) am koncef-

cias iyenebdnen mSromelTa interesebis dasacavad.

aseve mSromelTa interesebis dacvas isaxavda miznad

ciklisa da ekonomikuri krizisebis marqsistuli

Teoria, romelic yvelaze srulyofiladaa mocemuli

523522

progress. misi mtkicebiT, ekonomikuri zrda cikluri

procesia da ganpirobebulia warmoebis axali aRmoCenebis

danergvis naxtomiseburi xasiaTiT.

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi gamoqveynda

n.kondratievis naSromi _ `koniunqturis didi cikle-

bi` (1928 w.), romelSic ekonomikuri krizisebi warmod-

genilia rogorc xangrZlivi rigis ubralo koniunqtu-

ruli depresia. mis koncefciaSi ekonomikis grZelvadi-

ani ganviTarebis Seswavlis amosaval punqtad miCneulia

saqonlis fasebis dinamika da ekonomikuri ciklis pe-

riodizacia dafuZnebulia ciklis orfazian modelze.

misi mtkicebiT, kapitalizmis ekonomikaSi arsebobda

Semdegi ̀ grZeli talRebi`:

a) pirveli ciklis amaRlebuli talRa iwyeba XVII-

XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze da grZeldeba 1810-1817 wle-

bamde. pirveli ciklis daqveiTebuli talRa _ 1810-1817

wlebis periodidan 1844-1851 wlebis periodamde;

b) meore ciklis amaRlebuli talRa _ 1844-1851

wlebis periodidan 1870-1875 wlebis periodamde; me-

ore ciklis daqveiTebuli talRa _ 1870-1875 wlebis

periodidan 1890-1896 wlebis periodamde;

g) mesame ciklis amaRlebuli talRa _ 1890-1896

wlebis periodidan 1914-1920 wlebis periodamde; mes-

ame ciklis mosalodneli daqveiTebuli talRa _ 1914-

1920 wlebis periodidan.

XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi farTod gavrcelda

`koniunqturis Teoria`, romelic cdilobda moeca kap-

italisturi samyaros sameurneo ganviTarebis prognozire-

ba. am koncefciis erT-erTi fuZemdebelia g.kaseli, rom-

lis naSromi rusul enazec iTargmna. msoflio ekonomikuri

saspobad aucilebelia misi uSualo pirveladi mizezis

_ kapitalizmis ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobis mospoba, romel-

ic kapitalisturi wyobilebis likvidaciiT miiRweva.

aseTia kapitalisturi ekonomikis cikluri ganvi-

Tarebis marqsistuli gageba. masSi sakmaod bevria mecni-

eruli analizis momenti, magram kapitalisturi ekonomikis

Tanamedrove ganviTareba da miRweuli done naklebad

adasturebs marqsizmis klasikosebis mier aRwerili

sqemis WeSmaritebas.

XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyis-

Si gavrcelda ciklis sakredito-fuladi koncef-

cia. monetaruli Teoria ekonomikur cikls akavSirebs

fulisa da kreditebis zrdasa da SemcirebasTan.

r.j.houtri da i.fiSeri ciklis daqveiTebis fazis war-

moSobis mizezad Tvlidnen disproporciebis warmoSobas

fulis masis miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris. ukve XX

saukunis dasawyisSi warmoiSva ekonomikis ganviTarebis

pirveli endogenuri koncefciebi. am periodSi gamoqvey-

nda mecnieruli gamokvlevebi (tugan-baranovski, a.Spihofi

g.kaseli), romlebSic cikluri meryeoba dakavSirebulia

kapitalis dagrovebis siWarbis koncefciasTan. afta-

lionis azriT, moxmarebis sagnebis warmoebasa da Ziri-

Tadi kpitalis dagrovebas Soris arsebobs specifikuri

urTierTdamokidebuleba. igi imiT vlindeba, rom samomx-

mareblo moTxovnis mcire cvlilebas SeuZlia gamoi-

wvios wminda investiciis mniSvnelovani meryeoba (aqsel-

eraciis principi).

kapitalis dagroebis siWarbis sakuTari varianti

wamoayena cnobilma germanelma mecnierma i.Sumpeterma,

romelmac cikluri meryeoba daukavSira teqnikur

525524

da optimisturi molodinebis urTierTzemoqmedebis Sede-

gi), gawonasworebuli Teoria (ciklur meryeobas ga-

napirobebs araswori aRqma da adamianTa zedmeti Sroma),

politikuri Teoria da a.S.

ekonomikuri ciklis Teoriebis istoriaSi SeiZleba

gamoiyos sami ZiriTadi etapi: pirvel etapze XIX

saukunis meore naxevridan 1929-1933 ww. msoflio

ekonomikur krizisamde gabatonebuli iyo kapitalis-

turi ekonomikis TviTregulirebis idea, romlis Tanax-

mad, miwodeba avtomaturad warmoSobs moTxovnas; me-

ore etapze XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan 60-ian

wlebamde gabatonda da gavrcelda ciklis keinzianuri

Teoria, romelic iTvaliswinebda saxelmwifos daxmare-

biT ̀ efeqtiani moTxovnis` Seqmnas. am pirobebSi ekonomika

orientirebulia moTxovnaze; mesame etapi _ 70-iani

wlebidan dakavSirebulia ciklis neoklasikuri mone-

taruli koncefciis aRorZinebasTan: moTxovnidan yura-

dRebis gadatana moxda warmoebaze, romlis safuZvelze

Camoyalibda miwodebis Teoria.

Tanamedrove ekonomikuri cikli SeiZleba ganxi-

lul iqnes rogorc konomikur sistemaze garegani gav-

lena. am midgomis magaliTia ciklebis politikuri

Sinaarsi. saqme is aris, rom cikli da misi fazebi

xSirad icvleba xelisuflebis arCevisa da gadarCevis

ritmis Sesabamisad. es Tvalsazrisi eyrdnoba im dakvirve-

bas, rom makroekonomikur politikas gansazRvraven ar-

Ceuli oficialuri pirebi, romlebic ise warmarTaven

ekonomikis ganviTarebas, rogorc igi Seesabameba maT

politikur Sexedulebas da arCevnebSi kvlav gamarjve-

bas. `politikuri ciklis` Teoria Semdeg sam safuZv-

krizisis (1929-1933 ww.) Semdeg mravali ekonomisti

(g.kaseli, k.zingeri, i.fiSeri) Seecada ekonomikuri kriz-

isebis mizezebi aexsnaT fulad-sakredito faqtorebis

gavleniT.

ekonomikuri ciklis axsnaSi udidesi roli Seas-

rula keinzis naSromma _ `dasaqmebis, sargeblisa da

fulis zogadi Teoria`. keinzuri Teoria cikls ganix-

ilavs rogorc erovnul Semosavals, moxmarebasa da kap-

italis dagrovebas Soris moZraobis urTierTdamok-

idebulebis Sedegs. keinzur modelSi cikluri proces-

ebi yalibdebian efeqtiani moTxovnis dinamikurobis Sed-

egad, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganisazRvreba moxmarebisa da

kapitaldabandebis funqciebiT. am modelSi mniSvnelovan

rols asrulebs multi plikatoris koeficienti

(erovnuli produqtis zrdis damokidebuleba investiciis

matebaze) da aqseleratoris koeficienti (investiciis

moculobis damokidebuleba erovnuli produqtis mate-

baze). am Teoriis Semdgom ganviTarebas vpoulobT

r.harodis, p.samuelsonis, hansenis, hiksis SromebSi.

keinzianur Teorias upirispirdeba ciklis mone-

taruli Teoria (fridmeni), romlis Tanaxmad erovnu-

li Semosavlisa da ciklis dinamikaSi mTavar rols

asrulebs fulis miwodebis arastabiluroba. es Teor-

ia ekonomikur cikls akavSirebs fulis da kreditis

Semcirebasa da zrdasTan.

garda aRniSnuli Teoriebisa, arsebobs sxva met-

naklebad mniSvnelovani Teoriebi. magaliTad, inovaciis

Teoria (ekonomikis cikluri meryeoba aixsneba mniS-

vnelovani gamogonebis danergviT), fsiqologiuri Teo-

ria (cikli ganixileba rogorc adamianTa pesimisturi

527526

cielda. meore magaliTia j.karteris 1980 wlis ganmeo-

rebiTi arCevnebis Sedegebi. saarCevno kampaniis dros

j.karteri qadagebda da axorcielebda mkacr ekonomikur

politikas, romelmac mas damarcxeba moutana r.reiganTan

brZolaSi.

ekonomikuri ciklis Tanamedrove Teoriebi metwilad

dafuZnebulia multi plikatorul-aqseleratoruli

modelebis urTierTmoqmedebaze. rogorc cnobilia, saqon-

lis realizaciis Semcireba iwvevs investiciis aCqare-

bul Semcirebas. raRac wertilSi investicia aRwevs

ukiduresad dabal wertils. aqseleratoris prin-

ci pis Tanaxmad, roca saqonlis realizacia swrafad

ecema, investicia gaxdeba uaryofiTi, anu miviRebT dein-

vesticias. magram investiciis Semcirebas aqvs Tavisi

sazRvari. es imas niSnavs, rom saqonlis warmoebis Sem-

cirebasac aqvs Tavisi sazRvari. rodesac investicia

maqsimalurad dabali gaxdeba, igi klebas Sewyvets, ris

Semdeg mTliani kapitaldabandeba nel-nela moimatebs da

daiwyeba ekonomikuri aRmavloba. axali kapitaldabande-

ba gamoiwvevs saqonlis warmoebis Semdgom zrdas mul-

ti plikatoris koeficientis saSualebiT. magram

raRac wertilSi saqonlis warmoebis zrda daiwyebs

klebas da aqseleratori iwyebs ekonomikuri aRmav-

lobis winaaRmdeg moqmedebas. amrigad, saxezea

ekonomikuri ciklis martivi modeli.

ekonomikuri ciklebis prognozire-

ba. ekonomikuri ciklis fazebis prognozireba xelovnebac

aris da mecnierebac. es imiT aixsneba, rom ekonomikuri

ciklebi ar warmoadgenen warsulis meqanikur gameore-

els eyrdnoba:

politikosebis gankargulebaSia ekonomikis stim-

ulirebis mniSvnelovani saSualebebi;

amomrCevlebs moswonT umuSevrobis dabali done,

swrafi ekonomikuri zrdisa da dabali inflaciis pe-

riodebi;

politikosebs surT xelmeored gamarjveba

arCevnebSi.

am sami wanamZRvridan gamomdinareobs is, rom poli-

tikuri arCevnebi bevrad gansazRvravs ekonomikaze ad-

ministraciis zemoqmedebis xasiaTsa da intensivobas.

magaliTad, arCevnebis Semdeg damaxasiaTebelia mkacri

ekonomiis SemoReba pirvel or weliwadSi. igi zrdis

umuSevrobas, anelebs ekonomikis zrdis temps, magram sa-

magierod amcirebs ekonomikaze inflaciur dawolas. es

mxolod im mizniT keTdeba, rom antiinflaciuri wamlis

mware gemo daaviwydeT axali arCevnebis dRisaTvis. mogvi-

anebiT, arCevnebamde daaxloebiT erTi wliT adre, tarde-

ba ekonomikis stimulirebis RonisZiebebi: mcirdeba ga-

dasaxadebi, umjobesdeba socialuri daxmarebis programebi,

mcirdeba kreditze sargeblis ganakveTi. yovelive es

imitom keTdeba, rom saarCevno ubnebSi moqalaqeebs bumi

axsovdeT da ara ekonomikuri daqveiTeba.

amrigad, ekonomikuri cxovreba feTqavs politikis

ritmTan erTad. am sindromis Seswavlis saukeTeso maga-

liTia r.niqsonis 1972 wlis ganmeorebiTi arCevnebis

kampania, romelSic CarTuli aRmoCnda iseTi ekonomikuri

berketebi, rogoricaa gadasaxadebis Semcireba, xelfassa

da fasebze kontrolis daweseba, mimoqcevaSi fulis mi-

wodebis gazrda, rac arCevnebamde 15 TviT adre ganxor-

529528

winaswarmetyvelebdnen, sastiki dartyma miayena. magram

koniunqturis prognozirebis idea mTlianad ar gamqra-

la. meore msoflio omis wlebSi mis rols e.w. ̀ qveynis

ekonomikuri biujeti` asrulebda, romlis rogorc kon-

cefcia, aseve saxelwodeba amerikelma ekonomistebma

h.kolmim da g.enslim daamuSaves.

aSS-is ekonomikuri biujeti Tavdapirvelad mo-

mavali wlis ekonomikaSi mosalodneli operaciebis gan-

saWvretad iyo gamiznuli. Semdeg am biujetma, rogorc

prognozirebis instrumentma, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

niSnebi dakarga da mxolod ganvlili sami wlis an-

gariSebis dokumentad gadaiqca. magram zogierT qveyana-

Si (safrangeTi, belgia, holandia, SvedeTi...) `qveynis

ekonomikuri biujetis` koncefcia, rogorc prognizire-

bis instrumenti, SenaCunebul iqna.

ekonomikis prognozirebis roli gansakuTrebiT

meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi gaizarda. 60-ian

wlebSi ganviTarda grZelvadiani prognozirebis ori Zir-

iTadi tipi: 1. mep-isa da xarjebis sxvadasxva modelis

konstruireba, romlis wanmZRvrebi mniSvnelovanwilad

damokidebuli iyo mTavrobis safinanso politikasa da

momxmarebelTa moqmedebaze; 2. mep-is erTiani modeli,

romelic varaudTa erTian sistemaze iyo dafuZnebuli.

aSS-Si grZelvadiani prognozis pirveli tipi

1952 wels h.kolmim Seadgina 1961 wlisaTvis. man amo-

saval punqtad aSS-is 1951 wlis mep aiRo, romelic 329

mlrd dolars Seadgenda. am prognozSi navaraudevi iyo,

rom didi omebis Tavidan acilebis SemTxvevaSi aSS-is

mep 1961 wlisaTvis 425 mlrd dolars miaRwevda.

grZelvadiani prognozis meore tipi 1954 wels

bas. isini erTmaneTs hgvanan mxolod zogadi niSnebiT.

prognozi xSirad cdeba (amindis prognozis msgavsad),

magram ekonomikuri prognozirebis siZliere imiT vlin-

deba, rom wlidan wlamde prognozebis profesionali

avtorebi ufro met warmatebas aRweven imaTTan Sedare-

biT, vinc naklebad ganswavlulia am saqmeSi an prog-

nozirebis dros iyenebs aramecnierul saSualebebs (vTqvaT,

rodesac ekonomikuri daqveiTebis an aRmavlobis gan-

Wvreta dafuZnebulia mTvaris fazaTa an mzis laqebis

cvlaze).

koniunqturis mdgomareobisa da prognozirebis ganm-

sazRvrel maCvenebelTa sistema pirvelad e.w. ̀ harvard-

is skolam` daamuSava da `harvardis barometris`

saxeliT iyo cnobili. `harvardis skolis` mamamTavari

iyo amerikeli statistikosi u.m.personi, romelmac 1919

wels gamoaqveyna statia _ ̀ aSS-Si koniunqturis gamokv-

levisa da prognzirebis meTodebis Sesaxeb`.

am skolis wabaZviT mraval qveynaSi Seiqmna eko-

nomikuri mdgomareobis Sefasebisa da ganviTarebis prog-

nozirebis koniunqturis institutebi.

maTi prognozebi metwilad mcire Sedegs iZleoda.

v.koqsi, romelmac gaanaliza `standart-stetistiqis`,

`bebsonis`, ̀ harvardis`, ̀ brukmairis`, ̀ mudis`, ̀ neSnel

siti benkis` prognozebis biuroTa saqmianoba, mivida im

daskvnamde, rom 40 SemTxvevidan prognozi Sedegiani iyo

mxolod 13 SemTxvevaSi, xolo 18 SemTxvevaSi misi Sedegi

umniSvnelo iyo.

1929 wels dawyebulma ekonomikurma krizisma ko-

niunqturis prognozebs, romlebic imave wlis Semodgo-

mi-saTvis koniunqturis xelsayrel ganviTarebas

531530

saxleobis swrafi zrda iwvevs samuSao Zalis resurse-

bis maqsimalur gadidebas. es zrda, Tavis mxriv, mkveTrad

afarToebs momxmarebelTa ricxvs, romelic maRal samxedro

xarjebTan SexamebiT, warmoqmnis moTxovnis maRal dones

bazarze. es ukanaskneli ki ganapirobebs Sromisunariani

mosaxleobis dasaqmebis maRal dones da erTi momuSavis

saSualo wliuri gamomuSavebis swraf zrdas.

prognozis avtorebi cdilobdnen erTdroulad

gaeTvaliswinebinaT rogorc warmoebis, aseve moTxovnis

tendenciebi, Tumca gadamwyvet rols moTxovnas, bazars

akuTvnebdnen. prognozis avtorebi samxedro xarjebs

miiCnevdnen moTxovnis maRali donis miRwevis ganuyofel

nawilad da amiT samxedro xarjebis zrdas amarTlebd-

nen. garda amisa, am prognozSi auxsneli iyo dasaqmebis

maRali done Tu ra gziT gamoiwvevda TiToeuli dasaqme-

buli muSakis saSualo wliuri gamomuSavebis swraf

zrdas. Tu imasac davumatebT, rom prognozSi iseTi ab-

straqtuli daSvebebi iyo, rogoricaa ekonomikis ukriz-

iso ganviTareba, qveynis resursebis srulad gamoyeneba,

sawarmoTa sruli datvirTva da sxv., maSin naTeli gaxdeba

es prognozi ramdenad asaxavda ekonomikis msvlelobis

realur process.

àSS-is resursebi momavalSi` prognozis garda

aRsaniSanvia ̀ mak grou-hilis`, erovnuli sagegmo asoci-

aciis, j.kendrikis, erovnuli samrewvelo konferenciis

sabWos da stenfordis kvleviTi institutis progno-

zebi.

ekonomikuri prognozirebis aTeulobiT meToduri

xerxi da saSualeba arsebobs, romelnic pirobiTad sam

ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: saeqsperto Sefaseba, eqstrapo-

Seadgina aSS-is kongresis gaerTianebuli komisiis aparatma

1965 wlisaTvis. am prognoziT mep 365 mlrd dolari-

dan 535 mlrd dolaramde unda gazrdiliyo. prognozis

Tanaxmad, Tu saerTaSoriso da qveynis saSinao mdgomar-

eoba mkveTrad ar Seicvleboda, qveynis mosaxleoba 160

mln kacidan 190 mln kacamde gaizrdeboda, xolo aqti-

uri mosaxleoba _ 67-dan 79 mln kacamde. aqedan navar-

audevi iyo, rom sami milioni kaci armiaSi imsaxurebda,

5,5 mln _ soflis meurneobaSi iqneboda dasaqmebuli,

60 mln _ kerZo arasasoflo sawarmoebSi, 7,5 mln _

samoqalaqo saxelmwifo samsaxurSi, xolo 3 milioni

piri umuSevari darCeboda. navaraudevi iyo samuSao kviris

xangrZlivobis 4 saaTiT Semcireba, aseve samxedro xar-

jebis Semcireba 52 mlrd dolaridan 40 mlrd dola-

ramde da a.S.

faqtobrivad, zogierT muxlSi realurma cifrebma

varauds gadaaWarba, zogSi ki Zalze CamorCa.

amerikel ekonomistTa erTi nawili Seecada sxva-

dasxva faqtoris (gadaxdisunariani moTxovnileba, mo-

saxleobis zrdis gansazRvruli tempi, dasaqmebis done,

Sromis nayofierebis gadideba...) safuZvelze daemuSave-

bina mep-is zrdis prognozis variantebi, romelic Sei-

Zleba sami saxis (dabali, saSualo da maRali) iyos.

prognozis _ àSS-is resursebi momavalSi`

avtorebis (p.lansbergi, l.fiSmani, J.fiSeri) TvalsazrisiT,

mep-is zrdis maRal variants iZleva samuSao Zalis

resursebis swrafi gadideba da saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis bazrebze maRali moTxovnis arseboba. am varian-

tis SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva faqtoris urTierTdamok-

idebulebis saboloo suraTi aseT saxes Rebulobs: mo-

533532

Todad modelireba iTvleba. igi yoveli seriozuli

prognozis Semadgeneli nawilia. sxva sityvebiT, yvela

prognozi arsebiTad eqstrapolaciiT iwyeba da yovel-

Tvis prognozuli modelis agebiT mTavrdeba. amave dros,

modelireba Zalze Zvirad Rirebuli samuSaocaa. amerikeli

specialistebis monacemebiT, socialur-ekonomikuri an

samxedro-politikuri procesebis sruli masStabis mod-

elis ageba moiTxovs dros oridan eqvs wlamde, xolo

masze daxarjuli saxsrebi 25 aTasi dolaridan 2500

aTas dolaramde meryeobs.

ganasxvaveben ori tipis ekonometrikul models: 1.

makroekonomikursa da 2. `danaxarjebisa da produqciis

gamoSvebisa` (leontieviseuli). ekonomikuri prognozire-

bis sferoSi orive meTodi gamoiyeneba.

Tanamedrove ekonometrikaSi uamravi ekonomikuri

modeli muSavdeba. am dargis fuZemdeblad iTvleba

i.tinbergeni, Semdeg moixsenieba kalceki, k.klarki, harodi,

hudvini, kleini, h.domari, hiksi...; am saxis modelebs xSirad

èvristikul modelebs` uwodeben. maTi mizania

ekonomikuri rxevebis (`fluqtaciis`) gamomwvevi mize-

zebis Seswavla, praqtikuli amocana ki _ ekonomikuri

prognozirebis ganxorcieleba.

prognozirebis intuiciur (`delfos meTodi`),

eqstrapolaciur Tu ekonometrikul modelebs Soris

Cinuri kedeli ar aris aRmarTuli. prognozirebis dros

yvela es meTodi erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli

da urTierTgadaxlarTuli. amis gamo prognozirebis

sferoSi gamokvlevis gafarToebam wamoayena prognozirebis

sxvadasxva meTodis koordinaciis aucilebloba sax-

elmwifo masStabiT. aseTi funqcia dakisrebuli aqvs,

lacia da maTematikuri modelireba.

saeqsperto Sefasebis yvelaze cnobili meTo-

dia e.w. `delfos meTodi`, romelic daamuSaves `rend

korporeiSenis` (aSS) TanamSromlebma. konkretul prob-

lemaze damoukidebeli msjelobis safuZvelze igi saSu-

alebas iZleva miviRoT avtoritetul eqspertTa ̀ gansa-

Sualebuli` Sexeduleba. am meTods, SemqmnelTa azriT,

miuxedavad garegnuli simartivisa, mravali upiratesoba

aqvs. upirveles yovlisa, gamokiTxva xdeba farulad, sa-

jaro diskusiis gareSe, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli

aRiarebuli avtoritetebis zegavlena da zogierTi monaw-

ilis midrekileba miemxros umravlesobis azrs. meore

mxriv, delfos meTodiT miRebuli Sedegebi calkeuli

mecnieris `gabrwyineba` ki ar aris, aramed, garkveuli

zomiT, koleqtiuri gonebis nayofia. da mainc, es meTodi,

miRebuli prognozis saimedobis TvalsazrisiT, arasru-

lyofilia.

delfos meTodis mimarT uaryofiTi pozicia daikava

`sistem divelopment korporeiSnis` direqtorma dageg-

mvis xaziT h.ozbekxanma. misi mtkicebiT, es meTodi ufro

metad hipoTezur monacemebs iZleva. ozbekxani met upi-

ratesobas aZlevs logikuri eqstrapolaciis meTods,

romelsac igi miCnevs am hipoTezis damtkicebis saSu-

alebad.

eqstrapolacia arsebuli tendenciebis azrobrivad

ganviTareba, anu gaangariSebaa. eqstrapolaciaze agebuli

prognozebi im daSvebidan gamomdinareobs, rom warsul-

Si arsebuli damokidebuleba Tavis mniSvnelobas mo-

mavalSic SeinarCunebs.

prognozirebis erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul me-

535534

yovlisa, zogadi ekonomikuri da politikuri pirobebis

varaudis daSvebis sisworezea damokidebuli. garda amisa,

am Sedegebis sizuste ganpirobebulia mTavrobisa da

kerZo seqtoris politikaze, romelic mocemul period-

Si, gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, xor-

cieldeba. es pirobebi ar SeiZleba mecnieruli das-

abuTebulobiT dadgindes, ramdenadac isini mravalricx-

ovan faqtorzea damokidebuli, romelTagan zogierTi

SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebs da ar SeiZleba winaswar

iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli. yovel SemTxveviT movlenas Seu-

Zlia `gadaayiravos` sakmaod dasabuTebuli prognozi.

aseTi faqtebis raodenobis CamoTvlisas istoria ar

Zunwobs. magaliTad, 1937 wels aSS-is erovnuli resurse-

bis komitetis iniciativiT Seqmnilma komisiam, romlis

SemadgenlobaSi cnobili mecnierebi Sediodnen, Seadgina

prognozi 1970 wlisaTvis. am prognozSi `daviwyebu-

li`! iyo: eleqtro-gamomTvleli manqanebis Seqmnis Sesa-

Zlebloba, atomuri birTvis gaxleCa, radiolokaciuri

danadgarebis, reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavebis, raketis, tran-

zistorebis... Seqmna, romlebic Tanamedrove samecniero-

teqnikuri progresis gansaxierebaa. aseve araswori aR-

moCnda xangrZlivi periodis prognozebis umravlesoba,

romelic aSS-is ekonomistebma meore msoflio omis

dasasruls SeimuSaves. prognozistebi moelodnen

samxedro xarjebis mkveTr Semcirebas, samoqalaqo war-

moebis gafarToebis Seferxebas, umuSevarTa armiis mkveTr

gadidebas, deflaciis procesis gaZlierebas da erovnu-

li Semosavlis Semcirebas. sinamdvileSi, sapirispiro

mdgomareoba Camoyalibda. am viTarebam ekonomikur mec-

nierebaSi prognozirebis mimarT pesimisturi ganwyo-

magaliTad, 1964 wels aSS-is kongresis mier Seqmnil

avtomatizaciis, teqnikuri da ekonomikuri progresis

erovnul komisias.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi ekonomikuri ciklis prog-

nozebi mraval maCvenebelzea dafuZnebuli. ekonomika Sev-

ida kompiuterebisa da ufro zusti statistikis epo-

qaSi. es SesaZleblobas iZleva Seiqmnas farTomasStabi-

ani makroekonomikuri modelebi. nobelis premiis lau-

reatis holandieli ian tinbergenis kvlevis wyalobiT

Cvens xelTaa mravali makroekonomikuri modeli.

ekonomikuri modelebis dargSi warmatebisaTvis nobe-

lis premia miiRo (1980 w.) `vartonis skolis` warmo-

madgenelma lorens klainma, romelmac prognozirebis

ramdenime sistema Seqmna.

farTomasStabiani modelis Semqmnelebi Cveu-

lebriv iwyeben analitikuri sqemebiT, gantolebebiT,

romlebic warmoadgenen rogorc erTobliv, moTxovnas,

aseve erTobliv miwodebas. Tanamedrove ekonometrikis

gamoyenebiT TiToeuli gantoleba miesadageba statis-

tikur monacemebs parametruli Sefasebis misaRebad. cx-

adia, rom kvlevis yovel safexurze avtorebi sakuTar

gamocdilebas da gansjas eyrdnobian. sabolood, mTeli

`modeli` Seikvreba da amoqmeddeba rogorc gantoleba-

Ta sistema, romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ekono-

mikuri momavlis gansaWvretad.

gansazRvruli warmatebebis miuxedavad, jer-jero-

biT, prognozebis SesaZleblobas aRemateba yvela maCveneb-

lis mixedviT ekonomikis perspeqtiuli ganviTarebis

sworad gansazRvra. marTlac, ra guldasmiTac ar unda

warmoebdes gaangariSeba, misi Sedegebis sizuste, uwinares

537536

da politikuri situaciebis globaluri cvlilebebis

fonze. prognozebis sxvadasxva scenaris damuSavebas sababi

misca sparseTis yureSi krizisis alternatiulma gada-

Wram, erTiani germaniis ganviTarebis gzebma, sabazro

ekonomikaze centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qvey-

nebis gadasvlis procesebma, xolo ufro Soreul per-

speqtivaSi _ erTiani evropuli bazris Seqmnam.

mep

saxelmwifo xarjebi

mosaxleobissamomxmareblo xarji

mTlianikapitaldabandeba

saqonlisa damomsaxurebis eqsporti

saqonlisa damomsaxurebis importi

cxrili 9.3

eTgo-s wevri qveynebis ZiriTadi

ekonomikuri maCveneblebis matebis

saSualo-wliuri tempebi (%)

maCveneblebi

faqtobrivad leontievisprognozi 1981-1990 wlebSi(bazisuriscenari)19

71-1980

ww.

1981-1990

ww.

3.3

2.8

3.5

2.8

7.5

5.2

2.9

2.3

2.9

3.5

5.4

5.8

4.1

3.7

4.0

4.7

6.9

6.3

bileba gaaRrmava.

yovelive aRniSnuli mxolod imaze miuTiTebs, rom

prognozireba metad rTuli procesia. prognozebis

aradamakmayofilebelma xarisxma Caaqro maTdami adre

arsebuli enTuziazmi.

marTlac, 1973-1975 da 1980-1982 wlebSi metad

didi iyo gansxvaveba prognozul Sefasebasa da faqto-

briv monacemebs Soris. saxelmwifo organoebSi, biznessa

da mecnierul wreebSi mixvdnen, rom SeuZlebelia Seiqm-

nas iseTi zusti da saimedo prognozi, romelzedac Sei-

Zleba dafuZndes konkretuli gadawyvetileba.

80-iani wlebis prognozebi Zalze pesimisturad

gamoiyureboda. es imiT aixsneba, rom 70-ianma wlebma

datova mZime ekonomikuri memkvidreoba. prognozirebis

siZneleebs nawilobriv xsnida ramdenime scenaris da-

muSaveba, romelic saSualebas iZleoda prognozebSi

gaTvaliswinebuliyo Znelad ganWvretadi garegani faq-

torebi, Tvisebrivad da raodenobrivad Sefasebuliyo

esa Tu is ekonomikuri faqtori. magaliTad, rekonstru-

qciisa da ganviTarebis msoflio bankis prognoziT, gan-

viTarebul qveynebSi mep-is saSualo wliuri zrdis pe-

simisturi varianti Sefasda 3,5%-iT, bazisuri _ 4,2%-

iT, xolo 4,9%-iT _ optimisturi varianti.

80-iani wlebis realiebTan yvelaze axlos aRmoCn-

da msoflio ekonomikuri ganviTarebis vrceli

kompleqsuri prognozi, romelic damuSavda nobelis

premiis laureatis v.leontievis xelmZRvanelobiT jer

kidev 70-ani wlebis dasawyisSi (ix. cxrili 9.3).

prognozebi 1991-1992 wlebisaTvis, romlebic Seiqmna

1990 wlis Semodgoma-zamTarSi, damuSavda ekonomikuri

539538

Sehyavs spekulaciuri da kontrspekulaciuri element-

ebi, romlebic garkveul zemoqmedebas axdenen bazris

mdgomareobaze da, saboloo angarSiT, SeuZliaT progno-

zebis moqmedebis Sewyveta. sakiTxis aseTi dayeneba

srulebiTac ar niSnavs ekonomikuri prognozebis Seu-

faseblobas. prognozebi saSualebas iZleva, met-naklebi

zomiT, ukeT gaverkveT ekonomikuri ganviTarebis per-

speqtivaSi, mis ZiriTad tendenciebsa da mimarTulebeb-

Si.

ekonomikis ganviTarebis tendenciebis gamosavlenad,

misi momavlis zusti prognozirebisa da ukeTesi gada-

wyvetilebebis misaRebad saxelmwifos oficialuri pirebi,

sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelebi da ekonomistebi agroveben

da aanalizeben informacias ekonomikuri aqtivobis Zir-

iTadi indikatorebis Sesaxeb, romlebic sam jgufad

iyofa: dawinaurebul, damTxvevis da dagvianebul indika-

torebad.

dawinaurebuli ekonomikuri indikatorebi

mimarTulebas icvlis ekonomikaSi mosaxden mniSvnelo-

van cvlilebebamde sul ramdenime kviriT an TviT adre.

es indikatorebi ekonomikuri daqveiTebisa da aRmavlo-

bis adreul niSnebs gviCvenebs, maTi moZraobis dinamikidan

gamomdinare: ̀ zemoT` miemarTebian daqveiTebis dasrulebis

win da ̀ qvemoT` _ rodesac ekonomikuri aRmavloba dasas-

ruls uaxlovdeba.

damTxvevis ekonomikuri indikatorebi zus-

tad mihyveba saqmiani aqtivobis ciklis yvela aRmasvla-

sa da daqveiTebas. isini naTlad migvaniSneben, Tu sad

imyofeba ekonomika drois mocemul momentSi.

dagvianebuli ekonomikuri indikatorebi kurss

CamoTvlili faqtorebidan yvelaze aqtualuri

problema gaxda krizisi, xolo Semdeg saomari moqmedeba

sparseTis yureSi, romelmac gamoiwvia msoflio ekonomikis

zrdis tempis daqveiTeba. omis damTavrebis Semdeg Seqm-

nili prognozebi sruli zomiT iTvaliswinebs Secvlil

msoflio ekonomikur situacias. kerZod, sxvadasxva mok-

levadian prognozSi gadafasda ekonomikuri zrdis tem-

pebi (Semcirebis mimarTulebiT). magaliTad, saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondis (ssf) mier 1990 wlis seqtemberSi

damuSavebul prognozSi eTgo-s wevri qveynebis ekono-

mikuri zrdis tempi 1991 wlisaTvis Sefasebuli iyo

2,4%-iT, nacvlad 2,9%-isa maisSi damuSavebul prog-

nozSi.

90-iani wlebis umravles prognozSi sworad aRin-

iSna ZiriTadi ekonomikuri tendenciebi (msoflio meur-

neobis globaluri struqturuli gardaqmna, daZabulo-

bis gaZliereba sagareo bazarze, inflaciasTan brZola

Siga moTxovnis SezRudvis gziT...). prognozebis Seswav-

la da realur mdgomareobasTan maTi Sepirispireba

gviCvenebs, rom yvelaze sarwmunoa modelebze agebuli

saqmiani aqtivobis ganWvreta. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis

saSualo an didmasStabur kompiuterul modelebze,

romlebic eyrdnobian mravalricxovan statistikur

monacemebs. bolodroindeli prognozebi yvelaze sarw-

muno iyo realuri mep-is cvlilebis varaudSi, xolo

naklebad sarwmuno _ inflaciis zrdis tempis winas-

warmetyvelebaSi.

da bolos, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom swor prog-

nozirebasac SeuZlia gamoiwvios arajansaRi movlenebi.

magaliTad, prognozebis gamoyenebas sabazro procesebSi

541540

fulis masa (Money Supply ) _ M2-is saSualo

yovelTviuri maCvenebeli;

gansxvaveba saprocento ganakveTebs Soris (In-terest Rate Spread) _ 10-wliani saxelmwifo obligaciebi;

momxmarebelTa molodinis indeqsi (Index of Con-sumer Expectations) _ asaxavs momxmarebelTa damokide-

bulebas momavali ekonomikuri pirobebisadmi.

mTelma im informacim, romelsac es da sxva indika-

torebi iZleva, SeiZleba gafiqrebinoT, rom ekonomistebs

zustad SeuZliaT momavlis winaswarmetyveleba. magram

es maCveneblebi ekonomikis mxolod erT nawils asaxavs

_ iseve, rogorc Tqvens niSnebs ar SeuZlia Tqveni in-

teleqtis, unarisa da SesaZleblobaTa srulad Sefase-

ba. magaliTad:

sawarmoo samuSao saaTebi ar Seicavs informa-

cias momsaxurebis sferos Sesaxeb. marTlac, dawinaure-

buli indikatorebis umetesoba martooden warmoebis

Sesaxeb informaciaze amaxvilebs ZiriTad yuradRebas;

aqciaTa kursebi da M2 arcTu iSviaTad cvale-

badi da arasaimedo maCveneblebia. `87 wlis kraxi` cru

gangaSi gamodga. M2-ma 1980 wlis mcire recesia iwi-

naswarmetyvela, magram ver SeZlo 1981-1982 wlebis ufro

seriozuli recesiis prognozireba;

gamoricxuli ar aris Secdomebi. 1991 wlis

pirvel kvartalSi aSS-is Sromis saministrom umuSevar-

Ta raodenoba 650000 kaciT naklebi aRricxa. amis Sed-

egad, mTavrobaSi gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebebma sworad

ver Seafases recesiis seriozuloba, ramac daayovna im

gadawyvetilebaTa miReba, romelTac ekonomikuri zrdis

stimulireba SeeZloT;

icvlis ukve ekonomikaSi momxdari cvlilebebis Semdeg.

indikatorTa samive jgufis Seswavla ekonomikuri

movlenebis yvelaze zust suraTs iZleva. magram, vinaidan

mTavrobisa da sawarmoTa liderebi yvelaze metad samo-

mavlo moqmedebaTa dagegmviT arian dainteresebulni, maTi

gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans dawinaurebuli indika-

torebi warmoadgens. sul 10 aseTi indikatori arse-

bobs da dawinaurebuli indikatorebis indeqsi maTema-

tikurad aerTianebs maT erTian maCveneblad. qvemoT mo-

tanilia dawinaurebul indikatorTa CamonaTvali:

sawarmoo samuSao saaTebi (Manufacturing LaborHours) _ kviraSi namuSevari saaTebis saSualo raodeno-

ba;

ganacxadebi umuSevrobaze (Unemployment Claims)_ kviraSi umuSevrobis sadazRvevo anazRaurebis gada-

xdaze gakeTebul ganacxadTa raodenoba;

xangrZlivi moxmarebis axali saqonlis SekveT-

ebi (New Durable Goods Orders)_ samrewvelo samomxmare-

blo saqonlisa da masalebis SekveTebi;

dagvianebuli miwodebebi (Delayed deliveries) _ imfirmebis procentuli wili, romelTac SekveTebi dagvi-

anebiT miewodaT;

axali Senoba-nagebobebi da mowyobiloba (NewPlants and Equipment) _ Senoba-nagebobebTan da mowyobi-lobasTan dakavSirebuli kontraqtebi da SekveTebi;

mSeneblobis nebarTvebi (Building Permits) _ TvisganmavlobaSi gacemuli mSeneblobis nebarTvebis jamuri

raodenoba;

aqciaTa kursebi (Stock Prices, Standard & Poors500) _ 500 Cveulebrivi aqciis kursi;

543542

leqcia 26. umuSevroba da

dasaqmebis regulireba

`gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom

sruli an daaxloebiT sruli

dasaqmeba iSviaTi da swrafwar-

mavali movlenaa~.j.m.keinzi

àdamianTa umravlesobi-

saTvis samuSaos dakargva cx-

ovrebis donis daqveiTebas aRni-

Snavs da maT seriozul fsi-

qologiur dartymas ayenebs. ami-

tom gasakviri araa, rom umu-

Sevroba politikuri diskusi-

is sagnad iqca.~gr.menqiu

axla ganvixilavT cvlilebebs samuSao Zalis dasaqme-

bis sferoSi, romelic asaxavs gadasvlas erTi dapiri-

spirebulidan meorisaken: umuSevrobidan dasaqmebisaken

da, piriqiT.

umuSevrobis arsi da zogadi tenden-

ciebi. umuSevroba sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi mniS-

vnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri problema da mak-

roekonomikuri ganviTarebis arastabilurobis ZiriTa-

di indikatoria, romlis dros Sromisunariani mosaxle-

obis erTi nawili ver poulobs samuSaos, iqceva ̀ Warb`

saukeTeso ekonomikur indikatorebsac ki ar

ZaluZT omebisa da Cvens ekonomikasa Tu msoflioSi

momxdari moulodneli movlenebis winaswar ganWvreta.

magaliTad, sparseTis yuris omma Zlieri gavlena moax-

dina navTobis fasebze, rasac verc erTi ekonomikuri

indikatori ver iwinaswarmetyvelebda.

ekonomikuri indikatorebis zemoT aRniSnul nak-

lovanebaTa gamo, amJamad ekonomistebi ekonomikis mdgo-

mareobis Sesaxeb informaciis Sesagrovebeli ukeTesi

sistemis SemuSavebaze muSaoben.

545544

nax. 9.3. umuSevrobis done zogierTganviTarebul qveyanaSi (1970-2000 ww.)

iaponiabritaneTisafrangeTi

umuSevroba (%

)

germaniaa S SeTgo

60-ian wlebSi. zogierT iseT qveyanaSi ki, rogoricaa

aSS da didi britaneTi 90-iani wlebis bolos da 2000-

iani wlebis dasawyisSi umuSevrobis done Semcirda.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi umuSevroba qronikul xasi-

aTes atarebs da metad mwvave problemaa saqarTvelo-

saTvis. Sinameurneobebis SerCeviT gamokvlevebis monace-

mebis mixedviT 2003 wels umuSevarTa raodenoba 235,9

aTasi, xolo umuSevrobis done 12% iyo. amave wels

registrirebul umuSevarTa raodenoba Seadgenda 45,9

aTass da umuSevrobis done 2,1%-s, Tumca cxadia, rom

orive monacemi ararealuria. Tundac is faqti, rom

saqarTveloSi da sxva postsabWour qveynebSi umuSevrobis

done odnav aRemateba an naklebia evrokavSiris qveynebSi

arsebul umuSevrobis doneze (ix. cxrili 9.5), miu-

TiTebs, rom statistikuri monacemebi umuSevrobis mdgo-

mareobis Sesaxeb yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi

miaxloebiTac ver asaxavs arsebul mdgomareobas. si-

mosaxleobad da qmnis Sromis sarezervo armias.

umuSevroba, rogorc socialuri movlena, gansakuTre-

biT farTod gavrcelda XIX saukuneSi, XX saukunis

ganmavlobaSi ki gaxda mravali qveynis ekonomikuri Tan-

amgzavri. evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi, avstraliasa da

mraval ganuviTarebel qveyanaSi umuSevrobis problema

gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi, ramdenadac msoflioSi daiwyo 30-iani wlebis

droindeli didi depresiis msgavsi udidesi daqveiTeba,

magram Semdeg, rodesac msoflio ekonomika gamovida depre-

siuli mdgomareobidan, 80-iani wlebis meore naxevris

ganmavlobaSi SeiniSneboda stabiluri ekonomikuri zrda

da umuSevrobis donis Semcireba, Tumca umuSevrobis done

amaRlda, rodesac 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kvlav aRin-

iSna ekonomikuri daqveiTeba. im zomiT, rogoriTac msof-

liom nel-nela daaRwia Tavi ekonomikur daqveiTebas

90-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi, umuSevrobis donemac kvlav

daiwyo Semcireba. qvemoT motanil 9.3 naxazze naCvenebia

umuSevrobis donis aRniSnuli cikluri moZraoba zogi-

erT ganviTarebul qveyanaSi.

umuSevrobis donis meryeobis paralelurad, mraval

qveyanaSi umuSevrobis saSualo done ekonomikuri cikl-

idan ciklamde izrdeba. es ilustrirebulia 9.4 cxrilSi,

romelic gviCvenebs umuSevrobis saSualo dones did

britaneTSi, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTare-

bis organizaciasa (eTgo) da evropis kavSirSi oTxi

ekonomikuri ciklis ganmavlobaSi. umuSevrobis saSua-

lo done 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi iyo ufro maRali,

vidre 70-ian wlebSi, xolo umuSevrobis saSualo done

70-ian wlebSi, Tavis mxriv, iyo maRali, vidre 50-ian da

547546

umuSevrobis arsSi ufro Rrmad Casawvdomad saWiroa,

jer erTi, davazustod TviT cneba ùmuSevari` da meo-

rec, movniSnoT umuSevrebis kuTvnili adgili mosaxleo-

bis socialur-ekonomikur struqturaSi.* amisaTvis qvey-

saqarTveloazerbaijanibelorusiamoldovaruseTisomxeTiukrainaestoneTilatvialitva

evrokavSirisqveynebi:15 qveyana25 qveyana

cxrili 9.5

umuSevrobis done yofili sabWoTa kavSiris

zogierT qveyanasa da evrokavSirSi

1997-2003 ww.(Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis kriteriumiT)

qveyana

* SesaZloa zogierTma studentma gauswros movlenebs da,garegnuli msgavsebidan gamomdinare, umuSevrebi miakuTvnosekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvs, rac, ra Tqmaunda, arasworia.

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

813_1211910__

1010

151291391191413

99

141211131212111414

99

10129101112131416

89

1112791011121316

79

1313791110101314

89

2003

121388109101113

89

cxrili 9.4

umuSevrobis saSualo done ekonomikuri

ciklebis ganmavlobaSi (%)

1964-1973

1974-1979

1980-1989

1990-1999

periodididi

britaneTievrokavSiri

eTgo

3.0

5.0

10.0

8.4

2.7

4.7

9.3

10.3

3.0

4.9

7.3

7.2

namdvileSi, umuSevrobis mdgomareoba gacilebiT ufro

rTulia.

umuSevrobis maRali norma, ekonomikuri gagebiT,

aris resursebis nawilobrivi gamoyeneba, naklebi produq-

ciis warmoeba da, Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis dabali Semo-

savali. politikuri gagebiT, umuSevroba miCneulia

`socialur dinamitad`, romelic SeiZleba yovel wams

afeTqdes da daemuqros arsebul ekonomikur sistemas.

fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, umuSevroba badebs

arasrulfasovnebis kompleqss. samuSaos dakargva iseTi

fsiqologiuri travmaa, romelic axloblis dakargviT

gamowveul stress Tu Seedreba. igi amwvavebs ojaxur

urTierTobas da sazogadoebaSi emociur daZabulobas

aRrmavebs. samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, umuSevroba

konstituciuri moTxovnis darRvevaa. am SemTxvevaSi ojaxi

kargavs marCenals. saboloo angariSSi, izrdeba krimi-

nalur danaSaulTa ricxvi.

549548

biT* dasaqmebul da umuSevar mosaxleobas. maSasadame,

samuSao Zala gaiangariSeba dasaqmebulTa da umuSevarTa

raodenobis SejamebiT.

qveynis mosaxleobis aRniSnuli struqturidan

gamomdinare, ganisazRvreba mosaxleobis ekonomikuri

aqtivobis done _ ekonomikurad aqtiur adamianTa wili

Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaSi.

rogorc 9.6 cxrilidan Cans, saqarTveloSi 2003 wels

mosaxleobis ekonomikuri aqtivobis done iyo 66%, rac

ar CamorCeba evrokavSiris qveynebis analogiur maCveneblebs

(saSualod 69%). Tumca, mosaxleobis maRali ekonomikuri

aqtiuroba saqarTveloSi ar aisaxeba efeqtian dasaqme-

baSi da garkveulwilad cxovrebis dabali doniTa da

Semosavlebis simwiriT aris gamowveuli. aRniSnuls adas-

turebs is, rom saqarTveloSi uCveulod maRali

ekonomikuri aqtivobis done aqvT sapensio asaks gadac-

* ekonomikuri saqmianoba moicavs sabazro warmoebas daarasabazro warmoebas. sabazro warmoeba, Tavis mxriv, moicavssaqmianobas fabrikebSi, qarxnebSi, fermebSi, maRaziebsa da sao-jaxo sawarmoebSi, sadac iwarmoeba saqoneli da momsaxurebaSemdgomSi bazarze gasayidad. sabazro warmoeba moicavs agreTvesaqmianobas saxelmwifo da sxva socialur da kulturuldawesebulebebSi, romelTa produqciac SeiZleba ar iyos gayid-uli bazarze. arasabazro warmoeba ki moicavs saqmianobis Sem-deg oTx jgufs: 1. sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis pirveladi produ-qciis warmoeba; 2. sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis pirveladi produ-qciis gadamuSaveba TviTon mewarmeTa mier; 3. sakuTari saWiroe-bisaTvis ZiriTadi fondebis warmoeba; 4. sakuTari saWiroebi-saTvis arapirveladi produqtebis warmoeba, romelic SeiZlebagatanili iqnes agreTve bazarze gasayidad.

nis mosaxleobas, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis

(Sso) mier miRebuli klasifikaciis mixedviT, yofen or

did jgufad: 1. ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleoba

da 2. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba.

ekonomikurad araaqtiur mosaxleobas miekuT-

vnebian qveynis is mcxovrebni, romlebic ar Sedian sam-

uSao Zalis (muSaobisaTvis mzadmyofi Sromisunariani

mosaxleobis) SemadgenlobaSi.*

ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas Seadgens

Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis** nawili, romelic

samuSao Zalas sTavazobs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

warmoebisaTvis. amitom igi xSirad samuSao Zaladaa

wodebuli. ufro konkretulad, ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleoba (samuSao Zala) moicavs fiqsirebuli asakis

(16 da meti wlis) orive sqesis ekonomikuri saqmiano-

* ufro konkretulad, ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleo-

bis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian: a) dRis saswavlo dawesebulebaTa

moswavleebi da studentebi, romlebic mxolod swavliT arian

dakavebulni; b) pensionerebi (moxucebulobiTa da sxva safuZ-

velze), romlebic ar eZeben samuSaos; g) saojaxo meurneobis

warmmarTveli pirebi (maT Soris, bavSvebis, avadmyofebis da a.S.

momvlelebi); d) isini, visac ar SeuZlia samoSaos moZebna; e)

pirebi, romlebisTvisac aucilebeli ar aris muSaoba (maTi

Semosavlis wyaroebisagan damoukideblad).

** Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleoba aris kanoniT dadgeni-

li Sromis asakis mosaxleoba (saqarTveloSi 16-64 wlis kace-

bi da 16-59 wlis qalebi).

551550

muSaobis dasawyebad da eZeben samuSaos.

sadReisod, dasavleTis qveynebSic ki ar arsebobs

dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis zusti aRricxva. calkeuli

qveynebis monacemebi dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis sidi-

deze erTimeorisagan gansxvavdeba informaciis wyaroe-

biT, dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis aRicxvisa da damuSave-

bis meTodebiT. ufro metic, zogierT qveyanaSi dasaqmeb-

isa da umuSevrobis aRricxvis ramdenime organo arse-

bobs (magaliTad, aSS-Si _ Sromis saministro, Sromis

statistikis biuro...). amasTan dakavSirebiT gaZnelebu-

lia erTi qveynis monacemebis Sepirispireba meoresTan.

amrigad, kiTxvaze imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin aris dasaqme-

buli (da ra formiT) Tu umuSevari, pasuxi mravalg-

varia. yvela gansazRvrebidan klasikuria Sromis saer-

TaSoriso organizaciis (Sso) definicia, romlis Tanx-

mad:

dasaqmebulad (daqiravebulad an TviTdasaqmebu-

lad) iTvleba 16 wlis da meti asakis piri, romelic

gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi minimum erTi saaTiT

mainc iyo dakavebuli ekonomikuri samianobiT.

daqiravebulad (rogorc saxelmwifo, ise kerZo

seqtorSi) iTvleba piri, romelic gamosakvlev period-

Si asrulebda gansazRvrul samuSaos xelfasis an sxva

saxis anazRaurebis (fuliT an naturiT) miRebis mizniT.

agreTve piri, romelsac aqvs samuSao adgili, magram

droebiT ar muSaobs SvebulebaSi yofnis, avdmyofobis,

samuSaodan droebiT daTxovnis an msgavsi mizezebis gamo.

TviTdasaqmebulad iTvleba mesakuTre, romlis

saqmianobis mizans gamosakvlev periodSi warmoadgens

mogebis an ojaxuri Semosavlis (fuliT an naturiT)

ilebul moqalaqeebs. magaliTad, 65 wels gadacilebul

mamakacTa daaxloebiT 57% da qalTa 41% ekonomikurad

aqtiuria, rac daaxloebiT 12-jer aRemateba evrokavSiris

qveynebSi mamakacTa da 20-jer qalTa analogiur

maCveneblebs.

ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, Tavis mxriv, iyofa

or jgufad:

dasaqmebulebi _ is adamianebi, romlebic

miekuTvnebian Semdeg kategorias: a) daqiravebulebi; b)

TviTdasaqmebulebi;

umuSevrebi _ is adamianebi, romlebic asakobri-

vad miekuTvnebian ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis

ricxvs, ar ewevian ekonomikur saqmianobas, mzad arian

aSSiaponiaCineTiruseTisaqarTvelo

evrokavSirisqveynebi(25 qveyana)

cxrili 9.6

ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis

ricxovnoba da ekonomikuri aqtivobis done

msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi

qveyana weliekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleobisricxovnoba, aTasi kaci

ekonomikuriaqtivobisdone, %

20002000200020022003

2003

14086367660711830719192050

_

5153575066

69

553552

britaneTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos er-

Toblivi proeqtis (`socialuri statistikis sruly-

ofa saqarTveloSi`) farglebSi samuSao Zalis SerCevi-

Ti kvlevis (1998-1999 ww.), Sinameurneobebis biujete-

bis SerCeviTi kvlevis (2000-2001 ww.) da Sinameur-

neobebis biujetebisa da samuSao Zalis integrirebuli

formiT Catarebuli kvlevis (2002-2003 ww.) safuZ-

velze mopovebul zogad informacias.

rogorc cnobilia, qveynis mudmivi mosaxleobis

ricxovnoba 2002 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, 1989 wlis

aRweris monacemebTan SedarebiT, Semcirda 19%-iT da

4371,5 aTasi kaciT dafiqsirda. mosaxleobis saerTo

raodenobaSi, wina aRwerasTan SedarebiT, Semcirebulia

Sromisunarian asakze ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis wili

(1989 wlis 26,3%-dan 21,0%-mde 2002 wels), gazrdilia

Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis wili (1989 wlis

56,3%-dan 64,0%-mde 2002 wels)* da Sesabamisad, _ 16

wlis da meti asakis mosaxleobis wili (1989 wlis

73,7%-dan 79,0%-mde 2002 wels).

9.7 cxrilSi motanili monacemebis Tanaxmad, 2003

wels, wina welTan SedarebiT, ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleobis raodenoba Semcirda daaxloebiT 3,0%-iT

da 2049,6 aTasi kaci Seadgina. ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleobis saSualo asaki 44 wels Seadgens, ekonomi-

* am movlenis ZiriTadi mizezia qveyanaSi Sromis asakisgazrda, Sesabamisad, qalebis _ 55-dan 60 wlamde da kacebis _60-dan 65 wlamde.

miReba; agreTve ojaxur sawarmoSi an meurneobaSi usasy-

idlod momuSave piri (ojaxis damxmare piri, romelic

anazRaurebis gareSe muSaobs naTesavis mflobelobaSi

myof sawarmoSi an SinameurneobaSi).

umuSevrad iTvleba 16 wlis da meti asakis anu

samuSao asakSi myofi Sromisunariani piri, romelic ga-

mosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi ar aris dakavebuli

ekonomikuri saqmianobiT (erTi saaTiTac ki), bolo oTxi

kviris ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos da Sovnis

SemTxvevaSi mzad aris Seudges muSaobas. es aris umuSevro-

bis gansazRvra mkacri kriteriumiT.

Sso-is rekomendaciis safuZvelze umuSevrobis

maCvenebels gansazRvraven agreTve e.w. Serbilebuli

kriteriumiTac. am kriteriumiT umuSevrad iTvleba 16

wlis da meti asakis, anu samuSao asakSi myofi Sromisu-

nariani piri, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi

ar aris dakavebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobiT (erTi saaTi-

Tac ki), bolo oTxi kviris ganmavlobaSi ar eZebs sam-

uSaos, radgan gadaewura Sovnis imedi, magram misi Sovnis

SemTxvevaSi mzad aris Seudges muSaobas. registrire-

bul umuSevrad ki iTvleba 16 wlis da meti asakis

piri, romelsac ara aqvs samuSao da xelfasi (SromiTi

Semosavali), cxovrobs saqarTvelos teritoriaze, reg-

istrireblia dasaqmebis samsaxurSi sacxovrebeli adg-

ilis mixedviT samuSaos Sovnis mizniT da Sovnis SemTx-

vevaSi mzad aris Seudges muSaobas.

saqarTveloSi ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis

dinamikasa da struqturaze naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis

9.7 cxrilSi motanili monacemebi, romlebic moicavs

saqarTvelos statistikis departamentisa da didi

555554

kurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis yoveli mesame piri 50

welze meti asakisaa. es tendencia 1998-2003 wlebSi

stabiluria da sagrZnoblad ar Secvlila. mosaxleo-

bis ekonomikuri aqtivobis yvelaze maRali done aRini-

Sna 2003 wels (66,0%). mosaxleoba ufro aqtiuria

soflad; ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis TiTqmis

60% soflad cxovrobs da 40%-ze odnav meti 50 wlis

da meti asakisaa. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis

ganawileba dasaqmebis statusis mixedviT gviCvenebs, rom

maTi didi nawili _ 88,5% dasaqmebulia, xolo 11,5% _

umuSevaria.

unda aRiniSnos, rom qveyanaSi 1998-2003 wlebSi

dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba 4,8%-iT gaizarda da 1813,7

aTasi kaci Seadgina. dasaqmebulTa zrdis saSualo wli-

urma tempma 1,0% Seadgina. asakobrivi jgufebis mixed-

viT, yvelaze maRali wili dasaqmebulebSi 65 da meti

wlis asakobriv jgufze modis. dasaqmebis statusis

mixedviT dasaqmebulTa 30,2% daqiravebuli SromiTaa

dasaqmebuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1998-2003 wlebSi da-

qiravebiT dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba mcirdeba; 2003 wels,

1998 welTan SedarebiT, maTi ricxovnoba 17,3%-iT Sem-

cirda, anu saSualod weliwadSi 3,5%-iT mcirdeboda.

amave periodSi TviTdasaqmebiT dasaqmebulTa ricxovno-

ba 23,3%-iT gaizarda, anu saSualod weliwadSi 4,7%-

iT izrdeboda. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom daqiravebiT

dasaqmebulTa didi nawili TviTdasaqmebuli gaxda.

umuSevarTa ricxovnoba 2003 wels 20%-iT Sem-

cirda 1998 welTan SedarebiT, anu saSualod weliwad-

Si 4,0%-iT mcirdeboda. Tumca, es maCvenebeli kvlav

maRalia (235,9 aTas kaci). umuSevrebis saSualo asaki

ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleoba (samuSao

Zala), sul

maT Soris:

dasaqmebulebi

aqedan:

daqiravebulebi

TviTdasaqmebulebi

umuSevrebi*

ekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleoba, sul

maT Soris:

dasaqmebulebi

aqedan:

daqiravebulebi

TvTdasaqmebulebi

umuSevrobis done*

cxrili 9.7

ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dinamika

da struqtura saqarTveloSi (1998-2003 ww.)

* Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mkacri kriteriumismixedviT.

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

2025.8

1742.1

747.6

969.6

294.7

100

85.5

36.9

47.8

14.5

2009.5

1732.6

731.5

982.8

276.9

100

86.2

36.4

48.9

13.8

2051.6

1839.3

684.3

1042.9

212.2

100

89.7

33.4

50.8

10.3

2113.3

1877.7

654.3

1135.9

235.6

100

88.9

31.0

53.8

11.1

2104.1

1839.2

650.9

1184.9

265.0

100

87.4

30.9

56.3

12.6

2049.6

1813.7

618.4

1195.3

235.9

100

88.5

30.2

58.3

11.5

aTasi kaci

procentobiT jamTan

557556

ar gulisxmobs mocemuli qveynis Sesvlas daqveiTebis

(krizisis) fazaSi. mas maSin aqvs adgili, roca mSp

Semcirdeba zedized ori kalendaruli kvartlis (6 Tvis)

ganmavlobaSi.

dasaqmeba yvela demografiul jgufSi, rogorc wesi,

mcirdeba daqveiTebis dros, ramdenadac daqveiTebas Tan

axlavs warmoebis Semcireba da samuSaodan muSakTa naw-

ilis daTxovna. amitom umuSevrobis erT-erTi mTavari

mizezi swored samuSaos iZulebiTi dakargvaa. daveiTeb-

is dros izrdeba samuSaos damkargavTa ricxvi, axali

samuSaos povnas ki didi dros sWirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi

saqme gvaqvs iZulebiT umuSevrobasTan. igi warmoiqm-

neba mouqneli Sromis fasis pirobebSi da exeba re-

aluri xelfasis simkveTres, anu mis mouqnelobas, _

wonasworobaSi moiyvanos bazarze warmoSobili miwodeba

da moTxovna.

roca realuri xelfasi imyofeba samuSao Zalis

miwodebisa da masze moTxovnis wonasworobis doneze

maRla, maSin Sromis bazarze warmoiSoba miwodebis si-

Warbe da izrdeba umuSevrobis done. am SemTxvevaSi, ad-

amiani imitom ki ar xdeba umuSevari, rom mas surs misi

kvalifikaciis Sesaferisi samuSaos povna, aramed imis

gamo, rom mocemuli maRali xelfasis donis pirobebSi

samuSao Zalis miwodeba aRemateba masze moTxovnas da

igi iZulebulia daelodos samuSaos miRebas. aseT situ-

acias ewodeba molodinis umuSevroba. am saxis umuSevr-

bis warmoSoba dakavSirebulia xelfasis simveTris (mou-

qnelobis) sam mizezTan. esenia: 1. kanoni minimaluri xe-

lfasis Sesaxeb; 2. profkavSirebis monopoluri Zalis

1998 welTan SedarebiT 2003 wels Semcirda 0,7 pro-

centuli punqtiT da 36 weli Seadgina. umuSevrobis

done aRniSnul periodSi 3,0 procentuli punqtiT Sem-

cirda da 11,5% Seadgina 2003 wels. rac Seexeba

umuSevrobis dones 30 wlamde asakis mosaxleobaSi, igi

gaizarda 2,6 procentuli punqtiT amave periodSi da

26,4% Seadgina 2003 wels, xolo 30 wlis da meti

asakis mosaxleobaSi umuSevobis done, piriqiT, Semcirda

3,8 procentuli punqtiT da 8,5% Seadgina. yvelaze

maRalia umuSevrobis done q.TbilisSi (26,0%). umuSevre-

bis 38,0% umaRlesi ganaTlebiTaa.

umuSevrobis mizezebi, saxeebi da

tipebi. umuSevrobis arsis ukeT gasagebad mniSvnelo-

vania misi mizezebis gamovlena.

adamianebi umuSevrebi arian sxvadasxva mizezis gamo.

es mizezebi SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes maT motivacias,

arsebuli samuSaos xasiaTs, profesiul unar-Cvevebs, sa-

muSao Zalad maTi yofnis vadasa da ekonomikis saerTo

mdgomareobas.

arsebiTad, umuSevrobis mizezebi gansazRvravs misi

ZiriTadi saxeebisa da tipebis arssa da Taviseburebebs,

romelTa CamoTvla da daxasiaTeba arc ise advilia.

amitom, modiT, erTad mivmarToT umuSevrobis warmoSobis

mizezebis, misi ZiriTadi saxeebisa da tipebis analizs.

umuSevroba bevrad aris damokidebuli ekonomikuri

ciklis daqveiTebis (krizisis) fazasTan. daqveiTeba,

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, aris ekonomikuri daRmavloba.

igi aRniSnavs warmoebis zrdis adrindeli tempis dace-

mas, magram ekonomikuri zrdis tempis yoveli Seneleba

559558

iWras sawarmos doneze (magaliTad, aSS) an erovnul

doneze (magaliTad, SvedeTi).

realuri xelfasis simkveTris mesame mizezia stim-

ulirebadi xelfasis daweseba, romelic aRemateba

wonasworobis dones. igi cnobilia efeqtiani xelfa-

sis Teoriis saxelwodebiT da iqidan gamomdinareobs,

rom maRali xelfasi amaRlebs Sromis mwarmoeblurobas

da zrdis sawarmos mogebas. es garemoeba ki amcirebs

sawarmos moTxovnas axal samuSao Zalaze da, Sesabamisad,

adidebs molodinis umuSevrobas.

umuSevroba SeiZleba maSinac aRmocendes, roca ad-

amianebs ar surT SeTavazebul xelfasze muSaoba. am

saxis umuSevrobas uwodeben nebayoflobiT umuSev-

robas. aRniSnuli adamianebi muSaobas maSin iwyeben, roca

anazRaurebas moumateben. nebayoflobiTi umuSevroba ma-

Sinac warmoiSoba, roca adgili aqvs erTi samuSaodan

meoreze gadasvlas an sacxovrebeli adgilis gamocv-

las; roca adamianisaTvis mocemuli samuSao ̀ arapresti-

Julia`, an xels ar uwyobs mis SemoqmedebiT ganviTare-

bas, an roca igi ver egueba SromiT koleqtivs, an misi

Sroma naklebmwarmoebluria.

umuSevrobis mizezTa zemoT motanili CamonaTvali

imavdroulad warmoadgens umuSevrobis saxeebs, romlebic

SesaZloa or kategoriad gaerTiandes: 1. uwonasworobi-

Ti umuSevroba (iZulebiTi da molodinis umuSevroba)

da 2. wonasworobiTi umuSevroba (nebayoflobiTi

umuSevroba). maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebis asaxs-

nelad saWiroa gavecnoT samuSao Zalis bazris fun-

qcionirebis zogad meqanizms .

arseboba; 3. sawarmoebis mier mastimulirebeli xelfa-

sis daweseba.

Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi moTxovnisa

da miwodebis kanoni xels uwyobda xelfasis Senar-

Cunebas wonasworobis doneze. magram samTavrobo so-

cialuri politika astimulirebs xelfasis simkveTris

SenarCunebas. saqme is aris, rom xelfasis minimumis

kanoni yvela sawarmosaTvis awesebs minimaluri xelfa-

sis savaldebulo ganakveTs. es kanoni yvelaze ufro

xelsayrelia arakvalficiuri da gamoucdeli muSebi-

saTvis, radgan maTi xelfasi aRemateba wonasworobis

dones, samagierod, igi amcirebs sawarmos moTxovnas ms-

gavs Sromaze.

xelfasis simkveTris meore mizezad miCneulia

profkavSirebis monopoliuri Zala. es ganpirobe-

bulia im garemoebiT, rom drois gansazRvrul monakveT-

Si xelfasi fiqsirebulia, ramdenadac profkavSirebis

koleqtiuri xelSekrulebebi sawarmoebis administra-

ciebTan gadaisinjeba ramdenime weliwadSi erTxel.

rogorc wesi, fiqsirebuli xelfasi aRemateba wonas-

worobis dones, magram sawarmos administracias Sesa-

Zlebloba aqvs damoukideblad gadawyvitos misTvis auci-

lebeli muSebis raodenoba. koleqtiuri xelSekruleb-

is Sedegia daqiravebuli muSakebis ricxovnobis Semcir-

eba da molodinis umuSevrobis zrda.

profkavSirebis saqmianobiT gamowveuli umuSevro-

ba warmoadgens sawarmoSi dasaqmebul muSakebsa (in-

saiderebi) da umuSevrebs (autsaiderebi) Soris kon-

fliqtis erT-erT mizezs. es konfliqti SeiZleba gada-

561560

dac samuSao Zalis raodenobas mniSvnelovnad Secvla ar

SeuZlia. magram is mTlianad araelastikuri araa, ram-

denadac maRali xelfasis pirobebSi zogierTi adamiani

(magaliTad, mSoblebi, romlebic dakavebulni arian bavS-

vebis aRzrdiT) moindomebs samuSao Zalis bazarze gas-

vlas da umuSevrebic moisurveben samuSaos Sesaxeb Se-

moTavazebuli winadadebis miRebas ufro maRalanazRau-

rebadi samuSaos Ziebis gagrZelebis nacvlad.

samuSao Zalaze erToblivi moTxovnis mrudi

(ADL) daRmavalia. rac ufro maRalia xelfasi, firmebi

miT ufro moisurveben dazogvas (ekonomias), naklebi

muSakebis daqiravebiT da maTi warmoebis sxva faqtore-

biT Canacvlebis gziT.

Sromis bazari imyofeba wonasworobaSi xelfasis

We sididis pirobebSi, romlis drosac moTxovna sam-

uSao Zalaze misi miwodebis tolia. Tu xelfasis done

iqneba We-ze maRali, wonasworoba Sromis bazarze dair-

Rveva. xelfasis W1 sididis pirobebSi adgili aqvs

samuSao Zalis miwodebis siWarbes (A-B). es iwodebauwonasworobiT umuSevrobad.

im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca Sromis bazari imyofeba

wonasworobaSi, samuSaos yvela mZebneli ver miiRebs mas.

zogierTi upiratesobas mianiWebs umuSevrad darCenas,

ufro maRalanazRaurebadi samuSaos povnis surviliT.

9.5 naxazze N mrudi gviCvenebs samuSao Zalis saerTo

raodenobas. N mrudsa da samuSao Zalis erToblivi

miwodebis ASL mruds Soris horizontaluri sxvaoba

gviCvenebs Tu ramdenad ufro metia samuSaos mZebnel

adamianTa ricxvi, vidre imaTi, vinc namdvilad mzadaa

qvemoT warmodgenil 9.4 naxazze naCvenebia erToblivi

moTxovna samuSao Zalaze da misi erToblivi miwodeba.

xelfasis saSualo sidide naCvenebia vertikalur RerZze.

amasTan, xelfasis saSualo sidide asaxavs mis yidvi-

Tunarianobas. maSasadame, is gaiangariSeba fasebis gaTval-

iswinebiT.

samuSao Zalis erToblivi miwodebis mrudi

(ASL) gviCvenebs im muSakTa ricxvs, romelTac surT

samuSaoze daqiraveba xelfasis sxvadasxva ganakveTis

pirobebSi. es mrudi SefardebiT elastikuria, ramdena-

nax. 9.4. uwonasworobiTi umuSevroba

muSakTa ricxvi

xel

fasis saSual

o (realuri)

ganakveTebi

563562

realuri xelfasis doniT gamowveuli

umuSevroba Cndeba maSin, roca profkavSirebi iyeneben

TavianT monopoliur Zalauflebas, raTa bazarze arse-

buli wonasworobis donis zemoT awion xelfasebi. 9.4

naxazze xelfasis aseTi sidide We-s zeviTaa.XX saukunis 80-ian da 90-ian wlebSi tetCerisa

da meijoris mTavrobam ganacxada, rom gadidebulma xel-

fasebma gamoiwvia umuSevroba am periodSi. realuri xe-

lfasis doniT gamowveuli umuSevrobis warmoSobis

SesaZlebloba iyo qveyanaSi minimaluri xelfasis sidi-

dis Semcirebis erT-erTi mizezi.

erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom realuri

xelfasis doniT gamowveuli umuSevrobis problemis

gadawyveta martivad SeiZleba xelfasis donis Semcire-

biT, magram Tu Rrmad CavukvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom amis

gakeTeba arc Tu ise advilia, ramdenadac profkavSirebi

yovelTvis xelfasis ganakveTebis gadidebas iTxoven. im

SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu saxelmwifos miecema xelfasis saSu-

alo sididis Semcirebis SesaZlebloba, problema Cndeba

imasTan dakavSirebuli, rom momxmareblebi daiwyeben na-

klebi saxsrebis xarjvas, rac imas niSnavs, rom moTxovna

samuSao Zalaze Semcirdeba, ris Sedegadac umuSevrobis

done SeiZleba ar daeces;

miwodebis siWarbiT gamowveuli umuSevroba

warmoiSoba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac samuSao Zalis mi-

wodebis zrdas Tan ar axlavs masze moTxovnis zrda da

xelfasis wonasworobiTi done mcirdeba. es umuSevro-

bis warmoSobis seriozuli mizezi araa, ramdenadac sa-

muSao Zalis miwodeba SedarebiT nela icvleba. Tumca,

wavides SeTavazebul samuSaoze. Qe gviCvenebs dasaqmebiswonasworobiT dones, xolo dacileba D-sa d E-s Soris_ umuSevrobis wonasworobiT dones . mas xSirad

umuSevrobis bunebriv donesac uwodeben.

umuSevrobis zemoT aRniSnuli saxeebi calkeuli

tipebis formiT gamovlindeba.

daviwyoT uwonasworobiTi umuSevrobis ti-

pebis ganxilviT. ekonomistebi gamoyofen uwonasworo-

biTi umuSevrobis warmoqmnis sam ZiriTad mizezsa da,

Sesabamisad, mis sam tips:

nax. 9.5. wonasworobiTi umuSevroba

muSakTa ricxvi

xel

fasis saSual

o (realuri)

ganakveTebi

565564

itiT gamowveuli umuSevrobis done mcirdeba. vinaidan

moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevrobis zomebi

ekonomikuri ciklis fazebisagan damokidebulebiT mer-

yeobs, mas xSirad ciklur umuSevrobas* uwodeben.

moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevroba Sei-

Zleba sakmaod xangrZlivi droiTac arsebobdes, Tu ekonomi-

ka ver axerxebs Tavisi potencialis srulad realize-

bas. ekonomikuri ciklis aRmavlobis fazaSic ki war-

moebis realuri done SesaZlebelia mniSvnelovnad Camor-

Cebodes potenciurs, ris gamoc Sromis bazari uwonas-

worobiT mdgomareobaSi iqneba.

da bolos, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom cikluri

umuSevrobis sabolood Tavidan acileba SeuZlebelia,

ramdenadac igi iseve gardauvalia, rogorc misi gamom-

wvevi mizezi _ ekonomikis cikluri ganviTareba. Tumca,

antikrizisuli RonisZiebebis gatarebiT SeiZleba

* cikluri umuSevrobis erTgvar nairsaxeobad SeiZlebaCaiTvalos e.w. faruli umuSevroba. misi arsi isaa, romekonomikuri krizisis Sedegad, nawilobrivi datvirTviT funq-cionirebis pirobebSi, sawarmoebi TanamSromlebs ki ar aTavisu-fleben samuSaodan, aramed gadahyavT isini muSaobis SekvecilreJimze (arasruli samuSao kvira an arasruli samuSao dRe), ankidev uSveben uxelfaso SvebulebaSi ganusazRvreli vadiT. amgaremoebaTa gamo isini oficialurad ar aRiricxebian umuSe-varTa rigebSi, metic, iTvlebian dasaqmebulebad maSin, roca ar-sebiTad umuSevrebi arian. amitomac uwodeben mas farulumuSevrobas. amis tipiuri magaliTia saqarTvelos dRevandelimdgomareoba, sadac mrewvelur sawarmoTa umravlesobisdatvirTvis koeficienti 25-30%-s ar aRemateba.

Tundac skoladamTavrebulTa samuSaoTi uzrunvelyofis

problema dgeba yovelwliurad, ramdenadac maTi saxiT

mimdinareobs samuSao Zalis modinebis gadideba Sromis

bazarze.

drois didi periodis ganmavlobaSi potenciurad

SeiZleba warmoiSvas bavSviani qalebis dasaqmebis prob-

lema, ramdenadac socialuri situaciis gamwvavebasTan

dakavSirebiT, bavSvian qalTa didi nawili daiwyebs sam-

uSaos Zebnas. magram, praqtikulad, arasrul ganakveTze

momuSave adamianTa raodenobis swrafi zrdisa da qalebis

mier miRebuli ufro dabali xelfasebis pirobebSi, es

ar warmoadgens samuSao Zalis miwodebis siWarbis Zir-

iTad problemas.

moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevro-

ba asocirdeba ekonomikur daqveiTebasTan. ekonomikuri

zrdis tempis dacemasTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc wesi,

samomxmareblo moTxovna mkveTrad mcirdeba, sawarmoebi

veRar yidian maT gankargulebaSi arsebul saqonels,

garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi maT SeuZliaT gauyi-

davi saqoneli daasawyobon, magram male isini daiwyeben

warmoebis moculobis Semcirebas da, Sesabamisad, sam-

uSaodan muSakTa daTxovnasac. yovelive amis Sedegad

umuSevroba masobriv xasiaTs Rebulobs. 9.4 naxazze

ADL mrudi gadaadgildeba marcxniv. rac ufro Rrmaa da

did xans grZeldeba ekonomikuri daqveiTeba (krizisi)

da depresia, miT ufro maRalia moTxovnis deficitiT

gamowveuli umuSevroba.

depresiidan ekonomikis gamosvlisa da ekonomikuri

aRmavlobis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT moTxovnis defic-

567566

Zleba aseTnairad avxsnaT. mis kontingents warmoqmnian,

jer erTi, pirebi, romlebmac samuSaos nebayoflobiT

daanebes Tavi, raTa ukeTes samuSaoze gadavidnen. TviT am

gadasvlas xom garkveuli dro sWirdeba (maSinac, roca

axali samuSao winaswarve napovnia da, miT umetes, Tu is

mosaZebnia); meore, SomisunarianTa didi nawili samuSaos

Tavs anebebs sacxovrebeli adgilis gamocvlis gamo, am-

itom, sanam misTvis sasurvel adgilas ipovis Sesaferis

samuSaos, es nawilic dausaqmebelia; mesame, axalgazrdebi,

romlebmac daamTavres saswavlebeli da eZeben special-

obis mixedviT samuSaos, garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi

rCebian dausaqmeblad; meoTxe, sezonurad momuSave pire-

bi, romlebic weliwadis garkveul dros nebayoflobiTi

umuSevrobis mdgomareobaSi atareben. magaliTad, ofi-

ciantebi, romlebic Tavs zafxulis an zamTris kurorte-

bze muSaobiT irCenen, Semodgomisa da gazafxulis Tveeb-

Si umuSevrebad iTvlebian.

es erTjeradi procesi araa. marTalia, mocemuli

momentisaTvis arsebul umuSevarTa zemoT xsenebuli kon-

tingenti bolos da bolos ipovis samuSaos da dasaqm-

deba, magram imave mdgomareobaSi axla sxva Sromisunari-

ani pirebi aRmoCndebian da umuSevrobis es forma mudmi-

vad arsebobs.

friqciuli umuSevrobis SemcirebasTan dakavSire-

buli problema mdgomareobs informaciis arasrulyo-

filebaSi. damqiraveblebs ar gaaCniaT mTliani informa-

cia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori kvalifikaciis da profesi-

is muSakebi imyofebian umuSevarTa Soris. umuSevrebi ki

ar floben srul informacias imaze, Tu rogori sam-

uSaos miReba SeuZliaT da ra pirobebiT. amitom muSake-

ekonomikuri dacemis erTgvari Serbilebis miRweva da,

Sesabamisad, droebiT gamoTavisuflebul muSakTa ricx-

vis Semcireba.

msoflios wamyvan qveynebSi XX saukunis 80-90-

iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi arsebuli umuSevrobis maRa-

li donis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo wonasworobiTi umuSevro-

bis zrda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mTlianad ekonomikaSi Sei-

Zleba arsebobdes wonasworoba (e.i. erToblivi moTxov-

na samuSao Zalaze toli iyos misi erToblivi miwode-

bisa), ris Sedegadac adgili ar eqneba uwonasworobiT

umuSevrobas, mikroekonomikur doneze moTxovna samuSao

Zalaze SeiZleba ar utoldebodes mis miwodebas. amasTan

dakavSirebiT, Cndeba wonasworobiTi umuSevroba.

ekonomistebi gamoyofen wonasworobiTi umuSevro-

bis or ZiriTad tips:

friqciuli umuSevroba ewodeba Sromisunar-

ianTa droebiT, gardauval dausaqmeblobas, rac dakav-

Sirebulia erTi samuSaodan meoreze gadasvliT, sacx-

ovrebeli adgilis gamocvliT, cxovrebis sxvadasxva

etapiT da warmoebis sezonurobiT ganpirobebul sam-

uSaos ZiebasTan an samuSaos molodinTan.

TviT termini ̀ friqciuli umuSevroba` gamoxatavs

samuSaos Zebnas, samuSaos molodins da gamoiyeneba imaT

mimarT, vinc samuSaos eZebs, an axlo momavalSi mis miRe-

bas elodeba. gansazRvreba ̀ friqciuli` zustad asaxavs

movlenis arss: Sromis bazari funqcionirebs mouqnelad

da TanafardobaSi ver mohyavs samuSao adgilebisa da

SromiTi resursebis raodenoba.

friqciuli umuSevroba kidev ufro martivad Sei-

569568

ruli umuSevrobis warmoSoba ganapiroba.

* moTxovnis modelis Secvla. droTa ganmav-

lobaSi moTxovna zogierTi dargis produqciaze ecema,

zogierTisaze ki _ izrdeba. moTxovnis dacema SesaZle-

belia ganapirobos tradiciuli produqciis romelime

efeqturi Semcvlelis SemuSavebam an momxmarebelTa ge-

movnebis cvlilebebma. magaliTad, navTobis rogorc en-

ergiis wyaros gamoyenebam qvanaxSirze moTxovnis dacema

gamoiwvia; saavtomobilo transportis modernizaciam

mkveTrad Seamcira moTxovna sarkinigzo transportze;

reaqtiuli avialainerebis eqsploataciaSi Seyvanam

sagrZnoblad Seamcira saokeano gemebiT mgzavrobis sur-

vili. ai, am zemoT aRniSnul safuZvlebze warmoiSva

struqturuli umuSevroba, Sesabamisad: qvanaxSiris mom-

povebel mrewvelobaSi, sarkinigzo transportze da sa-

okeano transportze.

* struqturuli umuSevroba SeiZleba agreTve

gamowveuli iyos teqnikuri progresiT ganpirobebuli

cvlilebebiT warmoebis meTodebSi. teqnikuri pro-

gresi revoluciur cvlilebebs iwvevs warmoebis mrava-

li dargis teqnologiaSi (mikrosqemebis, kompiuterebis,

robotebis da a.S. gamoyeneba). bevr SemTxvevaSi produ-

qciis saWiro moculobis sawarmoeblad gacilebiT nak-

lebi muSaxelia sakmarisi. am mizeziT gamowveul

umuSevrobas zogjer `teqnologiur umuSevrobas`

uwodeben. ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaT swored aseTi

procesi aRiniSna saqarTvelos Cais mrewvelobaSi. aq

didi xnis manZilze Cais awonva-dafasoeba xeliT srul-

deboda, rac Zlier Sromatevadi samuSao iyo. Semdeg dainerga

ucxouri warmoebis manqana-avtomatebi, romelTagan Ti-

bic da damqiraveblebic imyofebian mudmiv ZiebaSi: dam-

qiraveblebi eZeben Sesaferisi profesiisa da kvali-

fikaciis samuSao Zalas, muSakebi ki _ sakadris sam-

uSaos.

problemis gadaWra mdgomareobs Sromis bazris

Sesaxeb sruli sainformacio bazis SeqmnaSi. aseTi sain-

formacio baza unda efuZnebodes mTavrobis mier orga-

nizebuli dasaqmebis centrebis, dasaqmebis kerZo saagen-

toebis, adgilobrivi da saerToerovnuli sainformacio

saSualebebis monacemebs.

struqturuli umuSevroba ewodeba ekonomikis

struqturul cvlilebebTan dakavSirebul umuSevrobas,

romelsac maSin aqvs adgili, roca Zveli warmoeba da

dargebi axals uTmoben adgils. amasTan, axali samuSao

adgilebisaTvis ver pouloben saWiro kvalifikaciis

muSakebs, xolo Zveli muSakebi, arasakmarisi kvalifikaciis

gamo, samuSaodan Tavisufldebian da umuSevarTa sarez-

ervo armias avseben. am SemTxvevaSi samuSao Zalaze

moTxovnisa da samuSao Zalis miwodebis profe-

siuli struqturebi erTmaneTs ar Seesabameba.

arsebobs struqturuli umuSvrobis gamomwvevi

ramdenime mizezi:

* dargis mier Tavisi saeqsporto bazrebis

dakargva msoflioSi mimdinare mZafri konkurenciis

pirobebSi. qveynis romelime dargma SesaZlebelia dakar-

gos Tavisi saeqsporto bazrebi da dauTmos isini sxva

qveynebis ganviTarebad dargebs. iaponiis, taivanis, samxreT

koreisa da hong-kongis mxriv gaZlierebulma konkuren-

ciam swored aseTi zemoqmedeba moaxdina ramdenime brit-

nul da amerikul dargze, ramac am dargebSi struqtu-

571570

teqnologiuri cvlilebebi an icvleba momxmarebelTa

gemovneba, miT meti iqneba struqturuli umuSevrobis

done;

samuSao Zalis mobilurobis xarisxi. rac

ufro naklebia samuSao Zalis erTi samuSaodan meoreze

gadaadgilebis, erTi dargidan meore dargSi an erTi

regionidan meoreSi gadasvlis SesaZlebloba da sur-

vili, miT ufro meti iqneba struqturuli umuSevrobis

done.

struqturuli umuSevroba friqciulisagan gansx-

vav-deba imiT, rom: jer erTi, ̀ struqturul` umuSevrebs,

rogorc wesi, ar SeuZliaT samuSaoze mowyoba dauy-

ovnebliv (saTanado gadamzadebisa da damatebiTi swav-

la-ganaTlebis gareSe), ̀ friqciul` umuSevrebs ki TiTq-

mis araferi uSliT xels, mTavaria monaxon Sesaferisi

samuSao; da meore, struqturuli umuSevroba, friqci-

ulTan SedarebiT, ufro xangrZlivi da seriozulia. igi

metnaklebi zomiT yvela qveyanaSi da ganviTarebis yvela

etapze SeiniSneba.* amitom misi Tundac Serbileba did

Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.

umuSevrobis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi.

* unda SevniSnoT, rom saqarTvelo amJamad imyofeba struq-turuli gardaqmnebis periodSi, ris gamoc aTeul aTasobiTadamianma, maT Soris kvalificiurma muSakebma dakarges samuSaoadgili. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom dasaqmebis samsaxurebSi regis-trirebul umuSevarTa mTlian raodenobaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebismqone pirTa wili 31,6%-ia (2003 w.).

Toeulma aseulobiT muSa gamoaTavisufla da, rogorc

ityvian, umuSevari datova. amisi kargi magaliTia agreTve

Tanamedrove kompiuteruli teqnikis danergva. magali-

Tad, Tu amJamad umaRlesi kvalifikaciis 40 tipografi-

ul muSas SeuZlia saaTSi daaxloebiT 170 aTasi niSnis

akrefa, kompiuteruli teqnologiebis daxmarebiT ukve

10 kacs SeuZlia imave droSi akrifos daaxloebiT 1

mln niSani, ris Sedegadac teqnologiuri umuSevroba

20-jer izrdeba.

* struqturuli umuSevroba, arcTu iSviaTad, war-

moiSoba qveynis mxolod calkeul regionebSi. am SemTx-

vevaSi mas uwodeben regionul umuSevrobas. amas xSirad

adgili maSin aqvs, roca mrewvelobis garkveuli dargebi

gaadgilebulia qveynis gansazRvrul regionebSi. magali-

Tad, qvanaxSiris mompovebeli mrewvelobis Cavardnam

dasavleT saqarTveloSi ganapiroba umuSevrobis maRali

done qveynis am nawilSi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, regionu-

li umuSevrobis mizezia calkeuli regionebis sfeci-

fikuri bunebriv-ekonomikuri pirobebi (mciremiwianoba,

mouxerxebeli reliefi da a.S.). saqarTveloSi aseT rgion-

ebs tradiciulad ganekuTvneba: raWa-leCxumi, svaneTi, mTiani

aWara da sxv.

struqturuli umuSevrobis done damokidebulia

Semdeg sam ZiriTad faqtorze:

dargTa regionuli koncentraciis xarisxi.

krizisSi aRmoCenili dargebi rac ufro metad iqneba

koncentrirebuli gansazRvrul regionebSi, miT ufro

meti iqneba struqturuli umuSevrobis done;

moTxovnisa da miwodebis cvlilebebis sis-

wrafe ekonomikaSi. rac ufro swrafad mimdinareobs

573572

5%-s [(60000+40000):2000000]?100.

umuSevrobis bunebriv donesTan dakavSirebul mSp-

is realur moculobas ekonomikis warmoebrivi poten-

ciali ewodeba. es aris produqciis is realuri mocu-

loba, romlis warmoebac SeuZlia ekonomikas resurseb-

is `sruli gamoyenebis` pirobebSi.

umuSevrobis bunebrivi done warmoiSoba samuSao

Zalis bazris dabalansebulobis dros, anu roca sam-

uSaos mZebnelTa raodenoba da Tavisufali samuSao adg-

ilebi (vakansiebi) erTmaneTis tolia. Tanamedrove ekonomi-

kaSi umuSevrobis bunebrivi done warmodgenilia rogorc

ukiduresad dasaSvebi done. igi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gan-

sxvavebulia da sakmaod mobiluri.

mxolod friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevro-

bis drosac ki umuSevrobis faqtiuri done SeiZleba

iyos bunebrivze maRali an dabali. maRali iqneba, Tu

samuSaos mZebnelTa raodenoba sagrZnoblad aRemateba

arsebul vakansiebs, anu samuSao Zalis bazari daubal-

ansebelia imis gamo, rom miwodeba aWarbebs moTxovnas

da, piriqiT, dabali iqneba, Tu Tavisufali samuSao adg-

ilebis raodenoba aRemateba samuSaos mZebnelTa ricxvs,

anu samuSao Zalis bazari daubalansebelia imis gamo,

rom moTxovna aWarbebs miwodebas. praqtikaSi aseTi ram

iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba. magaliTad, meore msof-

lio omis periodSi, roca aSS-Si umuSevrobis bunebrivi

done 3-4%-s Seadgenda, samxedro warmoebis saWiroebam

moTxovna samuSao Zalaze TiTqmis ganusazRvrelad gaz-

arda. Cveulebrivi movlena gaxda SemTavsebloba da zega-

nakveTuri muSaoba. mTavroba krZalavda mrewvelobis mrava-

li strategiuli dargidan momuSaveTa gaTavisuflebas

TavisTavad, umuSevroba ki ar aris problema, aramed umuSev-

robis is done, romelic iwvevs socialuri konfliqte-

bis gamwvavebas. roca umuSevroba miaRwevs `problemur

dones`, maSin politikosebma raRac unda moimoqmedon,

rac mTavrobis mxridan dakavSirebulia ganazRvrul dan-

axarjTan. aq ukve SeiZleba wamoiWras kiTxva imis Sesax-

eb, Tu umuSevrobis romeli donea dasaSvebi da rogor

SeiZleba misi Secnoba?

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, friqciuli da struqturu-

li umuSevroba mudmivad arsebobs da momavalSic iarse-

bebs. problemuria mxolod uwonasworobiTi umuSevro-

bis tipebi da, gansakuTrebiT, cikluri umuSevroba. ami-

tom ̀ sruli dasaqmeba` ar niSnavs umuSevrobis absolu-

tur ararsebobas. roca msjelobaa sruli dasaqmebis

Sesaxeb, igulisxmeba ara umuSevrobis ararseboba saer-

Tod, aramed is, rom uwonasworobiTi umuSevroba nulis

tolia. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, sruli dasaqmeba ewodeba

situacias, roca dasaqmeba 100%-ze naklebia, xolo

umuSevarTa raodenoba ar aRemateba friqciuli

da struqturuli umuSevrobis jams. maSasadame, ̀ sru-

li dasaqmeba` ganisazRvreba rogorc dasaqmeba, romelic

samuSao Zalis 100%-ze naklebia.

umuSevarTa raodenobas, romelic Seesabameba

friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevrobis jams,

bunebrivi umuSevroba, anu umuSevrobis bunebrivi

done ewodeba. ase magaliTad, Tu samuSao Zalis ricx-

ovnoba qveyanaSi Seadgens 2 mln kacs, aqedan friqciuli

umuSevaria 60 aTasi kaci, xolo struqturuli umuSe-

vari _ 40 aTasi kaci (umuSevrobis sxva saxeebs adgili

ara aqvs), maSin umuSevrobis bunebrivi done udris

575574

9.8 cxrilSi warmodgenilia umuSevrobis stan-

dartizebuli faqtiuri doneebi msoflios zogierT

qveyanaSi sxvadasxva demografiuli jgufis mixedviT.

rogorc cxrilSi motanili monacemebidan Cans, yve-

la CamoTvlil qveyanaSi sxvadasxva demografiuli jgufe-

bis mixedviT arsebiTad gansxvavebulia mosaxleobis

umuSevrobis done. igi yvelaze maRalia 16-25 wlis

asakobriv jgufSi da, gansakuTrebiT qalebSi, rac gan-

pirobebulia am demografiul jgufSi SromiTi mowyo-

bis dabali da samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis maRali maCve-

neblebiT.

dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis dones faq-

tiurad angariSoben mkacri kriteriumiT, Serbilebuli

kriteriumiT da registrirebul umuSevarTa mixedviT.

umuSevrobis done mkacri kriteriumiT gaian-

gariSeba 16 wlis da meti asakis mosaxleobis, romelic

ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, eZebs samuSaos da mzad

aris daiwyos muSaoba, SefardebiT 16 wlis da meti

asakis mosaxleobasTan, gamosaxuli procentebSi.

umuSevrobis done Serbilebuli kriteriumiT

gaiangariSeba 16 wlis da meti asakis mosaxleobis, romel-

ic ar eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, mzad aris daiwyos

muSaoba, magram ar eZebs samuSaos, radgan gadaewura misi

Sovnis imedi, SefardebiT 16 wlis da meti asakis mosax-

leobasTan, gamosaxuli procentebSi.

registrirebuli umuSevrobis done gaiangariSeba

registrirebul umuSevarTa ricxovnobis SefardebiT

ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis (samuSao Zalis)

ricovnobasTan, gamosaxuli procentebSi.

umuSevrobis donis maCvenebelTa sizustes mniS-

da amiT xelovnurad mcirdeboda friqciuli umuSevro-

ba. ai, aman ganapiroba umuSevrobis faqtiuri donis, bune-

briv donesTan SedarebiT, mkveTrad dacema.

umuSevrobis bunebrivi done ucvleli sidide rodia.

misi cvalebadoba damokidebulia im faqtorebze, rom-

lebic gavlenas axdenen friqciul da struqturul cv-

lilebebze. am momentis gaTvaliswinebiT, magaliTad, aSS-

Si XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi umuSevrobis bunebrivi

done Seadgenda 4%-s, xolo 80-ian wlebSi _ 6-7%-s.

umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis aseTi arasasurveli zr-

dis mizezebi iyo samuSao Zalis SemadgenlobaSi qalebis,

mozardebis, erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenlebis sul

ufro aqtiuri CarTva da struqturuli umuSevrobis

gaZliereba. Tumca, mogvianebiT, 2000 wlidan umuSevro-

bis bunebrivi done kvlav daubrunda 60-iani wlebis

niSnuls (4%-s), rac miewera mTeli ekonomikis masSta-

biT mwarmoeblobis zrdas, umTavresad axali teqnologiis

danergvis Sedegad. amrigad, dRevandel amerikaSi srul

dasaqmebad iTvleba situacia, roca Sromisunariani mo-

saxleobis 96% muSaobs.

zemoT, umuSevrobis bunebriv donesTan erTad,

araerTxel vaxseneT ùmuSevrobis faqtiuri done`, ma-

gram misTvis saTanado axsna ar migvicia.

umuSevrobis faqtiuri done, sazogadod, gaian-

gariSeba umuSevarTa ricxovnobis SefardebiT ekonomiku-

rad aqtiuri mosaxleobis (samuSao Zalis) ricxovno-

basTan, gamosaxuli procentebSi. Tu, magaliTad, umuSe-

vari 180 aTasi Sromisunariani, xolo samuSao Zalis

saerTo raodenoba qveyanaSi Seadgens 3 mln kacs, umuSevro-

bis faqtiuri done iqneba 6% (180000:3000000X100).

577576

vnelovanwilad gansazRvravs is, Tu ramdenad sworad

iqneba dadgenili samuSao Zalis saerTo ricxovnoba da

faqtiuri umuSevroba. samuSao Zalis raodenobisa da,

maT Soris, umuSevarTa ricxovnobis gasaangariSeblad

iyeneben mosaxleobis aRweris, SerCeviTi gamokiTxvis da

SromiTi dasaqmebis biuroebis monacemebs, magram saqmis-

admi didi gulmodginebis gamoCenis SemTxvevaSic ver

xerxdeba utyuari Sedegebis miReba. tipiur cdomileba-

Ta magaliTebad SeiZleba davasaxeloT Semdegi:

oficialuri statistikis mixedviT, arasruli

samuSao dRiT dasaqmebulebi mTlianad dasaqmebulTa

kategoriaSi Sedian. es metnaklebad gamarTlebulad Sei-

Zleba CaiTvalos im pirebis mimarT, romlebic arasruli

datvirTviT muSaoben TavianTi neba-surviliT. magram

gaumarTlebelia im pirTa mimarT, romelTac surT sru-

li datvirTviT muSaoba, magram amas ver aRweven da iZu-

lebulni arian dasjerdnen arasruli samuSao dRiT

muSaobas. aseTi pirebis srul dasaqmebulebad aRiare-

biT, oficialuri statistika, cxadia, xelovnurad am-

cirebs umuSevrobis donis maCvenebels.

oficialurad, umuSevrad iTvleba is dausaqmebe-

li, romelic aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos. sxva sityvebiT,

umuSevari, romelic aqtiurad ar iRwvis samuSaos mosa-

poveblad, ̀ samuSao Zalis Semadgenlobidan` gamosulad

iTvleba. arada, arcTu cotaa iseTi umuSevari, romelTac

mobezrdaT samuSaos sapovnelad uSedego xangrZlivi xe-

tiali da ukve imeddakargulebi eTiSebian samuSaos aq-

tiur maZebarTa kategorias. am nawilis umuSevarTa kat-

egoriaSi SeutanlobiT, oficialuri statistika aseve

amcirebs umuSevrobis donis maCvenebels.

belgia

safrangeTi

germania

irlandia

iaponia

holandia

espaneTi

did

i

brit

aneTi

aSS

evrokavSir

i

(15 qveyana)

cxril

i 9.8

umuSevrobis faqtiuri (s

tandartizebul

i)

doneebi msofl

ios zogierT

qveyanaSi sxvadasxva demorafiul

i jgufis mixedviT (2000 w.)

qveyana

saerTo

rao

denoba

(yvela

asakis)

qalebi

(yvela

asakis)

mamakac

ebi

(yvela

asakis)

25 wel

ze

nakl

ebi

asakis yvel

amo

qalaqe

25 wel

ze

nakl

ebi

asakis

qalebi

25 wel

ze

nakl

ebi

asakis

mamakac

ebi

8.5

10.2

8.4

4.9

4.9

2.9

14.4

6.0

4.0

8.6

10.1

12.2

9.0

4.8

4.6

3.9

21.2

5.4

4.3

10.3

7.3 8.5

7.9

4.9 5.1

2.1

9.8

6.4 3.8

7.3

23.2

20.9

9.0

6.6

9.1

5.9

26.9

13.4

9.7

16.6

23.3

23.2

8.1

6.6

7.8

7.2

34.3

12.4

10.1

18.1

23.1

18.9

9.8

6.6

10.2

4.6

20.7

14.3

9.4

15.3

579578

vuSvaT, rom 2007 wlis 1 marts samuSao dakarga 14

kacma, aqedan 12 kacma samuSao moZebna 1 aprilamde,

xolo 2 kacma samuSao ver ipova momavali wlis 1

martamde. sabloo angariSiT, aRniSnul 14 kacs ar umuSavia

36 Tve (12?1)+(2?12). mocemul magaliTSi umuSevarTa

did nawils (86%) samuSao ar hqonda drois mcire

monakveTSi (1 Tve), umuSevarTa mcire nawili (14%) ki

dausaqmebeli iyo 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. miuxedavad am

garemoebisa, umuSevrobis erToblivi xangrZlivobis didi

nawili (67%) modis swored am or kacze (24:36?100).

monacemebs umuSevrobis xangrZlivobaze didi mniSvneloba

aqvs samTavrobo politikis dasamuSaveblad. Tu am poli-

tikis mizania umuSevrobis donis mniSvnelovani Semcir-

eba, maSin misi sagani unda gaxdes grZelvadiani umuSevroba,

radgan mas Seaqvs yvelaze didi wvlili umuSevrobis

erTobliv xangrZlivobaSi.

umuSevrobis ekonomikuri da social-

uri Sedegebi. umuSevroba mwvave problemaa da mas-

Tan dakavSirebulia ekonomikuri da socialuri xasia-

Tis uaryofiTi movlenebi. umuSevrobis mTavari uary-

ofiTi Sedegi isaa, rom produqtis warmoebis potenci-

uri SesaZleblobis nawili samudamod ekargeba sazoga-

doebas, e.i. faqtobrivad iwarmoeba imaze naklebi, vidre

SesaZlebeli iyo sruli dasaqmebis (e.i. umuSevrobis

bunebrivi donis) pirobebSi.

magram cikluri umuSevrobis uaryofiTi Sedegi ar

amoiwureba warmoebis danakargebiT. igi amave dros so-

cialuri travmacaa. samuSaos dakargva iwvevs dekvali-

fikacias, sakuTari Tavis arasrulfasovnebis sindroms,

umuSevrobis done xelovnurad izrdeba imis gamo,

rom zogierTi respodenti (gamosakiTxi piri) iZleva

cru informacias _ TiTqos is mowadinebiT eZebs sam-

uSaos, Tumca es sinamdviles ar Seefereba. aseTi qcevis

mizania is, rom miiRos umuSevrobis kompensacia an so-

cialuri uzrunvelyofis daxmareba.

umuSevrobis oficialur dones xelovnurad zr-

dis Crdilovani ekonomikis arseboba. amgvar saqmianoba-

Si Cabmuli pirebi sruli datvirTviT muSaoben, magram

formalurad umuSevarTa kategorias ganekuTvnebian _

TavianT Tavs umuSevars uwodeben.

zemoT aRniSnulidan SeiZleba im daskvnis gamotana,

rom, marTalia, umuSevroba qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomar-

eobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia, magram igi

yovelTvis rodi SeiZleba CaiTvalos ekonomikis sijan-

saRis uSecdomo barometrad.

umuSevrobis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia

umuSevrobis xangrZlivoba _ dro, romlis ganmavlo-

baSic adamiani dausaqmebelia.

samuSaos povnis xangrZlivoba bevrad aris damok-

idebuli umuSevrobis saxeze. yvelaze xangrZlivia cik-

luri (iZulebiTi) umuSevroba. statistikuri gaan-

gariSebiT, umuSevrobis erTobliv xangrZlivobaSi yve-

laze meti wvlili SeaqvT im pirebs, romlebic samuSaos

ver pouloben xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. magali-

Tad, 1974 wels, roca aSS-Si umuSevrobis done Seadgen-

da 5,6%-s, umuSevrobis 60%-ma samuSao ipova erTi Tvis

ganmavlobaSi. miuxedavad amisa, umuSevrobis erToblivi

xangrZlivobis 69% grZeldeboda or da met Tves. es

ori faqti ar ewinaaRmdegeba erTmaneTs. magaliTad, da-

581580

faqtobrivi done 1%-iT aRemateba bunebriv dones, maSin

mep-is moculobis CamorCena potenciuri warmoebisagan

Seadgens 2,5%-s. es Tanafardoba (1:2,5), anu Tanafardo-

ba umuSevrobis donesa da mep-is moculobis CamorCenas

Soris, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gamovTvaloT produqci-

is absoluturi danakargi yoveli umuSevrobis donis

pirobebSi. magaliTad, 1985 wels aSS-Si umuSevrobis

done Seadgenda 7,2%-s, anu igi 1,2%-iT aRemateboda

navaraudev umuSevrobis bunebriv dones. Tu am 1,2%-s

gadavamravlebT oukenis koeficientze (2,5), miviRebT, rom

1985 wels mep-is moculobis CamorCena Seadgenda 3%-s.

am wels aSS-is mep-is nominaluri moculoba Seadgenda

4014,9 mlrd dolars. am SemTxvevaSi ekonomikam dakar-

ga 122,8 mlrd dolaris produqcia (4014,9?3%) imis

gamo, rom ekonomikaSi umuSevrobis faqtobrivi norma

(7,2%) aRemateboda umuSevrobis bunebriv dones (6%).

umuSevrobis meore mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri dan-

akargia Semosavlis Semcireba. umuSevroba mkveTrad

amcirebs ara marto TviT umuSevris Semosavals (ram-

denadac umuSevrobisaTvis daxmareba gacilebiT naklebia

xelfasze), aramed saxelmwifos Semosavalsac (ramdena-

dac saxelmwifos mier ibegreba momuSavis Semosavali

da ara umuSevris mier mizeruli odenobiT miRebuli

daxmareba). sagadasaxado Semosavlebis klebasTan erTad

saxelmwifos Semosavlebi mcirdeba imis gamoc, rom igi

Tavis Tavze Rebulobs umuSevrebis daxmarebis gamcem

organizaciaTa marTvasa da funqcionirebis uzrunvely-

ofasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis gawevas.

umuSevrobiT gamowveul ekonomikur danakargebze

msjelobisas ar SeiZleba ar movixsenioT resursebis

ojaxis ngrevas, sazogadoebriv daZabulobas. amerikeli

ekonomistebi p.samuelsoni da v.nordhausi weren:

ùmuSevroba Tanamedroveobis centraluri problemaa.

samuSaos dakargva iseTi fsiqikuri travmaa, romelic

stresis ZaliT uaxloesi naTesavis gardacvalebas an

dapatimrebas Tu Camouvardeba`.

umuSevrobis problemis simwvavidan da uaryifiTi

Sedegebis simravlidan gamomdinare, ekonomistebi cal-

calke gamoyofen mis èkonomikur danakargebs` da `so-

cialur danaxarjebs`.

umuSevrobis ekonomikuri danakargebi Ziri-

Tadad dakavSirebulia produqciis gamouSveblobasTan.

umuSevrobis `mTavari fasi` gamouSvebeli produqciaa.

amas ki maSin aqvs adgili, roca ekonomikas ar ZaluZs

sakmarisi samuSao adgilebis Seqmna imaTTvis, visac muSaoba

surs da SeuZlia. rogorc Cans, umuSevroba xels uSlis

sazogadoebis winsvlas, mis potenciur SesaZleblobaTa

srulad gamoyenebas. ekonomistebi am gamouSvebel produ-

qcias gansazRvraven, rogorc mSp-is CamorCenas (dan-

akargs), romelic im moculobis tolia, romliTac faq-

tobrivi mSp naklebia potenciurze. potenciuri mSp gan-

isazRvreba ekonomikuri zrdis normaluri tempebis safuZ-

velze, umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis gaTvaliswinebiT.

rac ufro maRalia umuSevrobis done, miT ufro didia

mSp-is CamorCena.

makroekonomikis sferoSi cnobilma mkvlevarma

artur oukenma maTematikurad gamosaxa Tanafardoba

umuSevrobis donesa da mep-is moculobis CamorCenas

Soris. es Tanafardoba, romelic cnobilia oukenis

kanonis saxelwodebiT, gviCvenebs, rom Tu umuSevrobis

583582

ierTkavSiri ekonomikuri ciklis ZiriTad maCveneblebsa

da sazogadoebrivi paTologiis maCveneblebs Soris. yve-

laze aSkara urTierTkavSiri arsebobs umuSevrobis donesa

da `socialur paTologias` Soris. brenerma es daamt-

kica xangrZlivi periodis (1940-1973 ww.) monacemTa

damuSavebis bazaze. analizma moicva aSS mTlianobaSi da

misi calkeuli Stati (kalifornia, masaCusetsi, niu-

iorki), agreTve didi britaneTi da SvedeTi. gamokvlevam

cxadyo, rom umuSevrobis zrda iwvevs kumulaciur efeqts

`socialuri paTologiis` maCvenebelTa zrdaSi xuTi

wlis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, sikvdilianobis piki dge-

ba umuSevrobis pikidan daaxloebiT ori wlis Semdeg.

mTlianobaSi, ekonomikuri stresebis zemoqmedebiT

`socialuri paTologiis` calkeuli saxeebis zrda naw-

ildeba maTi obieqturi xasiaTisa da reagirebis siC-

qaris Sesabamisad: pirvel sam weliwadSi izrdeba fsi-

qikurad daavadebulTa (saavadmyofoSi moTavsebulTa),

danaSaulis (cixeebSi myof patimarTa)*, TviTmkvlelo-

bisa da mkvlelobis ricxvi. momdevno wlebSi upirate-

sad izrdeba e.w. qronikuli reaqcia _ sikvdilianobis

zogadi da kerZo maCveneblebis gadideba (sisxl-ZarRvTa

daavadebis, RviZlis cerozis Sedegad). gamokvlevam cxa-

* rogorc statistika gviCvenebs, damnaSaveTa udidesi umrav-lesoba umuSevarTa rigebidanaa da bevrs mrude gzisaken, albaT,swored am faqtorma ubiZga. aseTi daskvnis siswores dRei-saTvis saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareobac adasturebs. ai,ratomaa xelisuflebis sazrunavTa Soris erT-erTi umTavresiSromisunarianTa dasaqmeba.

*aSS-is Sromis saministros monacemebiT, umuSevarTa 45%saboloo angariSSi tovebs Sromis bazars.

** statistikuri monacemebiT, 80-iani wlebis pirveli nax-evris niu-iorkis cixeSi erTi damnaSavis wliuri Senaxvisxarjebi Seadgenda 26 aTas dolars, xolo stacionaruli avad-myofis movla-mkurnalobisa _ 78 aTas dolars.

solidur danakargebTan dakavSirebuli iseTi mniS-

vnelovani momentebic, rogoricaa: kapitalisa da `tvi-

nis` (mecnierTa da maRalkvalificiur specialistTa

kadrebis) `gadineba`, danazogebisa da syidviTunariani

moTxovnilebis Semcireba, investiciuri moTxovnis Sem-

cireba, miwodebis Sekveca, muSakTa dekvalifikacia da a.S.

umuSevrobis socialuri danaxarjebi dakav-

Sirebulia sazogadoebrivi paTologiis (fizikuri da

fsiqikuri daavadeba, damnaSaveoba da sikvdilianoba) mas-

Stabis gadidebasTan.

pirvel msxverplad TviT umuSevrebi xdebian. umuSe-

varTa umravlesobisaTvis samuSaos dakargva ufro mets

niSnavs, vidre Semosavlis Semcireba. mis gareSe pirovne-

ba kargavs ojaxis marCenalis mdgomareobas, megobrebTan

yoveldRiur urTierTobas da cxovrebis ritms. TiTq-

mis mTlianad ikargeba yvela sasicocxlo stimuli. uime-

dobis grZnoba ufro metad izrdeba axali samuSao ad-

gilis warumatebel ZiebaSi.* umuSevroba zrdis dana-

Saulisa da avadmyofebis ricxovnobas. am movlenis Sedegia

sazogadoebrivi danaxarjis gadideba.**

jon hopkinsis saxelobis universitetis wamyvanma

eqspertma m.harvei brenerma daadgina raodenobrivi urT-

585584

aqtiurobas umuSevarTa interesebis dasacavad, romel-

sac momdevno etapze, dasaqmebasTan erTad, xSirad Tan

sdevs xelfasebis momateba da mewarmeobrivi saqmiano-

bis stimulebis gaZliereba;

* samuSaos dakargvisa da umuSevarTa sarezervoarmiis rigebSi gadasvlis SiSi Sromis disciplinis

ganmtkicebis sakmaod Zlier maorganizebel Zalad gvev-

lineba;

* umuSevrebi erTimeoris konkurentebi arian, ami-tom cdiloben damqiraveblebs ufro srulyofili sam-

uSao Zala SesTavazon da intensiurad imaRleben profe-

sionalizms, xolo samuSaos miRebis Semdeg keTilsin-

disierad asruleben dakisrebul movaleobas.

aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, zomier (Sromisunarian-

Ta daaxloebiT 4-dan 6%-mde odenobiT) umuSevrobas

sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis aucilebel Tanamgza-

vrad miiCneven.

dasaqmebis stimulirebis ekonomikuri

politika da Sromis bazris regulire-

ba. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mraval qveyanaSi mTavar so-

cialur-ekonomikur amocanas warmoadgens samuSao Za-

lis dasaqmebis donis amaRleba da am mizniT xorcield-

eba dasaqmebis stimulirebis ekonomikuri politika.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sruli dasaqmeba ar gulisx-

mobs yvela Sromisunarianis erToblivad (100%-ian)

dasaqmebas. amdenad, igi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ucv-

leli sidide ki ar aris, aramed realurad TiTqmis

ganuwyvetliv icvleba Semdeg faqtorTa gavleniT:

* qveynis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis dinamika;

dyo, rom umuSevrobis gadideba 1%-iT (Tu igi Senar-

Cunebuli iqneba xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi) mosaxleobis

sikvdilianobas 2%-iT adidebs, umuSevrobis erTi weli

ki adamians arTmevs sicocxlis xuT wels.

umuSevroba, rogorc makroekonomikuri arastabil-

urobis gamovlineba, saboloo angariSiT, ra Tqma unda,

negatiuri movlenaa, magram calkeuli dadebiTi momen-

tebi mis SedegebSic SeiniSneba. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is,

rom:

* umuSevroba niSnavs dausaqmebeli (Tanac, Ziri-

Tadad kvalificiuri da gamocdili) samuSao Zalis

rezervis arsebobas, romelic, sxva faqtorebTan erTad,

warmoebis zrdis uzrunvelyofis garants warmoadgens.

sabWoTa periodSi intensiuri ganviTarebis relsebze

gadayvanis siZneleebi mniSvnelovanwilad dakavSirebuli

iyo e.w. srul dasaqmebasTan. axali raionebis aTvisebas,

warmoebis axali mimarTulebebis ganviTarebas seriozu-

lad aferxebda kvalificiur muSakTa Tavisufali, sarez-

ervo armiis ararseboba. dasaqmebuli muSakebi, cxadia,

irCevdnen muSaobis gagrZelebas Zvel, tradiciul, wleb-

is ganmavlobaSi SeCveul adgilebze;

* friqciuli umuSevroba, ara marto gardauvalad,

aramed raRac zomiT sasurveladac iTvleba imitom, rom

mravali momuSave dabalanazRaurebadi, naklebproduqti-

uli samuSaodan gadadis ufro maRalanazRaurebad da

produqtiul samuSaoze. amis Sedegad, erTi mxriv, izreba

maTi Semosavali da keTildReoba, xolo, meore mxriv,

farTovdeba maRalproduqtiuli, prioritetuli produ-

qciis warmoebis masStabebi;

* umuSevrobis arseboba zrdis profkavSirebis

587586

mkveTri cvlilebebiT.

am pirobebSi erTimeores upirispirdeba ekonomikuri

politikis sxvadasxva saSualebebi: erToblivi moTxov-

nis stimulireba iwvevs inflaciis zrdas, xolo aqti-

uri saqmianobis Senelebis antiinflaciuri RonisZiebe-

bi _ umuSevrobis donis gadidebas.

keinzianuri politikis ̀ sruli dasaqmebis` marcxma

gaaZliera `monetaruli skolis` gavlena. am skolis

warmomadgenlebi moiTxoven saxelmwifo regulirebis

programebis Sekvecas, socialur saWiroebaze danaxar-

jis Semcirebas, sakredito-fuladi SezRudvis gadide-

bas koniunqturuli meryeobis asacileblad. monetar-

istebi eyrdnobian sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis

neoklasikur models da maT aqcenti gadaaqvT ekonomikis

TviTregulirebad Zalebze, romlebsac SeuZliaT ekonomika

avtomaturad gadaiyvanon myar gawonasworebul mdgo-

mareobaSi. mis swrafad misaRwevad da SesanarCuneblad

monetaristebi gvTavazoben Sesabamisi sakredito-fula-

di politikis gamoyenebas. Tanamedrove amerikuli ̀ neolib-

eralizmis` wamyvanma Teoretikosma, `Cikagos skolis`

meTaurma m.fridmenma maRali dasaqmebis donis Senar-

Cunebis SesaZleblobis keinzianur Teziss daupirispira

umuSevrobis `bunebrivi donis` aucileblad arsebobis

Tezisi.

dasaqmebis regulirebis saSualebebi da meTodebi

gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT. 90-iani wlebidan msof-

lios wamyvan qveynebSi, dasaqmebis politikis intensi-

fikaciis mizniT, Sromis bazarze zemoqmedebis konkret-

uli RonisZiebebi gamoiyeneba Semdegi oTxi mimarTulebiT:

samuSao adgilebis miwodebis zrda. misi

* teqnikuri da teqnologiuri progresi erovnu-

li meurneobis yvela dargSi;

* makroekonomikis struqturis cvlileba;

* qveynis saerTaSoriso kavSirebis cvlileba;

* Zvrebi samuSao Zalis profesiul struqturasa

da kvalifikaciis doneSi;

* saSualo-profesiuli da umaRlesi saswavlo

dawesebulebebis studentTa ricxovnobis ryevebi.

amitom, bunebrivad dgeba grZelvadiani periodis-

aTvis qveynis mosaxleobis dasaqmebis prognozirebis

aucilebloba, yvela zemoT aRniSnuli faqtoris gaTval-

iswinebiT. aseTi prognozireba dasaqmebis efeqtiani sax-

elmwifo politikis safuZvelia.

samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs mSromelTa

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis socialuri

garantiebis mTeli sistema.

am sistemis umTavresi elementia dasaqmebis reg-

ulireba, romlis mizania kvlavwarmoebis procesis nor-

maluri msvlelobis uzrunvelyofa, agreTve, Sromasa da

kapitals Soris winaaRmdegobis Serbileba.

unda aRiniSnos, rom XX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde

dasaqmebis regulirebis politika muSavdeboda keinzia-

nuri Teoriis safuZvelze, romelic dasaqmebis Senar-

Cunebis mTavar saSualebad Tvlis erToblivi moTxovnis

stimulirebas. TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa keinzianuri

politikis dabali efeqtianoba. es srulebiTac ar aix-

sneba saxelmwifos mier `sruli dasaqmebis` misaRwevad

saxsrebis gamoyofis naklebobiT. upirveles yovlisa,

SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia umuSevrobisa da inflaciis Sexam-

ebam, romelic Rrmavdeboda ekonomikuri koniunqturis

589588

fesiuli da regionuli mobilurobis zrda umuSevrebis

mier profesiis an sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvlis SemTx-

vevaSi maTi materialuri waxalisebis xarjze;

samuSao Zalis miwodebis Semcireba Sro-

mis bazarze da samuSao adgilebis SenarCuneba: a)

muSaobis msurvelTa imigraciis (qveyanaSi Semosvlis)

SezRudva da ucxoelTa repatriaciis (samSobloSi dab-

runebis) stimulireba; b) arsebuli samuSao adgilebis

SenarCuneba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis, dotaciisa da sxva

RonisZiebaTa gamoyenebis meSveobiT.

da bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom dapirispirebulTa

Tanafardobis (ùmuSevroba-dasaqmeba`) regulireba uSu-

alod aris dakavSirebuli mosaxleobis umetesi nawi-

lis mier xelfasis saxiT miRebuli fulis raodenobis

cvlilebisa da, saerTod, qveynis fuladi mimoqcevis cv-

lilebisagan, rac xSirad makroekonomikuri arastabil-

urobis meore mniSvnelovani maCvenebliT _ inflaciiT

vlindeba.

ganxorcielebis meqanizmia: a) samuSao Zalis dasaqirave-

blad mewarmeebisaTvis saxelmwifo dotaciis gacema; b)

im umuSevarTa (damwyeb mewarmeTa) materialuri waxa-

liseba, romlebsac Tavisi sakuTari saqmis wamowyeba

aqvT ganzraxuli; g) samuSao adgilebis miwodebis zrda

momsaxurebis sferoSi; d) axali samuSao adgilebis

Seqmnis tradiciuli saSualebebi (igulisxmeba samuSao

adgilebis Seqmnis saxelmwifo programebis realizacia,

romelic sakmaod ZviradRirebuli RonisZiebaa) da sa-

zogadoebrivi samuSaoebis organizeba (infrastruqtur-

is sferoSi _ maRalxarisxiani gzebis mSenebloba da

a.S.), gansakuTrebiT xangrZlivi drois manZilze samuSaos

armqone pirebisa da axalgazrdebisaTvis.

arsebuli samuSaos moculobis gadanaw-

ileba: a) arsebuli samuSao adgilebis gadanawileba

SromaSi axalgazrdebis CarTvis asakis gadawevis, ucx-

oeli samuSao Zalis daqiravebis Semcirebis gziT; b)

samuSao adgilebis Seqmna samuSao drois kanonmdeblo-

biT dadgenili xangrZlivobis Semcirebis, saSualo Sve-

bulebis gaxangrZlivebis, sapensio asakis Semcirebisa da

pensiaze vadaze adre gasvlis waxalisebis xarjze. amasTan,

cudi koniunqturis pirobebSi arsebuli samuSaos moc-

ulobis gadanawilebisa da samuSao Zalis miwodebis

regulirebis instrumentia agreTve nawilobrivi

dasaqmeba, romlis drosac saxelmwifo xSirad ko-

mpensaciis saxiT ixdis wminda xelfasis 50%-ze mets;

`Seguebis strategiis` gamoyeneba: a) samu-

Sao Zalaze moTxovnisa da misi miwodebis Tvisebrivi

Segueba samuSao Zalis gadamzadebis, kvalifikaciis amaR-

lebisa da reabilitaciis gziT; b) samuSao Zalis pro-

591590

stabilurobis meore mniSvnelovani indikatoria. termi-

ni ìnflacia` (laT. Inflatio _ gaberva) pirvelad gam-

oiyenes aSS-Si 1861-1865 wlebSi mimdinare samoqalaqo

omis dros, Semdeg ki _ inglissa da safrangeTSi.

ekonomikur literaturaSi es termini farTod damkvidr-

da pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg.

Tanamedrove gansazRvrebiT, inflaciaSi igulisxme-

ba qaRaldis fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris (Rire-

bulebis) dacema da amis Sedegad fasebis saerTo

donis amaRleba. am ukanasknels xazs vusvamT imitom,

rom inflaciis periodSi yvela saqonelsa da momsax-

urebaze erTdroulad rodi izrdeba fasebi. inflaciis

sakmaod swrafi zrdis drosac ki zogierT saqonelze

(momsaxurebaze) fasi SeiZleba stabiluri darCes, xolo

zogierTze Semcirdes kidec. an kidev, rogorc wesi, fasebi

izrdeba araTanabarzomierad: saqonlisa da momsaxureb-

is erT nawilze matulobs naxtomiseburad, meoreze _

Tanabari tempebiT, xolo mesame nawilze saerTod ar

matulobs.

TviT fasebis zrdac yovelTvis rodi gamoxatavs

inflaciur process. rogorc viciT, fasebis zrda dakav-

Sirebulia samomxmareblo saqonlis moTxovnis miwode-

baze gadametebasTan. magram calkeul saqonlur bazarze

aseTi disproporciiT ganpirobebuli maRali fasebi jer

kidev araa inflacia. inflaciur xasiaTs igi Rebulobs

maSin, roca disproporcia moTxovnis sasargeblod xan-

grZlivi da sayovelTao xasiaTis matarebelia da mTeli

qveynis masStabiT matulobs fasebis saerTo done.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom fasebis yovelgvari mateba

araa inflaciis mauwyebeli. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

leqcia 27. inflacia da

antiinflaciuri regulireba

ìnflaciis uSualo mizezi

yovelTvis da yvelgan erTi da

igivea: fulis raodenobis uzo-

mod swrafi zrda warmoebis

moculobasTan SedarebiT~.m.fridmeni

`ganuwyveteli inflaciis

meSveobiT saxelmwifos SeuZlia

Tavisi moqalaqeebis simdidris

mniSvnelovani nawilis mTlianad

da SeumCnevlad konfiskacia~.j.m.keinzi

am Temas davasrulebT uwonasworobis da wonas-

worobis ganxilviT Tanamedrove ekonomikis iseT sasic-

ocxlod mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rogoricaa fuladi mi-

moqceva. es ukanaskneli Tavis TavSi moicavs ori pirda-

pir dapirispirebuli mdgomareobis (1. saqonlisa da

fulis RirebulebaTa Tanasworobis da 2. am Tanas-

worobis darRvevis) SesaZleblobas. amasTan dakavSire-

biT, axla Cven mogviwevs msoflioSi farTod gavrcele-

buli da yvela adamianSi usiamovno gancdebis aRmZvreli

iseTi movlenis Seswavla, rogoricaa inflacia.

inflaciis arsi da zogadi tenden-

ciebi. inflacia makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis ara-

593592

qaRaldis fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris (Rire-

bulebis) dacema (gaufasureba) gamomdinareobs iqidan,

rom mas sakuTari Rirebuleba ar gaaCnia. igi oqros

fulis Semcvlelia, warmomadgenelia mimoqcevaSi. amitom

ra raodenobiTac ar unda iyos igi gamoSvebuli, yovelTvis

warmoadgens oqros fulis im raodenobas, rac sWirdeba

mimoqcevas.

saqonlis fasi SeiZleba gaizardos liTonis fu-

ladi sistemis drosac, magram arc esaa inflacia. magal-

iTad, cnobilia, rom amerikis oqros sabadoebis aRmoCe-

nis Semdeg evropaSi sabazro fasebi erTob gaizarda,

magram es moxda imis gamo, rom amerikis mdidar saba-

doebSi oqros mopoveba gaiafda da, amis Sedegad, misi

Rirebuleba Semcirda, xolo saqonlis fasi da fulis

Rirebuleba ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia erT-

maneTTan.

drosa da sivrceSi lokalizebul inflaciebs didi

xnis istoria aqvs. Cv. w/aR-mde III saukunis bolos

hanibalma, romis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli omis dros, Tavisi

xarjebis dafinansebisaTvis pergamentis* fuli gamouS-

va, romelic male gaufasurda da mimoqcevidan amoiRes.

XIII saukuneSi Cingis-xanis SviliSvilma xubilai-yaenma,

CineTis taxtze yofnisas, veeberTela samxedro xarjeb-

is dafinansebisaTvis qaRaldis fuli gamouSva, romelic

* pergamenti _ gansakuTrebuli wesiT damuSavebuli xbos,batknis an Tiknis tyavia, romelsac qaRaldis gamogonebamdesawerad iyenebdnen.

fasi SeiZleba gaizardos xarisxis gaumjobesebis, bune-

brivi resursebis mopovebis gaZnelebis, sazogadoebis

moTxovnilebaTa Secvlis da sxva garemoebaTa Sedegad.

fasebis aseTi zrda araa inflaciuri movlena, romelsac

safuZvlad udevs Seusabamoba mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis

masasa da sarealizacio saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasTa

jams Soris. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, inflacias adg-

ili aqvs maSin, rodesac mimoqcevaSi imaze meti qaRal-

dis fulia, vidre sarealizacio saqonlis (momsaxureb-

is) yidva-gayidvas sWirdeba.

aq isic unda aRiniSnos, rom inflacia axasiaTebs

mxolod qaRaldis fulad sistemas. liTonis fuladi

sistemis dros inflacia gamoricxulia, radgan Zvirfa-

si liTonebis fuli ar SeiZleba mimoqcevaSi aRmoCndes

imaze meti raodenobiT, vidre saWiroa savaWro garigebe-

bisaTvis. aq saqonlis (momsaxurebis) Rirebulebis da

fulis masis sidideTa wonasworoba miiRweoda rogor-

Rac àvtomaturad`. Tu raime mizeziT sarealizacio

saqonlis miwodeba Semcirdeboda, Zvirfasi liTonebis

monetebis nawili mimoqcevidan gadioda da ganZad iq-

ceoda. Tuki fuli kvlav gaxdeboda saWiro savaWro

garigebebisaTvis, igi kvlav xvdeboda mimoqcevaSi. in-

flacias adgili ar hqonda oqros standartis epoqa-

Sic, rodesac qaRaldis fuli Tavisuflad icvleboda

oqroze. magram, rodesac aseTi gacvla uqmdeba (amJamad

igi gauqmebulia mTel msoflioSi), ukve aRar arsebobs

saqonlisa da fulis nakadebis wonasworobis winande-

li avtomaturad Semkavebeli meqanizmi, qaRaldis fuli

mudmivad rCeba mimoqcevaSi da ganuwyvetliv ufasurde-

ba.

595594

naSi raime eqstremalur viTarebas ukavSirdeboda. Tan-

amedrove periodis inflacia umravles qveynebSi, rogorc

omebis, aseve mSvidobianobis periodSic TiTqmis uwyvetad

mimdinareobs.

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan inflacias yovlis-

momcveli xasiaTi aqvs da TiTqmis normad iqca, Tumca

calkeul periodebSi SeiniSneboda arsebiTi gansxvave-

bani fasebis zrdis siswrafeSi. magaliTad, rogorc 9.9

cxrilidan Cans, aSS-Si inflacias sxvadasxva parametre-

biT adgili hqonda XX saukunis aTidan 8 aTwleulSi,

cxrili 9.9

inflaciisa da deflaciis saSualo wliuri

maCveneblebi XX saukunis aSS-Si

(aTwleulebis mixedviT)

inflaciis (+) da deflaciis (_)saSualo wliuri maCveneblebi (%-obiT)aTwleulebi

1900-1909

1910-1919

1920-1929

1930-1939

1940-1949

1950-1959

1960-1969

1970-1979

1980-1989

1990-1999

1.1

7.9

-1.8

-1.7

5.6

1.0

2.7

7.8

5.6

3.0

male gaufasurda. XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi nadir Sah-

ma Tavisi samxedro xarjebis dafinansebisaTvis abreSu-

mis qsovilis fuli gamouSva, romelic aseve male gaufa-

surda da amoRebuli iqna mimoqcevidan. inflaciebs ad-

gili hqonda aSS-Si damoukideblobisaTvis omis dros

(1775-1783 ww.), safrangeTSi _ didi burJuaziuli rev-

oluciis dros (1789-1794 ww.), ruseTSi _ ekaterine II-

is mefobis dros (ruseT-osmaleTis omi, 1769-1775 ww.).

yvela am SemTxvevaSi inflacia omebTan iyo dakav-

Sirebuli, romelTa damTavrebisas inflacia wydeboda,

mimoqcevis arxebs kvlav liTonis fuli ikavebda da

qveynis ekonomika Cveulebrivi mimarTulebiT viTardebo-

da.

inflaciam yovlismomcveli xasiaTi mxolod maSin

SeiZina, roca oqros fuli mimoqcevidan mTlianad gam-

oidevna da misi adgili qaRaldis fulma daimkvidra.

ase, pirveli msoflio omis periodSi (1914-1918 ww.)

meomarma saxelmwifoebma TavianTi samxedro da sxva xar-

jebis dafinansebisaTvis farTod mimarTes qaRaldis

fulis emisias, ramac arnaxulad gaaufasura igi.

marTalia, omis damTavrebis Semdeg iyo oqros fu-

lis mimoqcevis aRdgenis warumatebeli mcdeloba, magram

qaRaldis fulma, misma fuladma sistemam mimoqcevidan

mTlianad da sabolood gamodevna oqros fuli, misi

sistema.

adreuli epoqis inflaciebsa da XX saukunis 20-

iani wlebis Semdgomi periodis inflaciebs Soris ar-

sebiTi gansxvavebebia. adreuli periodis inflaciebi

lokaluri xasiaTisa iyo da isini erT romelime qveya-

597596

rogorc Cans, inflaciis done gansakuTrebiT maRali iyo

1973 da 1983 wlebs Soris periodSi da SedarebiT

dabali _ 80-iani wlebis Sua xanebsa da Semdgom wleb-

Si.

inflaciis mizezebi. Tanamedrove pirobeb-

Si saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebis inflaciuri gaZ-

virebis mizezebi mravalnairia. sakiTxis gamartivebisaTvis,

isini SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad: Siga da gare (saerTa-

Soriso) mizezebad.

inflaciis Siga mizezebs miekuTvneba:

* saxelmwifo xarjebis gadameteba Semosav-

lebze, rac gamoixateba saxelmwifo biujetis defi-

citSi da, romlis drosac mTavroba Cveulebriv mimar-

Tavs Siga saxelmwifo valis gadidebas (fasiani qaRalde-

bis gamoSveba, kreditis aReba, romlebic SemdegSi misive

gasastumrebelia);

* damatebiTi gadaxdisunariani moTxovnilebis

Seqmna samxedro asignebaTa gadidebis gziT, rac

apirobebs fuladi masis zrdas Sesabamisi saqonluri

masiT dafarvis gareSe. es pirveli mizezis gaRrmavebu-

li da specifikuri variantia, ramdenadac, saboloo anga-

riSiT, saxelmwifo biujetis mwvave deficiturobaSi

poulobs gamoxatulebas;

* centraluri bankis mier daSvebuli fulis

gaZlierebuli emisia, saxelmwifos mzard saWiroeba-

Ta dasafaravad, rac fulis mkveTrad gazrdasa da ga-

ufasurebas iwvevs;

* komerciuli bankebis mier ganxorcielebu-

rodesac dolaris msyidvelobiTi unari ecemoda, xolo

fasebis saerTo done maRldeboda. amasTan, adgili hqon-

da deflaciis or aTwleulsac, romlis ganmavlobaSi

dolaris msyidvelobiTi unari izrdeboda, fasebis saerTo

done ki mcirdeboda.

sxvadasxva qveynebis inflaciis maCvenebelTa anal-

izi miuTiTebs maT mniSvnelobaTa kidev ufro farTo

diapazonze. ase magaliTad, 80-90-ian wlebSi inflaciis

saSualo wliuri maCvenebeli Seadgenda: germaniaSi 2,6%-

s, aSS-Si _ 5,6%-s, did britaneTSi _ 6,5%-s, safrangeT-

Si _ 6,3%-s, italiaSi _ 9,6%-s.

qvemoT motanil 9.6 naxazze naCvenebia inflaciis

done iaponiaSi, did britaneTSi, evrokavSirSi (15 qveya-

na), aSS-sa da eTgo-Si XX saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis.

nax. 9.6. inflaciis done zogierT ganviTarebulqveyanasa da qveyanaTa jgufSi (1966-2000 ww.)

inf

lac

ia

(sac

alo fas

ebis zrdis %) i aponi a

didi britaneTi

evrokavSiri (15 qveyana)a S SeT g o

599598

* inflaciis molodini. es SeiZleba warmovidgi-

noT Semdegnairad: jer erTi, momxmareblebi yiduloben

xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi saqonelsa da momsax-

urebas maRal fasebSi da, vinaidan kargaven imeds maTs

Semcirebaze, iZenen saqonels mimdinare moTxovnebTan Se-

darebiT meti odenobiT; meore, paralelurad ibrZvian

xelfasis momatebisaTvis, rac ganxorcielebis SemTx-

vevaSi xels Seuwyobs mimdinare samomxmareblo moTxov-

nis gafarToebas; mesame, mwarmoeblebi TavianT produq-

ciaze aweseben sul ufro maRal fasebs im motiviT, rom

uaxloes xanSi mosalodnelia nedleulis, masalebis da

makompleqtebeli nawarmis kidev ufro gaZvireba. amave

mizeziT isini afarToeben warmoebis resursebis SeZenas.

yovelive amis Sedegad fasebi izrdeba ara marto adre

daukmayofilebeli gadaxdisunariani moTxovnilebis

donemde, aramed mosalodnel oficialur sididemdec.

inflaciis gare (saerTaSoriso) mizezebs mi-

ekuTvneba:

* saxelmwifos mier Tavisi sagareo valis

gadideba sxva qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso safinanso

organizaciebisagan sesxebis aRebis gziT;

* centraluri da komerciuli bankebis mier

erovnuli fulis niSnebis ucxour valutaze gacv-

lis operaciebis warmoeba, rac qaRaldis fulis

niSnebis damatebiTi gamoSvebis aucileblobas warmoSobs;

* msoflio bazarze warmoebis saSualebaTa

fasebis zrda, rac iwvevs maTi fasebis gadidebas qvey-

nis SigniTac;

* bunebrivi resursebis SemcirebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli struqturuli krizisebi msoflio

li sakredito eqspansia (kreditebis gacema msesxe-

blebze valis dabrunebis SesaZleblobaTa gauTvaliswine-

blad). saqme isaa, rom bankebis mier kreditebis gacema

mimoqcevaSi qaRaldis fulis masas zrdis, xolo mov-

aleTa mier bankisaTvis kreditebis dabruneba fulis

masas amcirebs.* amitomaa, rom kreditis moZraobas sWird-

eba mkacri kontroli. centralurma bankma unda daareg-

uliros komerciuli bankebis saqmianoba kreditis gace-

mis sferoSi;

* grZelvadiani kapitaluri dabandebis masSta-

bebis gadideba, rac iwvevs imas, rom didi xnis ganmav-

lobaSi qveyana ver Rebulobs raimenair ukugebas daxar-

juli fulidan;

* bazris struqturis Secvla XX saukuneSi.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs srulyofili konkurenciis bazris

Secvla ZiriTadad oligopoliuri bazriT, romelic

uzrunvelyofs xelovnurad maRali (monopoliuri) fase-

bis dawesebas da xangrZlivi droiT SenarCunebas.

konkurentebi cdiloben saqonelze maRali fasis Senar-

Cunebas da dainteresebulni arian xelovnurad Seqmnan

deficiti _ Seamciron saqonlis warmoeba da miwodeba;

* SeiZleba vinmem ifiqros: ra mniSvneloba aqvs fuls bankidangaitan Tu bankSi Seitan, sazogadoebaSi arsebuli fulis masaamiT xom ar Seicvlebao. saqme imaSia, rom fulis niSani namdvilfuls warmoadgens mxolod maSin, roca igi sabanko sistemisgareTaa. fulis niSani bankis seifSi ar aris namdvili fuli, isnamdvil fulad iqceva, roca ̀ xelzea`, e.i. bankidan gamosulia.

601600

lil mizezTa sxvadasxva kombinaciiT gamowveuli in-

flaciis sami tipi: 1. moTxovniseuli (moTxovnis si-

WarbiT gamowveuli) inflacia; 2. danaxarjebiseuli (dan-

axarjebis zrdiT gamowveuli) inflacia da 3. struq-

turuli (moTxovnis ZvrebiT gamowveuli) inflacia.

moTxovniseuli inflacia niSnavs erTobliv

moTxovnasa da erTobliv miwodebas Soris wonasworo-

bis darRvevas, romelic ganpirobebulia saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis realur moculobasTan SedarebiT mosax-

leobisa da sawarmoebis fuladi Semosavlebis ufro

swrafi tempebiT zrdiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es

aris situacia, romelsac iwvevs erToblivi moTxovnis

siWarbe erTobliv miwodebasTan SedarebiT; situacia,

roca èrTob bevri fuli nadirobs saqonlis erTob

mcire raodenobaze`.

tradiciulad, cvlilebebi fasebis doneSi Warbi

erToblivi moTxovniT aixsneba. am ukanasknels ki, Tavis

mxriv, safuZvlad udevs saxelmwifos (samxedro da so-

cialuri) SekveTebis gafarToeba, warmoebis saSualebe-

bze sawarmoTa mxridan moTxovnis gadideba, Semosavleb-

is zrdis kvalobaze mosaxleobis gadaxdisunarianobis

donis amaRleba da a.S. bevr SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos ar

ZaluZs upasuxos am Warb moTxovnas saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis Sesabamisi moculobis gadidebiT, radgan

ekonomika `srulad datvirTulia`. aseT viTarebaSi es

Warbi moTxovna apirobebs saqonlis (momsaxurebis)

fasebis zrdas da moTxovniseul (anu moTxovnis siWar-

biT gamowveul) inflacias.

erToblivi moTxovnis siWarbiT gamowveuli in-

flacia, Cveulebriv, asocirdeba bumTan ekonomikaSi. ami-

ekonomikaSi, romlebic iwveven warmoebis faqtorTa

gaZvirebas yvela qveyanaSi;

* saxelmwifoTaSoris warmoebuli omebi, rom-

lebsac Tan axlavs udidesi moTxovna fulze, ramac Sei-

Zleba calkeul qveynebSi fulad da saqonlur masas

Soris disbalansi gamoiwvios.*

inflaciis mizezebis umravlesoba praqtikulad

yvela qveyanaSi SeiniSneba. Tumca, am procesis sxvadasxva

faqtorTa kombinacia damokidebulia ama Tu im period-

Si arsebul konkretul ekonomikur pirobebze. magali-

Tad, meore msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave dasavleT

evropis qveynebSi inflacia dakavSirebuli iyo mravali

saxeobis saqonlis mwvave deficitTan. momdevno peri-

odSi inflaciis procesis gaRrmavebis umTavres faq-

torebad iqca saxelmwifos xarjebis zrda, fasebsa da

xelfass Soris axali Tanafardoba, inflaciis importi

da sxv. postsocialistur qveynebSi da maT Soris

saqarTveloSic 90-iani wlebidan moyolebuli inflaciis

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes mizezad mogvevlina fasebis

liberalizacia saqonlis mwvave deficitis pirobebSi.

ekonomikur literaturaSi gamoiyofa zemoT CamoTv-

* unda SevniSnoT, rom meore msoflio omis periodSi amg-vari situacia warmoqmna da gaaZliera, erTi mxriv, germanelebismier yalbad moWrili sabWoTa fulis (maneTis) mimoqcevaSididi raodenobiT gaSvebam da, meore mxriv, okupirebul raioneb-Si sabWoTa kavSiris mier didZali materialuri simdidrisdakargvam.

603602

xdeba es: saxelmwifo maRal fasebs uxdis misi SekveTe-

bis Semsruleblebs. mewarmeebs saSualeba eZlevaT, SeiZ-

inon Zvirfasi nedleuli da masalebi, muSakebs gadauxa-

don maRali xelfasi. amave dros, saWiroebis mixedviT,

saxelmwifo aZlierebs fulis emisias, zrdis sakredi-

to sargebels. yovelive amiT xelSemwyobi pirobebi iqm-

neba inflaciisaTvis.

rac Seexeba profkavSirebs, isini ibrZvian muSakTa

xelfasis gadidebisaTvis, romlis realizacia aZlierebs

rogorc moTxovniseul, ise danaxarjebiseul inflacias.

analogiuri Sedegi mosdevs monopoliebis mier TavianT

produqciaze monopoliuri fasebis dawesebas.

arsebobs agreTve struqturuli inflacia,

romelic gamowveulia makroekonomikuri dargTaSorisi

daubalanseblobiT. aseT pirobebSi calkeuli dargebi

ver axerxeben TavianTi nawarmiT bazris gajerebas, rac

iwvevs fasebis inflaciur zrdas deficitad qceul

produqciaze.

struqturuli inflacia Zalian Zneli dasaZlevia,

ramdenadac igi saWiroebs didZal investiciebs, xolo

misgan ukugebis miReba mokle periodSi ver xerxdeba.

inflaciis es forma SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba. igi

Tavs iCens ZiriTadad teqnikuri progresiT gamowveuli

Zireuli Zvrebis periodSi, samxedro warmoebis konver-

siis ganxorcielebisas da sxva analogiur eqstremalur

situaciebSi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom XX saukunis meore naxevarSi xan-

grZlivi drois manZilze ekonomikurad ganviTarebul

arc erT qveyanaSi erTdroulad ar SeiniSneboda sruli

dasaqmeba, Tavisufali bazari da fasebis stabiluroba.

tom mravali ekonomisti amtkicebs, rom es aris moTxov-

nis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevrobis sawinaaRmdego

movlena. rodesac ekonomika imyofeba daqveiTebis fazaSi,

moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevroba iqneba

Zalian maRali, xolo moTxovnis siWarbiT gamowveuli

inflacia _ Zalian dabali. rodesac, piriqiT, ekonomika

uaxlovdeba saqmiani aqtivobis ciklis bumis fazas, moTx-

ovnis siWarbiT gamowveuli inflacia iqneba maRali,

moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevroba ki _ da-

bali.

danaxarjebiseuli inflacia ewodeba war-

moebis xarjebis zrdiT gamowveul fasebis gadidebas.

maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi inflaciis mizezi xdeba war-

moebis xarjebis zrda. danaxarjebis zrda SeiZleba

gamowveuli iyos: xelfasis zrdiT; nedleulis, masaleb-

isa da saTbobis gaZvirebiT; axali teqnikisa da te-

qnologiis aTvisebiT da a.S. warmoebis xarjebis zrda

iwvevs warmoebisa da miwodebis Sekvecas da, amrigad,

fasebis matebas, e.i. inflaciur process.

inflaciis zemoT CamoTvlili tipebi erTimeoris-

agan Zneli gansasxvavebelia, ramdenadac isini mWidrod

urTierTzemoqmedeben. magaliTad, xelfasi SeiZleba war-

mogvidges, erTi mxriv, moTxovniseuli inflaciisa da,

meore mxriv, danaxarjebiseuli inflaciis wyarod.

sabazro ekonomikis qveynebis praqtika mowmobs, rom

xSirad erTdroulad SeiniSneba moTxovnis siWarbiT

gamowveuli (moTxovniseuli) da danaxarjebis zrdiT

gamowveuli (danaxarjebiseuli) inflacia. Semosavlisa

da danaxarjebis zrdis ganmsazRvrel subieqtebad gvev-

linebian: profkavSirebi, saxelmwifo da firmebi. ai, rogor

605604

fasebis indeqsebis daxmarebiT angariSoben inflaci-

is temps. inflaciis tempi udris mimdinare wlis

fasebis indeqss minus sabaziso wlis fasebis indeqsi,

gayofili sabaziso wlis indeqsze da gamravlebuli

100-ze. magaliTad, Tu sabaziso (2000) wlis samomx-

mareblo fasebis indeqsi Seadgenda 105%-s, maSin Cveni

magaliTis mixedviT, mimdinare (2005) wels inflaciis

tempi iqneba 90,5% ( x100), inflaciis saSualo

wliuri tempi ki iqneba 18,1% (90,5:5).

qvemoT motanili 9.10 cxrili naTel warmodgenas

iZleva imaze, Tu rogori iyo inflaciis done (samomx-

mareblo fasebis indeqsis mixedviT) msoflios zogi-

erT qveyanaSi XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze.

saqarTveloSi inflaciis donis gasazomad samomx-

mareblo fasebis indeqsis (sfi) gaangariSeba daiwyes

1992 wlidan saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis teqni-

kuri daxmarebis proeqtis farglebSi da rekomendacie-

bis safuZvelze.*

sfi zomavs im fasebis cvlilebas, romelsac qala-

qis mosaxleoba ixdis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fiq-

sirebuli kalaTis SesaZenad.

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gaangariSebi-

saTvis gamoiyeneba ori tipis monacemTa baza.

1. monacemebi saSualo fasebis cvlilebis Sesaxeb,

200-105105

* sfi dReisaTvis erTaderTi maCvenebelia, romelic zomavsqveyanaSi inflaciis dones.

fasebi izrdeboda mudmivad, 60-iani wlebis dasasrul-

idan TviT ekonomikuri dacemisa da uZraobis periodeb-

Sic, rac uCveulo iyo ganviTarebis adreul etapebze. am

movlenam stagflaciis (stagnacia plus inflacia)

saxelwodeba miiRo, rac gamoxatavs fasebis inflaciur

zrdas warmoebis uZraobis, stagnaciisa da ekonomikuri

krizisis pirobebSi.

inflaciis gazomva. inflaciis yovelmxrivi

Seswavla gulisxmobs ara marto misi Tvisebrivi rao-

bis (arsis) garkvevas, aramed raodenobriv gazomvasac. am

mizniT iyeneben inflaciis donisa da tempis maCveneblebs.

inflaciis done izomeba fasis indeqsis gamoyenebiT.

fasis indeqsi aris SefardebiTi sidide, romelic

gviCvenebs fasis cvlilebas droSi. misi gaangariSebi-

saTvis saWiroa sabaziso wlis fasebi CaiTvalos 100-

is tolad, xolo danarCeni wlebis fasebis cvlileba

gamoiangariSeba mis mimarT procentobiT. magaliTad, Tu

samomxmareblo saqonlis garkveuli kompleqtis faseb-

is jami 2000 wels Seadgenda 20 aTas lars, xolo

2005 wels miaRwia 40 aTas lars, es imas niSnavs, rom

fasebis indeqsi 2005 wels Seadgenda 200%-s (40:20X100),

anu samomxmareblo saqonlis fasebi 2005 wels 100%-

iT maRali iyo, vidre 2000 wels. fasis indeqsi in-

flaciis donis maCvenebelicaa, radgan masSi gamoxatu-

lia is, Tu rogor Seicvala fulis msyidvelobiTi un-

ari. Tu `samomxmareblo kalaTis` fasis indeqsi 200%-

ia, anu 2,0-s Seadgens, es imas niSnavs, rom samomxmareblo

saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasebi 2-jer gaizarda, e.i. 2-

jer daeca fulis msyidvelobiTi unari.

607606

is centrSi) yoveli Tvis erTidaigive periodSi (yove-

li Tvis 10-dan 20 ricxvamde), erTidaigive saxis, speci-

fikis saqonelze (momsaxurebaze).

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebi (tarifebi),

romlebic gamoiyeneba sfi-s gamosaTvlelad, grovdeba

daaxloebiT ori aTas sacalo vaWrobisa da momsaxure-

bis obieqtSi _ maRaziebSi, bazrebSi, bazrobebze, super-

marketebSi, benzingasamarT sadgurebSi, klinikebSi da a.S.

individualuri indeqsebis bazaze gaiangariSeba

agregirebuli indeqsebi TiToeuli sasaqonlo jgufi-

saTvis rogorc TiToeuli qalaqisaTvis, aseve mTlianad

qveynisaTvis. mosaxleobis xvedriT wilebad gamoiyeneba

dasakvirvebeli qalaqis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis wili

saqarTvelos mTliani mosaxleobidan.

rac Seexeba xvedriT wonebs samomxmareblo kala-

Tis 311 sasaqonlo poziciisaTvis, isini Camoyalibebu-

lia 2002-2003 wlebSi Catarebuli Sinameurneobebis

kvlevis safuZvelze.

sfi-s gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba formula:

sadac

p1 aris saqonlis fasi Sesadar periodSi;

p0 _ saqonlis fasi sabaziso periodSi;

qo _ sabaziso periodSi moxmarebul saqonelze

xarjis moculoba.

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi asaxavs fasebis

cvlilebas sabaziso welTan SedarebiT. dReisaTvis gaan-

gariSebis bazas warmoadgens 2003 wlis dekemberi =

I = p1q0p0q0

romelic miiReba fiqsirebul samomxmareblo kalaTaSi

Semavali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yovelTviuri reg-

istraciis gziT.

2. mosaxleobis samomxmareblo xarjebis struq-

tura.

samomxmareblo fasebis (tarifebis) yovelTviuri

registracia xorcieldeba saqarTvelos xuT did qalaqSi

(Tbilisi, baTumi, quTaisi, gori da Telavi). samomxmare-

blo kalaTa, romelSic Sedis 311 dasaxelebis saqoneli

da momsaxureba erTidaigivea xuTive qalaqisaTvis. sa-

momxmareblo kalaTisaTvis SerCeulia is saqoneli da

momsaxureba, romelsac SeiZens tipuri momxmarebeli.

samomxmareblo fasebisa da tarifebis yovelTvi-

uri registraciis gziT ganisazRvreba saSualo Sesa-

dari fasebi. Sesadarad iTvleba fasi, romelic dafiq-

sirebulia erTidaigive savaWro wertilSi (momsaxureb-

didi britaneTi

germania

italia

kanada

CineTi

cxrili 9.10

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi msoflios

zogierT qveyanaSi 2002 wlisaTvis (1990=100)

qveyana fasebisindeqsi

fasebisindeqsi

qveyana

aSS

safrangeTi

iaponia

poloneTi

rumineTi

140

127

152

128

213

138

123

107

11-jer

1842-jer

609608

bul iqna wonebi sfi-s sasaqonlo jgufebis doneze.

2004 wlis ianvris sfi-s gaangariSeba ganxorcielda

COICOP-is (samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

individualuri moxmareba miznebis mixedviT) klasifika-

toris mixedviT.

qvemoT motanili 9.11 cxrili da 9.1 diagrama na-

Tel warmodgenas iZleva samomxmareblo fasebis wliur

indeqsebsa da wliuri inflaciis doneze saqarTveloSi

XXI saukunis pirveli xuTwleulis ganmavlobaSi.

inflaciis saxeebi. inflaciis saxeobaTa

gansazRvrisas, Cveulebriv, xelmZRvaneloben oTxi krite-

cxrili 9.11

samomxmareblo fasebis wliuri indeqsebi

gamsxvilebuli jgufebis mixedviT

saqarTveloSi (2001-2005 ww.)

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

wlebi

saS .wliurisaS .

wliurTan

dekemberi wina wlis dekemberTan

saqo nelid a

momsaxurebasul

sursaTi sx v asaqo neli

momsaxureba

104.7

105.6

104.8

105.7

108.2

103.4

105.6

107.0

107.5

106.2

103.7

108.1

109.4

113.6

108.3

100.6

100.1

105.1

103.2

103.6

105.2

102.9

99.9

100.1

104.3

100. amasTan, gaingariSeba inflaciis tempi, romelic ax-

asiaTebs samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis procentul

cvlilebas wina periodTan SedarebiT. qvemoT miTiTebu-

lia procentuli cvlilebis gamosaTvleli magaliTi:

sfi mimdinare wels 107,5

gamovakloT wina periodis sfi 103,9

udris 3,6

gavyoT wina periodis sfi-ze 103,9

udris 0,0346

Sedegi gavamravloT 100-ze 0,0346X100

udris procentul cvlilebas 3,46.

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi ZiriTadad gamoiy-

eneba rogorc:

ekonomikuri indikatori. sfi gamoiyeneba, rogorc

inflaciis yvelaze farTo sazomi. igi aris mniSvnelo-

vani ekonomikuri indikatori.

deflatori sxva ekonomikuri maCveneblebisaT-

vis. sfi da misi komponentebi gamoiyeneba sxva ekonomikuri

maCveneblebis mosawesrigeblad fasebis cvlilebis mixed-

viT da am maCveneblebis gamosaxatavad inflaciis gamor-

icxviT.

fuladi Semosavlebis koreqtirebis saSualeba.

sfi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes xelfasebis gasaangariSe-

blad inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT.

2004 wlis ianvridan saqarTvelos statistikis

departamentma ganaxorciela samuSaoebi samomxmareblo

fasebis indeqsis gaangariSebaSi monawile samomxmareb-

lo kalaTis gafarToebisa da xarisxobrivi ganaxlebis

mimarTulebiT. SinameurneobaTa axali kvlevebis masalebis

safuZvelze Tbilisisa da sxva qalaqebisaTvis ganaxle-

611610

saxeobas miiCnevs ekonomikur ganviTarebaze keTilmyo-

fel faqtorad. igi iZleva moTxovna-miwodebis cvaleba-

di pirobebis Sesabamisad fasebis koreqtirebis saSu-

alebas. ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikisaTvis metwilad

inflaciis swored es saxeobaa damaxasiaTebeli;

Wenebadi (monavarde) inflaciis dros fase-

bi wliurad 20-dan 200%-mde izrdeba. amis gamo kon-

traqtebis umetesoba mijaWvulia fasebis zrdasTan an

konvertirebul valutasTan (amerikuli dolari, evro...).

fuli iwyebs swraf materializacias saqonelSi da na-

klebad dainteresebulia ukontrolo sargeblis ga-

nakveTiT.

saqme is aris, rom Wenebad inflaciasTan dakav-

Sirebuli problemebi mTlianad gamowveulia ganu-

WvretelobiT. es problemebi ki aRmocendebian ara imitom,

rom fulis Rirebuleba ecema, aramed imitom, rom fulis

momavali Rirebuleba ganuWvretelia. swored amis gamo

inflaciis maRali, magram Tanabari tempi ufro nakleb

problemebs warmoSobs, vidre inflaciis ufro dabali,

magram uTanabro tempi.

hi perinflacia inflaciis gansakuTrebuli

saxea, romlis dros mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli fulis raode-

noba da saqonlis fasebi astronomiuli tempebiT matu-

lobs (fasebis zrdis wliuri tempi, Cveulebriv, 200%-

s aRemateba), fasebi da xelfasebi katastrofulad Sor-

deba erTmaneTs, ecema sazogadoebis yvelaze uzrunvely-

ofili fenebis keTildReobis donec ki. hiperinflaci-

is Tavisebureba isaa, rom igi praqtikulad umarTavia.

hiperinflacia metwilad mosalodnelia omisa da

omisSemdgom periodebSi. istoriam mravali aseTi ma-

diagrama 9.1

wliuri inflaciis done saqarTveloSi

(2001-2005 ww.)

9

6

3

02001 2002 2003 2004 2005

3.4

5.4

7.07.5

6.2

riumiT. pirvelia fasebis (fasebis indeqsis) zrdis

tempi; meore _ sxvadasxva jgufis saqonlis fasebis

zrdis dabalansebulobis xarisxi; mesame _ inflaciis

mosalodneloba da winaswarmetyveleba; meoTxe _ bazre-

bis inflaciuri uwonasworobis forma.

fasebis zrdis tempebis mixedviT ganaxvave-

ben inflaciis sam saxeobas: zomiers, Wenebadsa da hiper-

inflacias.

zomieri inflaciis (mas xSirad mcocav in-

flaciasac uwodeben) dros fasebi nela izrdeba (wli-

urad 10%-ze naklebi), fulis Rirebuleba faqtobrivad

SenarCunebulia, xolo fasebis zrdis Sedegi umniSvneloa.

Tanamedrove ekonomikuri Teoria inflaciis am

613612

aseT katastroful inflacias, romelmac, bunebriv-

ia, mZlavri dartyma miayena germaniis ekonomikas, xSirad

faSizmis gavrcelebisa da II msoflio omis gamomwvev

mizezTa ricxvSi ganixilaven. Tanamedrove germaneli

politikosebi, kargad gaacnobieres da aiTvises ra

ekonomikuri istoriis mware gakveTili, fasebis zrdis

problemas sagangebo yuradRebas uTmoben, ris Sedegadac

ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi inflaciis tempebi

germaniaSi iyo bevrad ufro dabali, vidre aSS-sa da

zogierT sxva ganviTarebul qveyanaSi.

hiperinflacia metad iSviaTi movlenaa, magram

mravalma qveyanam ukve ganicada misi mwvave Sedegebi. ma-

galiTad, boliviaSi 1984 wels inflaciam Seadgina 2000%,

xolo 1985 wels _ TiTqmis 8000%; argentinaSi 1984

wels fasebis zrdis tempma miaRwia 1100%-s, brazilia-

Si _ 2360%-s, peruSi _ 8292%-s, nikaraguaSi _ 8555%-

s; saqarTveloSi 1993-1994 wlebSi kuponis gaufasure-

bis saSualo Tviuri tempi Seadgenda 100%-s* da a.S.

sxvadasxva jgufis saqonlis fasebis zr-

dis dabalansebulobis mixedviT gamoyofen inflaciis

or saxeobas: dabalansebul da daubalansebel infla-

cias.

dabalansebuli inflaciis dros fasebis zrda

* am periodSi profesoris Tviuri xelfasi kuponebSi,amerikul valutaze gadayvaniT, 0,5 dolars ar aRemateboda,amitom igi maSinve cdilobda mis moSorebas da gadacvlasamerikul dolarze. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi SemosavaliTvis bolos orjer gaufasurdeboda.

galiTi icis. ase magaliTad, avstriaSi 1921-1922 wleb-

Si fasebis umaRlesma Tviurma zrdam 134%-s miaRwia.

amis gamo ludis barebSi misulebi erTbaSad ludis or

porcias ukveTavdnen, ramdenadac fasebi izrdeboda ufro

swrafad, vidre ludi gemosa da Zalas dakargavda.

am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavi maga-

liTia 20-iani wlebis, I msoflio omSi damarcxebuli

germania. gamarjvebulma qveynebma germaniisagan moiTx-

oves mniSvnelovani reperaciis* gadaxda. aman gamoiwviagermaniis saxelmwifo biujetis uzarmazari deficiti,

romlis dafarva xdeboda fulis emisiis xarjze. fulis

miwodebis kolosalurad gadidebam, Tavis mxriv, gamoi-

wvia fasebis donis swrafi zrda. sakmarisia aRiniSnos,

rom gazeTis fasma, romelic 1921 wlis ianvarSi Sead-

genda 0,3 germanul markas, or welze naklebi drois

Semdeg 70 mln markas miaRwia. fasebi sxva saqonelzec

TiTqmis aseTive siswrafiT izrdeboda. 1923 wlisaTvis

girvanqa karaqi 1,5 mln marka Rirda, 1 kg xorci _ 22

mln, 1 kg puri _ 200 aTasi marka. sagulisxmoa, rom 1922

wlis dekembridan 1923 wlis dekembramde fasebis saSu-

alo Tviurma zrdam germaniaSi Seadgina astronomiuli

cifri _ 500%.**

* reperacia (laT. reperatio _ aRdgena) _ saerTaSorisosamarTlis mixedviT, damarcxebuli saxelmwifos mier sxva qvey-nebisaTvis miyenebuli zaralis anazRaureba.

** am periodis fotoebze gamosaxulia germaneli diasaxli-si, romelic Rumels qaRaldis fuliT anTebs da bavSvebi, rom-lebic qaRaldis fulisagan Sekruli burTiT TamaSoben.

615614

gamoricxuli araa aseTi situaciac: _ Tu fasebis

uecari naxtomiseburi aweva daiwyo mosalodnel infla-

ciaze mosaxleobis sruliad Seumzadeblad, momxmare-

blebi mas miiCneven droebiT movlenad da Tavs Seikaveben

saqonlis SeZenisagan. es Seamcirebs moTxovnas da gavle-

nas moaxdens fasebis dawevaze, rac xels Seuwyobs wonas-

worobis aRdgenas.

imis mixedviT, Tu rogor formebs iRebs

bazrebis inflaciuri wonasworoba, ganasxvaveben: Ria

da daTrgunvil (CaxSobil) inflacias.

Ria inflacia Tavs iCens bazrebze, sadac mo-

qmedebs Tavisufali fasebi. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia

fasebis zrdis tendencia. amasTan, Ria inflacia savse-

biT uTavsdeba bazrebze calkeuli saqonlis fasebis

periodul Semcirebas an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, maTi zrdis

Senelebas. fasebis araTanabarzomieri zrdis pirobebSi

Ria inflacia, marTalia, iwvevs sabazro meqanizmis de-

formirebas, magram ar spobs mas. vidre sabazro meqanizmi

cocxalia, arsebobs inflaciis daZlevis imedic.

daTrgunvili (CaxSobili) inflaciis dros,

romelic warmoiqmneba mkacrad regulirebadi an fiq-

sirebuli fasebis mqone ekonomikaSi, fasebis zrda Sei-

Zleba arc ki iyos SesamCnevi, fulis gaufasureba ki

gamoxatulebas poulobdes mwvave deficitsa da grZel

rigebSi. aseTi inflaciis arsebobisas, fasebis zrdiT

Sewuxebuli saxelmwifo ebmeba masTan brZolaSi da awesebs

mkacr kontrols fasebsa da Semosavlebze, e.i. yinavs maT

gansazRvrul doneze. magram, didi mcdelobis miuxedavad,

aseTi RonisZiebebi radikalur Sedegebs ver uzrunvely-

ofs. swored movlenis amgvar mdgomareobasTan gvqonda

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis umravlesobaze zomieri da

erTdroulia. amitom sxvadasxva jgufis saqonlis fasebis

doneTa urTierTTanafardoba ucvleli rCeba. aseT SemTx-

vevebSi fasebis yovelwliuri zrdis proporciulad

matulobs sargeblis (procentis) ganakveTi, rac stabi-

lurfasebiani ekonomikuri situaciis tolfasia;

daubalansebeli inflaciis dros sxvadasxva

jgufis saqonelze fasebi izrdeba gansxvavebuli tempe-

biT. amitom fasebis donis mixedviT maT Soris Tanafar-

doba sistematurad icvleba.

inflaciis mosalodnelobisa da winaswar-

metyvelebis TvalsazrisiT gamoyofen: mosalodnel

da moulodnel inflacias.

mosalodneli inflaciis gardauvaloba

winaswarve cnobilia da SeiZleba misi prognozireba

romeliRac periodisaTvis. arcTu iSviaTad ìgegmeba`

igi qveynis mTavrobis mier, amitom SedarebiT organize-

bul xasiaTs atarebs;

moulodneli inflacia xasiaTdeba fasebis ue-

cari (moulodneli) naxtomiseburi aweviT, rac friad

uaryofiT gavlenas axdens fulis mimoqcevasa da gada-

saxadebiT dabegvris sistemaze. aseT viTarebaSi mosax-

leoba (Tuki aqvs adrindeli periodis odnavi gamocdile-

ba mainc), misi Semosavlis Semdgomi gaufasurebis Tavidan

acilebis mizniT, intensiurad iZens saqonelsa da mom-

saxurebas (xSirad misTvis araaucilebelsac ki), rac,

Tavis mxriv, siZneleebs uqmnis ekonomikas, araswor war-

modgenas iZleva sazogadoebaSi arsebul moTxovnaze da

arTulebs meurneobis proporciuli ganviTarebis uzrun-

velyofas.

617616

dian SeTanxmebaSi. ra Tqma unda, SeTanxmeba SeiZleba Se-

icavdes gansazRvrul daTqmas.

sabazro ekonomikaSi inflaciis erT-erTi yvelaze

seriozuli Sedegia urTierTndobis Seryeva. TanamSrom-

loba, romelic sazogadoebisa da civilizaciis safuZve-

lia, sazogadoebis wevrebisagan moiTxovs TviTSezRud-

vas da sakuTari miznis miRwevis dros sxva adamianebis

interesebis gaTvaliswinebas: Tu adamianebi im daskvnam-

de mivlen, rom maT atyueben, maSin isini advilad Cam-

oicileben Semakavebel eTikur normebs.

inflaciasTan dakavSirebulia ganuWvretlo-

bis problemis warmoSoba, romlis msxverpli SeiZle-

ba gaxdes urTierTTanxmoba, romelzec dafuZnebulia

sabazro ekonomikis sazogadoeba. SeiZleba Tamamad iTq-

vas, rom inflaciis mier Seqmnili problemebi TiTqmis

mTlianad dakavSirebulia ganusazRvrelobasTan. es prob-

lemebi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, imitom ki ar warmoiSoba,

rom fulis fasi ecema, aramed imis gamo, rom momavali

fasi ganuWvretelia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas deflaciasa

da dezinflaciaze (inflaciis tempis Senelebaze).

inflaciis realuri xarjia simdidris TviT-

neburi gadanawileba socialur jgufebs Soris, xolo

mis bazaze warmoSobil urTierTdaukmayofileblobas

SeuZlia daamsxvrios sazogadoebis wevrTa miswrafeba

TanamSromlobisaken.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania inflaciisagan dacvis

xarji. ukanasknel wlebSi gamoqveynebuli mravalricx-

ovani literatura iZleva sxvadasxva saxis rekomenda-

cias inflaciisagan Tavis dasacavad.

inflaciis xarjis analizi SeiZleba ganxiluli

saqme 1995-2003 wlebis saqarTveloSi.

inflaciis ekonomikuri da social-

uri Sedegebi. uwinares yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos,

rom inflacia ekonomikaze moqmedebs ori mimarTulebiT:

pirveli, igi aisaxeba warmoebis mTlian moculobaSi (mak-

roekonomikuri efeqti). rogorc cnobilia, inflacia

Zlierdeba maRali dasaqmebisa da warmoebis moculobis

zrdis fazaSi da, piriqiT, inflaciis Semcireba Seefardeba

warmoebis dacemas da umuSevrobis zrdas. magram, rogorc

Tanamedrove makroekonomika mowmobs, inflacias, warmoe-

bis moculobis donesa da umuSevrobas Soris pirdapi-

ri kavSiri ar arsebobs; meore mimarTuleba aisaxeba

resursebis gadaadgilebasa da ekonomikur efeqtianoba-

Si (mikroekonomikuri efeqti). inflaciis mik-

roekonomikuri Sedegebi naRdi fulis gaufasurebiT

warmoiSoba.

inflaciis dros fasebi da xelfasebi sxvadasxva

tempiT moZraobs. amitom xdeba Semosavlebis da simdid-

ris gadanawileba mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris.

aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoebac _ Teoriuladac da

praqtikuladac, maSinac ki, roca gairkveva inflaciis

namdvili sidide, sazogadoebis yvela wevrs ara aqvs

moqmedebis erTnairi SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, zogierT

bazarze (sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebi, nedleuli...)

fasebi wesdeba mokle vadiT, xolo zogierTi saqonlis

bazarze (saijaro qira, binis gadasaxadi...) fasebi fiq-

sirebulia kontraqtebSi da ar icvleba didi xnis gan-

mavlobaSi. igive SeiZleba aRiniSnos muSebisa da mosam-

saxu-reebis xelfasze, romelic fiqsirebulia grZelva-

619618

romlebic Rebuloben fiqsirebul Semosavlebs. am SemTx-

vevaSi gadanawileba xdeba imaT sasargeblod, vinc Rebu-

lobs arafiqsirebul maRal Semosavlebs.

ekonomikur literaturaSi inflaciasTan dakavSire-

buli kidev ramdenime xarjia cnobili, romelTagan Ti-

Toeuli gviCvenebs, rom fulis miwodebis uwyveti zrda,

ama Tu im gziT, garkveul zemoqmedebas axdens sazoga-

doebis cxovrebis doneze.

inflaciuri danakargis pirveli saxe dakavSirebu-

lia inflaciur gadasaxadTan, romelic iwvevs mosaxle-

obis gankargulebaSi fulis realuri maragis Semcire-

bas. es garemoeba aiZulebs moqalaqeebs xSirad moxsnan

bankSi arsebuli anabridan maTTvis saWiro Tanxa. am

movlenas xSirad uwodeben `fexsacmlis spontanur

xarjs`, radgan bankSi xSirad siaruli aCqarebs fex-

sacmlis cveTas.

inflaciuri danakargis meore saxe dakavSirebulia

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebis xSiri Secvlis auci-

leblobasTan. igi moiTxovs axali katalogebis dabeWd-

vasa da gavrcelebas. es ki mewarmisagan moiTxovs dam-

atebiTi xarjis gaRebas. am danakargma miiRo `menius

xarjis` saxelwodeba, ramdenadac, rac ufro maRalia

inflaciis tempi, miT ufro xSirad uxdebaT restornebs

dabeWdon axali meniu.

inflaciuri danakargis mesame saxe dakavSirebulia

sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis formasTan. saqme is

aris, rom sagadasaxado dabegvris mravali debuleba ar

iTvaliswinebs inflaciur zemoqmedebas. magaliTad, da-

vuSvaT, rom inflaciis wliuri tempi Seadgens 20%-s,

xolo moqalaqis mier nayidi aqciis Tavdapirveli fasi

iqnas ori poziciidan: pirveli, ramdenad dabalansebu-

lia inflacia, anu ekonomikaSi zomieri inflaciaa Tu

Wenebadi; meore, ramdenadaa ekonomika adaptirebuli in-

flaciasTan. pirvel SemTxvevaSi yovelwliuri fasebis

zrdas, davuSvaT 4-5%-iT, Seesabameba ̀ samomxmareblo ka-

laTis` Rirebulebis gadideba. erTdroulad icvleba

sargeblis ganakveTic. msgavsi inflacia arafers cvlis

ekonomikaSi.

daubalansebeli inflaciis SemTxvevaSi, pirvel

rigSi, zaraldeba fulis mimoqceva da sagadasaxado siste-

ma. saqme isaa, rom inflaciis 10%-iT zrdis pirobebSi

imave 10%-iT ecema realuri sargeblis ganakveTi fulze.

es exeba yvela im aqtivs, romelsac fiqsirebuli fula-

di sargeblis ganakveTi aqvs.

garda amisa, inflaciis zrda aiZulebs mosaxle-

obas damatebiTi xarji gaiRos maTTvis aucilebeli

saqonlis SesaZenad. es iwvevs pirad sabanko angariSebze

mosaxleobis naRdi fulis Semcirebas.

inflaciis zrda xels uwyobs gadasaxadis for-

miT mosaxleobidan saxsrebis amoRebis gadidebas, rac

ekonomikur literaturaSi cnobilia ìnflaciis ga-

dasaxadis` saxelwodebiT. inflacia arTulebs rogorc

nominaluri, ise realuri Semosavlebis gazomvas. dRemde

verc erT qveyanaSi ver moxerxda Semosavlis koreqtireba

inflaciis zrdis kvalobaze. amrigad, daubalansebeli

inflacia, romelic adaptirebuli araa ekonomikasTan,

warmoSobs Semosavlebisa da simdidris gadanawilebas.

inflaciuri procesebi gansakuTrebiT uaryofiTad

moqmedeben mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebis doneze.

amasTan, gansakuTrebiT Zlieria es moqmedeba im fenebze,

621620

orjer gaufasurebis Semdeg, imave TanxiT mxolod 100

kg Saqris SeZena SeuZlia, e.i. realuri Semosavali or-

jer mcirdeba. aseTi procesi warmoiqmneba maSin, roca

nominaluri Semosavali stabiluria an inflaciis temp-

Tan SedarebiT ufro nela izrdeba.

inflaciis Sedegad, ai, ratom zaralobs yvelaze

ufro metad fiqsirebuli nominaluri Semosavlis mqone

da socialurad daucveli nawili sazogadoebisa (mas-

wavleblebi, eqimebi, mecnierebi, pensionerebi da a.S.);

* Semosavlisa da simdidris gadanawileba.inflaciis dros SeiZleba moqalaqeTa erTi nawili daz-

araldes, meorem ki moigos. vTqvaT, erTma moqalaqem me-

ores erTi wliT asesxa 500 lari, romliTac mocemul

momentSi SeeZlo 500 kg Saqris yidva. erTi wlis Semdeg,

inflaciis Sedegad, orjer gaufasurda fuli da valSi

dabrunebuli 500 lariT man mxolod 250 kg Saqris

yidva SeZlo. waago mevalem da moigo movalem, radganac

vali gaufasurebuli fuliT gadaixada. ase xdeba mTeli

qveynis masStabiT yvela sxva angariSworebis drosac,

Tu xelSekrulebaSi winaswar araa gaTvaliswinebuli

inflaciis Sedegad fulis mosalodneli gaufasureba.

amrigad, rac ufro moulodnelad, swrafad da er-

Timeoris mimarT daubalanseblad gaizrdeba fasebi, miT

ufro sasargebloa calkeuli ekonomikuri agentebisaTvis

da sazaralo _ sxvebisaTvis. amis kvalobaze xdeba Se-

mosavlisa da simdidris gadanawileba imaTgan, vinc xan-

grZlivi vadiT iZleva kredits, imaT xelSi, vinc Rebu-

lobs am kredits da gansazRvruli vadis gasvlis Sem-

deg gaufasurebuli saxiT ubrunebs kreditors (Tu aseTi

SemTxvevisaTvis kompensaciis Taobaze winaswar raime

piroba ar iyo dafiqsirebuli xelSekrulebiT);

iyo 100 lari. momaval wels imave realuri fasis mis-

aRebad aucilebelia misi realizacia 120 larad (100l

+ 20% inflacia). mocemul SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado

kanonmdebloba am operacias ganixilavs rogorc 20 laris

Semosavlis miRebas TiToeul gayidul aqciaze da, Sesa-

bamisad, mas begravs. es imiT aixsneba, rom ibegreba ara

realuri Semosavali, aramed nominaluri. es ki amcirebs

mocemuli moqalaqis realur Semosavals.

inflaciuri danakargis sxva saxea cvalebadi fase-bis donis samyaroSi cxovrebis mouxerxebloba.realur cxovrebaSi fuli gamodis Taviseburi `saxaza-

vis` rolSi, romliTac izomeba ekonomikuri operaciebi.

inflaciis dros icvleba am saxazavis sigrZe. magali-

Tad, davuSvaT, rom saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni,

romlis Tanaxmad 2005 wels erTi metri iqneba 80

santimetris toli, 2006 wels _ 50 sm, 2007 wels _ 30

sm da a.S. ra Tqma unda, metris sigrZis aseTi cvlileba

Zalze mouxerxebelia. igi moiTxovs sigrZis sazomis

mudmiv dazustebas romelime mudmiv ricxvTan.

analogiurad, Tu laris yidviTunarianoba ganuwyvetliv

meryeobs, maSin igi kargavs Rirebulebis sazomis funq-

cias, radgan am situaciaSi lari sistematurad moiTx-

ovs ìnflaciur` Sesworebas.

Tu ufro konkretulad gavaanalizebT inflaciis

ekonomikur da socialur Sedegebs, SeiZleba gamovyoT

Semdegi momentebi:

* fuladi Semosavlis gaufasureba. mxedvelo-

baSi gvaqvs fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris Semcireba, rac

realuri Semosavlis dacemas iwvevs. Tu ojaxis nomi-

naluri fuladi Semosavali Seadgenda, vTqvaT, 200 lars

da amiT SeeZlo ojaxs 200 kg Saqris SeZena, fulis

623622

adebis meSveobiT. es xdeba Semdegnairad: inflaciis ba-

zaze nominaluri Semosavlis zrdis Sedegad fizikuri

da iuridiuli pirebi eqcevian gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa

ufro maRal jgufSi, riTac saxelmwifos xelSi gadan-

awildeba maTi ara marto mogeba, aramed mimdinare mox-

marebisaTvis gankuTvnili Semosavlis nawilic.

am negatiuri movlenis Tavidan asacileblad ganvi-

Tarebul qveynebSi mimarTaven sagadasaxado ganakveTe-bis indeqsacias inflaciis tempis gaTvaliswinebiT.magram igi ar iZleva sasurvel Sedegs, ramdenadac fase-

bis daubalansebeli zrdis kvalobaze xdeba simdidris

gadanawileba, Rrmavdeba nominalur da realur Semosavals

Soris sxvaoba, Tanac, sxvadasxva socialur jgufSi sx-

vadasxvanairad, sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva siswrafiT.

erTian indeqsacias ar ZaluZs aseTi niuansebis gaTval-

iswineba, igi yvela Semosavals afasebs formalurad.

inflaciisagan zaralobs TviT saxelmwifoc, ramdenadac

gadasaxadebi saxelmwifo xazinaSi Sesvlamde sakmaod

ufasurdeba.

SedarebiT ufro mZimea da damangreveli ekonomikurida socialuri Sedegebi, rac Tan sdevs daTrgunvil(CaxSobil) inflacias. igi saSineli socialuri se-

nia imitom, rom:

angrevs TviTregulirebis sabazro meqanizms. ba-

zris meSveobiT ver xerxdeba dargTa Soris wonasworobis

damyareba da am funqcias saxelmwifo kisrulobs, Tumca

igi awydeba TiTqmis gadauWrel siZneleebs. investireb-

is procesi Wianurdeba da ecema ekonomikis efeqtianoba;

gayinuli fasebi araxelsayrels xdis kapital-

is dabandebas im dargebSi, sadac maRalia warmoebis

xarjebi. es iwvevs warmoebis kidev ufro metad dacemas

* grZelvadiani garigebebisadmi interesis Se-neleba. bunebrivia, sabazro ekonomikis subieqtTa Sorisgarigeba rac ufro xangrZlivia, miT ufro metia riski

da inflaciis saSiSroeba. amitom investorebi cdiloben

misgan Tavis daRwevas da xelSekrulebis mokle vadiT

Semofargvlas. Tumca es, bevri sxva TvalsazrisiT, Sei-

Zleba xels ar aZlevdes investors. aseT SemTxvevaSi

cdiloben ganaxorcielon iseTi investiciebi (dabande-

bebi), romelTa rentabelobis done uzrunvelyofs ara

marto normaluri mogebis miRebas, aramed mosalodneli

inflaciiT gamowveuli zaralis kompensirebasac;

* fuladi danazogebis gaufasureba. inflacia

aufasurebs fulad danazogebs, miuxedavad imisa, iqneba

igi bankSi moTavsebuli Tu skivrSi Senaxuli, an kidev,

iqneba firmebis Tu kerZo pirebis sakuTreba. vTqvaT,

meanabrem komerciul bankSi daabanda 1000 lari, anu

iyida 1000 lariani obligacia wliuri 10%-iani ga-

nakveTiT. wlis bolos igi miiRebs 1100 lars, magram,

inflaciis donis 20%-mde gazrdis gamo, dabandebuli

1000 laris Rirebuleba, anu msyidvelobiTi unari daecema

917 laramde (1100:1,20) da menabre, saboloo angariSiT,

mogebis nacvlad, izaralebs.

maSasadame, fuladi danazogebis msyidvelobiTunar-

ianoba ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSia inflaciis

donesTan. amitom am ukanasknelis mosalodneloba zRu-

davs fulis dazogvas, zrdis mimdinare moxmarebas da

aferxebs msxvilmasStaburi investiciebis ganxorciele-

bas, warmoebis daCqarebul ganviTarebas;

* fuladi saxsrebis faruli konfiskacia.inflacia firmebisa da mosaxleobis xelSi arsebuli

fuladi saxsrebis farul konfiskacias axdens gadasax-

625624

fasebisa da xelfasebis zrdis mkveTrad Senelebas da

piriqiT, umuSevrobis Semcirebas Tan sdevs fasebisa da

xelfasis gadideba, rasac, saboloo angariSiT, infla-

ciamde mivyavarT (ix. nax. 9.7). gamodis, rom sazogadoe-

bam umuSevrobis donis Semcireba unda uzrunvelyos

inflaciis tempebis daCqarebis xarjze, rac winaaRmde-

gobrivi xasiaTis matarebelia.

amerikeli ekonomistebis p.samuelsonisa da r.solo-

us mier erTgvari modificirebis (kerZod, xelfasis ga-

nakveTebis saqonlis fasebis zrdis tempebiT Senacvleb-

is) Semdeg, 60-iani wlebidan, sxvadasxva qveynis mTavrobebma

filipsis mrudi safuZvlad daudes TavianT ekonomikur

politikas da scades dasaqmebasa da inflacias Soris

optimaluri Tanafardobis damyareba. amgvari ekonomikuri

regulirebis praqtikam cxadyo, rom filipsis mrudis

gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia mxolod moklevadiani perio-

dis ekonomikur situaciebSi, ramdenadac grZelvadian (5-

10 weli) periodSi, umuSevrobis maRali donis miuxeda-

vad, inflacia ganagrZobs zrdas,* rac aixsneba garemoe-

baTa mTeli kompleqsiT.

* ase magaliTad, aSS-is ekonomikaSi rogorc 1973-1974 da1978-1980 wlebSi, aseve 1982-1990 wlebSi umuSevroba dainflacia moZraobda erTi da imave mimarTulebiT, anu umuSevro-ba da inflacia ar moZraobdnen sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT,rogorc amas iTvaliswinebda 60-iani wlebis filipsis mrudi.Tumca, yuradReba unda mieqces erT mniSvnelovan garemoebas: 70-ian wlebSi inflacia da umuSevroba erTdroulad izrdeboda,xolo 80-ian wlebSi (ekonomikuri aRmavlobis periodSi) erT-droulad mcirdeboda.

da deficitis gaRrmavebas. deficiti qronikul xasiaTs

Rebulobs;

deficitis pirobebSi moTxovna srulad ver re-

alizdeba da mosaxleobas ugrovdeba iZulebiTi dana-

zogebi, rac apirobebs uzarmazar rigebs da did gasaqans

aZlevs spekulacias Sav bazarze.

amrigad, daTrgunvili inflaciis pirobebSi war-

moeba gaCerebulia an izrdeba umniSvnelod, ris gamoc

Senelebulia mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebis

procesic. amitomaa misi Tavidan acilebisaTvis zrunva

saxelmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocana.

inflaciisa da umuSevrobis urTier-

TkavSiri. didi xania, rac cnobilia keinzianuri Tval-

sazrisi umuSevrobasa da inflacias Soris arsebuli

ukuproporciuli damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.* es sakiTxi

safuZvlianad Seiswavla da mecnierulad ganazogada in-

gliselma ekonomistma o.filipsma. man XX saukunis

50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, inglisis ekonomikis

95-wliani (1861-1956 ww.) ganviTarebis monacemebis

yovelmxrivi gaanalizebis safuZvelze daamuSava origi-

naluri modeli (`filipsis mrudi`), romlis Tanax-

mad, umuSevrobis donis gadideba 2,5-3,0%-s zeviT iwvevs

* umartivesi keinzianuri modeli aCvenebs, rom ekonomikaSiSeiZleba warmoiSvas an umuSevroba, romelic ganpirobebuliawarmoebis daqveiTebiT, an inflacia, romelic gamowveulia war-moebis aRmavlobiT, magram erTdroulad ar SeiZleba warmoiSvasumuSevroba da inflacia.

627626

nax. 9.7. filipsis mrudi

P1

P2

inflac

iis tempi

U2 U1

umuSevrobis done

2

1

fili psis

mrudi

antiinflaciur RonisZiebaTa ganxorcieleba.

adaptaciuri politikis arsi isaa, rom saba-

zro ekonomikis subieqtebi (saojaxo meurneobebi, firmebi

da saxelmwifo) TavianT moqmedebaSi winaswarve iTval-

am xarvezis gamo, filipsis mrudi Secvala umuSev-

robis bunebrivi donis Teoriam, romelic 70-iani

wlebis dasasrulsa da 80-iani wlebis pirvel naxevar-

Si ekonomikuri analizisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneboda

aSS-sa da inglisSi. misi arsi isaa, rom grZelvadian

perspeqtivaSi inflaciis zomier, anu sazogadoebisaTvis

xelsayrel doned SeiZleba miCneuli iqnas umuSevrobis

mxolod bunebrivi done.

mniSvnelovani upiratesobis miuxedavad, verc es

koncefcia CaiTvleba problemis saboloo da warmate-

bul gadaWrad, ramdenadac umuSevrobis bunebrivi donis

pirobebSic inflacia raRac drois ganmavlobaSi in-

erciiT ganagrZobs zrdas da ver xerxdeba misi tempebis

mkveTrad Semcireba. amasTan, umuSevrobis TviT bunebrivi

donec ukanasknel ocdaaTwleulSi praqtikulad dasav-

leTis yvela qveyanaSi izrdeboda da dReisaTvis, 60-iani

wlebis donesTan SedarebiT, TiTqmis gaorkecebulia.

antiinflaciuri regulireba. saeWvoa,

saWiro iyos mtkiceba imisa, rom SeuZlebeli an Zalian

Znelia fasebis inflaciuri zrdis faqtorTa mTlianad

amoZirkva. rogorc Cans, ufro realuria vawarmooT brZola

ara imdenad fulis gaufasurebis mizezebTan, ramdenadac

maT SedegebTan. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, inflacia gavxa-

doT marTvadi, xolo misi done zomieri (mcocavi). es

Tezisi safuZvlad udevs antiinflaciuri regulirebis

RonisZiebaTa mTel kompleqss.

sabazro ekonomikis qveynebis gamocdilebiT cno-

bilia antiinflaciuri regulirebis ori varianti: in-

flaciuri procesebisadmi adaptireba (Segueba) da aSkara

629628

_ Semosavlebis (xelfasis) Secvla cxovrebis minimumis,

anu `samomxmareblo kalaTis` Rirebulebis Sesabamisad;

* inflaciaze gare faqtorebis gavlenis Sesuste-

ba. igulisxmeba biujetis deficitis dasafaravad mTavro-

bis mier ucxouri kreditebis aRebisadmi frTxili

damokidebuleba;

* fulis mimoqcevis efeqtiani regulireba, kerZod,

fulis masis yovelwliur matebaze mkacri limitis

daweseba, rac xels Seuwyobs inflaciis donis kon-

trols.

fulis mimoqcevis mosawesrigeblad da gansamtki-

ceblad saxelmwifoebi atareben fulad reformebs. es

ukanaskneli gulisxmobs erTi fuladi erTeulidan meo-

reze gadasvlas an fuladi sistemis nawilobriv cv-

lilebebs.

istoriisaTvis cnobilia fulis reformis Semde-

gi saxeebi:

erTi fuladi saqonlidan meoreze gadasvla (ma-

galiTad, spilenZis fulidan vercxlisaze da vercxlis

fulidan oqrosaze gadasvla);

arasrulfasovani da gaufasurebuli monetebis

Secvla srulfasovaniT an dauxurdavebeli fuladi niS-

nebis Secvla daxurdavebis unaris mqoneTi;

cvlilebebi fulis emisiis sistemaSi (magaliT-

ad, 1913 wels aSS-Si banknotebis gamoSvebis ufleba

miiRo 12 federalurma sarezervo bankma);

axali fuladi sistemis warmoSoba saxelmwi-

foebriv gardaqmnasTan dakavSirebiT (magaliTad, ssr kav-

Siris daSlis Semdeg axalma nacionalurma saxelmwi-

foebma SemoiRes Tavisi fuladi sistemebi);

iswineben inflaciis negatiur Sedegebs. msoflio praq-

tikaSi cnobilia inflaciiT gamowveuli danakargebis

kompensaciis ori meTodi: sargeblis ganakveTis sistema-

turi indeqsacia (anu koreqtireba) inflaciis tempebis

gaTvaliswinebiT da investiciis pirveli sawyisi Tanx-

is indeqsacia, romlis koeficientic aseve inflaciis

tempebiT ganisazRvreba.

saojaxo meurneobebi inflaciisadmi adaptirebas

cdiloben Semosavlis damatebiTi wyaroebis gamoZebniT,

fuladi saxsrebis materialur faseulobebSi swrafi

materializaciiT, kontraqtebis dadebisas xelfasebis

inflaciuri koreqtirebiT da a.S.

inflaciisadmi firmebis adaptirebis politika

gamoixateba, magaliTad, imaSi, rom isini xels hkideben

mxolod moklevadiani proeqtebis realizacias, raTa

swrafad daibrunon dabandebuli Tanxebi. garda amisa,

firmebi sakuTari sabrunavi saSualebebis naklebobis

Sevsebas cdiloben aqciebisa da obligaciebis gamoSveb-

is safuZvelze, gare wyaroebis gamoyenebiT da a.S.

aSkara antiinflaciuri politika moicavs

saxelmwifos mier SemuSavebul da gatarebul grZelva-

dian da moklevadian RonisZiebaTa kompleqss.

grZelvadiani antiinflaciuri politika

moicavs iseT RonisZiebebs, rogoricaa:

* saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis Sekveca ara

fulis emisiis gaZlierebiT, aramed gadasaxadebis ga-

didebiT da saxelmwifo xarjebis SemcirebiT;

* fasebisa da Semosavlebis regulireba, maTi zr-

dis tempebis Sesabamisobis uzrunvelyofa. am miznis

miRwevis erT-erTi saSualebaa SemosavalTa indeqsacia

631630

antiinflaciuri ekonomikuri politikis ganxor-

cielebisas Rrmad unda gavaanalizoT da gaviTvaliswi-

noT misi ukuSedegebic, vinaidan araa gamoricxuli, nega-

tiurma Sedegebma gadaaWarbos pozitiurs da mniSvnelo-

vani ziani miayenos sazogadoebas. dasavlel special-

istTa gaTvliT, inflaciis 1%-iT SemcirebisaTvis auci-

lebelia wlis ganmavlobaSi umuSevrobis faqtiurma donem

2%-iT mainc gadaaWarbos mis bunebriv dones, rac, ouke-

nis kanonis Tanaxmad, realur mTlian Sida produqts,

potenciur SesaZleblobasTan SedarebiT, 4%-iT Seamcirebs.

Tuki inflaciis 1%-iT Semcireba ara marto da-

faravs umuSevrobis donis 2%-iT gazrdisa da realuri

mTliani Sida produqtis, potenciur SesaZleblobasTan

SedarebiT, 4%-iT Semcirebis Sedegad gamowveul dan-

akargebs, aramed garkveul mogebasac moutans qveyanas, igi

gamarTlebul RonisZiebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. winaaRm-

deg SemTxvevaSi, Tavi unda SevikavoT misgan da unda

davadgeT ufro realur gzas.

aSS-sa da zog sxva qveyanaSi sakmaod didi popu-

larobiT sargeblobs monetaruli antiinflaciuri kon-

cefcia, romlis mTavari Semoqmedia milton fridmeni

(igi iyo r. reiganis mrCeveli am ukanasknelis mier

stabilizaciis programis gatarebisas). am koncefciis

Tanaxmad, antiinflaciurma politikam aucileblad unda

moicvas ori bloki: erToblivi moTxovnis regulireba

da erToblivi miwodebis regulireba.

erToblivi miwodebis regulireba friad sasarge-

blo RonisZiebaa, magram sasurvel efeqts mxolod xan-

grZlivi drois Semdeg iZleva da grZelvadian antiin-

flaciur strategias ganekuTvneba. am mimarTulebiT swraf

fulis mimoqcevis stabilizacia, romelic Sei-

Zleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva meTodebiT. maT Soris

yvelaze tipiuria:

* deflacia _ fulis masis Semcireba mimoqcev-

idan Warbi qaRaldis fulis amoRebis gziT;

* nulifikacia _ Zveli fulis niSnebis likvida-

cia da axali fulis SemoReba;

* denominacia _ fuladi niSnebis nominaluri

Rirebulebis Secvla axal ufro msxvil fulad er-

Teulebze garkveuli TanafardobiT maTi gacvliT, fase-

bisa da xelfasebis imavdrouli gadaangariSebiT.

moklevadiani antiinflaciuri politika mi-

marTulia ZiriTadad inflaciis tempebis droebiT Sem-

cirebisaken. magaliTad, solidur Sedegs iZleva, erToblivi

moTxovnis gaudideblad, erToblivi miwodebis gafar-

Toeba. am mizniT saxelmwifo:

* SeRavaTebs uwesebs im firmebs, romlebic Tavi-

anT ZiriTad nawarmTan erTad uSveben Tanamdev produq-

cias;

* axdens Tavisi sakuTrebis nawilis privatizebas,

raTa Semovides saxsrebi biujetis deficitis dasafa-

ravad;

* axorcielebs qmediT RonisZiebebs samomxmareb-

lo saqonlis didi raodenobiT importirebisaTvis;

* axorcielebs Zlier Setevas monopolizmis

winaaRmdeg ekonomikaSi;

* uqmnis xelsayrel pirobebs mcire da saSualo

bizness;

* iZleva rekomendacias, gaiyidos yvelaferi (resur-

sebi, nawarmi, informacia da a.S.), risi gayidvac SeiZleba.

633632


SemowmebisaTvis

1. ekonomikis ciklur meryeobas araswori

aRqmiTa da adamianTa zedmeti SromiT xsnis:

a. monetaruli Teoria;

b. fsiqologiuri Teoria;

g. inovaciis Teoria;

d. gawonasworebuli Teoria.

2. ekonomikuri ciklis amosaval fazas, trad-

iciulad, warmoadgens:

a. depresia (anu fskeri);

b. daqveiTeba (krizisi);

g. aRmavloba (gamococxleba);

d. bumi (piki).

3. saqonlis miwodebisa da masze moTxovnis

wonasworoba damaxasiaTebelia:

a. daqveiTebis fazisaTvis;

b. depresiis fazisaTvis;

g. aRmavlobis fazisaTvis;

d. bumis fazisaTvis.

4. aRmavlobis fazisaTvis niSandoblivi ar

aris:

a. umuSevrobis Semcireba;

b. warmoebisa da miwodebis zrda;

g. kreditebis gadideba;

d. investiciebis Semcireba.

?da radikalur Sedegebs erToblivi moTxovnis SezRudva

iZleva. monetaristTa mtkicebiT, misi realizacia iyofa

sam etapad:

pirvel etapze tardeba konfiskaciuri xasiaTis

fulis reforma. mosaxleobis xelT arsebuli fulis

masis swrafi da mkveTri Semcireba, cxadia, uceb aqveiTebs

moTxovnas;

meore etapze xdeba biujetis deficitis Sem-cireba da kreditis gaZvireba. es ukanaskneli miuwv-

domelia dabalefeqtiani firmebisaTvis (isini kotrde-

bian) da sarbielze gamodian yvelaze mZlavri mwarmoe-

blebi;

mesame etapze mcirdeba sagadasaxado ganakveTebida msxvili kompaniebis mier gamoSvebuli nawarmiT ba-

zris gajerebas Tan sdevs fasebis Semcireba.

amrigad, pirvel da meore etapebze gamoiyeneba ber-

ketebi, romlebic dabla sweven erTobliv moTxovnas, me-

sameze _ berketebi, romlebic astimulireben saqonlis

masis zrdas da erToblivi miwodebis donis amaRlebas.

* * *

Temis dasasruls, Cven SegviZlia diagnozi davus-

vaT makroekonomikis ZiriTad ̀ daavadebaTa` saerTo mizezs.

es aris meurneobis mTavari parametrebis (maCvenebleb-

is) wonasworobis darRveva. es parametrebi SeiZleba

gaumjobesdes saxelmwifos gansazRvruli socialur-

ekonomikuri politikis zemoqmedebiT. amitom Tanamed-

rove pirobebSi didi mniSvneloba SeiZina erovnuli meur-

neobis efeqtiani marTvis (regulirebis) damkvidrebam.

635634

9. momxmarebelTa molodinis indeqsi miekuT-

vneba:

a. dawinaurebul ekonomikur indikatorebs;

b. damTxvevis ekonomikur indikatorebs;

g. dagvianebul ekonomikur indikatorebs;

d. arc erTs zemoT CamoTvlilTagan.

10. SemTxveva, roca kolejis umuSevari kurs-

damTavrebuli eZebs Tavis pirvel samuSaos, aris

magaliTi:

a. sezonuri umuSevrobis;

b. struqturuli umuSevrobis;

g. cikluri umuSevrobis;

d. friqciuli umuSevrobis.

11. umuSevrobis qvemoT CamoTvlili saxee-

bidan grZelvadians miekuTvneba:

a. struqturuli umuSevroba;

b. sezonuri umuSevroba;

g. friqciuli umuSevroba;

d. cikluri umuSevroba.

12. SemTxvevas, roca samuSao Zalaze moTx-

ovnisa da samuSao Zalis miwodebis profesiuli

struqturebi erTmaneTs ar Seesabameba, ewodeba:

a. miwodebis siWarbiT gamowveuli umuSevroba;

b. moTxovnis deficitiT gamowveuli umuSevro-

ba;

g. friqciuli umuSevroba;

d. struqturuli umuSevroba.

5. saqonlis fasebis spekulaciuri zrda dam-

axasiaTebelia:





6. daqveiTebis periodSi ekonomikis aRmav-

lobis stimulirebas ufro metad SeZlebda:

a. Semosavlebis Semcireba;

b. investiciebis gadideba;

g. msyidvelobiTi unaris Semcireba;

d. umuSevrobis gadideba.

7. fulze moTxovnis amaRleba da sabanko

sargeblis zrda damaxasiaTebelia:





8. bumis faziT dawyebuli saqmiani aqtivo-

bis ciklebi, upiratesad, ti piuria:

a. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebisaTvis;

b. ganuviTarebeli qveynebisaTvis;

g. maRalganviTarebuli qeynebisaTvis;

d. administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis qvey-

nebisaTvis.

637636

10Tema

erovnuli meurneobisregulatorebi: sabazroTviTregulireba da

saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba

àucilebelia garkveuli ba-

lansi sabazro meqanizmis gamo-

yenebasa da saxelmwifos mareg-

ulirebel rols Soris~.v.leontievi

òrive mxare _ bazari da

saxelmwifo _ arsebiTia. imis

cda, rom ekonomikis marTva ganx-

orcieldes romelime maTganis

ignorirebiT, hgavs mcdelobas _

taSi daukran cali xeliT~.p.samuelsoni, v.nordhausi

saxelmZRvanelos wina ganyofilebebSi sxvadasxva

doziT gaSuqda makroekonomikis farglebSi sameurneo

saqmianobis regulirebis calkeuli mxareebi. kerZod, me-

13. moTxovniseuli inflacia gamowveulia:

a. erToblivi moTxovnis deficitiT;

b. erToblivi moTxovnis siWarbiT;

g. erToblivi miwodebis siWarbiT;

d. erToblivi moTxovnisa da miwodebis wonas-

worobiT.

14. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan, inflaciis Sede-

gad yvelaze metad mogebuli darCebian:

a. fiqsirebuli Semosavlis mqone pedagogebi;

b. obligaciaTa mflobelebi;

g. sesxis amRebi pirebi;

d. fulis gamsesxeblebi.

15. danaxarjebiseuli inflacia gamowveulia:

a. erToblivi miwodebis zrdiT;

b. danaxarjebis zrdiT;

g. erToblivi moTxovnis SemcirebiT;

d. danaxarjebis SemcirebiT.

16. siRatakis (diskomfortis) indeqsi gan-

isazRvreba:

a. siRaribis doniTa da saarsebo minimumiT;

b. umuSevrobis doniTa da inflaciis tempiT;

g. ekonomikuri zrdis tempiTa da inflaciis

tempiT;

d. ekonomikuri zrdis tempiTa da umuSevrobis

doniT.

639638

mwarmoeblis dainteresebas produqciis xarisxis gaum-

jobesebiT, axali teqnikisa da teqnologiis danergviT

da a.S. magram, sabazro ekonomika ar unda davsaxoT yov-

lisSemZled, romelsac TavisTavad, saxelmwifos Carevis

gareSe SeuZlia sameurneo organizmis gankurneba yvela

senisagan. kidev meti, igi TviTonac warmoSobs uaryofiT

movlenebs, romelTa daZleva mas mxolod saxelmwifos

daxmarebiT SeuZlia.

swored am da sxva msgavsi sakiTxebis detaluri

ganxilviT viqnebiT dakavebuli winamdebare Temis Ses-

wavlisas.

2, me-3 da me-4 TemebSi Tanmimdevrulad iyo ganxiluli:

saxelmwifo seqtoris socialur-ekonomikuri roli,

bazris Tavisufali ganviTareba da misi regulireba, sa-

zogadoebaSi Semosavlebis pirveladi (sabazro) da meo-

radi (saxelmwifoebrivi) ganawileba, agreTve qveynis mas-

StabiT warmoebuli sameurneo saqmianobis regulirebis

sxva formebi.

dadga dro aixsnas, ras warmoadgens is sazogadoe-

brivi (sameurneo) meqanizmi, romelic makroekonomikis

masStabiT gansazRvrul wesrigs uqvemdebarebs meurneo-

bis yvela subieqts, gansazRvravs da aregulirebs maT

Soris arsebuli urTierTqmedebis formebs.

makroekonomikuri regulatori erovnuli meur-

neobis organizaciisa da mowesrigebis sazogadoebrivi

wesia, romelic erovnul meurneobas aerTianebs erTian

mTlian sistemad, organizebas uwevs da warmarTavs

ekonomikis yvela qveda rgolis saqmianobas, anawilebs

ekonomikur resursebs dargebisa da meurneobis saxeo-

baTa mixedviT sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamis-

ad.

aRniSnuli regulatori moqmedebas iwyebs gan-

sazRvruli wanamZRvrebis arsebobisas, kerZod, erTiani

erovnuli meurneobis pirobebSi. pirvelad aseTi pirobebi

Seqmna ganviTarebulma sasaqonlo warmoebam da Tavisu-

falma bazarma. Sedegad, moqmedeba daiwyo sameurneo meqaniz-

mis amosavalma tipma _ sabazro TviTregulirebam.

marTlac, gansazRvrul pirobebSi sabazro ekonomi-

ka TviTregulirebadia da uzrunvelyofs: resursebis

racionalur ganawilebasa da gamoyenebas, wonasworobis

avtomatur damyarebas warmoebasa da moxmarebas Soris,

641640

Tavisufali konkurenciis bazriT. amitom SemTxveviTi

ar aris, rom sabazro TviTregulirebis meqanizmi

pirvelad gaxsna a.smiTma cnobil wignSi `gamokvleva

xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb`. man

axsna, rom yoveli mewarme cdilobs gamdidrdes _ mi-

iRos rac SeiZleba meti axali Rirebuleba, magram a.smiTis

sityvebiT, ìgi uCinari xeliT miemarTeba miznisaken,

romelic sruliad ar Sedioda mis ganzraxvaSi`. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom mewarmeebi misdeven sakuTar interesebs,

isini qmnian saqonels sxva adamianTa moTxovnilebebis

dasakmayofileblad da amitom, saboloo angariSiT, em-

saxurebian sazogadoebriv sikeTes.

Tavisufali konkurenciis bazari ùCinari xe-

liT` mimarTavs gamyidvelTa da myidvelTa qmedebebs

Semdegnairad:

Tavisufali bazari gulisxmobs konkurenciis

monawileTa SeuzRudav raodenobas, yvelas uflebas, _

daiwyos an Sewyvitos warmoeba, daiqiraos sxva piri an

TviTon gaaqiraos sakuTari Sromis unari. Tavisufali

konkurenciis ekonomika gamoricxavs momxmareblis (my-

idvelis) raime diskriminacias; TiToeul momxmarebels

aqvs Tavisi fuladi Semosavlis gankargvis ufleba.

gamyidvelTa (mwarmoebelTa) da myidvelTa (momx-

marebelTa) gamaerTianebeli yvela ekonomikuri kavSiri

dgindeba horizontalurad, sameurneo garigebaTa safuZ-

velze. maTi simtkice ganisazRvreba imiT, rom sabazro

gacvla mis monawileebs Soris sruldeba nebayoflobiT

da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu orive mxare garigebidan

moelis materialuri sargeblis miRebas.

aucilebeli Tanafardoba miwodebasa da moTx-

leqcia 28. sabazro TviTregu-

lireba da ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos Carevis wanamZRvrebi

`bazrebi, rogorc wesi,

ekonomikuri saqmianobis orga-

nizebis sakmaod kargi saSuale-

baa, magram am wess mniSvnelo-

vani gamonaklisebi aqvs~.gr.menqiu

àucilebelia... qveynis eko-

nomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwi-

fos Careva davuSvaT mxolod

im ekonomikuri amocanebis ga-

dasaWrelad, romelTa gadaWra

bazrebs ar SeuZliaT an wyvet-

en uxeirod~.i.li psici

sabazro TviTregulirebis arsi da

ZiriTadi niSnebi. albaT, yvelaze didi moulod-

neloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tavisufal sabazro meur-

neobaSi ar arian is adamianebi da organizaciebi, rom-

lebic moawesrigebdnen makroekonomikas mTlianad. kidev

meti, ramdenadac aseTi ekonomika viTardeba stiqiurad,

SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom SeuZlebelia masSi arsebobdes

ramenairi wesrigi. marTalia es Tu ara?

am kiTxvaze pasuxi gasca inglisma jer kidev XVII-

XVIII saukuneebSi, rodesac iq ganmtkicda kapitalizmi

643642

erTpirovnuli saqonelmflobelebi, romelTac ar Seu-

ZliaT gavlenis moxdena sabazro fasebze, moqmedeben

TiTqosda ̀ brmad`, ar ician-ra realuri myidvelebi maTi

saWiroebebiT. amitom stiqiurad Camoyalibebuli kavSi-

ri warmoebasa (miwodebasa) da moTxovnas Soris Sei-

Zleba xSirad Seferxdes da ver ganxorcieldes pirda-

pir dasaxuli miznebi.

amgvari SemTxvevebisagan yvela saqonelmwarmoebels

ixsnis uku kavSiri, romelic midis bazridan warmoebi-

saken. sabazro informacia fasebis Sesaxeb SesaZleblo-

bas iZleva Setanili iqnes Casworebebi mewarmeTa war-

moebriv qmedebebSi da Tavidan iqnes acilebuli mos-

alodneli garTulebebi.

rogorc Cans, sabazro urTierTobaTa ganiTarebis

sawyis safexurze sameurneo saqmianobaSi saxelmwifos

Careva iyo sruliad zedmeti. aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX sauku-

nis inglisSi popularuli iyo lozungi cxovrebis ide-

aluri mowyobis Sesaxeb: ànarqia plius konstabeli`

(policiuri Cini). ekonomikaSi normalurad iyo aRiare-

buli uxelisufleboba (bazris monawileTa stiqiuri

TamaSi), xolo saxelmwifo mowodebuli iyo mxolod

saerTo wesrigis SenarCunebaze _ yofiliyo, rogorc

maSin ambobdnen, ̀ Ramis daraji`.

axla SevecadoT warmovidginoT, ramdenad gansxvavdeba

Tavisufali bazris niSnebi da misi meqanizmi (moTxovna,

miwodeba, fasi) Tanamedrove realuri bazrisagan. gansx-

vaveba Zalian didia. saqme is aris, rom Tavisufali

bazari, am sityvis zusti gagebiT, arc erT qveyanaSi ar

Seqmnila da verc Seiqmneboda. Tavisufali bazari ise-

Tive abstraqtuli cnebaa, rogorc, davuSvaT, sruli vak-

ovnas Soris miiRweva Tavisufali sabazro fasebis meqaniz-

mis meSveobiT. Tavisufali konkurenciis bazris arc

erT monawiles ar SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos sxva monaw-

ileTa gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. es aixsneba maTi sim-

ravliT da TiToeuli monawilis mcire wiliT gasayidi

saqonlis mTlian masaSi. es imas niSnavs, rom Tavisufal

sabazro ekonomikaSi monopoliis arc erTi tipi ar

arsebobs, gamoricxulia inflacia (Warbi moTxovna), saqon-

lis deficiti (naklebi miwodeba), warmoebis simciriT

ganpirobebuli iZulebiTi umuSevroba da Warbwarmoeba.

sabazro TviTregulirebis meqanizmi moicavs

pirdapir da uku ekonomikur kavSirebs saqonlis mi-

wodebasa da sabazro moTxovnas Soris.

pirdapiri kavSiri gamoixateba imaSi, rom saqon-

lis warmoeba (miwodeba) warmoSobs sakuTar moTxovnas,

anu miwodeba da moTxovna srul SesabamisobaSi imyofe-

bian.* yvela kerZo, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli mwar-

moebeli erTpirovnulad wyvets myidvelTa moTxovnile-

bebTan (moTxovnasTan) dakavSirebul problemebs: ra, rogor

da visTvis iyos warmoebuli.

magram Tavisufali konkurenciis bazris pirobebSi

* es Sexeduleba cnobilia j.b.seis kanonis saxelwodebiT,romelic klasikosebmac (d.rikardo, j.mili...) gaiziares. aseTimosazreba gamoricxavda Seusabamobas erTobliv miwodebasa daerTobliv moTxovnas Soris, anu Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikispirobebSi sayovelTao Warbwarmoebisa da ekonomikuri kriz-isebis SesaZleblobas.

645644

raRaca zomiT SezRuda monopoliuri faswarmoqmna.

mesame mizezi. XX saukunis SuaxanebSi ganmtkice-

bulma saxelmwifo seqtorma arsebiTad SezRuda saba-

zro sivrcis masStabebi. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTisa da

momsaxurebis saxelmwifo warmoeba ar eqvemdebareba

Tavisufali bazris kanonebs.

meoTxe mizezi. XX saukuneSi sabolood gairkva,

rom sabazro TviTregulirebis meqanizms ar ZaluZs

Tavidan aicilos erovnuli ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis

muqarebi, romelic SeiZleba modiodes ekonomikuri kriz-

isebidan, umuSevrobidan da inflaciidan.

mexuTe mizezi. aRmoCnda agreTve isic, rom Tavis-

ufal bazars, TviTregulirebis Tavisi meqanizmiT ar

SeuZlia aRmofxvras erovnuli socialuri usafrTxoe-

bis muqara, romelic gamowveulia mzardi garRveviT sim-

didresa da siRaribes Soris.

gamodis, rom erovnuli ekonomikis normaluri

funqcionireba saWiroebs axal regulators, romelic

gaiTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos Carevas sameurneo saqmi-

anobaSi.

modiT, axla ufro detalurad ganvixiloT saba-

zro TviTregulirebis fiasko da masze moqmedi

efeqtebi.

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gacvla idealur SemTx-

vevaSi urTierTxelsayreli unda iyos gacvlaSi monaw-

ile orive mxarisaTvis, rac im SemTxvevaSi miiRweva, roca

bazarze Camoyalibebuli fasi xelsayreli iqneba rogorc

mwarmoeblisaTvis, aseve momxmareblisaTvis. ekonomikur

mecnierebaSi aseT fasad miCneulia wonasworobis fasi.

sanam bazarze aseTi fasi Camoyalibdeba, saWiroa rigi

uumi. amasTan, yoveli realurad funqcionirebadi bazari

moicavs Tavisufali bazris elementebs. erTdroulad

masSi SeiZleba moqmedebdes arasrulyofili konkurenciis

elementebic. amrigad, srulyofili da arasrulyofili

konkurenciis elementebis sinTezi iZleva Tanamedrove,

realuri bazris suraTs.

sabazro TviTregulirebis fiasko da

misi mizezebi. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze Tavis-

ufalma bazarma Sewyvita erovnuli meurneobis regula-

toris rolSi gamosvla Semdegi seriozuli mizezebis

gamo:

pirveli mizezi. rogorc cnobilia, sabazro

ekonomikis yvela qveyanaSi radikalurad Seicvala

sakuTrebiTi urTierTobani. erTpirovnulma kerZo

sakuTrebam TandaTanobiT dakarga Tavisi ganuyofeli

ekonomikuri Zalaufleba. XX saukuneSi aseTi Zalaufleba

gadavida saerTo wilobriv da saxelmwifo sakuTrebaze.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, mikroekonomika, romelic viTarde-

boda sabazro TviTregulirebis safuZvelze, gardaiqmna

erovnuli ekonomikis erT-erT seqtorad.

meore mizezi. XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze saba-

zro Zalaufleba gadavida monopolistur gaerTianebe-

bze. Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi gamyidvelTa

da myidvelTa qmedebebi damokidebuli iyo moTxovnisa

da miwodebis kanonebiT regulirebul sabazro fasebze.

magram Semdeg sabazro fasebis karnaxi iwyes monopolie-

bma, daarRvies-ra amiT Tavisufali fasebis meqanizmi.

antimonopoliurma kanonmdeblobam ki ar mospo monopo-

liaTa upiratesi mdgomareoba bazarze, aramed mxolod

647646

ori saerTo Tviseba: 1. miwodebis ganmaxorcielebel pirs

SeuZlia visac surs imas mihyidos Tavisi saqoneli. am

movlenas ewodeba gamoricxvis Tviseba; 2. erTi piris

an pirTa jgufis mier saqonlis erTeulebis gamoyeneba

zRudavs misi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas sxva pirebis

mier, rasac ewodeba metoqeobis Tviseba.

zogierTi saqoneli ar flobs gamoricxvisa da

metoqeobis Tvisebebs da aseT saqonels ewodeba sa-

zogadoebrivi dovlaTi. sazogadoebriv saqonels ar

gaaCnia gamoricxvis Tviseba, ar SeiZleba erT pirs ise

miewodos, rom ar miewodos maSinve sxvasac. amve dros,

mas ara aqvs metoqeobis Tviseba, Tu igi erTxel miewodeba

erT pirs, SeiZleba miewodos sxva pirebsac damatebiTi

danaxarjis gareSe.

yvelaze wminda saxiT sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis

magaliTia erovnuli Tavdacva. igi erTdroulad yve-

las miewodeba. Tumca, wminda saxiT sazogadoebrivi

dovlaTi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. yvelaze metad gavrcelebu-

lia SezRuduli sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi, romelsac

nawilobriv axasiaTebs gamoricxvisa da metoqeobis Tvise-

bebi. SezRuduli sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis TvalsaCino

magaliTia policiis momsaxureba. roca policia as-

rulebs sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis dacvis funqcias,

igi moqalaqeebs miawodebs sazogadoebriv dovlaTs, xolo

roca igi axorcielebs konkretuli danaSaulis gaxsnas,

amiT upiratesad igi dinteresebul pirs uwevs kerZo

momsaxurebas.

sazogadoebriv dovlaTTan dakavSirebiT yovelTvis

warmoiSoba ùbileTo mgzavris` (kurdReli`) prob-

lema. magaliTad, kompiuterebis programuli uzrunvely-

pirobebis Sesruleba, romelTa Seusruleblobam Sei-

Zleba ganapirobos bazris fiasko. bazris fiaskoze

moqmedeben rogorc gare, aseve Siga efeqtebi.

gare efeqtebSi igulisxmeba warmoebis an mox-

marebis is efeqtebi, romelTa zemoqmedeba mesame pirze

(romelic arc mwarmoebelia da arc momxmarebeli) ar

aisaxeba SesaZeni saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasis meSveo-

biT. magaliTad, fermerma gansazRvruli xarji gaiRo

Tavis nakveTSi wylis arxis gasayvanad da amiT miwis

nayofiereba gaaumjobesa rogorc sakuTar, aseve sxvis

miwazec, sadac am arxma gaiara. am SemTxvevaSi wylis

arxis gayvanis sikeTiT isargebla rogorc xarjis gam-

Rebma fermerma, aseve meore fermermac im gansxvavebiT,

rom ukanasknels arc erTi TeTri ar dauxarjavs am

sikeTis misaRebad. pirveli fermeris iniciativiT meo-

rem, romelsac xarji ar gauRia, ufro meti moigo da

Sesabamisad, am ukanasknelis warmoeba ufro efeqtiani

aRmoCndeba, xolo misi saqoneli ufro konkurentunari-

ani iqneba.

sabazro meqanizmi, msgavs SemTxvevaSi, uZluria ga-

zomos gare efeqti da uzrunvelyos ekonomikis fsev-

dowonasworobis damyareba. es mxolod saxelmwifos

saqmea. mas SeuZlia meore fermeris Semosavlis special-

uri dabegvra da warmoqmnili finansuri resursis gada-

cema pirveli fermerisaTvis. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi

aseTma gadasaxadma miiRo pigus gadasaxadis saxel-

wodeba.

Siga efeqtebSi Sedis sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi

da arasakmarisi konkurencia.

yovel miwodebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebas aqvs

649648

momaragebis, iseve rogorc airmomaragebis xaziT, konkuren-

cia ar arsebobs. komunaluri momsaxurebis mimwodebe-

li firmebi erTimeoresTan ar imyofebian konkurenciaSi.

marTlac, Tbilisis yoveli saxli, saboloo jamSi, SeerTe-

blia eleqtrogadamcem da airgamtarebel erT xazTan.

aseT situaciaSi ̀ Telass` da ̀ yaztransgazs` SeuZliaT

TavianTi mogebis gadideba fasebis amaRlebis xarjze,

romelic alternatiul Rirebulebaze meti iqneba. ra

Tqma unda, eleqtroenergiaze fasebis momatebas momx-

marebeli upasuxebs masze moTxovnis SemcirebiT, magram

fasis zrdiT ganpirobebuli mogeba, gansazRvrul momen-

tamde, gadawonis moTxovnis SemcirebiT gamowveul dan-

akliss.

roca eleqtroenergiaze an airze metismetad maRa-

li fasi dawesdeba, maSin mosaxleoba Rebulobs gadaw-

yvetilebas _ saerTod uari Tqvas maT gamoyenebaze. ̀ yaz-

transgazi` mas pasuxobs mosaxleobisaTvis airis mi-

wodebis sruli SewyvetiT. am SemTxvevaSi momxmareblebi

Rebuloben cru signals eleqtroenergiis an airis

alternatiuli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. mosaxleobam Sesa-

Zloa ganaxorcielos eleqtroenergiis an airis

ekonomikurad dausabuTebeli Secvla. magaliTad, Tbi-

lisSi farTo gavrceleba hpova bunebrivi airis Secv-

lam Txevadi airiT, romlis SeZena kerZo pirebisagan

ufro Zviri jdeba, vidre bunebrivi airisa. igive SeiZle-

ba iTqvas navTisa da SeSis gamoyenebaze. es ukanaskneli

mkveTrad amcirebs mwvane nargavebis raodenobas Tbi-

lisSi da mTlianad saqarTveloSi. amrigad, saboloo

jamSi, momxmareblebis alternatiuli arCevani SeiZleba

iseT Tbomatareblebze SeCerdes, romelTa alternatiu-

ofa metwilad atarebs sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis Tvise-

bas. magram, rogorc ki saTamaSo programa, programa-

redaqtori an eleqtronuli cxrili moxvdeba rome-

lime piris gankargulebaSi, sxvebs SeuZliaT misi aslis

damzadeba, romlis xarji faqtobrivad nulis tolia.

miuxedavad am Taviseburebisa, programebis momzadeba da

gayidva kerZo biznesia.

bazris fiaskos sxva wyaroa arasakmarisi konku-

rencia. rogorc cnobilia, sabazro fasebi, Tu isini

efeqtianad aregulireben resursebis ganawilebas, unda

asaxavdes alternatiul Rirebulebas. gare efeqteb-

is wyalobiT bazarma SesaZloa fiasko ganicados imis

gamo, rom fasebi ecema alternatiul Rirebulebaze dab-

la. im SemTvevaSi, roca adgili aqvs arasakmaris konkuren-

cias, bazris fiasko SeiZleba imis gamo moxdes, rom

fasebi Zalze maRalia alternatiul RirebulebasTan

SedarebiT. aseTi situacia, rogorc wesi, warmoiSoba

monopoliis SemTxvevaSi. monopolia iseTi situaciaa,

romlis dros bazarze mxolod erTi gamyidveli gamo-

dis romelime saqonlis an momsaxurebis mimwodeblis

rolSi. am situaciis sailustraciod SeiZleba aseTi

tradiciuli magaliTis moyvana: davuSvaT, rom ̀ Telasi`

Tbilisis momxmareblebs 1 kvt eleqtroenergias awodebs

0,18 larad. am fasSi eleqtroenergiis miyidva momxmare-

blisaTvis warmoadgens energiis sxva wyaroebis (magal-

iTad, navTobi, airi...) arCevanis gakeTebis orientirs.

mosaxleobas rom SeeZlos eleqtroenergiis yidva

Tavisufal bazarze, iseve rogorc benzinis an kartofi-

lis yidva, maSin konkurencia gadawevda sabazro fass

alternatiuli Rirebulebis doneze. magram eleqtro-

651650

fiaskos yoveli tipi iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifos Care-

vis gansazRvrul tips.

CvenTvis cnobilia ekonomikuri renta, romelSic

igulisxmeba warmoebis romelime faqtoris gamoyenebidan

miRebuli safasuri da igi aRemateba mis alternatiul

Rirebulebas. mewarmeebi da warmoebis faqtorTa sxva

mflobelebi mudmivad imyofebian wminda ekonomikuri moge-

bis miRebis SesaZleblobis ZiebaSi, magram fizikuri da

iuridiuli pirebi yovelTvis ar kmayofildebian rent-

is Ziebis sabazro meTodebiT. xSirad isini xelisu-

flebis organoebsac mimarTaven. samTavrobo programaSi

monawileobidan miRebuli Semosavali, romlis wyalo-

biT sawarmo Tavis produqcias yidis ufro maRal fas-

Si an resursebs yidulobs ufro dabal fasSi, arafriT

Camouvardeba sabazro saqmianobidan miRebul mogebas.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi igi ufro ukeTesia, ramdenadac

mTavrobas SeuZlia ara mxolod rentis Seqmna, aramed

misi dacva konkurentuli Zalebisagan.

samTavrobo moqmedebis daxmarebiT ekonomikuri

rentis Seqmna da dacva cnobilia politikuri rent-is Ziebis, anu ubralod, rentis Ziebis saxelwodebiT.

politikuri rentis Ziebis procesis erT-erTi

Sedegia subsidiebi. rentis generirebis sxva saSuale-

baa konkurenciis SezRudva. magaliTad, proteqcion-

istuli politika sagareo vaWrobaSi.

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos funqciebis realizacia,

romelic, uwinares yovlisa, miznad isaxavs bazris fias-

kos Tavidan acilebas, amave dros qmnis samTavrobo poli-

tikis fiaskos wanamZRvrebs. samTavrobo fiasko war-moiSoba iseT situaciaSi, romlis drosac samTavrobo

politika gamoiwvevs resursebis araefeqtian gamoyenebas.

li Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad aRemateba airisa da

eleqtroenergiis Rirebulebas, rac isev da isev bazris

fiaskoze miuTiTebs.

ekonomikur mecnierebaSi ganixileba bazris fias-

kos sxva wyaroebic. magaliTad, umuSevroba da inflacia.

magram isini warmoadgenen makroekonomikur fenomens da

amitom ar Seadgens mikroekonomikis kvlevis obieqtebs.

bazris fiasko da saxelmwifo. bazari

udides rols asrulebs ekonomikuri triadis gadaw-

yvetaSi, magram igi ar iRebs yvela gadawyvetilebas.

zogierTi maTgani miiReba ierarqiul struqturebSi. misi

yvelaze sailustracio magaliTebia gadawyvetilebebi,

romlebic miiReba kerZo kompaniebis SigniT da saxelm-

wifos samTavrobo dawesebulebebSi.

ierarqiul sistemaSi wesi dgindeba ara gankerZoe-

bul individTa spontanuri moqmedebiT, aramed direq-

tivebis saxiT, romlebsac menejerebi ugzavnian TavianT

daqvemdebarebul pirebsa da organizaciebs. am SemTxveva-

Si fasebs, romlebic Cveulebriv did rols asruleben

informaciis gadacemaSi, cvlian sxvadasxva monacemebi-

moxsenebebi, instruqciebi da wesebi. materialuri

stimulebi (premia, dawinaureba...) moqmedeben daqvemde-

barebul pirebze, magram maT mcire Sexeba aqvT sabazro

fasebTan.

saxelmwifos rolis gageba dakavSirebu;lia ba-

zris fiaskosa da rentis Ziebis sakiTxTan.bazris fiaskos Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos

mTavari ekonomikuri roli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi

iq Caerios, sadac bazars SesaZlebloba ara aqvs efeqti-

anad da samarTlianad gaanawilos resursebi. bazris

653652

ri, prezidentia, ekipaJi ki _ parlamenti da is orga-

nizaciebi, romlebic parlamentis mier miRebul gadaw-

yvetilebebsa da kanonebs asruleben. Tuki kapitani da

ekipaJi SeTanxmebulad muSaoben, xomaldis mgzavrebi mS-

vidad cxovroben, maTi Sroma dafasebulia; maT meti

dro aqvT xelovnebis, silamazis, sikeTisaTvis, radgan

gaTbobis, sinaTlis, transportis, yoveldRiuri lukma-

puris fulis Sovnis problemebs gemis xelmZRvaneloba

agvarebs _ vinc Sromobs, fulic aqvs. xomaldze mkacri

da samarTliani wesrigia. aseTi xomaldi sul win da

win miiwevs axali sikeTeebisaken. is cdilobs, rac SeiZ-

leba ukeTesi pirobebi Seuqmnas mgzavrebs keTildReo-

bisaTvis. man icis, rom mgzavrebi valSi ar darCebian, maT

meti dro eqnebaT iseT problemebze safiqralad da maT

gadasawyvetad, romlebic sxva xomaldebis mgzavrebsac

uxsovari droidan awuxebT. aseTi problemebi ki, mar-

Tlac, uamravia.

saxelmwifo da misi mmarTvelebi uxsovari droidan

ereodnen moqalaqeTa cxovrebaSi. Carevis formebi mraval-

ferovani da xSirad kuriozuli iyo, Tumca maT safuZv-

lad ekonomikuri mosazrebebi edo. ase magaliTad, in-

glisis dedofalma elisabedma Tavis qveSevrdomebs kvi-

raSi ori dRe xorcis Wama aukrZala, raTa am gziT

Tevzze moTxovna gazrdiliyo.

XX saukuneSi TavCenilma rTulma da didma prob-

lemebma bevri ekonomisti daarwmuna imaSi, rom aseTi

problemebis gamklaveba mxolod saxelmwifos SeuZlia,

romelic yvela moqalaqis Zalisxmevas da SesaZleblo-

bas gaaerTianebs. magram ukve mTeli saukunea ekonomistebi

daoben imaze, Tu ra zomiT unda ereodes saxelmwifo

leqcia 29. sabazro ekonomikis

saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba

`saxelmwifo RmerTi ar

aris. mas ufleba ara aqvs wa-

garTvas is, risi dabrunebac ar

SeuZlia, Zalianac rom moindo-

mos~.a.Cexovi

`saxelmwifos SeuZlia gan-

sazRvrul farglebSi daexmaros

ekonomikas, xolo misi SesaZle-

bloba _ ziani miayenos mas, ga-

nusazRvrelia~.j.m.keinzi

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis

aucilebloba. albaT, xSirad gsmeniaT ama da am

saxelmwifos mTavrobam esa da es dadgenileba miiRo, ama

da am saxelmwifos esa da es vali aqvs, esa da es

saxelmwifo ase moiqcao. erTi sityviT, saxelmwifoze

ise saubroben, rogorc adamianze. saxelmwifo adamiani

ar aris, Tumca xSirad is adamianiviT iqceva. adamianiviT

moiqceva aba ra, masSi xom adamianebi cxovroben _ adami-

anebi arian prezidentebi, ministrebi, direqtorebi, muSe-

bi, policielebi, eqimebi da a.S.

saxelmwifo jadosnuri, uxilavi xomaldiviTaa,

romelsac bevri kargi saqmis gakeTeba SeuZlia, Tu mcodne

kapitani da ekipaJi hyavs. kapitani saxelmwifos meTau-

655654

sxvadasxva zomiT ganisazRvreba.

90-iani wlebis socialurma da ekonomikurma katak-

lizmebma (maT Soris msoflio savaluto krizisma),

romlebic ZiriTadad sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis (gan-

sakuTrebiT ekonomikuri procesebis) regulirebidan

saxelmwifos Camocilebam ufro ganapiroba, sruliad

axali rakursiT daayena sakiTxi socialisturi meur-

neobis sistemidan sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis

periodSi saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli ekonomikuri ro-

lis Sesaxeb.

vidre am problemis mimarT Cvens pozicias gamovx-

atavdeT, mizanSewonilia ganvixiloT saxelmwifos ro-

lis Teoriuli evolucia da msoflioSi arsebuli

zogierTi gamocdileba.

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis Se-

saxeb SexedulebaTa evolucia . sabazro

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis aucileblobis Taoba-

ze dRes TiTqmis aravin daobs. magram am sakiTxze er-

Tiani azri imTaviTve da erTbaSad ki ar Camoyalibebula,

aramed igi TandaTanobiT, evoluciuri gziT yalibdebo-

da. modiT, mivyveT am gzas.

am problemisadmi Tavisi damokidebuleba merkan-

tilistebma jer kidev sabazro urTierTobaTa formirebis

sawyis periodSi gamoxates. isini mizanSewonilad miiC-

nevdnen vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis, saerTod qveynis

ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi saxelmwifos Carevasa da xe-

lis Sewyobas.

merkantilistebi Tvlidnen, rom saxelmwifo marTva

is saSualebaa, romelsac SeuZlia socialuri sa-

qveynis ekonomikaSi.

es problema XXI saukunis karibWesTan isev sa-

zogadoebis yuradRebis, mecnierebasa da sameurneo praq-

tikaSi mwvave kamaTis sagani gaxda. gansakuTrebiT es

gamovlinda socialisturi ekonomikis transformaciis

periodSi. gardamavali periodis erT-erTi Tavisebure-

baa is, rom saxelmwifos rols ara mxolod ekonomikaSi,

aramed saerTod sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi sxva-

dasxva poziciidan afaseben ara marto ekonomistebi, aramed

sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa TiTqmis yvela dargis war-

momadgenlebi. kamaTi grZeldeba ekonomikaSi saxelmwi-

fos Carevis masStabebze, formebze, meTodebze da saer-

Tod, mizanmimarTulebaze.

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb gamoikve-

Ta ori ZiriTadi konceptualuri midgoma: anti-

saxelmwifoebrivi (e.i. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Carevis

mowinaaRmdegeni) da prosaxelmwifoebrivi ( e.i. sax-

elmwifos Carevis damcvelebi).

pirveli midgomis mixedviT, saxelmwifo gamoscems

kanonebs, axorcielebs sameurneo interesebis koordi-

anacias da faqtobrivad gamodis, rogorc gare Zala

ekonomikuri procesebis mimarT. am SemTxvevaSi saxelm-

wifo da ekonomika TiTqos cal-calkea; pirveli _ Tama-

Sis wesebs` gansazRvravs, meore _ TviTregulirebiT

viTardeba.

meore midgomis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo mesakuTrea,

uSualod axorcielebs sameurneo saqmianobas da gamo-

dis bazris subieqtis rolSi. amasTan, igi sxva sub-

ieqtebis mimarT icavs sabazro urTierTobebis fuZemde-

blur principebs. aseT SemTxvevaSic Carevis xarisxi

657656

Tavisi egoisturi miznebis misaRwevad individumis mis-

wrafeba aris sameurneo ganviTarebis mTavari mamoZrave-

beli Zala, romelic uzrunvelyofs rogorc individis,

ise sazogadoebis keTildReobas. ra Tqma unda, adam smi-

Tis warmodgeniT, aseTYekonomikur saistemaSi saxelmwi-

fos dakisrebuli hqonda daqvemdebarebuli roli. mis

upirveles funqciad miCneuli iyo ekonomikuri

(konkurenciisa da vaWrobis) Tavisuflebis garantiebis

dacva. adam smiTis ekonomikuri Sexedulebis mixedviT,

umjobesia saxelmwifo ekonomikaSi ar CaerTos, radga-

nac es sabazro meqanizmebis moqmedebis darRvevas gamoi-

wvevs. miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris wonasworoba

TavisiT, TviTregulirebiT aRdgeba.

amrigad, yvelafers, rogorc adam smiTis argument-

ebidan gamomdinareobs, ùCinari xeli` gaakeTebs, aseTia

axalgazrda (liberaluri) kapitalizmis ganviTarebis

adam smiTiseuli koncefcia,* romelsac dResac bevri

mimdevari hyavs da gulisxmobs imas, rom saxelmwifom

kerZo sakuTreba da masze dafuZnebuli urTierTobebi

unda daicvas, maT Seuqmnas da uzrunvelyos Sesabamisi

samarTlebrivi garemo.

klasikuri skolis am, erTi SexedviT, Seuval da

* 1758 wels frangma ekonomistma J.gurnem fiziokratebisskolis asambleaze ganacxada: ̀ neba darTeT akeTon (rac undaT),neba darTeT iaron (sadac undaT)`. es iyo ekonomikuri Tavisu-flebis mopovebisaken mowodeba. mas safuZvlad daedo adamsmiTis ùCinari xelis` Zliereba.

marTlianobis dacva. amasTan dakavSirebiT interesmok-

lebuli ar iqneba erT-erTi TvalsaCino merkantilis-

tis viliam staffordis (XVI s.) Semdegi gamonaTqvami

movitanoT: me erTxel SevekiTxe wignis gamyidvels, ra-

tom Cven Sin ar vakeTebT sawer qaRalds da Semogvaqvs?

miviRe aseTi pasuxi: Cven ar SegviZlia ise iafad gavake-

ToT, rogorc sazRvargareT, magram mjera, rom Tu ucxo-

eTis qaRaldis Semotana maRali baJiT daibegreba anda

aikrZaleba, maSin CvenTan ufro iafad daiwyeben mis war-

moebas. amave skolis meore warmomadgenlis Tomas manis

(XVII s.) azriT, qveynis simdidris zrdis ̀ Cveulebrivi

saSualeba` isaa, rom yovelwliurad ucxoelebze iyide-

ba ufro meti sakuTari saqoneli, vidre maTgan vyidu-

lobT.

sul sxva midgomebs daeyrdnen klasikuri sko-

lis warmomadgenlebi. maT, xels ar aZlevda ra sax-

elmwifos mxriv Tavisuflebis SemzRudav RonisZiebaTa

ganxorcieleba, daiwyes ekonomikuri liberalizmis

ideebis qadageba. mimdevrebic blomad gamouCndnen.

am mimarTulebam srulyofili saxiT Camoyalibeba,

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, a.smiTis mecnierul Semoqmede-

baSi hpova. misi kredo aseTi iyo: sabazro ekonomikas

bazris ̀ uCinari xelis` meSveobiT savsebiT Seswevs TviT-

regulirebis unari, amitom kerZo iniciativisa da moge-

bisadmi usazRvro swrafvis gamosavlenad mas sWirdeba

sruli Tavisufleba. a.smiTi amtkicebda, rom `sabazro

Zalebis Tavisufali TamaSi` qmnis harmoniul wyobas.

sazogadoebam mxolod unda Seqmnas saxelmwifo insti-

tutebi, romlebic daicaven adamians, mis sakuTrebas

rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise gareTac. adam smiTis azriT,

659658

sabWoTa kavSirSi (centralizebul gegmian ekonomikur

sistemaSi warmoebisa da ganawilebis Sesaxeb gadaw-

yvetilebas saxelmwifo iRebs. masve ekisreba social-

uri sferos marTva).

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis gaZlierebis ten-

denciebi uSualod aris dakavSirebuli 1929-1933 wlebis

sayovelTao ekonomikur krizisTan. cnobilia, rom ̀ didi

depresiis` periodSi j.m.keinzma uaryo kapitalisturi

meurneobis TviTregulirebis SesaZlebloba. misi ideebi

safuZvlad daedo ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regu-

lirebis gaZlierebas da aisaxa prezident f.ruzveltis

àxal kursSi`, romelic iTvaliswinebda saxelmwifos

farTod Carevas ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi.

am movlenebma ganapiroba ̀ kenzianuri revoluciis`

epoqis dawyeba, romlis arsi mdgomareobda bazris ̀ uCi-

anari xelis` saxelmwifos `xiluli xeliT` Sevsebis

aucileblobis aRiarebasa da realizaciaSi. keinzianelebi

TavianTi, am principulad gansxvavebuli, koncefciis sa-

marTlianobas asabuTebdnen imiT, rom, maTi azriT, ganvi-

Tarebulma sabazro ekonomikam, romelic emyareba msxvil

mrewvelur warmoebas, dakarga TviTregulrebis unari.

es ganapiroba Tavisufali konkurenciis Secvlam monop-

oliebis batonobiT, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba sabazro

ekonomikis princi pebs, gamoricxavs Tavisufal me-

warmeobasa da Tavisufal faswarmoqmnas.

sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireb-

is keinzianurma koncefciam sayovelTao aRiareba da sak-

maod xangrZlivi drois manZilze mniSvnelovani praq-

tikuli gamoyeneba pova, magram arc es aRmoCnda mudmivi.

kvlav Tavi iCina gadaulaxavma winaaRmdegobebma.

TiTqos yovelmxriv dasabuTebul koncefcias mkacri

gamocda mouwyo cxovrebam, praqtikam da gansazRvra kidec

misi radikaluri gadasinjvis aucilebloba.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ori ram: jer erTi, liber-

alur kapitalizmTan dapirispirebuli prosaxelmwifoe-

brivi koncefciebi da meore, sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis

yovlismomcveli (1929-1933 ww.) msoflio ekonomikuri

krizisi da didi depresia.

niSandoblivia, rom liberalur kapitalizms ori

sruliad axali koncefcia daupirispirda: intervenci-

onizmi da socializmi. pirvelis warmomadgenlebi

(J.sismondi, a.sen-simoni da sxv.) asabuTebdnen, rom kapi-

talisturi warmoebis da ganawilebis wesi samarTliani

ar aris. amitom Tvlidnen, rom saxelmwifos uSualo

Carevas (intervencias) unda SeezRuda kerZo interesebi

maSin, roca isini sazogadoebis interesebTan winaaRmde-

gobaSi aRmoCndebodnen. aseTi midgoma ufro ganaviTares

pirvelma socialistebma r. ouenim, S. furiem da sxv.

rogorc cnobilia, r. ouenma Tavisi Sexedulebebi Camo-

ayaliba samomxmareblo kooperaciis ganviTarebis, xolo

S. furiem _ sawarmoo-samomxmareblo kooperaciis gan-

viTarebis magaliTze. l.blanma ki konkurenciis uary-

ofiTi gavlenisagan dacvis formad miiCnia `sazogadoe-

brivi saxelosno`.

cnobilia, rom socialisturma ideebma axali im-

pulsi miiRo marqsis, engelsis, leninis, stalinis da

sxva marqsistTa SromebSi. maT radikalurad daayenes

sakiTxebi mTeli ekonomikis gansazogadoebis, kerZo

sakuTrebis mospobis, ekonomikis centralizebuli dageg-

mvisa da marTvis Sesaxeb, rac realurad ganxorcielda

661660

arc erT momdevno koncefciaSi arsebiTad araa uaryo-

fili is sasargeblo idea, rac mis wina koncefciaSi

iyo mocemuli. metic, TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens

amgvari ideebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da srulyofis

cdas.

amiT imis Tqma ki ar gvinda, rom monetarizmia

ekonomikuri regulirebis yovelmxriv unaklo da uni-

kaluri modeli. sinamdvileSi mas, momxreebTan erTad,

bevri mowinaaRmdegec hyavs, magram isic faqtia, rom dRe-

isaTvis igi sxva modelebze ufro meti popularobiT

sargeblobs.

da mainc, rogorc sasiamovno faqti, unda aRiniSnos

is garemoeba, rom alternatiuli makroekonomikuri kon-

cefciebis warmomadgenlebi dReisaTvis urTierTdapir-

ispirebulni ki ar arian, aramed eZeben konsesuss, raTa

erToblivi ZalisxmeviT miaRwion qveynis ekonomikis

optimalur efeqtianobas.

ideis, koncefciis arseboba ar niSnavs mis avtoma-

tur realizacias, gamoyenebas. es bevradaa damokidebuli

TviT saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebze, maT poli-

tikaze. amitomac zemoT ganxiluli TiToeuli koncef-

cia sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva zomiTa da masStabe-

biT gamoiyeneboda cxovrebaSi. saerTo kanonzomiereba ki

isaa, rom XX saukunis meore naxevridan sabazro ekonomikis

qveynebis umravlesobaSi mkveTrad gamoikveTa saxelmwi-

fos saqmianobis masStabebis gafarToebisa da misi

ekonomikuri rolis gaZlierebis tendencia.

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis gaZlierebaze,

uwinares yovlisa, miuTiTebs is faqti, rom ganviTare-

bul qveynebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda erovnuli produ-

70-iani wlebis meore naxevrdan farTo msjelobis

sagnad iqca sabazro ekonomikis keinzianuri modelis

negatiuri mxareebi da maTgan Tavis daRwevis gzebis

Zieba. amjerad diskusiis epicentrad iqca ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos zedmeti Careva da amis Sedegad bazris

funqcionirebis mkveTrad SezRudva. am winaaRmdegobis

gadasalaxavad obieqtur aucleblobad aRiares iseTi

ekonomikuri meqanizmis Seqmna, romelic optimalurad

Seaxamebda bazrisa da saxelmwifos funqcionirebas anu

sabazro ekonomikis TviTregulirebas saxelmwifos Care-

vasTan. gamoinaxa kidec aseTi meqanizmi, romelic dRei-

saTvis cnobilia monetaristuli koncefciis saxel-

wodebiT. misi arsi mdgomareobs makroekonomikur don-

eze, keinzianuri instrumentis _ fiskaluri politikis

nacvlad, fulad-sakredito sistemis regulirebis moq-

nili politikis gamoyenebaSi. xatovnad Tu vityviT, kein-

zianelTa ZiriTadi devizia `Careva`, Tanac `qirurgiu-

li`, xolo monetaristebisa _ regulireba, ̀ Terapiuli

mkurnaloba`.

Tu Rrmad CavukvirdebiT monetarizmis arss, naT-

lad davinaxavT im utyuar faqts, rom monetaristuli

koncefcia warmoadgens, Tanamedrove istoriuli pirobe-

bis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, neoklasikuri

skolisa da keinzianelobis ideaTa mTeli rigis axle-

bur, originalur sinTezs. es bunebrivicaa, radganac samive

(neoklasikuri, keinzianuri da monetaristuli) Teoria,

Sinagani winaaRmdegobebisa da zogierTi urTierTgamom-

ricxveli poziciis miuxedavad, isaxavs erTsa da imave

keTilSobilur mizans _ sabazro ekonomikis social-

uri potencialis srulad realizacias. amitomaa, rom

663662

niSnavs, aramed sameurneo saqmianobaSi saxelmwifos Carevis

formebisa da meTodebis daxvewas, Zalismieri Carevidan

ufro civilizebul formebze gadasvlas. amitom unda

vebrZoloT ara saxelmwifos Carevas sabazro ekonomi-

kaSi, aramed dausabuTebel, aramecnierul, uxeS Carevas.

maSasadame, yvelasaTvis samoqmedo principi unda iyos:

konkurencia yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia da saxelmwi-

fos maregulirebeli zemoqmedeba yvelgan, sadac aucile-

belia.

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebriv regulirebas gar-

damaval periodSi akisria aramarto ekonomikuri pro-

cesebis regulirebis (tradiciuli gagebiT) funqcia,

rogorc es ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikaSia, aramed

sistemaSemqmneli faqtoris rolic. sakiTxi exeba iseTi

ekonomikuri sistemis Camoyalibebas, romelic ganviTare-

buli qveynebis aTeuli wlebis gamocdilebiT SeZenili

uaryofiTi mxareebisagan iqneba garkveulwilad gaTa-

visuflebuli. am funqcias Tanamedrove pirobebSi, cxa-

dia, sabazro meqanizmebi ver Seasruleben. saWiroa ekonomi-

kaSi saxelmwifos rolis sruliad axleburad gaazre-

ba. swored amis gamo ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi reg-

ulireba upriania vaRiaroT, rogorc sazogadoebis so-

cialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis (stabilizaciis) gad-

amwyveti piroba (faqtori).

amrigad, ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba

Tanamedrove pirobebSi (miT umetes, gardamavali perio-

dis sawyis etapze) kvlavwarmoebiT procesis organuli

nawilia da, bunebrivia, politikuri, socialur-ekono-

mikuri amocanebis Sesabamisad unda Camoyalibdes sa-

qtis is nawili, romelic saxelmwifos xelSi (biujet-

Si) gadadis da romelsac igi iyenebs saerTo erovnuli

ekonomikis interesebis Sesabamisad. magaliTad, pirvel

msoflio omamde aSS-is saxelmwifo biujetSi Sedioda

erovnuli produqtis 10%-ze naklebi, amJamad ki es maCvene-

beli 30%-ze metia. germaniaSi, inglisSi, safrangeTsa da

zogierT sxva qveyanaSi es cifri 50-60%-mdec ki aRw-

evs.

igiveze metyvelebs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sax-

elmwifo Sesyidvisa da saxelmwifo transferuli gada-

saxdelebis moculobis zrda. aviRoT igive aSS-is ma-

galiTi. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saxelmwifo Sesy-

idvis moculoba XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis bolos

Seadgenda erovnuli produqtis 7-8%-s, xolo meore

msoflio omis Semdgom igi meryeobs 20%-is garSemo.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am xnis manZilze erovnuli

produqtis moculoba 103,1 mlrd dolaridan 4160,6

mlrd dolaramde gaizarda (1998 w.), gasagebi gaxdeba,

Tu ra kolosalur sidides miaRwia saxelmwifo Sesy-

idvis moculobam. imave periodSi transferuli xarje-

bi 37 mlrd dolaridan 586 mlrd dolaramde, e.i. erovnu-

li Semosavlis 4%-dan 12%-mde gaizarda.

saxelmwifos xelSi resursebis zrdas da ekonomi-

kaSi misi Carevis gaZlierebas xeli Seuwyo mTelma rig-

ma istoriulma garemoebebma: meore msoflio omi, mosax-

leobis zrda, urbanizaciis procesis gaZliereba, garem-

os dacvis saWiroeba, socialuri dacvis gafarToeba da

sxv.

aseTia kanonzomiereba. demokratizaciis gafarToe-

ba saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis Sesustebas ki ar

665664

Si daexmaros ekonomikas, xolo misi SesaZleblo-

ba _ ziani miayenos mas, ganusazRvrelia`.

germanuli sabazro ekonomikis sulisCamdgmeli,

Teoretikosi da saxelmwifo moRvawe ludvig erhar-

di erTmaneTs udarebda saxelmwifos rols da fexbur-

Tis msajis rols: iseve rogorc msajs evaleba TamaSis

wesebis dacva da ufleba ara aqvs TviTon Caerios TamaSSi,

aseve saxelmwifo unda icavdes sameurneo ̀ TamaSis wesebs`,

e.i. dadgenil kanonebs da TviTon ar unda ereodes sawar-

moTa saqmianobaSi.

aSS-is yofili prezidenti r.reigani SeniSnavda:

`mTavroba msajia da igi ar unda ecadods gaxdes moTa-

maSe`.

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqcie-

bi. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb msjelo-

bisas, cxadia, igulisxmeba demokratiuli, samarTlebrivi

saxelmwifo, romelic kanonebiT imarTeba da ara pirovneba-

Ta neba-surviliT.

msoflioSi arc Tu cotaa qveyana, romelTac

yovelTvis marTavdnen pirovnebebi, diqtatorebi, tirane-

bi da ara kanonebi. aseTi saxelmwifoebis roli ekonomi-

kaSi mxolod uaryofiTia da, bunebrivia, zedmetia msjeloba

misi meSveobiT an xelSewyobiT ekonomikis saxelmwi-

foebrivi regulirebis Sesaxeb.

jer kidev platoni werda: ̀ me vxedav im saxelmwi-

fos moaxloebul daRupvas, sadac kanons Zala ara aqvs

da imyofeba viRacis Zalauflebis qveS. iq ki, sadac

kanonebi mbrZanebloben xelmZRvanelebze, xolo es uka-

nasknelni kanonebs moneben, saxelmwifos xelewifeba keTeba

zogadoebis ganviTarebis procesebze zemoqmedebis misi

sistema.


farglebi. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Careva obieq-

turi aucileblobaa da ara vinmes neba-survili, magram

ismis kiTxva: ra zomiT, ra farglebSi unda Caerios

saxelmwifo sabazro ekonomikaSi?

am mxriv Tanabrad sazianoa ori ukiduresoba: (1)

ekonomikaSi Carevis zomis gadameteba, `cxviris Cayofa`

iseT sferoebSi, romlebsac warmatebiT aregulirebs

TviTon sabazro meqanizmi; (2) mxolod sabazro meqaniz-

mis imedze yofna im sferoebSi, sadac saxelmwifos Care-

va aucilebelia.

rogor movnaxoT zRvari ̀ saWirosa` da ̀ arasaWiros`

Soris, rogor davadginoT sad da ramdenad aris saWiro

saxelmwifos Careva _ ai, mTavrobis funqcionirebis, meur-

neobis marTvis mTeli xelovnebis gasaRebi!

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi sameurneo saqmianobaSi

mTavrobis Carevis masStabebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros

rogorc `minimalurad aucilebeli`. am SemTxvevaSi

amosavali principia: ̀ nebadarTulia yvelaferi, rac kano-

niT araa akrZaluli`.

administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis pirobebSi

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Careva SeuzRudavia, usazRvroa:

mTavroba ereva yvelaferSi. aq moqmedebs principi: ̀ akrZa-

lulia yvelaferi, rac kanoniT nebadarTuli araa`.

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis sakiTxis udidesi

avtoriteti jon meinard keinzi iZleoda gafrTxile-

bas: `saxelmwifos SeuZlia gansazRvrul fargleb-

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xelmokleTa ganaTlebaze, gasagebia, rom defeqti Semosav-

lebis ganawilebaSia da ara sabazro urTierTobaSi.

saxelmwifos amis gamosworeba SeuZlia gadanawilebiTi

politikis gamoyenebiT, rac SeiZleba gamoixatos pro-

gresuli gadasaxadebiT, erTi mxriv, da xelmokleTaTvis

daxmarebiT, meore mxriv.

realuradac, bazari cnobs Semosavlis ganawilebis

mxolod erT kriteriums: esaa saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis bazarze konkurenciaSi monawileobis Sedegi. aqedan

gamomdinare, samarTlianad iTvleba rogorc maRali Se-

mosavali imaTTvis, vinc Tavi isaxela ̀ TamaSis wesebis`

dacviT ekonomikur metoqeobaSi, ise dabali Semosavali

imaTTvis, vinc marcxi ganicada am metoqeobaSi. saxelmwi-

fos uSualo movaleobaa reagireba im faqtze, rom ba-

zris kanonebis mixedviT Semosavlis samarTliani ganaw-

ileba zogadsakacobrio TvalsazrisiT arcTu iSviaTad

usamarTlo ganawilebad warmogvidgeba. man es ùTanas-

woroba` bazris ZiriTadi tendenciebis SezRudviT ki

ar unda aRmofxvras, aramed unda gamoaTanabros, kargad

dasabuTebuli sagadasaxado sistemis safuZvelze, Semo-

savlebis gadanawilebis gziT.

stabiluroba: efeqtianobasa da samarTli-

anobasTan erTad, saxelmwifos sxva ekonomikuri funqci-

ac akisria _ man unda daicvas ekonomikuri stabiluro-

ba. igulisxmeba saxelmwifos mxriv sistematuri zrunva

qveyanaSi myari ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofisa da

valutis mtkice kursis SesanarCuneblad, risTvisac auci-

lebelia antiinflaciuri politikis ganxorcieleba.

Junior Achievement-is erTsemestrian saswavlo kursSi

_ `gamoyenebiTi ekonomika` (JA Economics) saxelmwifo

yovelgvari sikeTisa, rac mas SeiZleba uboZos RmerTma`.

aristotele ki brZanebda: ìq, sadac kanons Zala ara

aqvs, arc saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis raime forma

arsebobs. kanonma unda ibatonos yvelaze`. `kanoni sxva

araferia, Tu ara saerTo marTlwesrigi` _ werda cice-

roni.

didi da mravalferovani funqciebi akisria YTan-

amedrove civilizebuli msoflios demokratiul sax-

elmwifoebs. es funqciebi Zalze kompaqturad Camoyal-

ibebulia p.samuelsonisa da v.nordhausis naSromSi

èkonomiksi`. aq gamoyofilia saxelmwifos sami glo-

baluri ekonomikuri funqcia, romlebic exeba qveynis

masStabiT efeqtianobis, samarTlianobisa da ekonomikuri

stabilurobis uzrunvelyofas.

efeqtianoba: sabazro koniunqturis gansazRvri-

sas daSvebul SecdomaTa gamo xSirad uWirs Tanamed-

rove ekonomikas da adgili aqvs warmoebis dabalefeq-

tianobas. mdgomareobis gajansaRebisaTvis unda imoqme-

dos saxelmwifom, romelic sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi

mowodebulia Seqmnas optimaluri pirobebi warmoebis

maRalefeqtiani ganviTarebisaTvis. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs

antimonopoliur RonisZiebaTa ganxorcieleba, konkurenciis

aqtivizacia, resursebis ganawilebis koreqtireba, infras-

truqturis racionaluri funqcionireba, sabazro meqaniz-

mis srulyofa da a.S.

samarTlianoba: Tu davuSvebT, rom ekonomika

funqcionirebs asprocentiani efeqtianobiT, es yovelTvis

ar niSnavs, rom ama Tu im qveyanaSi saqonelTa moxmareba-

Si gansxvaveba araa. magaliTad, Tu mocemul qveyanaSi

cxovelebis Senaxvaze met produqcias xarjaven, vidre

669668

viT ar SeiZleba misi individualizacia. saxelmwifo

Tavis Tavze iRebs aRniSnuli dovlaTisa da momsaxure-

bis warmoebas, romlis dafinanseba umTavresad saxelm-

wifo biujetis xarjze xdeba. sazogadoebrivi saqone-

li SeiZleba awarmoon kerZo sawarmoebmac, magram Ziri-

Tadad saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs am warmoebas, raTa

misi efeqti dadebiTi iyos mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis.

gadanawilebis funqcia. saxelmwifo sazoga-

doebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis Semcirebas uzrunve-

lyofs ekonomikuri agentebis SemosavalTa gadanawilebiT.

Semosavlebis vertikaluri gadanawileba (yvelaze

SeZlebuli fenidan yvelaze naklebuzrunvelyofili

fenisaken) aisaxeba savaldebulo gadasaxdelebsa da

transferebSi (socialuri daxmareba da Semweoba).

regulirebis funqcia. saxelmwifo Tavis mier

SemuSavebuli ekonomikuri politikiT cdilobs aregu-

liros ekonomikuri saqmianoba, anu gamoasworos ekono-

mikuri wonasworobis darRveva (daqveiTeba, umuSevroba,

inflacia, sagadasaxdelo balansis deficiti da sxv.).

axla SevudgeT saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis,

misi ekonomikuri funqciebis ufro konkretul daxasi-

aTebas. amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom saxelmwifos

sameurneo moRvaweoba yovlismomcvelia, misi ekonomikuri

funqciebi imdenad mravalferovania, rom maTi amomwuravi

CamoTvlac ki erTob Znelia. amitom unda Semovifar-

gloT mxolod ZiriTadiT.

kempbel r. makkonelisa da stenli l. brius

èkonomiksi`-s mixedviT, saxelmwifos ZiriTadi ekono-

mikuri funqciebia:

(1) ekonomikis funqcionirebis samarTlebrivi ba-

warmodgenilia arbitris (mosamarTlis), menejerisa da

monawilis rolSi. amasTan, am kursis mixedviT, saxelm-

wifo arbitris rols asrulebs oTx ZiriTad sferoSi

(kerZo sakuTrebis uflebis gansazRvra da Sesruleba,

gare danaxarjebisa da sargeblianobis sakiTxebis mog-

vareba, sabazro konkurenciis uzrunvelyofa, momxmare-

belTa dacva), menejeris rols asrulebs or sferoSi

(ekonomikis stabilizeba da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis

xelSewyoba), monawilis rols ki mxolod erT sferoSi

(sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis miwodeba mosaxleobisaTvis).

amerikeli ekonomistis r.miusgravis mier Camoy-

alibebuli tipologiiT, saxelmwifo axorcielebs sam

funqcias:

afeqtaciis* funqcia. igi vlindeba arasasaqon-

lo dovlaTisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi. am SemTx-

vevaSi ekonomikuri agentebi (saojaxo meurneobebi anu

hausholdebi, firmebi, samTavrobo administracia da sxv.)

maragdebian ufasod an TiTqmis ufasod.

es dovlaTi da momsaxureba ekonomikur liter-

aturaSi `sazogadoebrivi saqonlis` saxelwodebiTaa

cnobili. igi ganuyofelia moxmarebisagan (gzebi, sazoga-

doebrivi ganaTeba, policia, Tavdacva da sxv.). sazoga-

doebrivi saqoneli koleqtiuri an sameurveoa, mas erT-

droulad iyenebs mravali ekonomikuri agenti da yid-

* afeqtacia (laT. affectation) _ gansakuTrebuli movlena,araCveulebrivi; xelovnuri aRgzneba.

671670

sameurneo subieqtebs, mwarmoeblebsa da momxmareblebs.

sabazro ekonomika ar gulisxmobs moqmedebis (saqmi-

anobis) SeuzRudav Tavisuflebas. saerTo wesia: aravis

ara aqvs ufleba saqmes xeli mohkidos oficialuri

nebarTvis (registraciis) gareSe. Tu Tqven restornis

gaxsna gsurT, unda miiRoT serTifikati janmrTelobis

dacvis organoebidan. nebismieri saqmianoba SeiZleba mx-

olod maSin, roca miRebulia licenzia saTanado orga-

noebidan. dadgenilia, romeli medikamentebis yidva ar

SeiZleba receptis gareSe, zogierTi saqonlis yidva-

gayidva saerTod akrZalulia. saxelmwifo saTanado kanon-

ebis safuZvelze fizikur da iuridiul pirebs aiZu-

lebs gadaixadon gadasaxadi. saxelmwifo gansazRvravs

damqiraveblisa da daqiravebulis ufleba-movaleobebs.

dausrulebliv SeiZleba gavagrZeloT CamoTvla

situaciebisa, saqmianobis saxeebisa da urTierTobebisa,

romelTa daregulireba mxolod saxelmwifo doneze unda

moxdes, magram grZeli CamonaTvalis gareSec naTelia, Tu

ra roli ekisreba Tanamedrove saxelmwifos samarT-

lebrivi bazis Seqmnasa da sazogadoebrivi atmosferos

mowesrigebaSi.

konkurenciis dacva. Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom

konkurencia aris is ùxilavi xeli`, romelic aregu-

lirebs sabazro ekonomikas, xels uwyobs ekonomikur

progress, rom mxolod Tavisufali konkurenciis dro-

saa SesaZlebeli momxmarebeli iyos mbrZanebeli, bazari

_ misi agenti, xolo sawarmo _ msaxuri.

magram konkurencias hyavs dauZinebeli mteri _

monopolia. cxovrebis drama imaSia, rom konkurencia

TviTon warmoSobs Tavis antipods _ monopolias, romel-

zisa da sazogadoebrivi atmosferos uzrunvelyofa;

(2) konkurenciis dacva;

(3) Semosavlebis gadanawileba;

(4) resursebis gadanawileba;

(5) ekonomikis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa da

ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba;

(6) saxelmwifo seqtoris funqcionireba.

ganvixiloT CamoTvlili funqciebi cal-calke.

samarTlebrivi bazisa da sazogadoebrivi

atmosferos uzrunvelyofa. saxelmwifo uzrunvely-

ofs samarTlebriv bazas da specifikur momsaxurebebs

sabazro ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis. mas

ekisreba sameurneo saqmianobis samarTlebrivi safuZv-

lebis (kanonebisa da normatiuli aqtebis) SemuSaveba,

ekonomikis subieqtTa `TamaSis wesebis` dadgena. sax-

elmwifos prerogativaa: sakuTrebis uflebis gansazRvra

da Sesruleba; urTierTobaTa regulireba sawarmoTa

Soris, myidvelebsa da gamyidvelebs Soris; standarteb-

isa da zoma-wonis erTeulTa gansazRvra da kontroli;

fulad-sakredito sistemis dakanoneba; brZola yovelg-

vari falsifikaciisa da motyuebis, ùpatiosno Tama-

Sis` winaaRmdeg; biznesisaTvis xelsayreli garemos

uzrunvelyofa da a.S.

aSS-Si gamocemuli erT-erTi soliduri wigni (`Tan-

amedrove biznesi`) gvamcnobs, rom am qveynis federaluri

mTavrobis wiaRSi yovelwliurad Rebuloben daaxloe-

biT 4600 axal wesebsa da debulebebs. garda amisa,

Statebis mTavrobebi da xelisuflebis adgilobrivi

organoebi (municipalitetebi), Tavis mxriv, Rebuloben

wesebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra SeuZliaT da ra ar SeuZliaT

673672

zRudaven monopoliebis iseT saqmianobas, romelic zians

ayenebs konkurencias da progress. antimonopoliuri

kanonebis miReba da gatareba, amave dros, ekonomikis sax-

elmwifoebrivi regulirebis elementia.

Semosavlebis gadanawileba. sabazro siste-

ma upirovno, miukerZoebeli da ulmobeli meqanizmia,

romelsac Tan sdevs Semosavlebis gaumarTleblad

uTanabro ganawileba. sazogadoebis wevrebi, romlebic

bunebam daajildova meti fizikuri Tu SemoqmedebiTi

unariT, vinc moipova an visac memkvidreobiT ergo msx-

vili kapitali, miwa da sxva simdidre, did Semosavals

Rebuloben da fufunebaSi cxovroben, xolo isini, visac

aseTi upiratesoba ar gaaCnia, ganwirulni arian Raribu-

li cxovrebisaTvis. garda amisa, sazogadoebaSi arian

invalidebi, moxucebi, bavSvebi, mravalSvilianebi, umuSevrebi

da sxv., visac ar SeuZlia gamoimuSaos saarsebo minimumi.

sabazro meqanizmi maT mimarT gulqvaa, igi ar arCevs maT

da siRaribe ara mxolod ekonomikur, aramed garkveul

politikur problemad rCeba.

amitom civilizebuli qveynebis mTavrobebi Tavis

Tavze iReben sazogadoebaSi Semosavlebis uTanabro ga-

nawilebis problemis daZlevas. magaliTad, aSS-Si es

xorcieldeba, jer erTi, transferuli misacemlebis meS-

veobiT, romliTac uzrunvelyofen daxmarebas xelmokle-

TaTvis, invalidebisaTvis, aseve umuSevrebisaTvis. Tavis

mxriv, socuzrunvelyofis programebiT finansurad ex-

marebian pensionerebs da Rrmad moxucebs. yvela am pro-

gramiT mTavrobis Semosavlebi gadaecemaT im saojaxo

meurneobebs, romelTac mcire Semosavlebi aqvT, an saer-

Tod ara aqvT is. meore, mTavrobas cvlilebebi Seaqvs

sac SeuZlia kidevac moklas ̀ mSobeli`, Tu saxelmwifo

ar daexmara.

ganvlili masalebidan CvenTvis isic cnobilia, rom

monopolia, farTo azriT, iseTi situaciaa, roca gamyid-

velTa (mwarmoebelTa) ricxvi imdenad mcirdeba, rom Ti-

Toeul maTgans (an yvelas erTad _ SeTanxmebis safuZ-

velze) SesaZlebloba aqvs gavlena moaxdinos gasayidi

produqtis fasze. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi fasis manipu-

lireba xdeba ara momxmareblis, aramed gamyidvelis sasarge-

blod. monopolisti gansazRvrul farglebSi TviTon

karnaxobs fass. aseTi situacia monopolists saSuale-

bas aZlevs maRali mogeba miiRos ara teqnikisa da te-

qnologiis srulyofiT, aramed ufro ioli gziT _ fa-

sis momatebiT.

saxelmwifo ebrZvis monopolias, e.i. icavs konkuren-

cias Semdegi ori meTodiT:

im dargebSi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia

`bunebrivi monopolia`, e.i. dargebSi, romlebSic te-

qnologiuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo `masStabis

efeqti` imdenad maRalia, rom erT formas SeuZlia mTe-

li bazris momarageba da Tanac produqciis erTeulze

danaxarjebi naklebia (transporti, kavSirgabmuloba,

eleqtro-, wyal-, airmomarageba da sxv.), saxelmwifo an

Tavis xelSi iRebs aseT dargebs an aregulirebs maT

saqmianobas (qmnis komisiebs fasebis dasaregulireblad

da adgens momsaxurebis standartebs);

konkurenciis dacvis meore meTodia antimonopo-

liuri, antitrestuli RonisZiebebi da kanonmdebloba.

aq igulisxmeba iseTi kanonebi, romlebic an saerTod

krZalaven monopoliebis arsebobas (zogierT dargSi) an

675674

garemos gabinZureba, roca navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxa-

na atmosferoSi uSvebs Sxamian gazebs, zians ayenebs mo-

saxleobas, TviTon ki saxsrebis ekonomias eweva.

am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifom unda SeZlos is xar-

jebi (ziani), romelic mosaxleobas miayenes, aqcios nav-

TobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis Sinagan xarjebad. xarje-

bis aseTi transformacia gulisxmobs resursebis ga-

nawilebaSi koreqtivis Setanas. amisaTvis saxelmwifo

iyenebs kanonmdeblobas da gansakuTrebul gadasaxadebs.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo krZalavs garemos gabin-

Zurebas, rac aiZulebs sawarmoebs gaiRon saxsrebi (meti

resursebi gamoyon) damcavi RonisZiebebisaTvis. meore

SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo awesebs gansakuTrebul gadasax-

adebs, romliTac damrRvev sawarmos ekisreba miRebuli

zianis kompensacia.

rac Seexeba meore movlenas, sazogadoebrivi (so-

cialuri) sikeTis saxiT, is warmodgenilia gansazRvru-

li saqonlebiTa da momsaxurebiT, rasac sabazro siste-

ma ar awarmoebs, an kidev ar SeuZlia sakmao raodenobiT

awarmoos. Tumca bazari, rogorc wesi, maTi warmoebi-

saTvis resursebs ar gamoyofs, magram misi warmoeba

(arseboba) sazogadoebrivad aucilebelia, ris gamoc

saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs maT warmoebas an dafin-

ansebas, raTa ar dauSvas am sferoSi resursebis defici-

turi gamoyofa.

resursebis ganawilebaSi koreqtivis Setanis mizniT

saxelmwifos SeuZlia gamoiyenos ekonomikuri xasia-

Tis sami meTodi: (1) moTxovnis gadideba; (2) miwode-

bis stimulireba da (3) saxelmwifo mewarmeoba.

imisaTvis, rom stimuli mieces sazogadoebisaTvis

Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi sabazro Carevis gziT, e.i.

sabazro Zalebis mier dadgenili fasebis modifikaciiT.

amave mimarTulebiT gamoiyeneba sagadasaxado sistemac,

romlis meSveobiTac mniSvnelovanwilad wonaswordeba

Semosavlebis ganawileba, rac miiRweva mdidarTa Semo-

savlebis didi xvedriTi wilis amoRebiT, vidre Raribe-

bisa. aSS-s da zogierTi sxva qveynis dRevandeli sagada-

saxado sistema Semosavlebis optimaluri gadanawileb-

is mniSvnelovani instrumentia. magaliTad, progresuli

gadasaxadi amcirebs uTanasworobas Semosavlebis ganaw-

ilebaSi. es xdeba imiT, rom mosaxleobis jgufebi ufro

maRali SemosavlebiT, gadasaxadiT dabegvrisas TavianTi

Semosavlebis ufro maRal procents ixdian. miCneulia,

rom es gadasaxadebis tvirTis gadanawilebis yvelaze

samarTliani xerxia.

resursebis gadanawileba. sabazro ekonomikis

qveynebSi ekonomikuri resursebi sabazro meqanizmis meS-

veobiT nawildeba. marTalia, sabazro sistema qmnis

ekonomikuri resursebis ufro racionaluri gamoyeneb-

is (ganawilebis) SesaZleblobebs, vidre sxva sistemebi,

magram iqmneba iseTi situaciebic, roca aucilebeli xde-

ba resursebis ganawilebis koreqtireba, e.i. gadanawile-

ba.

resursebis gadanawilebis aucilebloba iqidan

gamomdinareobs, rom sabazro ekonomika, jer erTi, war-

moSobs iseT Tanmxleb movlenebs, roca ziandeba momx-

marebeli (sazogadoeba) da meore, uars ambobs (resur-

sebs ver imetebs) zogierTi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

(sazogadoebrivi anu socialuri sikeTis) warmoebaze.

pirveli movlenis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia

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ebs kerZo seqtoris moTxovnas resursebze. samagierod,

meti resursebi rCeba sazogadoebrivi dovlaTis war-

moebisaTvis.

ekonomikis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa

da ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba saxelmwifos

yvelaze axali da, garkveuli azriT, yvelaze mniSvnelo-

vani funqciaa. amiT is exmareba sabazro ekonomikas resurse-

bis sruli dasaqmebisa da fasebis stabiluri donis

uzrunvelyofaSi.

imisaTvis, rom Searbilos ekonomikuri ciklis

ryevebi, SeinarCunos sameurneo saqmianobis maRali aqti-

uroba, erTi, sityviT, uzrunvelyos ekonomikuri stabil-

uroba, saxelmwifo iyenebs gadasaxadebs, kreditis sarge-

blis ganakveTebs da mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masas.

ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis instrumentebia: sagadasaxado-

sabiujeto (fiskaluri) da fulad-sakredito (mone-

taruli) politika.

fiskaluri politikis mizania saxelmwifos Se-

mosavlebi da xarjebi Secvalos iseTnairad, rom Seinar-

Cunos ekonomikuri zrdis saTanado tempebi

monetaruli politikis amocanaa kontroli

gauwios fulis masis moZraobas da sargeblis ganakve-

Tis regulirebiT xeli Seuwyos Sesabamisobas warmoe-

basa da moxmarebas Soris.

ekonomikuri mecnierebisaTvis davas ar iwvevs is,

rom warmoebis done uSualo kavSirSia xarjebis

saerTo moculobasTan. xarjebis maRali done gana-

pirobebs warmoebis gafarToebas da, amrigad, materi-

aluri da SromiTi resursebis ufro srul gamoyenebas.

ekonomikaSi SeiZleba warmoiqmnas ori arasasurve-

saWiro ama Tu im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebas,

saWiroa amaRldes gadaxdisunariani moTxovna mocemul

saqonelsa Tu momsaxurebaze. saxelmwifos SeuZlia tal-

onebis sistemis gamoyenebiT aamaRlos mosaxleobis moTx-

ovna konkretul saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze. magaliTad,

Tu Rarib ojaxs miecema taloni, romlis gamoyeneba Sei-

Zleba mxolod codnis miRebisaTvis, maSin prestiJuli

fasiani saswavleblebi Seuferxeblad miiReben Raribi

ojaxis Svilebsac, radgan talonis fulad kompensacias

kisrulos saxelmwifo. resursebis aseTi gadanawileb-

is azri imaSia, rom sazogadoebisaTvis ukeTesia, rac

ufro meti ganaTlebuli wevri eyoleba.

imave amocanis (ama Tu im saqonlis an momsaxurebis

warmoebis waxaliseba) gadawyveta saxelmwifos SeuZlia

sxva midgomiTac: subsiadias aZlevs ara momxmarebels,

aramed mwarmoebels, raTa gafarTovdes mocemuli saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis miwodeba. xSir SemTxvevaSi aseTi

midgoma ufro martivi da moxerxebulia, vidre mraval-

ricxovan momxmareblebTan muSaoba.

amocanis gadawyvetis mesame gza isaa, rom saxelm-

wifo Tavis Tavze iRebs ama Tu im saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis warmoebis dafinansebas an, ubralod, saxelmwifo

sawarmoebSi awyobs maT damzadebas.

sazogadoebaSi, romlis ekonomika sruli datvirTviT

muSaobs, romelime produqtis warmoebis gadideba Sei-

Zleba sxva produqtTa warmoebis Sekvecis xarjze. swored

es moiTxovs resursebis gadanawilebas. saxelmwifo amas

aRwevs sawarmoebisa da saojaxo meurneobaTa dabegvriT:

gadasaxadi amcirebs moTxovnas individualuri moxmare-

bis saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, amcir-

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zogadoebrivi warmoebis normaluri funqcionirebis

umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.

saxelmwifo sakuTrebis obieqtebs ganekuTvneba,

uwinares yovlisa, iseTi sawarmoebi, romlebic kerZo

biznesisaTvis, ekonomikuri efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT,

naklebad mimzidvelia, magram qveynis saerTo interesebs

Seesabameba (aseTi iyo, magaliTad, atomuri bombisa da

raketuli teqnikis an kidev kosmosis aTvisebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli kvleva-ZiebiTi samuSaoebis dafinanseba, romelTa

dadebiTi SedegebiT winaswar aravin iyo garantirebu-

li). aseve ZiriTadad saxelmwifos xelSia ekonomiki-

saTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis dargTa (energetika,

kavSirgabmuloba, sahaero, rkinigzisa da saqalaqo eleq-

trotranspoti, samxedro mrewveloba da sxv.) sawarmoe-

bi. da bolos, maTi specifikurobis gamo, rogorc wesi,

saxelmwifos ekuTvnis sawarmoebi, romelTa saqmianobis

Sedegi gankuTvnilia erToblivi moxmarebisaTvis. mxed-

velobaSi gvaqvs qalaqdasufTaveba, quCis ganaTeba, gzebis

mSenebloba, ekologiuri samsaxuri (toqsikuri narCe-

nebiT gabinZurebuli haeris, mdinareebis, tbebis, zRvebis,

niadagis gasufTaveba) da sxv., romelTa `nawarmi` sa-

zogadoebrivi moxmarebis poduqts warmoadgens.

saxelmwifo sawarmoTa garkveuli nawili mxolod

saxelmwifo biujetidan finansdeba, magram sabazro

ekonomikis qveynebSi sakmaod naTlad ikveTeba saxelm-

wifo sawarmoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis sabazro urT-

ierTobaTa sistemaSi moqcevis tendencia. mxedvelobaSi

gvaqvs saxelmwifo sawarmoTa aqcionireba, `Sereul`

sawarmoebad gardaqmna, romlebsac, saxelmwifosTan er-

Tad, kerZo investorebic afinanseben. isini saxelmwifo

li situacia:

* pirveli, kerZo seqtoris xarjebis done

SeiZleba sakmarisi ar aRmoCndes imisaTvis, rom

uzrunvelyos resursebis sruli gamoyeneba. am

SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo gaiRebs xarjebs, rac daemateba

kerZo seqtoris xarjebs, raTa kerZo da saxelmwifo

xarjebis saerTo jami sakmarisi aRmoCndes resursebis

sruli gamoyenebisaTvis. amas saxelmwifo akeTebs ori

gziT: jer erTi, adidebs biujetis asignebebs sazogadoe-

brivi dovlaTis warmoebaze da meore, amcirebs gadasax-

adebs kerZo seqtorze, raTa am ukanasknelma gaadidos

sainvesticio xarjebi. rogorc vxedavT, es RonisZiebebi

upiratesad mimarTulia umuSevrobis Semcirebisaken.

* meore situacias adgili aqvs maSin, roca

sazogadoeba xarjavs mets, vidre amis saSualebas

iZleva ekonomika. es iwvevs fasebis zrdas da infla-

cias. saxelmwifo unda Seecados bolo mouRos gadame-

tebul xarjebs. am mizniT man, jer erTi, unda Seamciros

biujetis xarjebi da, meore, gaadidos gadasaxadebi, raTa

kerZo seqtormac Sekvecos Tavisi sainvesticio xarje-

bi.

amrigad, ekonomikis stabilizeba gulisxmobs mTavro-

bis mier ekonomikis ukriziso ganviTarebis xelSewy-

obas. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva sruli dasaqme-

bisa da inflaciis dabali tempis SenarCunebas. ekonomikis

stabilizaciis erT-erTi xelSemwyobi faqtoria sax-

elmwifo seqtori.

saxelmwifo seqtoris funqcionireba. ekono-

mikis saxelmwifo seqtori ama Tu im zomiT sabazro

ekonomikis yvela qveyanaSi arsebobs da is mTeli sa-

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Ta gamosyidva kerZo mewarmeTa mier, romelmac droebiT

saxelmwifo seqtoris garkveuli zomiT Sekvecac Sei-

Zleba ganapirobos.

ekonomikis kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtorTa Soris

Zireuli gansxvavebaa, rac vlindeba imiT, rom kerZo me-

warmeoba nebayoflobiTi, xolo saxelmwifo mewarmeoba

_ savaldebulo xasiaTisaa. saxelmwifo mewarmeoba ar-

sebiTad moicavs sazogadoebrivi saqonlis warmoebas,

romelic, Tavisi bunebiT, ̀ arakonkurentulia`, ganuyofe-

lia da emsaxureba rogorc TiToeuli moqalaqis, ise

mTeli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebas.

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebis ganxilvidan

is daskvna gamomdinareobs, rom saxelmwifo mTlianad

integrirebulia, CarTulia resursebis, produqtebisa da

Semosavlebis wrebrunvaSi; igi cvlis resursebisa da

Semosavlebis ganawilebas, aregulirebs ekonomikur aq-

tivobas.

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regu-

lirebis arsi da meqanizmi. ekonomikis sax-

elmwifoebrivi regulireba xdeba rogorc administraci-

ul-mbrZanebluri sistemis, ise sabazro ekonomikis

pirobebSi. magram saxelmwifos roli arsebiTad gansx-

vavebulia. administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemis dros

saxelmwifos maregulirebeli roli Tavisi masStabiT

yovlismomcvelia da umTavresad emyareba administraci-

ul meTodebs, xolo sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi sax-

elmwifos Careva ekonomikaSi minimaluria da efuZneba

upiratesad ekonomikuri berketebis gamoyenebas.

aRiarebulia, rom ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi

sawarmoTa elfers inarCuneben imiT, rom maTi aqciebis

sakontrolo paketis mflobelad saxelmwifo gvevline-

ba. amgvari sawarmoebis gverdiT sabazro ekonomikis

qveynebSi funqcionireben e.w. `mesame seqtoris` sawar-

moebi, romlebic arc kerZoa da arc saxelmwifo, magram

mkacrad kontroldeba saxelmwifo organoebis mxriv.

saxelmwifoebrivi mewarmeobis nairsaxeobaa sakon-

cesio sistemac. vgulisxmobT saxelwifos xelSi arse-

buli bunebrivi resursebis komerciuli arendis saxiT

gadacemas kerZo mewarmeebisaTvis, romlebic maT eqsplu-

atacias axorcieleben.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi mimdinare procesebi cxady-

ofs, rom maT ekonomikaSi TandaTanobiT matulobs sax-

elmwifo seqtoris xvedriTi wona. magaliTad, dasaqmeb-

is mixedviT igi 1951-2001 wlebSi gaizarda: SvedeTSi

18-dan 39%-mde, did britaneTSi _ 20-dan 35%-mde, sa-

frangeTSi _ 25-dan 35%-mde, aSS-Si _ 17-dan 20%-mde. es

dakavSirebulia saomar daZabulobasa da saxalxo meur-

neobis militarizaciasTan, makrodinamikuri ganviTareb-

is infrastruqturul uzrunvelyofasTan, intensiur

urbanizaciasTan, ekologiur krizisTan, socialuri Ta-

nasworobis uzrunvelyofasTan da a.S. am tendencias

garkveulwilad aZlierebs mosaxleobis ̀ demografiuli

daberebac` (xandazmulTa xvedriTi wonis mkveTrad amaR-

leba mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaSi), ramdenadac

amiT izrdeba saxelmwifos kmayofaze myof pirTa kon-

tingenti.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom es procesi

yovelTvis erTi mimarTulebiT ar viTardeba. calkeul

periodebSi SeimCneva ukuprocesic: saxelmwifo sawarmo-

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ganizebul xasiaTs.

principulad aseTi swori msjelobis fonze auci-

lebelia sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yovel etapze re-

alurad ganisazRvros ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi reg-

ulirebis principebi.

sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regu-

lirebis saerTo strategiis ZiriTadi princi pe-

bia:

* saxelmwifos mier, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, garkveu-

li upiratesobis miniWeba da subsidiebis gamoyofa, pirvel

rigSi, im dargebis ganviTarebisaTvis, romlebsac ar et-

aneba kerZo biznesi maTi ̀ produqciis` moxmarebis speci-

fikurobisa da, rogorc wesi, dabalmomgebianobis gamo;

* kerZo biznesis mimarT iseTi politikis gatare-

ba, romelic ki ar Seaviwrovebs da gamodevnis, aramed

xels Seuwyobs mis funqcionirebas;

* saxelmwifos mier iseTi finansuri, sakredito

da sagadasaxado politikis gatareba, romelic yovelmxriv

xels Seuwyobs qveynis ekonomikur zrdasa da social-

ur stabilurobas;

* qmediTunarianobis amaRlebis mizniT, saxelmwi-

fos mier maregulirebeli funqciebis SesrulebisaTvis,

SesaZleblobis farglebSi, sabazro urTierTobaTa for-

misa da Sinaarsis micema;

* araordinarul pirobebSi (omebi, epidemiebi, sti-

qiuri ubedurebebi, ekologiuri katastrofebi da a.S.)

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis regulirebis sagange-

bo RonisZiebaTa SemuSaveba da realizacia.

am principebis ubralo CamoTvlac ki migvaniSnebs

imaze, rom Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomika es aris sax-

regulireba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi esaa

erToblioba sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da

sakontrolo xasiaTis RonisZiebebisa, romlebic

xorcieldeba uflebamosili saxelmwifo dawese-

bulebebisa da sazogadoebivi organizaciebis mier

arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis sta-

bilurobis uzrunvelyofisa da cvalebad pirobebT-

an misi adaptirebis mizniT.

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomika xasiaTdeba sazoga-

doebrivi warmoebis regulirebis meqanizmSi Rrma cv-

lilebebiT. sabazro meqanizmebTan ekonomikis saxelmwi-

foebrivi regulirebis berketebis organulma Serwymam

Seqmna ekonomikis regulirebis erTiani, garkveuli azriT,

mTliani miznobrivi sistema. masSi Tanaarseboben, urT-

ierTqmedeben da erTimeoreze zemoqmedeben kvlvawarmoe-

bis kerZomesakuTreobiTi da saxelmwifoebrivi berketebi.

amasTan, sabazro da saxelmwifoebriv regulirebas Soris

urTierToba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva variants da vari-

antTa sxvadasxva Tanafardobas: saxelmwifoebriv regu-

lirebas SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seaviwrovos sabazro

regulireba; saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba SeiZleba ey-

rdnobodes sabazros, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli stimulebi-

Ta da orientirebiT zemoqmedebis meSveobiT; saxelmwi-

fos SeuZlia waaxalisos bazari da konkurencia monop-

olisturi tendenciebis SezRudviT, mTeli erovnuli

ekonomikis prioritetuli ganviTarebisaTvis. mniSvnelo-

vania xazi gaesvas imasac, rom kerZo firmebisa da sax-

elmwifo organoebis erToblivi moqmedebiT izRudeba

sabazro stiqia, xolo ekonomikuri urTierTobebi iZenen

garkveul farglebSi reglamentirebul, Segnebulad or-

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ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis obieqte-

bis mniSvneloba (maTi prioritetuli mdgomareoba) gan-

isazRvreba ganviTarebis strategiuli miznis Sesabamis-

ad qveynis sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebis doniT, ekonomikis

struqturiT, gadasawyveti amocanebis xasiaTiT, sazoga-

doebis mentalitetiT da a.S.

bunebrivia, ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulire-

bis mizanTa miRweva gulisxmobs gansazRvruli meqaniz-

mis funqcionirebas. saxelmwifos, uwinares yovlisa, unda

gaaCndes regulirebis Sesabamisi materialuri da arama-

terialuri resursebi, e.i. saSualebebi, romelTa meSveo-

biTac dasaxul miznebs praqtikulad ganaxorcielebs.

regulirebis saSualebaTa mizanswrafuli gamoy-

eneba moiTxovs gansazRvrul meTodebsa da instrument-

ebs. regulirebis meTodebi SeiZleba kvalificirebu-

li iqnas Semdegnairad: saxelmwifoebrivi sakuTrebis

marTva; ekonomikaze zemoqmedeba saxelmwifoebrivi mox-

marebis, socialur saWiroebebze danaxarjebis, sabiuje-

to politikis, dabegvris, fuladi mimoqcevis regulire-

bis, dakreditebis Tu dafinansebis meSveobiT; adminis-

traciul-ekonomikuri zemoqmedeba sakredito sistemaze,

Semosavlebze, faswarmoqmnaze kontroliT; wminda admin-

istraciuli zemoqmedeba kanonmdeblobiT an sxvadasxva

administraciuli SezRudviT; informaciuli zemoqmede-

ba da sxv.

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis in-

strumentebi iyofa or jgufad: (1) administraciul

da (2) ekonomikur instrumentebad.

ekonomikis regulirebis administraciuli

instrumentebi emyareba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Zalas

elmwifoebriv-regulirebadi ekonomika, anu iseTi ekonomika,

romelSic swored saxelmwifo warmogvidgeba stabil-

urobis, optimalurobisa da civilizebulobis garan-

tad.

literaturaSi ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi

regulirebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva

mizans gamoyofen: stabiluri ekonomikuri zrda; dasaqme-

bis maRali done; myari fasebi; sagareo-ekonomikuri

wonasworoba. garda amisa, xSirad saxelmwifoebrivi

regulirebis miznebad asaxeleben ganaTlebas, Semosav-

lebisa da resursebis samarTlian gadanawilebas, garem-

os dacvas da mis gajansaRebas. aRniSnaven, rom TiToeu-

li dasaxelebuli mizani arsebobs ara calke TavisTvis,

aramed erTmaneTTan uSualo kavSirSi. es Tavisebureba

ekonomikur politikaSi srulad unda aisaxos.

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben ekonomikis saxelm-

wifoebrivi regulirebis obieqtebs. aRiarebulia,

rom aseTi obieqtebia: pirobebi, procesebi, urTierTobe-

bi, ekonomikis seqtorebi, romlebic sabazro meqanizmebis

meSveobiT aradamakmayofileblad funqcionireben; miaCniaT,

rom es obieqtebi sabazro ekonomikis susti adgilebia.

amitom maT gajansaRebas unda Seuwyos xeli saxelmwi-

foebrivma regulirebam. tradiciulad, ekonomikis sax-

elmwifoebrivi regulirebis mravalricxovan obieqtebs

Soris gamoyofen Semdeg mTavar obieqtebs: ekonomikuri

cikli, sameurneo koniunqtura, kapitalis dagroveba, fulis

mimoqceva, dasaqmeba, konkurenciis pirobebi, fasebi, samec-

niero-teqnikuri progresi, kadrebis momzadeba, sagada-

saxdelo balansi da erovnuli konkurentunarianoba,

socialuri urTierTobebi, garemos dacva da a.S.

687686

mecnieruli kvlevis esa Tu is mimarTuleba, garemos

dacva da sxv.

gamoyofen Cveulebrivsa da sagangebo pro-

gramebs. Cveulebrivi programebi, rogorc wesi, saSua-

lovadiania da miznad isaxavs ekonomikaSi warmoSobili

siZneleebisa da disproporciebis rac SeiZleba umtkiv-

neulod gadalaxvas. sagangebo programebis SemuSaveba

xdeba kritikul situaciebSi (krizisi, masobrivi

umuSevroba, inflacia da sxv.).

msoflios mraval qveyanaSi dagrovili gamocdile-

ba mowmobs, rom ekonomikuri programireba metwilad

indikaturi xasiaTisaa. magram igi, eyrdnoba ra mTavro-

bis Sesabamis institutebs, kerZo da saxelmwifo kor-

poraciebis sabiujeto subsidirebas, fiskalur da sxva

SeRavaTian RonisZiebebs, arsebiT zemoqmedebas axdens

sameurneo procesebis regulirebaze. Tanamedrove pro-

gramireba aris mTeli perspeqtiuli regulirebis erT-

erTi konkretuli forma.

programirebis sistemaSi Sedis ara mxolod saer-

To sameurneo gegmebi, aramed SezRuduli xasiaTis pro-

gramebi: calkeuli dargisa da regionis ganviTareba;

calkeuli erovnuli problemis, magaliTad, dasaqmebis,

sagareo gacvlis, saxelmwifo seqtoris ganviTarebis

problemebi. saSualovadiani gegmebi ivseba erT welze

gaangariSebuli saerTo sameurneo programebiT.

programirebas erTvis regulirebis Sereuli for-

ma stabilizaciis gegmis saxiT, romlis meSveobiTac

wydeba rogorc sazogadoebrivi warmoebis dabalansire-

bulobis perspeqtiuli, ise mimdinare amocanebi. Tavisi

safuZvliT stabilizaciis gegmebi ganekuTvnebian koni-

da moicavs nebarTvis, akrZalvisa da iZulebis zomebs.

saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis ekonomikuri

instrumentebia: sargeblis ganakveTis Secvla, fulisa

da fasiani qaRaldebis emisia, saxelmwifo biujeti, ga-

dasaxadebi, fasebi.

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis

ekonomikuri berketebis sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli

adgili ukavia ekonomikis saxelmwifo seqtors

da ekonomikur programirebas.

ekonomikis saxelmwifo seqtori esaa kompleqsi

sameurneo erTeulebisa, romlebic mTlianad an nawilo-

briv ekuTvnis saxelmwifos centralur da adgilobriv

organoebs. rogorc viciT, esenia, uwinares yovlisa, is

sameurneo obieqtebi, romlebic sazogadoebisaTvis auci-

lebelia, magram kerZo biznesi uxalisod abandebs iq

saxsrebs an uars ambobs maTze.

biujetis saxsrebis miznobrivi warmarTvis gziT

saxelmwifo gavlenas axdens ekonomikis dargobriv stru-

qturaze; xels uwyobs axali, perspeqtiuli, magram jer

kidev naklebmomgebiani da, amdenad, kerZo kapitalisaTvis

arasaintereso dargebis ganviTarebas.

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis umaR-

lesi formaa ekonomikuri programireba. ekonomikur

programirebaSi igulisxmeba mTavrobis mier ekonomikis

ganviTarebis prioritetuli mimarTulebebis SerCeva;

mokle-, saSualo- da grZelvadiani amocanebis gansazRvra;

maTi gadawyvetis wesisa da pasuxismgebelTa dadgena;

aucilebeli saSualebebis (resursebis) gamonaxva.

miznobrivi programebis obieqtebi SeiZleba iyos:

erovnuli meurneobis dargebi, regionebi, socialuri sfero,

689688

sa`, misi rolis zrdas xels Seuwyobs iseTi movlenebi,

rogoricaa: msoflioSi energetikuli, savaluto da eko-

logiuri krizisebi; warmoebis avtomatizaciis farTod

ganviTareba; warmoebisa da kapitalis koncentraciis

gaZliereba; socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis (umuSev-

roba, inflacia) gamwvaveba; mzardi winaaRmdegobebi gan-

viTarebul da ganuviTarebel, did da patara qveynebs

Soris.

unqturul regulirebas, Tumca isini SeiZleba ganxilul

iqnes rogorc struqturuli regulirebis da, Sesabam-

isad, programirebis sistemis elementebi.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom gegmebis rekomendaciulo-

ba ar niSnavs, rom isini ar sruldebian, Tu aucilebeli

iqneba maTi Sesruleba. gegma saxelmZRvaneloa moqmedeb-

isaTvis, magram ara dogma. gegmis monaxazebi _ orien-

tiria da ara mkacri SezRudva.

regulireba rTuli, bevr rameSi ganusazRvreli

procesia. misi Sedegianoba damokidebulia bevr obieq-

tur da subieqtur garemoebaze. regulirebis SesaZle-

blobaTa Sefasebisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom is mxolod

konkurentunariani meqanizmis damatebaa da amitom misi

regulirebis efeqti damokidebulia am meqanizmis muSaobis

Sedegebze.

saxelmwifos ekonomikur politikaSi didi adg-

ili uWiravs sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis regulirebas.

amitom mTavrobis ekonomikur funqciebSi sul ufro

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs transnacionalur kapi-

talTan urTierTobis regulireba, rac gansakuTrebu-

lad mniSvnelovania ekonomikis internacionalizaciis

pirobebSi.

saboloo angariSiT, ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba gadaiqca Tan-

amedrove sameurneo meqanizmis umniSvnelovanes elemen-

tad, romlis sferoSic CarTulia sazogadoebrivi kv-

lavwarmoebis yvela mxare _ warmoeba, ganawileba, gacvla

da moxmareba. arc is unda iyos sadavo, rom momavalSi

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis mniSvneloba

kidev ufro gaizrdeba. garda `tradiciuli sferoebi-

691690

b. moxmarebis is efeqtebi, romelTa zemoqmedeba

mesame pirze ar arisaxeba fasis meSveobiT;

g. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi da arasakmarisi

konkurencia;

d. nebismieri saqoneli da momsaxureba.

5. transferuli gadasaxdeli aris:

a. Sromis anazRaurebis gansakuTrebuli forma;

b. saxelmwifo biujetidan mosaxleobaze fu-

ladi daxmareba, romelic dakavSirebulia saxelmwifo

samsaxuris SesrulebasTan;

g. usasyidlo naturaluri daxmareba sazoga-

doebis calkeul pirebze;

d. saxelmwifo biujetidan mosaxleobaze fu-

ladi daxmareba, romelic araa dakavSirebulia saxelm-

wifo samsaxuris SesrulebasTan.

6. saxelmwifos sami globaluri ekonomikuri

funqcia, romlebic exeba qveynis masStabiT efeq-

tianobis , samarTlianobisa da stabilurobis

uzrunvelyofas, Camoayaliba:

a. irving fiSerma;

b. pol samuelsonma da viliam nordhausma;

g. viliam staffordma;

d. kempbel r. makkonelma da stenli l. brium.

7. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saxelmwi-

fos ekonomikur funqciebs ar miekuTvneba:

a. konkurenciis dacva;

b. fasebis daweseba kerZo mewarmeTa mier gamoS-

? testebi SeZenili codnis

SemowmebisaTvis

1. istoriulad, amosaval makroekonomikur reg-ulatorad mogvevlina:

a. regulirebadi bazari;

b. veluri bazari;

g. civilizebuli bazari;

d. Tavisufali bazari.

2. sazogadoebrivi dovlaTi moicavs iseTsaqonelsa da momsaxurebas, romelic:

a. gamoiyeneba mxolod sabiujeto organizacie-

bis muSakTa mier;

b. iwarmoeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier;

g. gamoiyeneba mxolod socialuri sferos muSakTa

mier;

d. ar flobs gamoricxvisa da metoqeobis Tvise-

bebs.

3. sityvebi: `mTavroba msajia da igi ar undaecados gaxdes moTamaSe` ekuTvnis:

a. ludvig erhards;

b. jorj buSs;

g. jon meinard keinzs;

d. ronald reigans.

4. bazris fiaskoze moqmed Siga efeqtebSiigulisxmeba:

a. warmoebis is efeqtebi, romelTa zemoqmedeba

mesame pirze ar aisaxeba fasis meSveobiT;

693692

ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi

regulirebis safinanso-sabiujeto

da sabanko-sakredito berketebi

` ar s e buli s a zog a doe br i v iw y o bil ebis d a m xo b is y v elaz eutyuari da qmediTi saSualebaafuladi sistemis moSla~.

j. m. keinzi

`kargi mwyemsi Tavis cxvars parsavs,magram tyavs ar aZrobs~.

tiberiusi

àdamianebi saxelmwifos Tavisiqonebis nawils aZleven imisaTvis,rom mSvidad moixmaron qonebisdanarCeni nawili~.

S. monteskie

`bankis procesebma arc dasvenebaician da arc RvTis msaxureba. isinimuSaoben RamiTac, kviraobiTac daavdarSic~.

b. Sou

saxelmZRvanelos wina ganyofilebebidan gasagebi

gaxda, rom Tanamedrove civilizebul sazogadoebaSi

saxelmwifom SeiZina Taviseburi niSnebi: jer-erTi, is

11Tema

vebul produqciaze;

g. Semosavlebis gadanawileba;

d. ekonomikis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa da

ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba.

8. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi demokra-tizaciis gaf arToeba niSnavs saxelmw ifosekonomikuri rolis:

a. Sesustebas;

b. ucvlelobas;

g. gaZlierebas;

d. daxvewas.

9. Semosavlebisa da resursebis samarTlianigadanawileba miekuTvneba ekonomikis saxelmwifoe-brivi regulirebis:

a. princips;

b. mizans;

g. obieqts;

d. instruments.

10. ekonomikis saxelmwifo seqtoris arse-bobis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia:

a. kapitaltevadi da ararentabeluri dargebis

arsebobiT;

b. saxelmwifo Semosavlebis gazrdis miswrafe-

biT;

g. sazogadoebrivi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

warmoebis aucileblobiT;

d. qveynis ekonomikuri da socialuri usafrTx-

oebis uzrunvelyofis amocanebiT.

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leqcia 30. safinanso-sabiujeto

sistema da fiskaluri politika

àucilebelia, rom fuli, romelsacsaxelmwifo arTmevs Tavis qveSevr-domebs, Seesabamebodes maT SesaZleb-lobebs da, ara Tu ar apartaxebdes,aramed mniSvnelovan ziansac ar undaayenebdes qonebas. magram, Tu saWiroar aris zedmetad damZimeba, maSinarc imaze naklebi unda mosTxovos,rac aucilebelia saxelmwifosaTvis~.

a. riSelie

`Tu Tqven wess arRvevT, maSingajarimeben; Tu wess icavT, maSingadasaxadiT gbegraven~.

lorens piteri

`gadasaxadebis akrefa – es arisxelovneba, ise gabdRvna bati, rommiiRo bumbulis maqsimumi minimalu-ri wri piniT~

J. kolberi

finansebis arsi da funqciebi. finansebi

saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebis umniSvnelovanesi

instrumenti da sabazro urTierTobebis ganuyofeli

nawilia.

termini `finansebi~ warmoSobilia laTinuri

sityvidan, rac niSnavs Semosavals, gadasaxads. pirvelad

Tavisi namdvili mniSvnelobiT _ ̀ fuladma gadasaxadma`

gamoyeneba hpova XII-XV saukuneebis italiaSi, rodesac

iqca ekonomikis erT-erT qmediT regulatorad; da meore,

man aqtiuri zegavlenis moxdena daiwyo sazogadoebaSi

arsebul socialur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebaze. Tumca,

mTlad naTeli araa sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu saxelmwifo

romeli ekonomikuri meqanizmis meSveobiT axorcielebs

Tavis farTomasStabian ekonomikur da socialur amoca-

nebs. saWiroa pasuxis moZebna am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul

kiTxvazec: rogori safinanso-sabiujeto da sabanko-

sakredito berketebi gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove ekonomikis

saxelmwifoebriv regulirebaSi? swored am kiTxvaze

pasuxis gacemiTa da axsniT viqnebiT dakavebuli winamde-

bare Temis Seswavlisas.

697696

funqcionireba fulis gareSe SeuZlebelia. igi finansebis

arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa. saxelmwifo, finansuri

meqanizmis daxmarebiT, qmnis fulad fondebs, romelTac

Tavisi mravalricxovani (politikuri, ekonomikuri da

socialuri) funqciebis Sesasruleblad iyenebs.

finansebi fulisagan gansxvavdeba rogorc Sinaar-

siT, ise Sesasrulebeli funqciebiT. fuli sayovelTao

eqvivalentia, romliTac izomeba asocirebuli mwarmoeb-

lis Sromis danaxarjebi, finansebi ki mTliani erovnu-

li produqtis da erovnuli simdidris nawilis ganaw-

ileba-gadanawilebis ekonomikuri instrumentia. finan-

sur urTierTobebTan mxolod maSin gvaqvs saqme, rode-

sac adgili aqvs fuladi saxsrebis realur moZraobas,

upiratesad kvlavwarmoebis procesis ganawilebisa da

gacvlis stadiebze. amitom, fuli mxolod maSinaa fin-

ansebi, rodesac Rirebulebis ganawilebasa da gadanaw-

ilebas axorcielebs.

finansuri urTierTobebi formirdeba: sawarmoebs

Soris sasaqonlo-materialur faseulobaTa SeZenisa da

mza produqciisa da momsaxurebis realizaciis procesSi;

sawarmoebsa da maT zemdgom organizaciebs Soris

centralizebuli fondebis Seqmna-ganawilebis procesSi,

kerZod, saxelmwifosa da sawarmoebs Soris, erTi mxriv,

saxelmwifos winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis

(gadasaxadebis Setana) da, meore mxriv, sawarmoos winaSe

saxelmwifos mier aRebuli valdebulebebis (xarjebis

dafinansebis) procesSi; sawarmoebs, moqalaqeebsa da

arasabiujeto organizaciebs Soris resursebis miRebisa

da gadasaxdelebis Setanis procesSi; calkeul sabiujeto

dawesebulebebs Soris; sadazRvevo organizaciebsa da

sawarmoebsa da moqalaqeebs Soris; dabolos,

qalaqebi _ genua, florencia da venecia evropis umsxviles

savaWro da sabanko centrebs warmoadgendnen. XVI-XVIII

saukuneebis germaniaSi terminma _ ̀ finansebi`, ZiriTadi

mniSvnelobis _ fuladi gadasaxadebis _ paralelurad,

SeiZina gamomZalvelobis, TaRliTobis mniSvnelobac. XVI

saukunis safrangeTSi termins _ ̀ finansebi~ saxelmwifo

qonebis erTobliobis aRmniSvnel sinonimad iyenebdnen.

saqarTveloSi, gviandel Sua saukuneebSi, finansebis

sinonimad gamoiyeneboda farTod cnobili cneba _ ̀ xazina~,

romelic arabuli warmoSobisaa. XII saukunidan saqarTve-

loSi ̀ xazinis` SemoRebamde, xmarebaSi iyo ̀ saWurWle~,

xolo dRevandeli gagebiT finansTa ministrs ̀ meWurWleT-

uxucesi~ ewodeboda.

finansebi Tavisi materialuri SinaarsiT miznobriv

fulad fondebs warmoadgens, anu qveyanaSi Seqmnili mSp-

is nawils da mTlianobaSi moicavs qveynis finansur

resursebs. finansuri resursebi saxelmwifosa da

sawarmoebis, korporaciebis da sxva organizaciebis

(sakuTrebis miuxedavad) gankargulebaSi arsebuli fula-

di saxsrebis fondebis erTobliobaa. finansuri

resursebis ZiriTadi wyaro swored mTliani Sida

produqti da erovnuli Semosavalia. nebismier qveyanaSi

finansuri resursebi sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebisa da

xalxis keTildReobis amaRlebis erT-erTi umniSvnelova-

nesi faqtoria.

xSirad termins _ ̀ finansebi~ aigiveben fulTan da

mis sinonimad miaCniaT, magram es ase ar aris. sinamdvileSi

saqme gvaqvs or sxvadasxva kategoriasTan, or ekonomikur

berketTan, romlebic gamoxataven or sxvadasxva

sazogadoebriv movlenas. amis gamo arasworia ̀ finansebis~

gaigiveba ̀ fulad resursebTan~, Tumca finansebis arseboba-

699698

uzrunvelyofen warmoebis process da mogebis miRebas.isini materializebulia fuladi kapitalisa da sawarmoTasxvadasxva fuladi fondebis saxiT. kerZo sawarmoTada korporaciaTa finansebi ekonomikuri (fuladi)urTierTobebia, romlebic xels uwyoben sawarmoTadecentralizebuli fuladi fondebis wrebrunvas.

saojaxo meurneobebis finansebi gamoixatebafulad urTierTobebSi, romlebic warmoiSobian calkeuliojaxebis (moqalaqeebis) Semosavlebisa da xarjebisformirebis procesSi da romlebic uzrunvelyofen maTikvlavwarmoebis process.

finansuri urTierTobebis nebismier doneze,finansuri resursebis materialuri wyaroebia erovnulisimdidre, mTliani erovnuli produqti da erovnuliSemosavali. maT SeqmnaSi monawileobs warmoebis xuTivefaqtori _ miwa, kapitali, Sroma, mewarmeobiTi unari damTavrobis ekonomikuri da samarTlebrivi saqmianoba. sxvasityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sabazro urTierTobebis pirobebSiwarmoebis am xuTive faqtors axasiaTebs Semosavlebisformirebis unari. amasTan, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSiTiToeul faqtors Tavisi bazari gaaCnia. aq Camoyalibebu-li faswarmoqmna gansazRvravs warmoebis faqtorebisanu resursebis sabazro fasebs, romlebic aisaxebawarmoebuli produqciis RirebulebaSi da saSualebasiZleva ganisazRvros, Tu ra ujdeba qveyanas, resursebisgamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, mocemuli wminda produqtiswarmoeba. TiToeuli faqtoris Rirebulebis wili qveynismTliani erovnuli produqtis SeqmnaSi, warmoadgens amukanasknelis ganawilebis proporciebis safuZvels. amitom,erTi mxriv, warmoebis faqtorebis Rirebulebebis moZraoba,meore mxriv, maTi monawileobiT Seqmnili Rirebulebisganawileba da gadanawileba gvixasiaTebs, Tu saxelmwifo

saxelmwifoTa Soris ekonomikur urTierTobaTa

angariSsworebisa da finansuri resursebis gadanawilebis

procesSi. Sesabamisad, finansebis mTavari daniSnulebaa

ara marto saxelmwifoebrivi fuladi fondebis Seqmna-

gamoyeneba, aramed sawarmoTa da saojaxo meurneobebis

finansuri uzrunvelyofa.

ganasxvaveben finansebis sam dones: saxelmwifo

finansebs, arasaxelmwifo, anu kerZo sawarmoTa da

korporaciaTa finansebsa da saojaxo meurneobebis

finansebs.

saxelmwifo finansebi _ es aris ekonomikur

urTierTobaTa sistema, romelic yalibdeba saxelmwifos

mier Tavisi funqciebis ganxorcielebisas gaweuli

xarjebis dasafinanseblad saWiro fuladi fondebis

Seqmnis mizniT mTliani erovnuli produqtis ganawilebis,

gadanawilebisa da moxmarebis procesSi. am urTierTobis

materializacia xdeba centralur da adgilobriv

biujetebSi, specialur biujetgareSe saxelmwifo

fondebsa da saxelmwifo sawarmoTa gankargulebaSi

Tavmoyril fulad fondebSi. amave fondebSia ganivTebuli,

agreTve, saxelmwifoTaSoriso finansuri urTierTobebisas

gadanawilebuli fuladi resursebic. maSasadame,

saxelmwifo finansebi, esaa ekonomikur (fulad)

urTierTobaTa sistema, romelic yalibdeba saxelmwifos

centralizebuli fuladi fondebis formirebisa da

gamoyenebis procesSi. es saxsrebi akumulirdeba

saxelmwifos sabiujeto sistemis, samTavrobo

biujetgareSe da saxelmwifo sawarmoTa fondebSi.

kerZo sawarmoTa da korporaciaTa finansebigamoixateba fulad urTierTobebSi, romlebic

warmoiSobian maTi ekonomikuri saqmianobis procesSi,

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finansebis, rogorc sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis, klasifikacia SesaZlebelia am urTierTo-

bebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli fuladi fondebis

formirebisa da gamoyenebis Taviseburebebis gaTvalisw-

inebiT. swored aseTi fondebis erToblioba qmnis

finansur sistemas. maSasadame, finansuri sistema _es aris saxelmwifosa da sawarmoebis fuladifondebis warmoSobis, ganawilebisa da gamoyenebisformebisa da meTodebis sistema. misi mTavarifunqciaa finansuri resursebis efeqtiani ganawi-leba .

finansuri sistema finansuri urTierTobebis sxvadas-

xva sferoebis erTobliobaa, romelTa farglebSi

xorcieldeba fuladi saxsrebis fondebis Seqmna da

gamoyeneba. am sferoebis gamoyofis safuZveli finansebis

doneebia. amitom nebismieri qveynis finansuri sistema

iyofa sam ZiriTadsferod: saxelmwifo finansebis,

sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoTa finansebisa

da saojaxo meurneobebis finansebis sferoebad. ganvixi-

loT TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke.

saxelmwifo finansebis (sferos) anu

finansuri urTierTobebis mkveTri ganviTareba SeimCneva

XX saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdgom.

msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi adgili hqonda

erovnuli Semosavlebis gansaxelmwifoebriobas, rodesac

saxelmwi-fos biujetSi Tavs iyrida am Semosavlebis

30-50%. Sedegad, gaizarda saxelmwifos roli ekonomikis

kvlavwarmoebis procesSi, gafarTovda finansuri

urTierTobebi. maT Semdgom gaRrmavebas xeli Seuwyo

saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi, sabiujeto saxsrebis

visi monawileobiT uzrunvelyofs qveyanaSi finansururTierTobebs anu vis xarjze qmnis finansur resursebsda risTvis xarjavs maT.

finansebis socialur-ekonomikuri arsi mis funqcieb-Si vlindeba. finansebi or ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:ganawilebisa da kontrolis funqciebs, romlebsacisini erTdroulad axorcieleben. TiToeuli finansurioperacia niSnavs mTliani erovnuli produqtisa daerovnuli Semosavlis ganawilebasa da am ganawilebazekontrols.

ganawilebis funqciis meSveobiT, upirvelesyovlisa, vlindeba finansebis saxelmwifo-sameurneodaniSnuleba: erTi mxriv, meurneobis TiToeuli subieqti,meore mxriv, xelisufleba saxelmwifos uzrunvelyofsmisTvis aucilebeli finansuri resursebiT. finansebisganawilebis funqciis moqmedebis obieqtad gamodismTliani erovnuli produqtis Rirebuleba, erovnuliSemosavali, agreTve, fulad formaSi gamoxatuli erovnulisimdidre.

finansebis ganawilebis funqciis arseboba uSualokavSirSia kontrolis funqciasTan, romelic vlindebamTliani erovnuli produqtis Sesabamis fondebSimoqcevisa da SemdgomSi misi miznobrivi ganawilebiskontrolSi.

finansuri sistemis rgolebi da

sferoebi. `finansuri sistemis~ cneba `finansebis~cnebis ganviTare-bul formas warmoadgens. finansursistemas ayalibebs saxelmwifo Tavisi funqciebisa daamocanebis efeqtiani realizaciis mizniT, romlis sferoebi

da ZiriTadi rgolebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi araerTgvaro-

vania.

703702

muSakebis xelfasebi, pensiebi, stipendiebi da a.S.);

sabiujeto uwyebebis, dawesebulebebis dafinansebas;

saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi RonisZiebebis dafinansebas;

sameurneo subieqtebis finansebis sfero

uzrunvelyofs saojaxo meurneobaTa biujetebis

saSemosavlo nawilis formirebas. esenia: sawarmoebSi

dasaqmebuli muSakebis xelfasi, dividendebi da mogebis

angariSze gacemuli socialuri gacemebi; centraluri

da adgilobrivi biujetebis, arasabiujeto da specialuri

fondebis Semosavlebi;

saojaxo meurneobebis biujetebis sfero

monawileobs centraluri da adgilobrivi biujetebis

saSemosavlo nawilis formirebaSi gadasaxadebis,

mosakreblebisa da sxva savaldebulo gadasaxdelebis

saxiT, agreTve, fasian qaRaldebSi investiciebis gziT.

saxelmwifos finansuri sistema Sedgeba Semdegi

rgolebisagan: sxvadasxva donis mmarTvelobiTi organoebis

biujetebi; saxelmwifo krediti; saxelmwifo savaluto

rezervebi; dazRveva; sawarmoebis, organizaciebis, firmebis,

korporaciebis, komerciuli da arakomerciuli

struqturebis finansebi; danarCeni specialuri fuladi

fondebi.

finansuri sistemis TiToeuli rgoli warmoadgens

finansuri urTierTobebis gansazRvrul sferos da gaaCnia

Tavisi, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri

Taviseburebebi da funqciebi, romlebic vlindeba maTi

zemoqmedebisas kvlavwarmoebis procesebze. maTi

Semosavlebis wyaroebi da xarjvis mimarTulebebi

ganisazRvreba Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT. ase magaliTad,

sawarmoTa (korporaciaTa) finansebi emsaxureba

materialur warmoebas da maTi monawileobiT iqmneba

paralelurad, mravalricxovani arasabiujeto fondebis

saxiT fuladi saxsrebis Tavmoyram. saxelmwifo finansebis

sfero moicavs centraluri da teritoriuli erTeulebis

(adgilobriv) biujetebs, saxelmwifo sawarmoTa,

arasabiujeto da sxva specialur fondebs. saxelmwifo

finansebis ZiriTadi mizania centraluri finansuri

resursebis formireba da misi ganawileba sazogadoebrivi

moTxovnilebebis dasafinanseblad.

mniSvnelovani ganviTarebiT xasiaTdeboda agreTve

sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoTa finanse-bi, romelic didi moculobis fuladi fondebis

wrebrunvas emsaxureba. amitom, maTi marTva (anu finansuri

menejmenti) gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens.

sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoTa

finansebis sfero moicavs iuridiuli pirebis finansebs.

sameurneo subieqtebis finansebis mizania finansuri

resursebis formireba im moculobiT, romelic aucilebe-

lia sameurneo saqmianobis mimdinare da sainvesticio

saqmianobisTvis.

saxelmwifo da sawarmoTa finansebis ganviTareba

xels uwyobs saojaxo meurneobebis finansebisganviTarebas. saojaxo meurneobebis finansebis sferos

mTavari mizania calkeuli ojaxebis (moqalaqeebis)

finansebis anu biujetebis saSemosavlo nawilis formireba

da misi gamoyeneba ojaxis mimdinare moTxovnilebebis

dasakmayofileblad da dagrovebis uzrunvelsayofad.

safinanso sistemis samive sfero mWidro urTierT-

kavSirSia, kerZod:

saxelmwifo finansebis sfero uzrunvelyofs

saojaxo meurneobaTa biujetebis saSemosavlo nawilis

formirebas (sabiujeto dawesebulebebSi dasaqmebuli

705704

saqarTvelos centralur biujets, romelic 2005

wlis 1 ianvridan konsolidirebulia biujetgareSe

fondebTan da iwodeba saxelmwifo biujetad;

afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respubli-

kebis biujetebs;

saqarTvelos sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis anu

adgilobriv biujetebs.

aRniSnul biujetebTan erTad, saqarTveloSi an mis

calkeul regionebSi sagangebo mdgomareobis SemoRebis

SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos parlaments prezidentis

wardgeniT SeuZlia daamtkicos sagangebo biujeti

sagangebo mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebul RonisZiebaTa

miznobrivi dafinansebisTvis. biujetis xarjebis

dasafinanseblad gadasaxadebs, mosakreblebsa da sxva

savaldebulo gadasaxdelebs awesebs parlamenti

prezidentis wardgeniT.

yvela zemoT aRniSnuli biujeti erTmaneTisgan

damoukidebelia da muSavdeba `saqarTvelos sabiujeto

sistemis Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gansazRvruli principebis

safuZvelze. saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistema faqtobri-

vad dasavleTis ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis

sabiujeto sistemis identuria.

saqarTvelos finansuri sistemis erT-erT rgols

2005 wlis 1 ianvramde waroadgenda specialuri

biujetgareSe fondebi. qveyanaSi funqcionirebda ori

fondi: socialuri dazRvevis erTiani saxelmwifo fondi

da saxelmwifo sagzao fondi.

saxelmwifo krediti warmoadgens saxelmwifosa

da sxva iuridiul da fizikur pirebs Soris sakredito

urTierTobaTa formas, romlis drosac ZiriTadad

saxelmwifo gamodis msesxeblis rolSi. saxelmwifo

mSp, romelic nawildeba sawarmoebisa da dargebis SigniT;

saxelmwifo biujetis saSualebiT, saxelmwifos mTavar

centralizebul fondSi Tavs iyris resursebi, romelic

gadanawildeba meurneobis dargebs, ekonomikur regionebs,

mosaxleobis calkeul socialur jgufebs Soris;

biujetgareSe specialur fondebs aqvT mkacrad miznobrivi

daniSnuleba da a.S.

dasavleTis ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi

finansuri sistema ZiriTadad oTx rgols moicavs:

saxelmwifo biujeti, adgilobrivi (teritoriuli

erTeulebis) finansebi, specialuri biujetgareSe fondebi,

saxelmwifo korporaciaTa finansebi.

saqarTvelos finansuri sistema .

saqarTvelos Tanamedrove finansuri sistema Sedgeba

finansur urTierTobaTa Semdegi rgolebisagan:

saxelmwifos sxvadasxva donis biujetebi;

saxelmwifo krediti;

qonebrivi da piradi dazRvevis fondebi;


finansebi.

finansuri sistemis ZiriTadi rgolia saxelmwifo

sabiujeto sistema, romlis marTvis (dagegmva, Sesruleba

da a.S.) safuZvels fiskaluri politika warmoadgens.

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva donis biujetebi qmnian

mis sabiujeto sistemas anu qveynis biujetebis erTianobas,

romelic efuZneba saxelmwifos administraciul-

teritoriul mowyobas, ekonomikur urTierTobebsa da

iuridiul normebs. amJamad igi, faqtobrivad, moicavs

sami donis biujets:

707706

investiciebis gafarToebas. garda amisa, saxelmwifo

asignebebis xarjze, stimuli eZleva da, amave dros, izrdeba

moTxovna rogorc infrastruqturis, ise materialuri

warmoebis dargebis ganviTarebaze. xdeba mTlianad

sameurneo koniunqturis gamococxleba.

centralizebuli fondebis xarjze saxelmwifo

investiciebiT warmoebis gafarToeba da stimulireba

xorcieldeba makrodoneze. xolo qveynis calkeuli

regionebis socialur-ekonomikuri gamoTanabreba uzrun-

velyofilia im finansuri resursebis dargTaSorisi da

teritoriuli gadanawilebis saSualebiT, romlebic

meurneobrivi subieqtebis xelSia Tavmoyrili.

dasavleTis mowinave qveynebSi saxelmwifos

sainvesticio politikas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva.

am mizniT yovelwliurad mxolod saxelmwifo biujetidan

misi saxsrebis 20%-ze mets xarjaven. saxelmwifo, Tavisi

politikiT, amcirebs umuSevrobas da zrdis mSromelTa

realur Semosavlebs, infrastruqturis ganviTarebiT ki

xels uwyobs warmoebis xarjebis Semcirebas, kerZo

kapitalis dagrovebas, Cqardeba kapitalis brunvadoba.

Sedegad izrdeba mogebis norma.

niSandoblivia, rom nebismier ganviTarebul qveyanaSi

samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebis mniSvnelovan elementad

gvevlineba finansebi, kerZod, finansuri resursebi, romelic,

Sromis anazRaurebis garda, moicavs agreTve danaxarjebs

ganaTlebaze, jandacvaze, socialur uzrunvelyofaze.

kvlavwarmoebiT procesebSi mniSvnelovania sakuT-

rebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoebis finansebis

roli, ramdenadac uSualod maTi monawileobiT

xorcieldeba mSp-is warmoeba da misi ganawileba

sawarmoebisa da dargebis SigniT. pasiuri saxelmwifo

kreditis mizani biujetis deficitis dafinansebaa.

saxelmwifo krediti da mis safuZvelze warmoSobili

saxelmwifo valebi imarTeba saqarTvelos Sesabamisi

kanonmdeblobiT.

sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, sul

ufro Zlierdeba dazRvevis (qonebis, piradi, pasuxismgeblo-

bis, ekonomikuri riskebis) roli, rac ganpirobebulia

ara mxolod bunebriv-stiqiuri movlenebiT, aramed

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis arastabilurobiT, konkurenciiT

da a.S. gansakuTrebiT Zlierdeba sadazRvevo riskebis

done ekonomikuri, kerZod warmoebis dacemis periodebSi.


finansebi moicavs saxelmwifo, municipaluri, saaqcio,

kerZo, saijaro da sxva saxis sawarmoTa finansebs, romelic

sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalas

warmoadgens. sawarmoTa finansebis ganviTarebis donesa

da siZlierezea damokidebuli mTlianad qveynis finansuri

siZliere.

fina nsebis roli e konomikaSi .

kvlavwarmoebiT procesebze gavlenas saxelmwifo iseTi

finansuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT axdens, rogoricaa

sabiujeto da sagadasaxado meTodebi, am meTodebiT marTva

erTnairad exeba rogorc socialur sferos, ise meurneobis

yvela sxva dargs.

dafinansebis sabiujeto meTodi gulisxmobs,

upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifos sainvesticio politikas

anu saxelmwifo kapitalur dabandebaTa moculobis zrdas,

ris Sedegadac izrdeba moTxovnileba nedleulsa da

masalaze, axal teqnologiebze, samuSao Zalaze; iqmneba

axali samuSao adgilebi; stimuli eZleva kerZo

709708

gavlenas axdens ekonomikis marTvis gamartivebaze, mis

srulyofasa da gaiafebaze.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi saxelmwifoTa funqciebis

gafarToebam da integraciuli procesebis swrafi

tempebiT ganviTarebam moiTxova saxelmwifo xarjebis

gadideba. saWiro gaxda am xarjebis dafinansebis ZiriTadi

wyaroebis, kerZod, saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi biujetebis

Semosavlebis zrda, rac upirvelesad sagadasaxado

Semosavlebis zrdiT miiRweva. sagadasaxado Semosavlebi

biujetebSi fuladi resursebis mobilizaciis mTavar

finansur wyaros warmoadgens. amitom, sabiujeto sistemis

ganxilvamde, mizanSewonilia vnaxoT, Tu ras warmoadgens

gadasaxadebi da sagadasaxado sistema.

gadasaxadebi da sagadasaxado

sistema . Tanamedrove sagadasaxado sistema

civilizaciis xanrgZlivi ganviTarebis Sedegia. igi

mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli rogorc ekonomikis, ise

mTlianad saxelmwifos ganviTarebasTan. kacobriobis

istorias ar axsovs arc erTi saxelmwifo, romelsac

gadasaxadebis gareSe earseba. gadasaxadebi – es Cveni

gadasaxdelia sazogadoebis civilizebisaTvis. aseTia

dasavleTis mowinave qveynebis midgoma am sakiTxisadmi.

kerZo sakuTrebisa da sabazro urTierTobebis

pirobebSi gadasaxadebi saxelmwifos arsebobis ekonomi-

kuri safuZveli da misi saqmianobisTvis aucilebeli

finansuri resursebis ZiriTadi wyaroa. mxedvelobaSia

misaRebi, rom saxelmwifos bevri, arsebiTad udidesi

mniSvnelobis funqcia gaaCnia, romelTa gansaxorcieleblad

aucilebeli finansuri resursebis formirebis wyaro

ZiriTadad gadasaxadia.

sainvesticio politikis pirobebSi, misi kompensacia xdeba

sawarmoTa finansebis rolis amaRlebiT. am ukanasnels

xels uwyobs sameurneo subieqtis gankargulebaSi

darCenili mogebis moculobis zrda da finansur bazarze

maT mier aRebuli sxvadasxva formis sesxebi. sawarmoTa

sakuTari saxsrebiT dafinansebaze did gavlenas axdens

sagadasaxado politika.

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesebSi Carevis

mizniT saxelmwifo iyenebs iseT finansur meTodsac,

rogoricaa sagadasaxado meTodi. igi gulisxmobs

sagadasaxado politikis elementebis (gadasaxadebis

saxeebis, maTi ganakveTebis, SeRavaTebis, gadasaxadebis

reJimis cvlilebebis) manipulirebis gziT sawarmoTa

finansuri uzrunvelyofis marTvas. ase magaliTad,

gadasaxadebis raodenobisa da ganakveTis SemcirebiT,

SeRavaTebis gafarToebiT izrdeba mewarmeTa Semosavlebi

da mogeba, daCqarebuli amortizaciiT xdeba investiciebis

stimulireba da a.S., saxelmwifo xels uwyobs

ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis amaRlebasa da warmoebis

gafarToeba-ganaxlebas. amasTan, gadasaxadebis gadidebam

SeiZleba gamoiwvios sawinaaRmdego movlenebi: finansuri

resursebis nakleboba da, Sesabamisad, ekonomikuri zrdis

tempebis Seneleba-SeCereba.

finansebi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs mecnierul-

teqnikuri progresis daCqarebaSi, sawarmoo-teqnikuri

potencialis srulad da efeqtianad gamoyenebaSi,

fundamenturi mecnieruli kvlevebis ganviTarebaSi,

romlebmac xeli unda Seuwyos ekonomikuri zrdis

daCqarebas, warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebas da,

Sesabamisad, erovnuli Semosavlebis zrdas. finansebi did

711710

Semosavlis wyaroa. gadasaxadebi aris iuridiuli da

fizikuri pirebis savaldebulo Senatani da maTi

samewarmeo saqmianobidan an sxva wyaroebidan miRebuli

Semosavlebis (mogeba, xelfasi, qoneba da a.S.) nawilis

amoRebis forma.

saqarTvelos konstituciis 94-e muxlis pirveli

nawilis Tanaxmad, gadasaxadebis gadaxda savaldebuloa

kanoniT dadgenili odenobiTa da wesiT. arasavaldebulo

gadasaxadebi ar arsebobs. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado

kodeqsSi sagadasaxado valdebuleba asea ganmartebuli:

`sagadasaxado valdebulebad iTvleba gadasaxadis

gadamxdelis valdebuleba, gadaixados kanoniT dawesebuli

gadasaxadi. sagadasaxado valdebulebis warmoSobis,

Secvlisa da Sewyvetis, agreTve misi Sesrulebis wesi

da pirobebi regulirdeba mxolod am kodeqsiT an/da

sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis sxva aqtebiT. sagadasaxado

valdebuleba ekisreba gadasaxadis gadamxdels sagadasaxa-

do kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil im garemoebaTa warmoqmnis

momentidan, romlebic iTvaliswineben gadasaxadis

gadaxdas~*.

kacobrioba didxan eZebda gadasaxadis amoRebis

efeqtian meqanizms, romelic erTdroulad uzrunvelyofda

gadamxdelTa interesebis dacvasa da saxelmwifos

Zlierebis ganmtkicebas.

hamurabis (1792-1750ww. Cv.w./aR-mde) kanonebi

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda sagadasaxado

disciplinis dacvas. dadgenili iyo gadasaxadis ganakveTi

da gadasaxadis vadebi. sainteresoa darios I-is (522-

486ww. Cv. w./aR-mde) mier sparseTis imperiaSi Seqmnili

sagadasaxado sistema. man qveSevrdomebisagan miRebuli

* saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. _ Tb., 2007, muxli 57.

im ekonomikur berketebs Soris, romelTa meSveobiTac

saxelmwifo zemoqmedebas axdens sabazro urTierTobebze,

gansakuTrebuli adgili gadasaxadebs uWiravs. saxelmwi-

fos xelSi gadasaxadebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

procesebis regulirebis saSualebaa.

gadasaxadi warmoadgens fizikuri da iuridiuli

pirebis savaldebulo gadasaxdels, romelsac saxelmwifo

amoiRebs. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodqsis mixedviT

`gadasaxadi aris... saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, afxazeTisa

da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebisa da adgilobriv

biujetebSi savaldebulo upirobo Senatani, romelsac

ixdis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, gadaxdis aucilebeli,

araeqvivalenturi da usasyidlo xasiaTidan gamomdi-

nare~.

gadasaxadis gadamxdelia mesakuTre. moqalaqis mier

sxvadasxva momsaxurebisTvis gadaxdili safasurebi ki

warmoadgens gadasaxdelebs, romlebic pirdapir da

mTlianad biujetSi ar Sedis. gadasaxadis gadaxda –

socialuri valdebulebaa, romelic gamomdinareobs kerZo

sakuTrebis uflebidan. gadasaxadis gadaxdis gziT kerZo

sakuTreba emsaxureba sazogadoebriv interesebs. gadasaxa-

dis daweseba mxolod sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis

prerogativaa. amitom misi rogorc daweseba, aseve akreba

xorcieldeba sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT gansazRvruli

wesiTa da pirobebiT.

gadasaxadi kompleqsuri kategoriaa da gaaCnia

rogorc ekonomikuri, ise samarTlebrivi da iuridiuli

mniSvneloba.

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, gadasaxadi sazogadoebis

safinanso-sabiujeto sistemis kuTvnileba da misi

*saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. _ Tb., 2007, muxli 6.

713712

* maTes saxareba. Tavi 22. 21.

sasaqonlo-fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis

kvalobaze, sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlam ganapiroba

axali sagadasaxado sistemis Seqmna, romlis mixedviT

gadasaxadebi diferencirdeboda ara socialuri

warmoSobis, aramed Semosavlis mixedviT.

a. smiTma sagadasaxado sistemas safuZvlad daudo

oTxi principi:

gadasaxadebi gadaixdeba adamianTa SesaZleblobisa

da Zalis gaTvaliswinebiT;

gadasaxadis ganakveTebi da gadaxdis vadebi zustad

unda ganisazRvros;

gadasaxadis amoRebis vadebi gadamxdelisaTvis

moxerxebuli unda iyos;

gadasaxadebis akrefis xarjebi rac SeiZleba

minimaluri unda iyos.

amrigad, a. smiTis mixedviT, ekonomikaSi gadasaxadebi

unda iyos sayovelTao da zomieri. Semdgom es Sexeduleba

ganaviTara meore didma klasikosma d. rikardom Tavis

cnobil SromaSi `politikuri ekonomiisa da dabegvris

safuZvlebi~ (1817). rikardos mtkicebiT: ̀ xarki Seadgens

qveynis miwisa da Sromis produqtis nawils, romelic

gadadis mTavrobis gankargulebaSi, igi gadaixdeba

yovelTvis, bolos da bolos, qveynis an kapitalidan, an

Semosavlidan~.

gadasaxadebis TeoriaSi didi wvlili Seitana XX

saukunis udidesma ekonomistma j. m. keinzma, romelmac

uaryo kapitalizmis TviTregulirebis SesaZlebloba da

maSin iesom farisevlebs ganucxada: `mieciT keisrisa

keisarsa da RvTisa – RmerTsa~saCuqrebis nacvlad SemoiRo fuladi da naturaluri

gadasaxadi, romelic dawesebuli normebis mixedviT

dadgenil vadebSi unda gadaxdiliyo, da Seqmna am

gadasaxadebis amoRebis specifikuri samsaxuri. aRsaniSnavia,

rom iberiis pirvelma mefem farnavazma, rogorc es

`qarTlis cxovrebaSia~ Cawerili, axali saxelmwifos

teritoriuli dayofa da gadasaxadebis saxelmwifos

xelSi Tavmoyra dariosis sqemis mixedviT ganaxorciela:

gadasaxadebis erTi nawili (`xarki sameufo~) mefis

gankargulebaSi rCeboda, xolo meore nawili (`xarki

saerosaTvis~) adgilobriv xelisuflebas ekuTvnoda.

romis imperiaSi moqalaqeebidan amoiReboda 46

dasaxelebis gadasaxadi da gamosaRebi, maT Soris iarliyi

virebisaTvis, gamosaRebi meZaveobaze, saponze, qandakebis

aRmarTvaze, gadasaxadi xorbalze, kitrze, monebis flobaze

da a.S. amboben, rom roca imperatorma vespasaniem

tualetebze gadasaxadi daawesa, imperatoris Svilma

iuxerxula aRniSnuli gadasaxadis SemoReba. ganawyenebulma

vespasaniem mas cxvirTan miutana tualetis gadasaxadidan

miRebuli oqros moneta da mrisxaned dauyvira: ̀ ecunia

nov volet!~ (`fuli usunoa!~).

radganac gadasaxadi amcirebda gadamxdelTa Semosavals,

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli misgan Tavis arideba. amitom

Cveuli gaxda urC gadamxdelTa sajaro dasja (gamaTraxeba,

monad gayidva, sikvdiliT dasja...). gadasaxadebis gadaxdis

aucileblobaze miuTiTebda qristianuli ideologiac.

roca farisevlebi iesos SeekiTxnen: `rogor fiqrob,

unda vaZlioT xarki keisars Tu ara?~, man farisevlebs

Txova, misTvis eCvenebinaT xarkis moneta. mas miutanes

keisris gamosaxulebiani dinari. `visia es saxe da

warwera?~ _ ikiTxa iesom. maT upasuxes: `keisrisa~.

715714

aneleben am gadanawilebis tempebs, aZliereben an asusteben

kapitalis dagrovebas anu ekonomikur zrdas, afarToeben

an amcireben mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunarianobas.

gadasaxadebis meSveobiT saxelmwifos eZleva

SesaZlebloba sistematuri urTierTobebi hqondes

iuridiul Tu fizikur pirebTan, kerZod, maT SemosavlebTan.

gadasaxadebis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi xelisufleba

mewarmeebs umcirebs Semosavlebs anu asustebs kapitalis

dagrovebis tempebs, xolo mosaxleobas umcirebs

msyidvelobiTunarianobas. gadasaxadebis Semcirebis

pirobebSi aRniSnuli procesebi viTareba piriqiT:

daCqardeba kapiatlis dagrovebis tempebi da gaizrdeba

mosaxeleobis msyidvelobiTunarianoba. am procesebis

marTviT saxelmwifo aregulirebs ra saqonelsa da

momsaxurebaze moTxovna-miwodebis balanss bazarze,

uSualod zemoqmedebs kvlavwarmoebis procesis yvela

stadiaze. kerZod, aregulirebs (rogorc mewarmeTa, ise

mosaxleobis mxridan miwodebul) fulis masas mimoqcevis

sferoSi, finansur bazars (fulze moTxovna-miwodebaze

zemoqmedebis gziT), inflaciur procesebs, dasaqmebasa

da umuSevrobas (samuSao adgilebis gazrda-Semcirebaze

zemoqmedebis gziT).

gadasaxadebis funqciebis efeqtiani realizacia

didadaa damokidebuli maTi gansazRvrisas iseTi

princi pebis dacvaze, rogoricaa samarTlianoba(Tanasworoba), efeqtianoba, gadaxdisunarianoba.

samarTlianobis (anu Tanasworobis) princi pisdacvis mizania gadasaxadebis gadaxdis simZimis (tvirTis)

Tanabari gadanawileba gadasaxadis nebismieri kategoriis

gadamxdelze. sxva sityvebiT, nebismieri gadamxdeli qveynis

sagadasaxado kanonebisadmi Tanabar mdgomareobaSi unda

iqnes Cayenebuli.

ekonomikuri krizisebis Tavidan asacileblad saxelmwi-

fos daakisra e.w. ̀ efeqtiani moTxovnis~ Seqmna, romelsac

safuZvlad daedeboda gadasaxadebis gadideba da

saxelmwifo sesxebis farTod gavrceleba.

gadasaxadebis, rogorc finansuri kategoriis, arsi

mis funqciebSi vlindeba.

gamoyofen gadasaxadebis mWidrod dakavSirebul or

ZiriTad funqcias: fiskalurs da maregulirebels.

TiToeul maTganSi vlindeba gadasaxadebis Sinagani,

imanenturi buneba, Taviseburebani da niSnebi.

fiskaluri funqcia gadasaxadebis ZiriTadi

funqciaa da axasiaTebs maT ZiriTad daniSnulebas:

gadaanawilos erovnuli Semosavali da saxelmwifos

fuladi fondebis formirebis gziT uzrunvelyos

xelisuflebis funqcionirebis materialuri safuZveli.

saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi xelisuflebis xelSi

gadasaxadebis saxiT Tavs iyris erovnuli Semosavlis

daaxloebiT 50%. ase magaliTad, SveciaSi, irlandiasa da

daniaSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 50%-s aRemateba, inglisSi,

italiaSi, germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, avstriasa da evropis

sxva mowinave qveynebSi 50%-s aRwevs, xolo iaponiaSi _

35%-s aRemateba.

gadasaxadebis fiskaluri funqcia, romlis meSveobi-

Tac formirdeba saxelmwifos Semosavlebi, amave dros

qmnis ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos CarevisaTvis obieqtur

winapirobebs. Sesabamisad, igi arsebiTad ganapirobebs

gadasaxadebis maregulirebeli funqciis ganviTarebasa

da realizacias.

gadasaxadebis maregulirebeli funqciis arsi

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gadasaxadebi axorcieleben ra

erovnuli Semosavlis gadanawilebas, astimulireben an

717716

nebismieri qveynis sagadasaxado sistema moicavs

sagadasaxado samsaxurebis organoebs, sagadasaxado

urTierTobaTa maregulirebel samarTlebriv normebs,

gadasaxadebis, mosakreblebisa da sxva arasagadasaxado

sabiujeto Semosavlebis erTobliobas. kerZod,

sagadasaxado sistemis elementebia:

gadasaxadis gadamxdeli (gadasaxadis subieqti).igi warmoadgens iuridiul an fizikur pirs, romelic

kanoniTaa valdebuli gadasaxadis gadaxdaze, xolo

gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi, iuridiuladaa pasuxismgebeli

gadasaxadis gadauxdelobisaTvis. arapirdapiri gadasaxa-

dis SemTxvevaSi, gadasaxadis gadamxdeli mxolod

formalurad gvevlineba gadasaxadis subieqtad. faqtiu-

rad arapirdapiri gadasaxadis gadaxda gadakisrebuli

aqvs mosaxleobis farTo fenebs;

dabegvris obieqti. masSi igulisxmeba yvela

is sagani, romelic dabegvras eqvemdebareba. es SeiZleba

iyos: Semosavali, saqoneli, momsaxureba, agreTve dagrovili

simdidre, qoneba da a.S. xSirad gadasaxadis saxelwodeba

ganisazRvreba dasabegri obieqtis saxelwodebidan. ase

magaliTad, saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, mogebis gadasaxadi,

miwis gadasaxadi da a.S.;

gadasaxadis wyaro . esaa subieqtis

Semosava-li, saidanac gadasaxadi amoiReba. magaliTad,

xelfasi, mogeba, sargebeli da a.S.;

dabegvris erTeuli anu dasabegri

obieqtis gazomvis erTeuli. magaliTad, saSemosavlo

gadasaxadSi dasabegri obieqtis gazomvis erTeulia

qveynis fuladi erTeuli, miwis gadasaxadSi – heqtari

da a.S.;

efeqtianobis princi pma unda uzrunvelyos

gadasaxadebis efeqtianoba, kerZod, gadasaxadebis gadaxdis

gziT finansuri resursebis gadanawilebisas, rogorc

saxelmwifosTvis, ise gadamxdelisaTvis, gadasaxadebis

gadaxdis arasasurveli Sedegebi minimumamde unda iqnes

dayvanili.

gadaxdisunarianobis princi pi gulisxmobs iseTi

gadasaxadebis gansazRvras, romlis drosac amosaRebi

Tanxis moculoba damokidebulia Semosavlis moculobaze

an simdidreze. igulisxmeba, rom saxelmwifo momsaxurebis

anazRaureba mdidrebisaTvis unda iyos maRali, xolo

Raribebisa da socialurad naklebad daculi fenebisaTvis

_ dabali.

gadasaxadebis gansazRvris princi pebis dacvis

saukeTeso berkets progresuli sagadasaxado sistema

uzrunvelyofs.

sagadasaxado sistema warmoadgens qveynissakanonmdeblo organoebis mier dawesebuli gadasa-xadebis, maTi dawesebis, Secvlisa da gauqmebis,gadaxdevinebis princi pebis, formebisa da meTodebis,sagadasaxado organoebisa da sagadasaxado kontro-lis, agreTve, kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvispasuxismgeblobis saxeebis erTobliobas .

nebismier ekonomikur urTierTobebSi sagadasaxado

sistema mowodebulia uzrunvelyos saxelmwifo finansuri

resursebiT. misi fiskaluri efeqtianoba didad aris

damokidebuli xelisuflebis mmarTvelobiTi aparatis

qmediTunarianobaze, ramdenadac gadasaxadebis amoReba

mniSvnelovanwilad iZulebazea agebuli.


719718

sagadasaxado da saangariSo periodebi.

sagadasaxado periodi, es is droa, romlis ganmavlobaSic

mTavrdeba gadasaxadiT dasabegri bazis formirebis

procesi da ganisazRvreba sagadasaxado valdebulebebis

odenoba. saangariSo periodi moicavs im dros, romlis

ganmavlobaSi sagadasaxado valdebulebebi unda dafiqsir-

des sagadasaxado-saangariSsworebo dokumentebSi, anu

sagadasaxado deklaraciaSi da wardgenili iqnes sagadasa-

xado organoebSi dadgenil vadebSi;

gadas axadis gadaxdis vadebi . igi

dadgenilia kanonmdeblobiT da moicavs im periods,

romlis ganmavlobaSic gadasaxadis gadamxdeli valdebu-

lia faqtiurad Seitanos gadasaxadi biujetSi. aseve,

kanoniTaa gansazRvruli gadasaxadis gadaxdis wesi anu

gadasaxadis Setanis normatiulad dadgenili saSualebebi

da procedurebi.

sagadasaxado sistemis aRniSnuli elementebis garda,

arsebobs fakultaturi elementebic, romlebic gavlenas

ver axdenen sagadasaxado valdebulebebis gansazRvris

xarisxze, Tumca arsebiTad amcireben am valdebulebebis

saTanado Sesrulebas. maT miekuTvneba: gadasaxadis

dakavebisa da arasworad dakavebuli gadasaxadis dabrune-

bis wesi, pasuxismgebloba sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis

darRvevisaTvis.

Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli qveynebis sagadasaxado

sistemebi Camoyalibebulia sxvadasxva politikuri,

ekonomikuri da socialuri pirobebis zemoqmedebiT.

amitom isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian gadasaxadis

saxeebis, maTi struqturis, ganakveTebis, sagadasaxado bazis,

moqmedebis sferos, amoRebis wesebis, xelisuflebis

uflebamosilebebisa da a.S. mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa,

maT gaaCniaT saerTo Tvisebebic. kerZod, maTi ageba xdeba

sagadasaxado ganakveTi anu gadasaxadisodenoba dasabegri obieqtis erTeulze (procentebSi an

fulad erTeulSi). ganviTarebul qveynebSi sagadasaxado

ganakveTis dawesebas safuZvlad udevs Tanasworobisa

da samarTlianobis principi;

sagadasaxado sargo. esaa gadasaxadis

Tanxa, romelsac subieqti erTi obieqtidan ixdis;

sa gadas axado SeRav aTi , romelic

gulisxmobs kanonis safuZvelze gadasaxadidan mTlianad

an nawilobriv gaTavisuflebas. magaliTad, daubegravi

minimumi, anu obieqtis is nawili, romelic mTlianad

Tavisufldeba gadasaxadisagan. sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvaa;

sagadasaxado bazis aRricxvis meTodi.gadasaxadiT dasabegri baza SeiZleba yovelTvis ar

daemTxves gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqts. dasabegri bazis

dasadgenad aucilebelia Sesabamisi aRricxvis warmoeba,

romlis safuZvelia sabuRaltro aRricxva. amasTan, mTel

rig SemTxvevebSi, gadasaxadebiT dabegvris miznebisaTvis

gamoyenebuli unda iqnes sagadasaxado aRricxva, romlis

meqanizmi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sabuRaltro meTodisagan;

g ad a s ax a d iT d a b e g vr i s m e Tod i(magaliTad, pirdapiri da arapirdapiri gadasaxadebiT

dabegvra);

gadasaxadis gamoangariSebis wesi ,gadaxdis xerxebi da saSualebebi. gadasaxadis Tanxis

gaangariSeba warmoebs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili meTodis

safuZvelze. gaangariSebis formula asaxulia

sagadasaxado deklara-ciis Sesabamis striqonebsa da

grafebSi. gadasaxadis Tanxis gaangariSebisas

gaiTvaliswineba sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi;

721720

gadasaxadebi SeiZleba davyoT, upirveles yovlisa,saSemosavlo-qonebriv anu pirdapir gadasaxadebadda moxmarebis anu arapirdapir gadasaxadebad .

pirdapiri gadasaxadebis akrefa xorcieldeba

uSualod gadasaxadis gadamxdelTan, mis mier materialur

faseulobaTa warmoebisa da dagrovebis Sedegad miRebuli

Semosavlebidan an qonebidan. amitom, gadasaxadis

gadamxdelisaTvis gadasaxadis odenoba zustadaa cnobili.

ase magaliTad, gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi saSemosavlo

gadasaxads ixdian Semosavlebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi,

qonebis gadasaxads ixdian gansazRvruli saxis qonebis

mesakuTreebi da a.S.

pirdapiri gadasaxadebi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba

davyoT realur gadasaxadebad da pirad gadasaxade-bad .

realuri gadasaxadebiT ibegreba gadasaxadis

gadamxdelis savaraudo saSualo Semosavakli, romelic

SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes mocemul ekonomikur pirobebSi

ama Tu im gadasaxadiT dasabegri obieqtidan (uZravi

qonebidan, fuladi kapitalidan da a.S.). realurigadasaxadebiT, upirveles yovlisa, ibegreba qoneba,

saidanac gamomdinareobs misi dasaxelebac (real (ing.)

_ qoneba). xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros

miRebuli Semosavlis odenoba an Semowmdes gadasaxadis

gadamxdelis mier deklarirebuli Semosavlebis siswore.

magaliTad, Zalian rTulia taqsis mZRolis Semosavlis

Semowmeba. amitom, aseT SemTxvevebSi, savaraudo Semosavlis

mixedviT gamoangariSebuli fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis

daweseba aiolebs gadasaxadiT dabegvris teqnikur mxares.

realuri gadasaxadebis akrefiT xorcieldeba im

pirTa gaTanabreba, romlebic qonebas iyeneben rogorc

iseTi cnobili saerTo principebis safuZvelze, rogoricaa

sagadasaxado dabegvris Tanasworoba, samarTlianoba da

efeqtianoba.

sagadasaxado sistema SeiZleba iyos rogorc

progresuli, ise regresuli. progresulia sagadasaxadosistema, Tu gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg gadamxdelTa

ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi uTanasworoba umniSvneloa.

sagadasaxado sistema iTvleba regresulad, rodesacgadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg gadamxdelTa Soris

uTanasworoba izrdeba.

sagadasaxado sistemis da masSi ganxorcielebuli

cvlilebebis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba vimsjeloT

iseTi ekonomikuri maCveneblis mixedviT, rogoricaa

sagadasaxado tvirTi.

sagadasaxado tvirTi (sagadasaxado simZime)aris ganzogadebuli maCvenebeli, romelic axasiaTebs

gadasaxadis rols sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi da

ganisazRvreba sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saerTo jamis

mTlian Sida produqtTan SefardebiT. sxva sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, sagadasaxado tvirTi asaxavs sazogadoebismier warmoebuli produqtis im nawils, romelicnawildeba sabiujeto meqanizmis meSveobiT. sagadasaxadotvirTis saSualo done ucxoeTis qveynebSi meryeobs40-45%-is farglebSi da SeimCneva misi zrdis tendencia.

arsebuli gadasaxadebis mravalferovneba iwvevsgansazRvrul safuZvelze maTi klasifikaciis (saxeebaddayofis) aucileblobas. garda amisa, ama Tu im gadasaxadisgansazRvrul saxeze mikuTvneba gvaZlevs saSualebas, ufromkafiod gavigoT mocemuli gadasaxadis arsi da Sinaarsi.gadasaxadebiT dabegvris TeoriaSi gadasaxadebisklasifikaciisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva kriteriumi.

723722

gadamxdelTan, arapirdapiri gadasaxadebisas – gadasaxadis

wyaro Sedis gadasaxadis gadamxdelTan sxva Senatanebis

SemadgenlobaSi (ZiriTadad fasis SemadgenlobaSi).

pirdapiri gadasaxadebis saboloo gadamxdelad

gvevlineba is, vinc iRebs Semosavals, maSin, rodesac

arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis saboloo gadamxdels

warmoadgens saqonlis momxmarebeli, romelzec gadasaxadi

gadadis fasze danamatis saxiT. arapirdapiri gadasaxade-

bis simZime mTlianad gadadis saqonlis saboloo

momxmareblebze da gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis materialu-

rad naklebad uzrunvelyofil fenebze.

sagadasaxado praqtikidan gamomdinare, arapirdapiri

gadasaxadebi SeiZleba davyoT arapirdapir individualur

da arapirdapir universalur gadasaxadebad. arapirda-piri individualuri gadasaxadebiT ibegreba mkacradgansazRvruli saqonlis jgufi (saaqcizo gadasaxadiT

ibegreba saqonlis calkeuli jgufebi da saxeebi).

arapirdapiri universaluri gadasaxadebiT ibegreba

yvela saxis (gaTavisuflebulis garda) saqoneli, samuSao

da momsaxureba (magaliTad, damatebuli Rirebulebis

gadasaxadi).

gadasaxadis gadamxdelebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba

gamovyoT: gadas axadebi fizikuri pirebidan ;gadasaxadebi sawarmoebidan da organizaciebidan;Sereuli gadasaxadebi.

fizikuri pirebidan amosaReb gadasaxadebsmiekuTvneba saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, fizikur pirTa

qonebis gadasaxadi, sakurorto gadasaxadi da sxva.

gadasaxadebs sawarmoebidan da organizaciebi-dan miekuTvneba mogebis gadasaxadi, sawarmoTa qonebisgadasaxadi da sxva.

Sereul gadasaxads warmoadgens is gadasaxadebi,romlebsac ixdian rogorc fizikuri pirebi, aseve

sawarmoebi da organizaciebi. magaliTad, damatebuli

sawarmoo, ise arasawarmoo miznebisaTvis. mxolod

Semosavlebis dabegvra gaaTavisuflebda gadasaxadisagan

im pirebs, romlebic iyeneben qonebas arasawarmoo

miznebisaTvis (magaliTad, miwis nakveTs mxolod dasvenebis

mizniT). realur gadasaxadebs miekuTvneba miwis gadasaxadi,

avtosatransporto saSualebebis mflobelTa gadasaxadi

da sxva.

piradi gadasaxadebis gadaxda warmoebs faqtiurad

miRebuli Semosavlebidan. maT miekuTvnebaT saSemosavlo

gadasaxadi, mogebis gadasaxadi, gadasaxadi memkvidreobisa

da CuqebisaTvis da sxva.

arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi dgindeba miwodebuli

saqonlis (samuSaos, momsaxurebis) fasze danamatis saxiT

(aqcizi, damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, gayidvidan

gadasaxadi da sxva).

arapirdapiri gadasaxadi saqarTvelos sagadasaxado

kodeqsSi asea ganmartebuli: àrapirdapiri gadasaxadi

– gadasaxadi (dRg, aqcizi da sxva), romelic dgindeba

miwodebuli saqonlis an/da gaweuli momsaxurebis fasze

danamatis saxiT da romelsac ixdis momxmarebeli am

gadasaxadiT gazrdili fasiT saqonlis an/da momsaxure-

bis SeZenisas. arapirdapiri gadasaxadis biujetSi

gadaxdis valdebuleba ekisreba saqonlis mimwodebels

an/da momsaxurebis gamwevs, romelic am kodeqsis

miznebisTvis iwodeba gadasaxadis gadamxdelad~.

pirdapir da arapirdapir gadasaxadebs Soris

ZiriTadi gansxvaveba mdgomareobs gadasaxadis gadaxdis

wyaros formirebis adgilSi. Tu pirdapiri gadasaxadebiT

dabegvrisas wyaro formirdeba uSualod gadasaxadis


725724

fakultaturi gadasaxadebi gaTvaliswinebulia

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT, Tumca isini uSualod

SeiZleba SemoRebul iqnes aWarisa da afxazeTis avtono-

miuri respublikebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi

organoebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoe-

bis normatiuli aqtebiT. maTi SemoReba da akreba ama

Tu im teritoriaze adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis

organoebis kompetenciaa. fakultatur gadasaxadebs

miekuTvneba saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT

gansazRvruli yvela adgilobrivi gadasaxadi.

sagadasaxado Senatanebis mimarTulebebis mixedviT

gadasaxadebi SeiZleba davyoT myar (anu mimagrebul)da maregulirebel gadasaxadebad.

myari gadasaxadebi uSualod da mTlianad

iricxeba konkretul biujetSi an saxelmwifo fondSi.

maregulirebeli gadasaxadebi sabiujeto kanonmdeblo-

biT dadgenili proporciebis Sesabamisad nawildeba da

erTdroulad iricxeba sxvadasxva donis biujetebSi.

SemoRebis miznobrivi mimarTulebidan gamomdi-nare,

gadasaxadebi SeiZleba davyoT abstraqtul (saerTo)da miznobriv (specialur) gadasaxadebad .

abstraqtuli g adas axadebi dawesebulia

mTlianobaSi biujetis formirebis mizniT, maSin, rodesac

miznobrivi gadasaxadebis daweseba xorcieldeba

saxelmwifo xarjebis konkretuli mimarTulebebis

dasafinanseblad. rogorc wesi, miznobrivi sagadasaxado

SenatanebisTvis iqmneba specialuri saxelmwifo fondi

an amgvari saxis gadasaxadisTvis uSualod biuetSi

SemoRebulia specialuri muxli.

Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, aqcizi, socialuri gadasaxadi

da sxva.

gadasaxadebis dawesebasTan dakavSirebiT sxva-

dasxva donis saxelisuflebo organoebis kompetenciis

Sesabamisad, gadasaxadebi SeiZleba davyoT federalurda adgilobriv gadasaxadebad. saqarTveloSi moqmedi

gadasaxadebi iyofa saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv da

adgilobriv gadasaxadebad.

saerTo-s axelmwifoebrivi gadas axadebisdaweseba da SemoReba xorcieldeba saqarTvelos umaRlesi

warmomadgenlobiTi organos gadawyvetilebiT, Tumca es

ar niSnavs imas, rom es gadasaxadebi aucileblad unda

Cairicxos centraluri xelisuflebis biujetSi. maTi

gadaxda savaldebuloa saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze.

adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis daweseba aseve xorciel-

deba saqarTvelos umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos mier,

Tumca maTi SemoReba warmoebs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTve-

lobis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis gadawyvetilebiT.

isini iricxeba teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebSi.

maTi gadaxda savaldebuloa Sesabamisi subieqtebis

teritoriaze.

gadasaxadebi, SemoRebisa da gadaxdis wesis mixedviT,Se iZleb a d avyoT s a e rTo - s a v ald e bulo d a

fakultatur gadasaxadebad .

saqarTveloSi saerTo-savaldebulo gadasaxa-

debi dadgenilia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis aqtebiT

da ikribeba mTel mis teritoriaze imisda miuxedavad,

romel biujetSi iricxeba isini. maT miekuTvneba

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli

yvela saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadi.

727726

debis dawesebis, Secvlis, gauqmebisa da gadaxdevinebis

princi pebis, formebisa da meTodebis, sagadasaxado

organoebisa da sagadasaxado kontrolis, agreTve,

sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis pasuxismgeb-

lobis saxeebis erTobliobas.

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis agebissafuZvelia organizaciuli princi pebi, romlebic

ganapirobeben misi marTvisa da ganviTarebis ZiriTad

mimarTulebebs. es principebia:

sagadasaxado sistemis erTianobis princi pi.igi uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos sagadasaxado organoebis

erTian centralizebul sistemas. afxazeTisa da aWaris

avtonomiuri respublikebis, agreTve, qalaqebisa da

raionebis sagadasaxado inspeqciebi warmoadgenen

saqarTvelos finansTa saministros sagadasaxado

departamentis teritoriul organoebs da ara am

subieqtebis organoebs. amitom, dauSvebelia iseTi

gadasaxadebis SemoReba, romlebsac SeuZliaT saqonlis,

samuSaoebis, momsaxurebisa da finansuri saxsrebis

Tavisufali gadaadgileba erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis

farglebSi.

elastiurobis princi pi. igi gulisxmobs saxelm-

wifos obieqturi saWiroebebisa da SesaZleblobebis

Sesabamisad, gadasaxadebisa da zogierTi sagadasaxado

meqanizmis operatiul Secvlas sagadasaxado tvirTis

Semcirebis an gazrdis mimarTulebiT. es princi pi

damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod saqarTvelos sagadasaxado

sistemisaTvis, aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebis sagadasaxado

sistemebisTvisac. kerZod, 1992 wels germaniaSi


specialur literaturaSi SeiZleba SevxvdeT

gadasaxadebis klasifikaciis sxva safuZvlebsac. magaliTad,

gamoyofen erTjerad da sistematur gadasaxadebsac.

erTjeradi gadasaxadis gadaxda dakavSirebulia

raime movlenebTan, romlebic ar qmnian sistemas. erTjerad

gadasaxads miekuTvneba gadasaxadi memkvidreobisa an

CuqebisaTvis.

sistematuri gadasaxadebis gadaxda xorcieldeba

gadamxdelis mier ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorciele-

bis an gansazRvruli qonebis mflobelobis mTeli

periodis ganmavlobaSi gansazRvruli periodulobiT.

magaliTad, korporaciis Semosavalze gadasaxadisa da

mogebis gadaxda warmoebs yovelwliurad, damatebuli

Rirebulebis gadasaxadis – yovelTviurad da a.S.

sa qarTvelos sa gada s axado s iste m a da

sagadasaxado politika agebulia sazRvargareTis ganviTa-

rebuli sabazro ekonomikis mqone qveynebis gamocdilebis

gaTvaliswinebiT da orientirebulia Cveni qveynis

ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobaze.

saqarTvelos Tanam edrove sagadas axadosistema ZiriTadad Camoyalibda 1991-1994 wlebSi

qveyanaSi mimdinare Zireuli ekonomikuri gardaqmnebisa

da sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvlis periodSi. mas

safuZvlad daedo sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdileba,

ris gamoc saerTo struqturiTa da agebulebis principe-

biT ZiriTadad Seesabameba msoflio ekonomikaSi

gavrcelebuli gadasaxadebiT dabegvris sistemas. amasTan,

saqarTveloSi sagadasaxado sistemis ZiriTadi elementebi

yalibdeboda erovnuli specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT.

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistema moicavs saqarTve-

los sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli gadasaxa-

729728

miRebuli saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqssa da mTel

rig sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi.

saqarTvelos parlamentma 1994 wlis dekemberSi

miiRo qveyanaSi sagadasaxado politikisa da sagadasaxado

sistemis Sesaxeb kanonTa mTeli kompleqsi, romelTagan

aRsaniSnavia Semdegi kanonebi: `sagadasaxado sistemis

safuZvlebis Sesaxeb~, ̀ sawarmoebis mogebis (Semosavlebis)

gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~, ̀ saqarTvelos respublikis saxelm-

wifo sagadasaxado samsaxuris Sesaxeb~, `damatebuli

Rirebulebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~, àqcizebis Sesaxeb~,

`sawarmoTa qonebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~, ̀ fizikur pirTa

qonebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~, ̀ fizikur pirTa saSemosavlo

gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~. 1996 wels saqarTvelos

parlamentma miiRo kanonebi ̀ sabaJo gadasaxadis Sesaxeb~

da ̀ saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis maregulirebel

sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis

Setanis Taobaze~. yvela aRniSnuli kanoni, maTSi Setanili

cvlilebebisa da damatebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, moqmedebda

1997 wlis seqtembramde anu saqarTvelos parlamentis

mier imave wlis 13 ivniss miRebuli `saqarTvelos

sagadasaxado kodeqsis~ amoqmedebamde. aRniSnuli kodeqsi

Secvala 2004 wlis 22 dekembers miRebulma axalma

sagadasaxado kodeqsma, romelic ZalaSi Sevida da amoqmedda

2005 wlis 1 ianvridan.

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi gansazRvravs

gadasaxadebis dawesebis, SemoRebisa da gauqmebis wesebs.

am wesebis Secvla anu sagadasaxado kodeqsSi cvlilebebis

Setana da maTi damtkiceba SeuZlia mxolod saqarTvelos

parlaments.

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi erTdroulad

awesebs saqarTveloSi moqmed saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv

saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis kanonmdeblobaSi Setanili

iqna 125 cvlileba.

stabilurobis princi pi. sagadasaxado sistema

unda moqmedebdes wlebis ganmavlobaSi sagadasaxado

reformamde, xolo reforma unda tardebodes

gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi da mkacrad gansazRvruli

wesiT. es principi mxolod gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa

interesebis dacvas ar emsaxureba. sagadasaxado sistemis

Secvlam Sesabamisad SeiZleba gamoiwvios biujetis

sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mkveTri Semcireba, xolo

wonasworobis aRdgenas ramdenime weli dasWirdes.

gadasaxadebis simravlis princi pi. saxelmwifos

sagadasaxado sistema diferencirebuli gadasaxadebisa

da dabegvris obieqtebis iseT erTobliobaze unda iyos

dafuZnebuli, romelic gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs

gadaunawilebs sagadasaxado tvirTs. amasTan, gamoricxavs

araefeqturi gadasaxadebisa da obieqtebis arsebobas.

gadasaxadebis amomwuravi nusxis princi pi .igi zRudavs iseTi damatebiTi gadasaxadebis SemoRebas,

romlebic saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT ar aris

gaTvaliswinebuli. magaliTad, maRali an diferencirebuli

sagadasaxado ganakveTebis da sagadasaxado SeTRavaTebis

daweseba, sakuTrebis formis, sawarmos organizaciul-

samarTlebrivi formis, fizikuri piris moqalaqeobis,

agreTve gadasaxadis gadamxdelis kapitalis an qonebis

warmoSobis adgilis mixedviT.

mocemuli principebi ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos

konstituciiTa da saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT.

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado politika Tavs

gamoxatulebas poulobs saqarTvelos parlamentis mier

731730

gaangariSebis meTodikis gamartiveba da gamWvirvalobis

uzrunvelyofa, gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobis minimizacia

finansuri kontrolis gaZlierebis gziT.

saqarTvelos axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT

gaTvaliswinebuli sagadasaxado sistema mniSvnelovnadaa

gamartivebuli. igi moicavs mxolod 5 saerTo-

saxelmwifoebriv da 2 adgilobriv gadasaxads. Secvlilia

maTi sagadasaxado ganakveTebi da gadaxdis reJimebi.

saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv gadasaxadebs miekuTv-neba:

s a S e m o s a vlo g a d as a x ad i . m is i

gadamxdelebi arian rezidenti piri da ararezidenti

fizikuri piri, romelic Semosavals iRebs saqarTveloSi

arsebuli wyarodan. rezidenti fizikuri pirisaTvis

dabegvris obieqtia dasabegri Semosavali, romelic

gamoiTvleba rogorc sxvaoba kalendaruli wlis

ganmavlobaSi miRebul erTobliv Semosavalsa da am

periodisaTvis sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli

gamoqviTvebis Tanxebs Soris. ararezidenti fizikuri

piris saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqtia

dasabegri Semosavali, romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc

sxvaoba kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSi mudmiv

dawesebulebasTan dakavSirebul saqarTveloSi arsebuli

wyarodan miRebul erTobliv Semosavalsa da am

periodisaTvis sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli

gamoqviTvebis Tanxebs Soris. amave kodeqsiT

gansazRvrulia ararezidenti pirebis mier saqarTveloSi

miRebuli im Semosavlebis (dividendi, procenti da a.S.)

dabegvris pirobebi, romlebic mis mudmiv dawesebulebasTan

ar aris dakavSirebuli.

da adgilobriv gadasaxadebs, gansazRvravs saerTo-

saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebis arsebiT elementebs

(gamoangariSebisa da gadaxdis wess) anu erTdroulad

axorcielebs saerTo-saxelmwifoebivi gadasaxadebis

dawesebasa da maT SemoRebas saqarTvelos mTel terito-

riaze. rac Seexeba adgilobriv gadasaxadebs, avtonomiuri

respublikis umaRles warmomadgenlobiT organoebsa da

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs ufleba aqvT

damoukideblad gadawyviton – SemoiRon Tu ara TavianT

samoqmedo teritoriaze saqarTvelos sagadasaxado

kodeqsiT dawesebuli Sesabamisi gadasaxadebi.

saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gansazRvruli

da moqmedi gadasaxadebis sistema moicavs saerTo-

saxelmwifoebriv da adgilobriv gadasaxadebs. saerTo-

saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebis gadaxda savaldebuloa

saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. adgilobriv gadasaxa-

debs ganekuTvneba saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsiT

gaTvaliswinebuli da afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri

respublikebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis

an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis normatiuli

aqtebiT SemoRebuli gadasaxadebi, romelTa gadaxda

savaldebuloa Sesabamisi subieqtebis teritoriaze.

saqarTvelos axalma sagadasaxado kodeqsma

Zireulad Secvala gadasaxadebis sistema gadasaxadebis

rogorc raodenobrivi, ise xarisxobrivi Semadgenlobis

TvalsazrisiT. misi mizania biujetebis Semosavlebis

formirebis realuri gaumjobeseba, sagadasaxado tvirTis

Semcireba, sagadasaxado sistemis gamartiveba naklebefeq-

tiani gadasaxadebis gauqmebis gziT, sagadasaxado bazis

gafarToeba SeRavaTebis gauqmebisa da gadamxdelTa

raodenobis gafarToebis xarjze, gadasaxadebis

733732

damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi(dRg). am gadasaxadiT ibegreba dasabegri brunva, romelic

saangariSo periodSi ganxorcielebuli dasabegri

operaciebisa da dasabegri importis Tanxebis jamia.

dasabegri operaciis Tanxa ganisazRvreba saqonlis/

momsaxurebis sabazro fasiT (gadasaxadebis, mosakreble-

bisa da sxva gadasaxdelebis CaTvliT) dRg-is gareSe.

dasabegri importis Tanxa tolia saqarTvelos sabaJo

kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli saqonlis (da momsaxurebis,

romelic ganixileba rogorc saqoneli) sabaJo

Rirebulebisa da saqarTveloSi saqonlis importisas

gadasaxdeli gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblebis Tanxebis

jamisa, saqarTveloSi gadasaxdeli dRg-is CauTvlelad.

biujetSi Sesatani dRg-is Tanxa ganisazRvreba

rogorc sxvaoba dasabegr brunvaze daricxul dRg-is

Tanxasa da CasaTvlel dRg-is Tanxebs Soris. dRg-is

ganakveTi Seadgens dasabegri brunvis an dasabegri

importis Tanxis 18%-s.

aqcizi. aqcizis gadamxdelebi arian pirebi,

romlebic awarmoeben aqcizur saqonels saqarTveloSi;

axorcieleben aqcizuri saqonlis imports saqarTveloSi;

axorcieleben Savi an/da feradi liTonebis eqsports.

aqcizuri saqoneli ibegreba misi calkeuli saxeebis

mixedviT saqonlis fizikur an woniT erTeulze

fiqsirebuli (fuladi) gadasaxadiT an fasis mimarTprocentuli ganakveTiT. aqcizuri saqonlis eqsporti

ibegreba nulovani ganakveTiT, garda Savi an/da feradi

liTonebis eqsportisa.

socialuri gadasaxadi . mis gadamxdelebad

iTvlebian damqiraveblebi, romlebic Sromas unazRaurebs

daqiravebul muSakebs; mewarme fizikuri pirebi, amxanagobis

fizikuri piris saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dasabegri

Semosavali ibegreba 12%-iT.

mogebis gadasaxadi. misi gadamxdelebi

arian saqarTvelos sawarmo da ucxouri sawarmo, romelic

saqarTveloSi saqmianobas axorcielebs mudmivi dawese-

bulebebis meSveobiT an/da Semosavals iRebs saqarTveloSi

arsebuli wyarodan. dabegvris obieqtia mogeba, romelic

ganisazRvreba, rogorc sxvaoba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis

erTobliv Semosavalsa da sagadasaxado kodeqsiT

gaTvaliswinebul gamoqviTvis Tanxebs Soris. amasTan,

sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gansazRvrulia rogorc Semosav-

lebi, ise xarjebi.

rezidentis erToblivi Semosavali Sedgeba mis mier

saqarTveloSi an/da mis farglebs gareT miRebuli

Semosavlebisagan. ararezidentis erToblivi Semosavali

Sedgeba saqarTveloSi arsebuli wyaroebidan miRebuli

Semosavlebisagan. erTobliv Semosavlebs ganekuTvneba

nebismieri formiT an/da saqmianobiT xelfasis, ekonomikuri

sargeblis an sxva fulad Tu naturalur formaSi

miRebuli Semosavlebi.

xarjebad iTvleba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis mier

ganxorcielebuli (gaweuli) dasabuTebuli da dokumen-

turad dadasturebuli danaxarjebi.

sawarmos dasabegri mogeba ibegreba 20%-iT, garda

`navTobisa da gazis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT

gansazRvruli ̀ arsebuli xelSekrulebebis~ ganxorciele-

bis Sedegad navTobisa da gazis operaciebiT miRebuli

mogebisa, romelic ibegreba 10%-iani ganakveTiT, Tu es

xelSekruleba dadebulia 1998 wlis 1 ianvramde.

* 2008 wlis 1 ianvridan sawarmos dasabegri mogeba 20%-is nacvladibegreba 15%-iT.

735734

aqtivebi, sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwa da am kodeqsiT

gaTvaliswinebul sargeblobaSi an faqtobriv mflobelo-

baSi saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwa. gadasaxadis

ganakveTebi diferencirebulia qonebis saxeebis, maTi

sabazro Rirebulebisa da Semosavlebis mixedviT.

saTamaSo biznesis gadasaxadis gadamxdelebad

iTvlebian pirebi, romlebic ewevian samewarmeo saqmianobas

latariebiT, kazinoebiT (samorineeebiT), azartuli an

sxva saTamaSo biznesiT da aseTi saqmianoba kanonmdeblobis

Sesabamisad eqvemdebareba nebarTvas an licenzirebas.

gadasaxadis ganakveTebi diferencirebulia dabegvris

obieqtebis mixedviT, romlebic asea ganawilebuli:

latariis bileTebis realizaciidan miRebuli amonagebi,

ibegreba ara umetes misi 20%-isa; kazinos (samorine),

TiToeuli magida _ TveSi 5 aTasidan 10 aTas laramde;

TiToeuli saTamaSo magida TveSi 50-dan 200 laramde;

totalizatoris, bingos, lotos TiToeuli salaro –

TveSi 300-dan 600 laramde; TiToeuli wamaxalisebeli

gaTamaSeba – saprizo fondis 10%-iT; sistemur-

eleqtronuli formis TamaSobebi _ TveSi _ 2 aTasidan

10 aTas laramde.

2005 wlamde moqmedi saqarTvelos sagadasaxado

sistemis arsebiT naklovanebad aRiarebuli iyo misi

arastabiluroba da araregulirebadoba. finansuri wlis

ganmavlobaSi kanonebi gadasaxadebiT dabegvris axali

reJimis SemoRebis Sesaxeb xSirad miiReboda da icvleboda.

calkeul SemTxvevebSi axlad warmoqmnili urTierTobebis

normatiuli regulirebis uqonlobas mivyavdiT iqamde,

rom arsebuli naklovanebebi ivseboda sxvadasxva

kanonqvemdebare aqtebiT, sagadasaxado organoebis axsna-

ganmartebiT da sasamarTlo praqtikiT. amasTan, sagadasa-

wevri fizikuri pirebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi ewevian

ekonomikur saqmianobas; sawarmo/organizacia an mewarme

fizikuri piri, romelic saqarTveloSi gaweul

momsaxurebas unazRaurebs sagadasaxadoSi gadamxdelad

araregistrirebul fizikur pirebs. socialuri gadasaxa-

diT dasabegri obieqtia xelfasi, momsaxurebis

gawevisaTvis gadaxdili safasuri an sargebeli da

ekonomikuri saqmianobiT miRebuli Semosavali. socialuri

gadasaxadis ganakveTi gansazRvrulia dasabegri obieqtis

20%-is odenobiT;

* 2008 wlis 1 ianvridan gauqmda socialuri gadasaxadi, rogorcsaerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadis saxe da is aisaxa saSemosavlogadasaxadSi; fizikuri piris dasabegri Semosavali ibegreba 25%-iT, nacvlad manam arsebuli 12%-isa, xolo 2009 wlis 1 ianvridan- 20%-iT.

adgilobriv gadasaxadebs miekuTvneba:

qonebis gadasaxadi;

saTamaSo biznesis gadasaxadi.

qonebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelia piri (agreTve,

lizingiT sagnis mflobeli piri), romelsac saqarTvelos

teritoriaze: a) sakuTrebaSi aqvs am gadasaxadiT dabegvris

obieqti; b) kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul sargeblobaSi an

faqtobriv mflobelobasa da sargeblobaSi aqvs

saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli miwa, garda saqarTve-

los kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli miwis flobisa

da miwiT kanonieri sargeblobisa. saqarTvelos an

ucxouri sawarmosaTvis, organizaciisaTvis an/da fizikuri

pirisaTvis am gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqtia maT

balansze arsebuli qoneba, romelic gamoiyeneba

ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis, maT balansze ricxuli

ZiriTadi saSualebebi, daumontaJebeli mowyobilobebi,

daumTavrebeli kapitaluri dabandebani, aramaterialuri

737736

sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mxolod 8.1, xolo saSemosavlo

gadasaxadma _ 12.2% Seadgina.

miuxedavad gadasaxadebis simravlisa, saqarTvelos

konsolidirebuli biujetis yvela sagadasaxado Semosav-

lis udides nawils Seadgens dRg. kerZod, 2003 wels

dRg-ma naerTi biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis 42.4%

Seadgina, maSin, rodesac aqcizma _ 10.4, saSemosavlo

gadasaxadma _ 20.0 da mogebis gadasaxadma 10.5%-s miaRwia.

sagadasaxado sistemis umniSvnelovanes politikur-

samarTlebriv maxasiaTebels sagadasaxado sferoSi

xelisuflebis centralur da adgilobriv organoebs

Soris kompetenciebis Tanafardoba warmoadgens. mTlianad

qveyanaSi amoRebuli sagadasaxado Semosavlebidan adgilob-

riv biujetebSi Cairicxa mxolod 27.1%.

makroekonomikis finansuri regulireba xorcieldeba

saxelmwifo biujetis meSveobiT. amitom qvemoT

saxelmwifo biujetisa da, saerTod, sabiujeto sistemis

ganxilvaze SevCerdebiT.

saxelmwifo biujeti da sabiujeto

sistema. sityva `biujeti~ warmomdgaria Zveli

franguli sityvidan, rac tyavis qisas niSanavs.

ingliselebma sityva ̀ biujets~ anu inglisurad tomaras

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWes da `biujeti~

uwodes saxelmwifos Semosaval-gasavlis xarjTaRricxvis

kanonproeqts, romlis mixedviTac qveynis xazinis kancleri,

mTavrobis saxeliT, parlamentSi TemTa palatas fuls

sTxovda. biujets uwodebdnen saxelmwifo Semosaval-

gasavlis xarjTaR-ricxvis ganweris Sesaxeb xazinis

kancleris mier warmoTqmul sityvasac.

xado sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo gadasaxadis

gadamxdelTa kulturisa da sagadasaxado disciplinis

dabali done, gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa movaleobebis

gadameteba maT uflebebze da a.S.

saqarTvelos axali sagadasaxado kodeqsiT, Sedare-

biT dakonkretebulia sagadasaxado sistemis struqtura

da funqcionirebis meqanizmi, Semcirebulia gadasaxadebis

raodenoba da saxeebi, gansazRvrulia maTi gamoangariSebisa

da gadaxdis wesi, sagadasaxado organoebisa da gadasaxadis

gadamxdelebis valdebulebebi da pasuxismgebloba,

sagadasaxado-samarTlebrivi principebi, sagadasaxado

terminologia da a.S. TiToeuli gadasaxadis mixedviT

gaTvaliswinebulia SeRavaTebi da gaTavisuflebebi.

nebismieri qveynis sagadasaxado sistemis mniSvnelo-

van ekonomikur maxasiaTebels saSinao da sagareo

vaWrobidan sagadasaxado Semosavlebis Tanafardoba

warmoadgens. es Tanafardoba evropis maRal ganviTarebul

qveynebSi 1 : 1, xolo naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi 2

: 1 Seadgens, saqarTveloSi ki _ 2.3 : 1.

pirdapir da arapirdapir gadasaxadebs Soris

Tanafardoba qveynis ganviTarebis donezea damokidebuli.

arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili saerTo sagadasaxado

SemosavlebSi maRalia naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi,

vinaidan maTi akrefa ar moiTxovs sagadasaxado aparatis

ganviTarebas da gadasaxadebis gamoangariSebis daxvewil

sistemas. saqarTveloSi arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis (dRg-

s, aqcizisa da sabaJos) wilma 2003 wels saerTo

sagadasaxado Semosavlebis TiTqmis naxevari Seadgina.

maSin, rodesac maRalganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia pirdapiri gadasaxadebis maRali wili.

saqarTveloSi 2003 wels mogebis gadasaxadma saerTo

739738

erovnuli Semosavlis (an mSp-s)gadanawileba . nebismieri qveynis xelisuflebis

moRvaweobis materialuri safuZveli mis biujetSi

Tavmoyrili finansuri resursebia. es finansuri resursebi

warmoadgens ekonomikaSi Seqmnili Rirebulebis nawils,

romelic biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebisa da sxva

Semosulobebis saxiT akumulirdeba xelisuflebis

gankargulebaSi misi politikuri, ekonomikuri da

socialuri saqmianobis finansuri uzrunvelyofis mizniT.

amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom biujeti ekonomikaSi Seqmnili

Rirebulebis anu erovnuli Semosavlis (an mSp-is)

gadanawilebis instruments warmoadgens. misi meSveobiT

gadanawildeba agreTve erovnuli simdidris Rirebulebis

nawilic.

Tanamedrove mowinave qveynebSi saxelmwifo biujetis

meSveobiT gadanawildeba mSp-is 50-60%, naklebad

ganviTarebul qveynebSi ki es maCvenebeli 30-35%-s aRwevs,

magram zogjer naklebicaa. ase magaliTad, ruseTSi igi

30%-ia, xolo saqarTveloSi _ 15-16%.

e k o no m i k i s s a x elm w ifo e bri v iregulireba da stimulireba . xarjebisa da

gadasaxadebis saSualebiT biujeti ekonomikisa da

investiciebis regulirebisa da stimulirebis, warmoebis

efeqtianobis amaRlebis mniSvne-lovan instruments

warmoadgens. biujetis ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis funqcia

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani funqciaa. biujetis meSveobiT

saxelmwifo zemoqmedebs qveynis sameurneo cxovrebis

yvela sferoze. esenia: ekonomikuri zrdis daCqareba,

dagrovebis normis amaRleba, samecniero-teqnikuri

progresis stimulireba, meurneobis strate-giuli

mniSvnelobisa da perspeqtiuli dargebis (aviamSeneb-

biujeti saxelmwifos Semosavlebisa da xarjebis

dawvrilebiTi aRweraa. igi materialuri SinaarsiT –

saxelmwifo fuladi saSualebebis centralizebuli

fondia, xolo arsiT _ erovnuli Semosavlis gadanawi-

lebis ZiriTadi instrumenti. mTlianobaSi, biujetis

socialur-ekonomikuri arsi vlindeba misi Semosavlebis

(wyaroebis mixedviT) da xarjebis struqturaSi, romlebic

gvixasiaTeben, Tu vis xarjze ivseba igi da vis xmardeba

mobilizebuli resursebi.

amrigad, biujeti Sedgeba ori urTierTdakavSirebu-

li nawilisagan: 1. saSemosavlo nawili, romelic moicavs

Semosavlebis CamonaTvals wyaroebis mixedviT. aq Tavs

iyris iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis mier gadaxdili

gadasaxadebi, sxvadasxva saxis gadasaxdelebi da mosakreb-

lebi, agreTve saxelmwifo sesxebi; 2. gasavlis nawili,

romelic aerTianebs saxelmwifos mier gasawev xarjebs

xarjvis mimarTulebebisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT.

biujeti warmoadgens balanss, romelSic Semosavlebi

xarjebis tolia. maTi utolobis SemTxvevaSi Tu xarjebi

sWarbobs Semosavlebs, adgili aqvs deficitis arsebobas,

xolo Tu Semosavlebi metia xarjebze, maSin piriqiT,

adgili aqvs biujetis proficitis arsebobas. TiToeuli

maTganis gamomwvevi mizezebi sxvadasxvaa, sxvadasxvaa maTi

arsebobis socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebic da marTvis

meTodebic. biujetis Semosavlebis (deficitis CaTvliT

misi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, xolo proficitis SemTxvevaSi

_ misi gamoklebiT) da xarjebis tolobas, fiskalurbalanss uwodeben.

biujetis roli vlindeba mis funqciebSi. es

funqciebia:

741740

SemosavlebTan erTad gaTvaliswinebulia gansakuTrebuli

saxis saqonlis moxmarebis xarjebic, ramdenadac aq Tvlian,

rom saarsebo keTildReobiT uzunvelyofili unda iyos

yvela, miuxedavad maTi Semosavlebisa. saubaria sacxovrebel

pirobebze (saxli, bina), sakvebze da a.S.

ganviTarebadi qveynebis socialuri politikis

prioritetebs mosaxleobis socialurad naklebad daculi

fenebis (pensionerebi, invalidebi, studentebi, naklebuzrun-

velyofili ojaxebi da a.S.), agreTve ganaTlebis,

janmrTelobis da kulturis sferos organizacia-

dawesebulebebis, sabinao problemebis gadawyvetis mxarda-

Wera warmoadgens. socialuri politikis realizaciis

mniSvnelovani Sedegi mTlianad arasawarmoo sferos

infrastruqturis yvela dargisa da dawesebulebis

ganviTarebis xelSewyobaa.

centralizebuli fuladi fondebisformirebasa da gamoyenebaze kontroli. sabiujetodagegmvis procesSi ganisazRvreba centralizebul da

decentralizebul fulad fondebs Soris racionaluri

Tanafardoba anu finansuri resursebis moculoba,

romelic, erTi mxriv, koncentrirdeba sawarmoTa

gankargulebaSi, xolo, meore mxriv, biujetSi da axasiaTebs

sawarmoTa monawileobis xarisxs sabiujeto sistemis

Semosavlebis formirebaSi. es niSnavs, rom sabiujeto

dagegmvisa da aRsrulebis procesSi xorcieldeba qveynis

ekonomikis safinanso-sameurneo saqmianobaze kontroli.

sabiujeto sistema warmoadgens qveynis biujete-bis erTianobas, romelic dafuZnebulia qveynis administra-

ciul-teritoriul mowyobaze. igi agebulia qveynis yvela

donis biujetebis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa da

iuridiul normaTa erTobliobaze. organizaciulad

loba, atomuri mrewveloba, energomanqanaTmSenebloba da

a.S.) ganviTarebis xelSewyoba. aseTi mxardaWeris mizani

maRalefeqtiani da swrafadanazRaurebadi programebis

realizaciaa.

ekonomikis regulirebisaTvis aqtiurad gamoiyeneba:

a) sagadasaxado politika Sesabamisi sagadasaxado

meqanizmis meSveobiT, rac ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis arapird-

apiri gzaa da b) biujetebidan uSualo dafinanseba, rac

ekonomikaze pirdapiri zemoqmedebis gzaa.

dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebi ekonomikis

regulireba-stimulirebaze anu investiciebze qveynis

biujetebis xarjebis 20-25% mimarTaven. sxva dadebiT

SedegTan erTad, aseTi xarjebis efeqtad unda CaiTvalos

isic, rom isini uzrunvelyofen sabiujeto xarjebis

dafinansebas momavalSi. winaaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, momavalSi

gasawevi xarjebi 10-15%-iT gadaaWarbebs biujetSi

amosaReb finansur resursebs.

socialuri politikis finansuriuzrunvelyofa. ganviTarebuli qveynebis saxelmwifo

biujetebis finansuri resursebis didi nawili ixarjeba

saxelmwifos socialuri funqciebis Sesasruleblad.

es, upirveles yovlisa, vlindeba imaSi, rom am biujetebis

socialuri xarjebi samuSao Zalis kvlavwarmoebis

mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli elementia, ramdenadac isini

uzrunvelyofen ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis dacvis,

socialuri dazRvevisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis

sferoebis dafinansebas. msoflios umravlesi qveynebis

biujetebSi gaTvaliswinebulia transfertebi xandazmul-

TaTvis (socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis saSualebiT),

umuSevarTaTvis (daxmarebis mizniT) da a.S. zogierT

qveyanaSi, magaliTad aSS-Si, saxelmwifo biujetSi fulad

743742

sistema aris saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis,

avtonomiuri respublikebis xelisuflebis, adgilobrivi

xelisuflebisa da specialuri saxelmwifo fondebis

valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis mizniT finansuri resursebis

mobilizaciisa da gamoyenebis maregulirebeli sakanon-

mdeblo da kanonqvemdebare aqtebis, safinanso-sabiujeto

politikis, sabiujeto procesisa da Sesabamisi biujete-

bis erToblioba~*.

*saqarTvelos kanoni ̀ saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb~. _Tbilisi, 2003, muxli 2.

saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis agebisZiriTadi princi pebi, romelTa dacva aucilebelia

sabiujeto procesis yvela monawilisaTvis, Semdegia:

yovlismomcveloba , romelic gulisxmobs

biujetis yvela Semosulobisa da gadasaxdelebis

srulyofilad asaxvis aucileblobas Sesabamis biujeteb-

Si;

gamWvirvaloba anu biujetebis proeqtebis

sakanonmdeblo organoebSi ganxilvis procedurebis

sajarooba sazogadoebisa da masobrivi informaciis

saSualebebisaTvis; damtkicebuli biujetebisa da maTi

Sesrulebis angariSebis gamoqveyneba; biujetis Sesaxeb

informaciis xelmisawvdomoba nebismieri fizikuri da

iuridiuli pirisaTvis;

angariSvaldebuleba, romelic gulisxmobs

sabiujeto procesis monawile yvela piris pasuxismgeblo-

bas mis mier ganxorcielebul saqmianobaze da biujetis

Sesaxeb warmodgenil informaciaze;

damoukidebloba, rac gansazRvravs saxelm-wifo

biujetis, avtonomiuri respublikebis biujetebisa da

sabiujeto sistema aigeba kanoniT dadgenili principebis

Sesabamisad.

qveynis sabiujeto sistema ganisazRvreba misi

saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobiT. Tanamedrove msoflios

praqtikaSi arsebobs saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis ori forma:

unitaruli da federaluri.unitarul saxelmwifoebSi sabiujeto sistema ori

rgolisagan Sedgeba – saxelmwifo biujetisa da

mravalricxovani adgilobrivi biujetebisagan. maT Soris

wamyvani adgili saxelmwifo biujets uWiravs. misi

meSveobiT marTvis centraluri organoebi TavianT

gankargulebaSi moaqceven erovnuli Semosavlis nawils

da gadaanawileben mas Semdgomi gamoyenebisTvis.

federalur saxelmwifoebSi sabiujeto sistema sam

rgols moicavs. esenia: 1) saxelmwifo biujeti; 2)federaluri biujeti an centraluri xelisuflebis

biujeti; 3) federaciis wevrTa (aSS-Si _ Statebi,germaniaSi – miwebi, kanadaSi – provinciebi) da

adgilobrivi biujetebi .saqarTveloSi sabiujeto sistema gansazRvrulia

saqarTvelos 2003 wlis 24 aprilis kanoniT ̀ saqarTve-

los sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb~, romelic moqmedebaSi

Sevida 2004 wlis 1 ianvridan.

saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistema warmoadgens qveynis

biujetebis erTianobas, romelic gansazRvrulia qveynis

administraciul-teritoriuli mowyobiT, ekonomikuri

urTierTobebiTa da iuridiuli normebiT. saqarTvelos

sabiujeto sistema moicavs qveynis saxelmwifo biujets,

afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis

biujetebs, saqarTvelos sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis

biujetebs. ufro zustad, `saqarTvelos sabiujeto

745744

ekonomikisa da socialuri sferos dasafinanseblad,

qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis gansamtkiceblad, saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobiTi organoebis Senaxvaze, qveda donis biuje-

tebis finansuri daxmarebisaTvis, saxelmwifo valis

dasafarad, saxelmwifos materialuri da finansuri

rezervebis Sesaqmnelad da a.S.

saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebi saxelmwifos

centralizebuli finansuri resursebis nawilia, romelic

aucilebelia centraluri xelisuflebis funqciebis

Sesasruleblad. misi mTavari wyaroa qveynis ekonomikaSi

axladSeqmnili Rirebuleba anu erovnuli Semosavali

(an mSp), agreTve erovnuli simdidris Rirebulebis nawili.

erovnuli Semosavlis gadanawilebisa dabiujetis Semosavlebis formirebis ZiriTadimeTodebia: gadasaxadebi, sesxebi, arasagadasaxado

Semosavlebi, agreTve fulis emisia. maT Soris Tanafardoba

damokidebulia qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis doneze, politikur situaciaze, finansur mdgomareoba-

sa da finansur politikaze.

gadasaxadebi erovnuli Semosavlis gadanawilebis

mTavari meTodia. nebismieri qveynis saxelmwifo (centra-

luri) biujetis Semosavlebis 80-90% sagadasaxado

Semosavlebia.

Tavisi mniSvnelobiT da moculobiT saxelmwifo

biujetis Semosavlebis formirebis meore wyaroa

saxelmwifo sesxebi. mas ZiriTadad mimarTaven is qveynebi,romelTac biujetis deficiti gaaCniaT. biujetis

deficitis dasafinanseblad gamoiyeneba sesxebis aRebis

ori forma: (1) safinanso-sakredito sistemidan fuladi

kreditis aReba; (2) saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis

gamoSvebisa da ganTavsebis gziT fuladi saxsrebis

saqarTvelos sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebis

urTierTdamoukideblobas;

erTianoba, romelic gulisxmobs imas, rom

centraluri, avtonomiuri respublikebisa da adgilob-

rivi biujetebi uzrunvelyofilni arian erTiani

ekonomikuri safuZvliT, sabiujeto klasifikaciiT,

angariSTa erTiani CamonaTvaliT, sabiujeto dokumentaciiT,

saxelmwifo finansuri kontrolis erTiani principebiT;

universaluroba, rac imas niSnavs, rom biujetisyvela Semosuloba mimarTuli unda iqnes saerTo

gadasaxdelebis dasafinanseblad, garda kanoniT gansazRv-

ruli SemTxvevebisa;

konsolidireba, romelic gulisxmobs yvela

saxelmwifo SemosulobiT saxelmwifo konsolidirebuli

fondis Seqmnas da mis xarjvas kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.

fondis marTva moxdeba saxelmwifo xazinis mier da

ganTavsdeba erovnul bankSi mis angariSze.

saxelmwifo biujeti warmoadgens saxelmwifos

fuladi Semosavlebisa da xarjebis mimdinare wlis

ZiriTad finansur gegmas, romelsac kanonis Zala aqvs.

saxelmwifo biujeti sabiujeto sistemis ZiriTadi

rgolia. igi asaxavs fulad-ekonomikur urTierTobebs,

romelTa arsebobac ganpirobebulia saxelmwifos (centra-

luri an federaluri xelisuflebis) centralizebuli

fuladi fondebis Seqmnisa (formirebisa) da gamoyenebis

procesebiT. biujetSi gadasaxadebis amoRebis gziT

saxelmwifos xelSi Tavs iyris sakuTrebis sxvadasxva

formis mqone sawarmoTa saxsrebi, agreTve saxelmwifo

sesxebi (rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo) da mosaxleobis

Semosavlebis nawili. mobilizebuli resursebi saxelm-

wifos mier gamoiyeneba Tavisi funqciebis Sesasruleblad:

747746

sxva faqtori ganapirobebs biujetis xarjebis mraval-

ferovnebas da mravalmxrivobas.

biujetis xarjebi Tavisi rolisa da mniSvnelobis

mixedviT klasificirdeba: warmoebis procesSi maTi rolis

mixedviT, anu ekonomikuri niSnis mixedviT; dargobrivi

anu funqcionaluri daniSnulebis mixedviT; uwyebrivi,

miznobrivi da teritoriuli niSnebis mixedviT.

kvlavwarmoebis procesSi monawileobis anuekonomikuri niSnis mixedviT biujetis xarjebiiyofa mimdinare da kapitaluri xasiaTis xarjebad.

mTliani xarjebis didi nawili – mimdinarexarjebia, romelic moicavs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis xarjebs, saxelmwifo mosamsaxure-

Ta Sromis anazRaurebas, maT xelfasze danaricxebs, pensiebs,

gadasaxdelebs saSinao da sagareo valebis momsaxurebaze,

subsidiebs, dotaciebsa da mimdinare transferebs

saxelmwifo sawarmoebsa da qveda donis biujetebze,

agreTve saxelmwifo valebis dafarvisa da maTi

momsaxurebis dafinansebis xarjebs da a.S. esaa xarjebi,

romlebic dakavSirebulia mimdinare moTxovnisa da

moTxovnilebebis dasafinanseblad.

kapitaluri xarjebi moicavs dabandebebs ZiriTadifondebisa da maragebis zrdaze, kapitaluri mSeneblobisa

da kapitaluri remontebis dafinansebis saxsrebs,

romlebic gaicema grZelvadiani asignebebisa da subsidiebis,

saxelmwifo sesxebis saxiT. sesxebi gaicema rogorc

saxelmwifo, ise kerZo sawarmoebsa da xelisuflebis

adgilobriv organoebze.

funqcionaluri anu dargobrivi daniSnulebismixedviT sabiujeto xarjebi iyofa qveynis ekonomikiscalkeul sferoebsa da dargebze gamoyofili saxsrebis

mozidva. orive SemTxvevaSi sesxis aReba zrdis saxelmwi-

fo vals, romlis dasafarad momavalSi unda gaizardos

gadasaxadebi an moxdes maTi refinansireba anu axali

sesxebis (maT Soris fasiani qaRaldebis saxiT) aReba.

saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebis formirebis

erT-erT wyaros arasagadasaxado Semosavlebiwarmoadgens. igi moicavs: saxelmwifos wilobrivi

monawileobiT Seqmnili sawarmoebidan miRebul wminda

Semosavlebs, administraciul gadasaxdelebs (maT Soris

mosakreblebs), jarimebsa da sauravebs, biujetidan

gacemuli sesxebis dabrunebiT miRebul da sxva

arasagadasaxado Semosavlebs.

biujetis Semosavlebis Semadgenloba da struqtura

SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc xarisxobrivi (Tvisobri-

vi), ise raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebiT. kerZod, Semosavle-

bis realuri moculoba ganixileba amoRebis meTodebis,

gadasaxadebis saxeebisa da warmoSobis wyaroebis mixed-

viT.

xarjebis erTobliobas, romelic warmoiSveba

saxelmwifos mier Tavisi funqciebis SesrulebasTan

dakavSirebiT, biujetis xarjebi ewodeba. sxva sityvebiT,

saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi _ es aris ekonomikuri

urTierTobani, romelic warmoiqmneba saxelmwifos

fuladi saxsrebis fondis dargobrivi, miznobrivi da

teritoriuli daniSnulebiT gadanawilebasa da gamoyene-

basTan dakavSirebiT.

saxelmwifos funqciebis mravalferovneba da

mravalmxrivoba, qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis done, saxelmwifos administraciul-teritoriuli

wyoba, sabiujeto saxsrebis miwodebis formebi da mravali

749748

federaluri) xelisuflebis biujetebis, avtonomiuri

formirebebis (Statis, sagrafos da a.S.) biujetebisa

da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis biujetebis

xarjebi. am niSniT xarjebis dayofa saSualebas iZleva

moxdes maTi racionaluri gadanawileba regionaluri

ganviTarebis gamoTanabrebis mizniT. aseTi gadanawileba

SesaZlebelia biujetebis Semosavlebis gadanawilebis,

transferebis gadacemis, dafinansebis sxvadasxva meTodebis

(magaliTad, asignebebis, sesxebis da a.S.) gamoyenebis gziT.

biujetidan saxsrebis xarjvis ganxorcieleba

miiRweva sabiujeto dafinansebis anu asignebebismeSveobiT. sabiujeto dafinanseba anu asignebebi niSnavs

fuladi saxsrebis gacemas biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli

RonisZiebebis gansaxorcieleblad. sabiueto dafinanseba

agebulia gansazRvruli principebiT, konkretuli formebi-

Ta da meTodebiT da emsaxureba konkretuli amocanebis

Sesrulebas.

sabiujeto asignebebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori

formis sabiujeto dafinansebiT. esenia: ̀ neto-biujetisa~

da `bruto-biujetis~ sistemebiT dafinanseba.

`neto-biujetis~ sistemiT dafinansebisas sabiuje-to asignebebi gamoiyofa danaxarjTa SezRuduli

wrisaTvis, romelic damtkicebuli biujetiTaa gaTvalis-

winebuli.

`bruto-biujetis~ sistemiT dafinansebisas sabiu-jeto saxsrebi gamoiyofa im sawarmoebis, organizaciebisa

da dawesebulebebisaTvis, romlebic mTlianad sabiujeto

dafinansebaze imyofebian.

sabiujeto asignebebis garda, sabiujeto saxsrebis

gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia sawarmoebis dakreditebis mizniT

sabiujeto sesxis gasacemad. aseTi sesxi an uprocentoa,

mimarTulebebis mixedviT. amitom igi moicavs qveynis

Tavdacvis, samarTaldamcavi saqmianobisa da usafrTxoebis

uzrunvelyofis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi aparatis,

socialuri sferos dargebis (ganaTleba, janmrTelobis

dacva, xelovneba, kultura, religia da a.S.), mecnierebisa

da samecniero-teqnikuri xasiaTis saqmianobas, sawarmoo

sferos dargebis (mrewveloba, soflis meurnoeba da

a.S.) xarjebs. TiToeuli sferosaTvis gamoyofili xarjebi

gansazRvrulia maT ekonomikur WrilSic.

biujetis xarjebis dargobrivi niSnis mixedviT

dayofa sabiujeto saxsrebis ganawilebaSi dargebs Soris

proporciebis dadgenis saSualebas iZleva, raTa

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebam am proporciebis

Secvla, Semdgomi racionalizacia, prioritetuli

programebis gamoyofa da maTi dafinanseba ganaxorcielos.

uwyebrivi niSnis mixedviT xarjebi gamoiyofa

saministroebis, departamentebisa da sxva saxelmwifo

dawesebulebebis mixedviT, romlebic Rebuloben sabiujeto

saxsrebs. maTze gamoyofili asignebebi gansazRvrulia

ekonomikuri da miznobrivi niSnebis mixedviTac.

sabiujeto xarjebis miznobrivi struqturaaxasiaTebs danaxarjTa konkretul saxeobebs. ase

magaliTad, asignebebi kapitalur dabandebebze, saoperacio

xarjebze, dotaciaze, xelfasze, kapitalur remontze da

a.S. xarjebis miznobrivi niSnis mixedviT klasifikacia

warmoadgens sabiujeto saxsrebis xarjvaze finansuri

kontrolis Sesrulebis aucilebel bazas.

x arj e bi s kl a s if i k ac i a xorci elde b ateritoriuli niSnis mixedviTac, romlis drosac

ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva donis biujetebs Soris

Tanafardobebi. kerZod, gamoiyofa centraluri (an

751750

kur maCveneblebsa da mdgomareobaze sxvadasxva zomiT

gamoixatos, aseve gansxvavebuli iyos misi xasiaTi.

gamomwvevi mizezebis mixedviT, ganasxvaveben orgvari

xasiaTis biujetis deficits: ciklurs da struqturu-ls. cikluri deficitis arseboba ganpirobebulia

warmoebis cikluri dacemisa da ekonomikuri krizisis

gamwvavebis Sedegad gadasaxadebis gadaxdis SesaZleblo-

bebis SemcirebiT. struqturuli deficiti warmoiqmneba

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier xarjebis Segnebulad

gadidebisa da gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT, raTa daZleul

iqnes ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi dacemis procesi. deficiti

SesaZlebelia gamowveuli iyos agreTve xelsiuflebis

araswori fiskaluri politikiTac anu gadasaxadebis

dausabuTebeli SemcirebiT, samTavrobo Semosavlebsa da

xarjebs Soris SeusabamobiT da a.S.

biujetis deficitis arseboba SeiZleba ganpirobebu-

li iyos agreTve sxva faqtorebiTac. kerZod, esaa: qveynis

ekonomikis ganviTarebis mizniT msxvili investiciebis

gamoyofis aucilebloba; sagangaSo movlenebi – omi,

stiqiuri ubedureba, socialuri afeTqeba da sxva;

mTavrobis uunaroba, ris gamoc mis kontrols miRmaa

darCenili qveynis finansuri urTierTobebi da a.S.

biujetis deficitis zRvruli norma (mSp-is mimarT)

da moculoba sxavadsxva qveynisTvis gansxvavebulia. maTi

gansazRvra qveynisaTvis misaRebi sidideebiT damokidebu-

lia deficitis marTvis efeqtianobaze. biujetisdeficitis marTva gulisxmobs: a) misi zRvruli

moculobis dadgenas; b) dafinansebis wyaroebisa da am

wyaroebs Soris racionaluri Tanafardobis gansazRvras.

biujetis deficitis dafinans ebis oriZiriTadi wyaro arsebobs: saSinao da sagareo wyaro.

an gaicema Zalian dabali procentiT. sesxi ZiriTadad

gaicema strategiuli mniSvnelobis programebis an

RonisZiebebis dasafinanseblad. ase magaliTad, saxelmwifo

sasursaTo programebis, agrosamrewvelo kompleqsis

ganviTarebis, TavdacviTi mrewvelobis programebis

dafinanseba da a.S.

zogadad, biujeti warmoadgens balanss, romlis

Semosavlebi xarjebis toli unda iyos. rodesac biujetis

Semosavlebi mTlianad ver faravs mis xarjebs, maSin

saqme gvaqvs saxelmwifo biujetis deficitTan da

piriqiT, roca Semosavlebis moculoba metia xarjebis

doneze, saqme gvaqvs biujetis saxsrebis siWarbesTan, anu

mis dadebiT saldosTan, romelsac proficiti ewodeba.

Semosavlebs _ xarjebi = biujetis deficiti(an proficiti)

zogierTi ekonomisti Tvlis, rom aucilebelia

biujetis yovelwliuard dabalanseba, magram es ase araa.

sakmarisia biujeti dabalansdes ramdenime weliwadSi

erTxel, ciklis fazebis mixedviT. magaliTad, ekonomikuri

daqveiTebis dros, ekonomikuri krizisis dasaZlevad

saxelmwifom unda Seamciros gadasaxadebi da gazardos

biujetis xarjebi, e.i. Segnebulad gamoiwvios deficiti.

Semdgom, aRmavlobis periodSi, aucilebelia gadasaxadebis

gazrda da xarjebis Semcireba, romlis drosac deficiti

SeiZleba Secvalos dadebiTma saldom.

rogorc msoflio gamocdileba gviCvenebs, biujetis

deficiti ar ganekuTvneba sagangaSo, gansakuTrebul

finansur movlenas, Tu misi done mSp-is mimarT ar

aRemateba erTniSna cifrs. msoflioSi TiTqmis ar aris

qveyana, romelsac sxvadasxva doniT biujetis deficiti

ar hqondes, Tumca SesaZlebelia misi gavlena makroekonomi-

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da samTavrobo xarjebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan pozicias

warmoadgens.

ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, aranakleb

mniSvnelovania biujetis proficitis marTva. proficitis,

rogorc biujetis Semosavlebis mis xarjebze nametis,

ekonomikaze uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis procesi vlindeba,

upirveles yovlisa, inflaciuri procesebis dawyebiT.

aRniSnulis Tavidan acilebis mizniT aucilebelia

proficitis marTvis efeqtiani sistemis Seqmna, romelic

gulisxmobs misi gamoyenebis racionaluri mimarTulebebis

dasabuTebas.

inflaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, proficitis

saxsrebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas ori ZiriTadi

mimarTulebiT:

biujeturi nametis gamoyeneba sagareo sesxe-

bis anu valis dasafarad;

proficitis saxsrebis dausaqonlebeli nawi-

lis mimoqcevis sferodan amoReba da sarezervo fondebis

formireba an Sevseba.

proficitis saxsrebis gamoyeneba uaryofiTis garda,

SeiZleba dadebiTi Sedegebis momtanic iyos. am saxsrebis

saSualebiT saSinao, gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis, valis

dafarviT xelisufleba Warb sagadasaxado Semosulobebs

ukan ubrunebs fulis bazars da sargeblis ganakveTis

dacemas iwvevs, riTac stimuls aZlevs investiciebsa da

moxmarebas, Tumca aucilebelia fulis bazarze am gziT

moxvedrili saxsrebis racionaluri moculobis gansazR-

vra.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujeti centraluri

xelisuflebis organoebis funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad

biujetis dafinansebis saSinao wyaro moicavs:

sabanko da arasabanko anu fasiani qaRaldebis _ saxelmwi-

fo obligaciebis ganTavsebis gziT mozidul kreditebs.

amave wyaros, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, miekuTvneba agreTve

saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcireba, biujetis Semosavlebis

gazrda sagadasaxado ganakveTebis gazrdis an axali

gadasaxadebis dawesebis gziT, xolo ukidures SemTxvevaSi,

fulis emisia.

biujetis dafinansebis sagareo wyaro moicavs

sagareo sesxebs saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebidan,

sxva qveynebis mTavrobebisagan, saerTaSoriso fasiani

qaRaldebis ganTavsebis gziT mozidul sesxebs da a.S.

ekonomikaze biujetis deficitis mastimulirebeli

zemoqmedeba damokidebulia misi dafinansebis meTodebze.fulis bazarze sesxebis aRebiT xelisufleba zrdis

maTze moTxovnas da, Sesabamisad, xels uwyobs sargeblis

ganakveTis gazrdas. es, Tavis mxriv, amcirebs kerZo

mewarmeebis mier sesxebis mozidvasa da maT sainvesticio

da samomxmareblo xarjebs ekonomikaSi. aseT pirobebSi

deficitis anu saxelmwifo xarjebis dafinansebam fulis

emisiis gziT, SesaZlebelia uaryofiTi gavlena ar

moaxdinos kerZo investiciebis an moxmarebis Semcirebaze.

es ki niSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia axali fulis Seqmnam,

sesxebTan SedarebiT, samTavrobo xarjebis dafinansebis

mastimulirebeli roli Seasrulos. amasTan, aucilebelia

am ukanasknelis racionaluri masStabebis gansazRvra.

biujetis deficitis arsebobis Sedegia saxelmwifo

valis zrda. saxelwmifo vali – es aris saxelmwifo

biujetis deficitis dasafinanseblad moziduli Tanxis

daufaravi nawili, romelic dagrovilia qveynis arsebobis

mTel manZilze. am valis dafarva biujetidan xorcieldeba

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xelisuflebis Semosulobebsa da gadasaxdelebs. saqar-

Tvelos saxelmwifo biujets amuSavebs finansTa

saministro da amtkicebs parlamenti.

`saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb~

saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo biujetis

Semosavlebis formirebaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli

eniWeba gadasaxadebs, magram arsebobs sxva saxis Senata-

nebic. esenia: arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi; kapitaluri

Semosavlebi; grantebi; sesxebi.

*saqarTvelos kanoni ̀ saqarTvelos sabiujetos sistemis Sesaxeb~._ Tbilisi, 2003, muxli 3.

aRniSnuli kanoniT saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

biujetis Semosulobebi gansazRvrulia aseTi struqtu-

riT:

1.Semosavlebi, maT Soris:

1.1. mimdinare sagadasaxado Semosavlebi – saqarTve-

los kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad saxelmwifo biujetis

kuTvnili gadasaxadebi;

1.2. mimdinare arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi – saxel-

mwifos wilobrivi monawileobiT Seqmnili sawarmoebidan

miRebuli wminda mogeba, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT

dadgenili wesiT saqarTvelos erovnuli bankidan

miRebuli mogeba, administraciuli gadasaxdelebi (maT

Soris mosakreblebi), jarimebi da sauravebi, biujetidan

gacemuli sesxebis dabrunebiT miRebuli da sxva

arasagadasaxado Semosavlebi (kapitaluri Semosavlebis

garda);

1.3. kapitaluri Semosavlebi – fiqsirebuli kapita-

luri aqtivebis realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavali,

aqtivebis realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavali, miwisa

da aramaterialuri aqtivebis realizaciidan miRebuli

aucilebeli fuladi saxsrebis fondebis mobilizaciisa

da gamoyenebis ZiriTadi finansuri gegmaa. igi sabiujeto

sistemis mTavari rgolia. masSi Tavmoyrilia qveynis

sabiujeto sistemis resursebis ZiriTadi nawili, romlis

gamoyenebas udidesi socialur-ekonomikuri da politiku-

ri mniSvneloba aqvs. aRniSnuli finansuri resursebi

qveynis mTel teritoriaze erTiani socialuri, ekonomikuri

da finansuri politikis ganxorcielebis saSualebas

iZleva.

iseve, rogorc nebismier qveyanaSi, saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo biujeti erovnul ekonomikaSi gadanawilebiTi

procesebis organizatoris funqcias asrulebs. amasTan

erTad, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujeti inarCunebs iseT

umniSvnelovanes rols, rogoricaa sazogadoebriv warmoe-

basa da socialur urTierTobaTa sferoze zemoqmedebis

gziT qveynis mTel teritoriaze sawarmoo ZalTa

racionalurad ganTavsebisa da ekonomikis aRmavlobis

uzrunvelyofa.

saxelmwifo biujetis meSveobiT xorcieldeba

sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formis mqone sawarmoTa da,

nawilobriv, saojaxo meurneobebis saxsrebis mobilizacia,

romelic miemarTeba erovnuli meurneobisa da socialur-

kulturuli RonisZiebebis, qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis

ganmtkicebis, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebis

Senaxbis dasafinanseblad, agreTve saxelmwifo valis

dafarvisa da momsaxurebis uzrunvelsayofad.

saqarTvelos kanonSi `saqarTvelos sabiujeto

sistemis Sesaxeb~ saxelmwifo biujeti gansazRvrulia

rogorc centraluri xelisuflebis biujeti, romelic

moicavs sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo

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maTganis xarjebi klasificirebulia ekonomikuri niSnis

mixedviTac.

saqarTvelos saxelwmifo biujetis gadasaxdelebis

funqcionaluri klasifikacia moicavs asignebebs Semdegi

mimarTulebebiT: 1. saerTo daniSnulebis saxelmwifo

momsaxureba; 2. Tavdacva; 3. sazogadoebrivi wesrigi da

uSiSroeba; 4. ganaTleba; 5. janmrTelobis dacva; 6.

socialuri dazRveva da socialuri uzrunvelyofa; 7.

sabinao-komunaluri meurneoba; 8. dasveneba, kultura,

sporti da religia; 9. saTbob-energetikuli kompleqsi;

10. soflis meurneoba, satyeo meurneoba, meTevzeoba da

monadireoba; 11. samTo mrewveloba da sasargeblo

wiaRiseuli, gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba da mSenebloba;

12. transporti da kavSirgabmuloba; 13. ekonomikur

saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva momsaxureba; 14.

xarjebi, romelic ar ganekuTvneba ZiriTad ganyofilebebs.

nebismier qveyanaSi saxelmwifos ekonomikaze

zemoqmedebis sami ZiriTadi berketi gaaCnia: saxelmwifo

xarjebis moculobisa da misi struqturis cvlileba;

saxelmwifo xarjebis dafinansebis wyaroebis (anu

biujetis Semosavlebis wyaroebis) cvlileba; fiskaluri

politikis maregulirebeli normatiuli aqtebis miReba

da ganviTareba.

fiskaluri politikis arsi, tipebi

da ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. saxelmwifospirveli rigis amocanas ekonomikis regulirebawarmoadgens, rac ZiriTadad fiskaluri politikissaSualebiT miiRweva.

fiskaluri politika – saxelmwifo xarjebisada gadasaxadebis manipulirebis gziT warmoebasa da

Semosavali da arasaxelmwifo wyaroebidan miRebuli

kapita-luri transferebi;

2. grantebi – saSinao da sagareo wyaroebidan

fuladi formiT miRebuli grantebi an sasaqonlo formiT

miRebuli da monetirebuli grantebi;

3. sesxebi – saqarTvelos centraluri xelisufle-

bis mier kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiTa da dadgenil

farglebSi qveynis SigniT da garT arsebuli sesxebi.

`saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb~ saqarTve-

los kanoniT gansazRvrulia saxelmwifo biujetisxarjebi ekonomikuri da funqcionaluri klasifikaciis

mixedviT.

saxelmwifo biujetis gadasaxdelebi ekonomikuri

niSnis mixedviT gansazRvrulia aseTi SemadgenlobiT:

1.xarjebi, maT Soris:

1.1. mimdinare xarjebi – xelfasebi, daxmarebebi,

saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze gaweuli sxva xarjebi,

mimdinare transferebi, subsidiebi, procentis dafarva

da sabiujeto klasifikaciiT gansazRvruli sxva mimdinare

xarjebi;

1.2. kapitaluri xarjebi – kapitaluri aqtivebis

SeZena, kapitaluri transferebi da sabiujeto klasifika-

ciiT gansazRvruli sxva kapitaluri xarjebi;

2. dakrediteba, saaqcio kapitalSi monawileoba;

3. valis amortizacia – sesxis ZiriTadi Tanxis

dafarva.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi

ganisazRvreba funqcionaluri niSnis mixedviT, anu

xarjebis miznebis msgavsobis mixedviT. calkeul funqci-

onalur rgolSi gamoiyofa xarjebi organizaciuli anu

mxarjavi dawesebulebebis mixedviT, xolo TiToeuli

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gamowveuli inflaciis pirobebSi. igi orientirebulia

dadebiTi saldos zrdasa da mis efeqtian marTvaze.

SemaCerebeli fiskaluri politika xorcieldeba saxelm-

wifo xarjebis Semcirebis, gadasaxadebis zrdis an orive

mimarTulebis racionaluri TanafardobiT gamoyenebis gziT.

aradiskretuli fiskaluri politika moqmedebssaxelmwifos Carevis gareSe da mxolod sabazro kanonebs

emorCileba. es niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifo xarjebisa

da gadasaxadebis doneebSi aucilebeli cvlilebebi

Seitaneba avtomaturad e.w. `CaSenebuli stabiliza-

torebis~ meSveobiT. am dros sagadasaxado sistema, kerZod,

ganakveTebi iseTia, rom igi uzrunvelyofs sagadasaxado

Semosavlebis cvlilebas (zrdas an Semcirebas) warmoebis

(mSp, erovnuli Semosavali, nebismieri sagadasaxado baza)

cvlilebebis proporciulad.

CaSenebuli stabilizatori fiskaluri politikis

nebismieri RonisZiebaa, romelsac ekonomikuri daqveiTebis

periodSi gaaCnia saxelmwifo biujetis deficitis

gaRrmavebis, xolo inflaciis periodSi biujetis dadebiTi

saldos gazrdis tendencia (Tu adgili ara aqvs mTavrobis

mxridan raime specifikuri RonisZiebis gatarebas). aseTi

stabilizatorebis rols asruleben: sagadasaxadosistema da samTavrobo xarjebi.

fiskaluri politikis yvelaze mniSvnelovan stabili-

zators sagadasaxado sistema warmoadgens. ekonomikuri

zrdis kvalobaze sagadasaxado Semosulobani izrdeba

da ramdenadac isini warmoebisaTvis danakargs warmoadgenen,

TandaTan aferxeben ekonomikur aRmavlobas, xolo

biujetSi xels uwyoben misi nametis anu proficitis

Seqmnas. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs SesaZlo

inflaciis daZlevas.

dasaqmebaze, inflaciis Semcirebaze saxelmwifos zemoqme-debis saSualebaa. am politikis ganxorcielebas saxelmwi-fo axdens biujetis meSveobiT. amitom fiskalur politi-kas xSirad sabiujeto-sagadasaxado procesebis marTvispolitikas uwodeben. amrigad, fiskaluri politikasaxelmwifos mier gadasaxadebis, samTavroboxarjebisa da deficitis mani pulirebis gziTfinansuri resursebis efeqtiani mobilizaciisada racionaluri gamoyenebis politikaa, romelicqveyanaSi ekonomikis zrdis maRal tempebSi vlindeba.

ganasxvavaben diskretul, anu winaswarganzraxulda aradiskretul anu avtomatur fiskalurpolitikas .

diskretuli fiskaluri politika gulisxmobssaxelmwifos mier gadasaxadebisa da saxelmwifo xarjebisSegnebul manipulirebas erovnuli warmoebis realurimoculobisa da dasaqmebis donisa da struqturisSecvlis, inflaciaze da ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebazezemoqmdebis mizniT. saxelmwifo aseT politikasekonomikuri krizisis dros atarebs. igi ori saxisaa:mastimulirebeli da SemaCerebeli.

mastimulirebeli fiskaluri politikisgamoyenebis saWiroeba dRis wesrigSi dgeba ekonomikisganviTarebis daqveiTebis periodSi. misTvis damaxasiaTebe-lia dabalansebuli biujetis arsebobis pirobebSideficitis warmoqmna, xolo am ukanasknelis arsebobisSemTxvevaSi _ misi gaRrmaveba. aseTi politikis realiza-cia xorcieldeba saxelmwifo xarjebis zrdis, gadasaxade-bis Semcirebis, an orive mimarTulebis racionaluriTanafardobiT gamoyenebis gziT.

SemaCerebeli fiskaluri politika gamoiyeneba

biujetis dadebiTi saldosa da Warbi moTxovniT

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sagadasaxado politika, anu sagadasaxado dabegvra

da misi saxelmwifo regulireba, romelmac unda

uzrunvelyos, erTi mxriv, biujetis SemosavlebiT Sevseba

da, meore mxriv, ekonomikis regulireba;

sabiujeto politika anu saxelmwifo xarjebis

moculobis formirebisa da misi struqturis regulire-

bis sfero, romlis mizania ekonomikaze zemoqmedeba da

misi regulireba.

mTavrobis miznebidan gamomdinare, sagadasaxado

politikis da, Sesabamisad, fiskaluri politikis

realizaciis ZiriTadi berketi sagadasaxado ganakveTebis

cvlilebebia. es cvlilebebi moqmedebs rogorc biujetis,

ise mTlianad ekonomikis Semosavlebze, zrdis an amcirebs

maT. sidides, romliTac icvleba biujetis Semosavlebi,

sagadasaxado politikis fiskaluri efeqtiewodeba .

ganasxvaveben sagadasaxado politikis pirdapirda arapirdapir fiskalur efeqts .

pirdapiri fiskaluri efeqti esaa sagadasaxadoSemosavlebis cvlilebebis (zrdis an Semcirebis) sidide,

romelic gamowveulia sagadasaxado politikaSi ganxor-

cielebuli cvlilebiT. igi warmoadgens sxvaobas

gadasaxadis moculobebs Soris sagadasaxado cvlilebeba-

mde da cvlilebebis Semdeg da iangariSeba gadasaxadebis

calkeuli saxeebis mixedviT.

sagadasaxado politikis arapirdapiri fiskalu-ri efeqti ki aris sagadasaxado Semosavlebis cvlilebis

(zrdis an Semcirebis) sidide, romelic gamowveulia

sagadasaxado bazis cvlilebiT, rasac safuZvlad udevs

sagadasaxado politikis gavleniT warmoebis ganviTarebaSi

momxdari cvlilebebi. misi raodenobrivi Sefaseba

ekonomikuri dacemis periodSi sagadasaxado Semosu-

lobani avtomaturad mcirdeba, ris kvalobazec biujeturi

nametidan TandaTanobiT deficiturobisaken gadaxris (an

misi gaRrmavebis) tendencia yalibdeba. deficiti, romelic

warmoebisaTvis garkveuli danakargebis Semcirebas arbi-

lebs, ekonomikuri daqveiTebis tendenciebis TandaTanobiT

daZlevis pirobebs qmnis. aseTi fiskaluri politikisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia progresuli ganakveTebis upiratesi

Sedegebi proporciulTan SedarebiT, Tumca es ukanasknel-

nic Sesabamisi sagadasaxado bazebis cvlilebis kvalobaze

arsebiT gavlenas axdenen biujetis Semosavlebis cvlile-

baze.

amasTan, unda aRiniSnos rom sruliad sawinaaRmdego

moqmedeba axasiaTebT transfertul gadamxdelebs.

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis periodSi mcirdeba biujetidan

umuSevarTa subsidiebi, RaribTa daxmarebebi, subsidiebi

fermerebze da a.S. ekonomikuri daqveiTebis periodSi ki,

piriqiT, isini izrdeba.

aradiskretuli fiskaluri politikis uaryofiTi

Sdegebis Tavidan acilebis SesaZleblobebi anu Cadgmuli

stabiluroba, damokidebulia gadasaxadebSi cvlilebebis

Setanis unarsa da SesaZleblobebze, maT gavlenaze

warmoebis cvlilebebze. aman ki SeiZleba ganapirobos

aradiskretuli fiskaluri politikis diskretuli

fiskaluri politikiT sruli an nawilobrivi Canacvlebis

aucilebloba.

fiskaluri politika samTavrobo Semosavlebisa da

xarjebis marTvas gulisxmobs, rac sagadasaxado sistemisa

da saxelmwifo xarjebis struqturuli regulirebiT

xorcieldeba. Sesabamisad, fiskaluri politika moicavs

or ZiriTad, urTierTdakavSirebul mimarTulebas, esenia:

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xolo xarjebis yoveli erTeuliT zrda Semosavals

gazrdis 2.5 lariT (erTeuliT). es niSnavs, rom xarjebiszrda am SemTxvevaSi ufro efeqtiania, vidre gadasaxadebisSemcireba.

fiskaluri politikis marTva mdgradi daefeqtiani sagadasaxado-sabiujeto politikis SemuSavebasada misi funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofas gulisxmobs. ammizniT aucilebelia: biujetis Semosavlebis, xarjebisa

da deficitis analizi da dagegmva; biujetis dagegmvisada aRsrulebis efeqtiani organizacia; biujetis dagegm-vasa da aRsrulebaze efeqtiani kontroli da a.S.

saxelmwifos finansuri saqmianobis efeqtianoba,

upirveles yovlisa, swored aseTi mdgradi fiskalurianu sagadasaxado-sabiujeto politikis arsebobaSivlindeba. marTalia, jer kidev araa SemuSavebuli dasayovelTaod aRiarebuli aseTi politikis Sefasebis

maCveneblebi, magram sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli is faqti,rom sagadasaxado-sabiujeto politika aramdgradia, Tuigi mSp-is mimarT saxelmwifo valis SefardebiTi donisswraf zrdas ganapirobebs. es niSnavs, rom fiskaluri

politikis araefetqtianobis erT-erTi ZiriTadimaCvenebeli mSp-is mimarT saxelmwifo valis moculobada misi zrdis tempebia, rasac mTeli rigi pirdapiri Tuarapirdapiri uaryofiTi Sedegebi axasiaTebs.

mravali qveynis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, romsaxelmwifo valis mSp-is mimarT Tanafardobis maRalidone zrdis masTan dakavSirebul xarjebs, kerZod: auaresebssabiujeto politikas; gavlenas axdens realuri

saprocento ganakveTis sidideze, rac biujetis deficitispirobebSi zrdis valis momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebulxarjebs; zRudavs sabiujeto sferoSi manevrirebisa da

gacilebiT rTulia, Tumca mTliani Sida produqtis

moculobaze sagadasaxado politikis gavlenis raodenob-

rivi Sefaseba sagadasaxado multiplikatoris meqanizmis

meSveobiT SesaZlebelia.

sagadasaxado multi plikatori gviCvenebs, Tu

gadasaxadis Semcirebis yovel erTeulze ramdeniT izrdeba

erToblivi Semosavali. igi iangariSeba formuliT:

Y/T = C/(1-C),sadac Y _ erToblivi Semosavlis nazrdia; T _ gadasaxadisSemcirebis moculoba; C _ erToblivi Semosavlis

nazrdidan moxmarebis zRvruli sidide.

sabiujeto politikis anu samTavrobo xarjebis

meSveobiT saxelmwifo gavlenas axdens erTobliv moTxov-

naze (zrdis an amcirebs mas). am xarjebs, investiciebis

msgavsad, gaaCniaT multiplikaciuri efeqti, romelic

gaiangariSeba formuliT:

Y/G = 1/(1-C),sadac Y _ erToblivi Semosavlis nazrdia; G - saxelmwifo

xarjebis nazrdi; C _ kvlav Semosavlis nazrdidan

moxmarebis zRvruli sididea.

saxelmwifo xarjebis multi plikatorigviCvenebs, Tu saxelmwifo xarjebis erTi erTeuliT

gazrda erToblivi Semosavlebis zrdas ra moculobiT

gamoiwvevs.

ganvixiloT martivi magaliTi:

davuSvaT, rom moxmarebis zRvruli sidide _ C =0.6, maSin: sagadasaxado multiplikatori iqneba: Y/T = -0.6/(1-0.6) = 1.5; xarjebis multiplikatori iqneba Y/G =1/(1-0.6) = 2.5.

amrigad, am SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadebis erTi lariT

Semcireba erTobliv Semosavals gazrdis 1.5 erTeuliT,

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* wminda dakrediteba, anu dakrediteba dafarvaTa gamoklebiT,saxelmwifos mier saxelmwifo biujetidan iuridiul pirebze, agreTveadgilobrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoebsa daadgilobriv biujetebze kreditis saxiT gacemuli da mocemulkonkretul periodSi arsebuli valis moculobaa.

balansis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod deficitisdafinansebis, xolo nametis SemTxvevaSi misiarainflaciuri gziT gamoyenebis pirobebSi:

deficitis mTliani sidide = dafinansebisdadebiTi saldo = (sesxebis dafarva _

amortizacia) – maragebis (rezervebis) zrda.amrigad, biujetis xarjebisa da wminda dakreditebis

nameti mis Semosavlebsa da grantebze warmoadgensbiujetis deficits, romelsac saxelmwifo afinansebs

**valis amortizacia _ valis ZiriTadi Tanxis dafarvis xarjebi.

fiskaluri politikis upirveles mizans saxelmwi-fos saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis SesabamisiSemosavlebiT dabalanseba warmoadgens. ramdenadacmTavrobis erToblivi Semosavlebi yovelTvis toliaerToblivi gadasaxdelebis, amdenad sabiujeto Semosavle-bi da xarjebi TiTqmis yovelTvisaa dabalansebuli.amasTan, es balansi mxolod sabiujeto SemosavlebismiRebis gziT ar miiRweva. sabiujeto procesebisanalizisa da swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis mizniTaucilebelia yuradRebis koncentrireba biujetisSemosavlebs (grantebis CaTvliT) da mis xarjebs (wmindadakreditebis CaTvliT) Soris sxvaobaze anu fiskaluribalansis uzrunvelyofaze. tradiciulad fiskaluribalansi ganixileba rogorc sxvaoba erToblivSemosavlebsa da erTobliv xarjebs Soris:deficiti / dadebiTi saldo = (Semosavlebi +transferebi) _ (xarjebi + + dakrediteba

dafarvaTa gamoklebiT).

moqnili politikis gatarebis SesaZleblobebs. aseTipolitikis pirobebSi adre Tu gvian finansuri bazris

struqturebi TandaTanobiT kargaven ndobas saxelmwifo-sadmi. Sedegad, kidev ufro rTuldeba mTavrobis sasesxovaldebulebebis dafarva. mdgomareobidan Tavis daRwevisgza sabiujeto xarjebis Semcireba an Semosavlebis

gazrdaa, rac zrdis, Sesabamisad an valis dafarvisa damisi gadaxdis pirobebis gadaxedvis risks, an emisiuridafinansebis risks.

amrigad, mdgrad sagadasaxado-sabiujeto politikaSi

unda vigulisxmoT iseTi kursis SemuSaveba, romelicgamoricxavs mSp-is mimarT saxelmwifo valis SefardebiTidonis swraf zrdas. amisaTvis, aRniSnuli maCvenebliszrdis tempebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos ekonomikuri

zrdis, saprocento ganakveTisa da inflaciis racionalurdoneebTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi kriteriumissagadasaxado-sabiujeto politikis indikatorad gamoyene-ba rTuli araa, mas mainc axasiaTebs ori ZiriTadi nakli:

(1) ekonomikur mecnierebaSi jer kidev araa gansazRvrulimSp-is mimarT valis optimaluri da misaRebi Tanafardoba;(2) praqtika gviCvenebs, rom mSp-is mimarT valisstabiluri Tanafardobis SenarCuneba SesaZlebelia

sabiujeto politikis anu sabiujeto xarjebis sakmaodmkacri SezRudvebis pirobebSi. amitom, am TanafardobisdasasabuTeblad SemuSavebuli iqna SedarebiT naklebadmkacri moTxovna, romelic ukavSirdeba gadaxdisunariano-

bis gaTvalisinebas.gadaxdisunarianoba myari sabiujeto politikis

ganuyofeli nawilia. misi, rogorc principis, gamoyenebagulisxmobs imas, rom valis nominaluri sidide unda

izrdebodes nela, vidre nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi.

767766

is faqtic, rom am saanalizo periodis ganmavlobaSi

TiTqmis ar momxdara arsebiTi cvlilebebi arc

sagadasaxado Semosavlebis da arc xarjebis struqturaSi.

1997 wels sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saerTo

moculobaSi saSemosavlo da mogebis gadasaxadebis wili

24.0%-s Seadgenda, 2005 wlisaTvis ki igi gaizarda

mxolod 25.4%-mde, anu 1.4 procentuli punqtiT, rac

niSnavs imas, rom realuri seqtoris fiskaluri efeqtis

zrda umniSvneloa da biujetis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis

udidesi nawili kvlav arapirdapiri gadasaxadebia.

marTlac, aRniSnul periodSi arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis

wili, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis saerTo moculobaSi,

marTalia Semcirda 6.4 procentuli punqtiT, magram

periodis bolos, anu 2005 wels 60.2%-s mainc gadaaWarba.

maSasadame, biujetis Sevsebis sagadasaxado tvirTi modis

ara ekonomikaze, aramed momxmarebelze. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia,

rom saqarTvelos naerTi biujetis SemosavlebSi

arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wilis Semcirebis dadebiTi

tendencia SeimCneva mxolod ukanaskneli 2-3 wlis

ganmavlobaSi.

amave saanalizo periodSi biujetidan gaweuli

xarjebi Sromis anazRaurebis saxiT 13.1%-dan gaizarda

mxolod 17.5%-mde, xolo pensiebi, Semweobebi da

daxmarebebi _ 8-dan 11.2%-mde. rac Seexeba funqcionalur

struqturas, masSi gaizarda mxolod saxelmwifo

momsaxurebis xarjebi 11.9-dan 18.7%-mde, socialuri

sferos xarjebi ki _ 48.1-dan 40.1%-mde Semcirda,

erovnuli meurneobis dafinansebis xarjebis wili 9.4-

dan 6.6%-mde, anu 2.8 procentuli punqtiT Semcirda,

rac Cveni ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempebis pirobebSi

dadebiTad ver Sefasdeba.

sesxebis an sakuTari likviduri saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.fiskaluri balansis analizi metad mniSvnelovania,ramdenadac igi srul warmodgenas iZleva saxelmwifostruqturebis finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, agreTveimis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aisaxeba igi fulad-sakreditosferoze, Sida moTxovnasa da sagadasaxado balansze.

fiskaluri politikis ganviTarebis dadebiTitendenciebi da efeqtianoba gulisxmobs, upirveles

yovlisa, finansuri resursebis efeqtian mobilizacias

da maT racionalur gamoyenebas, rac ekonomikuri zrdis

maRal tempebSi vlindeba. Sesabamisad, nebismieri qveynis

fiskaluri politikis Sefasebis mizniT aucilebelia

Seswavlili da gaanalizebuli iqnes, erTi mxriv, xelisuf-

lebis yvela donis biujetebis Semosavlebis, xarjebisa

da deficitis mdgomareoba, xolo, meore mxriv, ekonomikuri

zrdis maCveneblebis Camoyalibebuli tendenciebi.

1997-2005 wlebSi saqarTvelos konsolidirebuli

(naerTi) biujetis realuri sakuTari Semosavlebis zrdam

126.8% Seadgina. aseTi zrda arc Tu maRalia, magram

dadebiT momentad unda CaiTvalos is garemoeba, rom igi

upiratesad sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdiTaa ganpiro-

bebuli. kerZod, sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdam 142.5%-

s miaRwia. xarjebis zrdis tempi, amave periodSi arsebiTad

Camouvarda Semosavlebis analogiur maCvenebels da 114.4%

Seadgina. marTalia, biujetis nominaluri deficitis

absoluturi moculoba 1997-2005 wlebSi meryeobda

155.7 mln laridan (2001w.) 288.3 mln laramde (2005w.),

magram misi realuri moculoba 1997-2005 wlebSi

Semcirda TiTqmis 30%-iT. Tumca biujetis xarjebis

sakuTari SemosavlebiT dafarvis done jer kidev dabali

rCeba da 2005 wels mxolod 79.1% Seadgina. aRsaniSnavia

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nawilis 30-35% gaTavisuflebulia an eqvemdebareba

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs, sagadasaxado tvirTi, Cveni

SefasebiT, 42-47%-s aRwevs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom qveynis

ekonomikis ganviTarebis arsebuli donis pirobebSi mZime

sagadasaxado wnexis qveS eqceva patiosani gadamxdeli

da safrTxe eqmneba ara mxolod maT saqmianobas.

1997-2005 wlebis saqarTvelos fiskaluri poli-

tikis erT-erT mniSvnelovan nakls gadasaxadebis adminis-

trirebis stabilurad dabali donec warmoadgenda. ase

magaliTad, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis Tanafardoba mSp-is

mimarT saanalizo periodSi 1.6%-dan mxolod 1.8%-mde

gaizarda, mogebis gadasaxadis analogiuri maCvenebeli _

0.9-dan 1. 2%-mde, socialuri gadasaxadis _ 1.6-dan 2.1%-

mde, maSin, rodesac dRg-is mixedviT es maCveneblebi kvlav

maRali darCa da Seadgina Sesabamisad 4.5 da 4.8%. amasTan,

saaqcizo gadasaxadis administrirebis done darCa 1.2

procentis doneze, xolo sabaJo gadasaxadis _ Semcirda

1.3-dan 0.8%-mde.

gadasaxadebis administrirebis dabali done saqarT-

veloSi ganpirobebuli iyo mravali mizeziT: xSir

SemTxvevaSi misi siZviriT; gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisufle-

bisa da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis farTo masStabebiT,

sagadasaxado bazis, erTi mxriv, da gadasaxadis, meore

mxriv, gaangariSebebSi arsebuli problemebiT. ramdenadac

sagadasaxado kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli meTodika

rTuli da bundovani iyo, imdenad, saboloo jamSi, igi

gadasaxadis gadamxdelsa da gadasaxdis amkrebs Soris

kanonsawinaaRmdego garigebebis safuZveli xdeboda da

biujets Semosavlebi mniSvnelovnad akldeboda da a.S.

administrirebis donis dinamikaSi Camoyalibebuli aseTi

tendenciis mniSvnelovani mizezi iyo isic, rom biujetis

bunebrivia, qveynis fiskaluri politikis aRniSnuli

tendenciebi Tavs iCenda ekonomikuri zrdis arcTu maRal

tempebSic. 1997-2005 wlebSi mSp-is realuri moculoba

gaizarda mxolod 39.4%-iT, xolo wliuri matebis tempi

meryeobda 1998 wlis 6.8%-dan 2001 wlis 0.5%-mde,

Tumca 2002 wels igi 8.3%-mde amaRlda, xolo 2005

wels kvlav Semcirda da 6.1% Seadgina.

mTeli saanalizo periodis ganmavlobaSi arasaxarbie-

lo mdgomareoba iyo SenarCunebuli mniSvnelovani

ganmazogadebeli parametrebis dinamikaSic. konsolidi-

rebuli biujetis Semosavlebisa da grantebis SefardebiTi

moculoba mSp-is mimarT Semcirda. kerZod, igi meryeobda

1998 wlis 16.9%-dan, 2000 wlis 15.3%-mde. es ukanaskneli

maCvenebeli SenarCunebuli iqna 2002-2005 wlebSic.

TiTqmis analogiuri tendenciebiT xasiaTdeba biujetis

mTliani, anu sakuTari Semosavlebis, sagadasaxado

Semosavlebis da xarjebis absoluturi moculobebis

dinamika mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT. yvela

am ganmazogadebeli maCvenebliT saqarTvelo erT-erT bolo

adgilzea yofil sabWoTa respublikebs Soris.

saanalizo periodis ganmavlobaSi sagadasaxado

sistemis mouwesrigebloba da mZime sagadasaxado politi-

ka, es is problemebia, romelTa aRiarebasac bevri veRar

uvlis gverds. maT ZiriTad mizezs ki sagadasaxado

tvirTis simZime warmoadgens. kerZod, sagadasaxado

Semosavlebis SefardebiTi maCvenebeli mSp-is mimarT 1997-

2005 wlebSi 10.6%-dan mxolod 11.2%-mde gaizarda. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saxelmwifo statistika mSp-is

saerTo moculobaSi iTvaliswinebs Crdilovan anu

aRuricxav ekonomikas misi 33-35%-is doneze, romelic

dabegvris arealSi ver eqceva, xolo mSp-is darCenili

771770

leqcia 31. sabanko-sakredito

sistema da monetaruli politika

`banki aris adgili, sadac Tqven gaZle-ven qolgas mzian amindSi, Semdeg kigTxoven mis dabrunebas, roca wvimaiwyeba~.

r. frosti

`fulisa da s akr edito sistemi sfunqcionireba – enisa da zneobismsgavsad – iseTi spontanuri wesrigisSedegs warmoadgens, romelic yvelazecudad eqvemdebareba adeqvatur Teo-riul axsnas da specialistebs Soriss eriozuli uTa nxmoe b i s m iz ez adrCeba~. fridrix a. fon haieki

àucilebelia yovelmxriv ganvaviTa-roT da ganvamtki-coT qveynis sabankosistema, magram, amasTan, uzrunvelvyoTmkacri kontroli sakredito emisiissidideze, bankebis saimedoobasa damaTi xelmZRvanelebis patiosnebaze,raTa ekonomikaSi ar gaCndes ara-uzrunvelyofili fuli, xolo moqala-qeebi da firmebi xalisiT sargeblob-dnen sabanko momsaxurebiT da mzadi y v n e n S e i na xo n b a n ke b S i T a v i s idanazogebi~.

i. lipsici

bankis warmoSoba da arsi. Tanamedrove

sabanko saqme xangrZlivi istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegia.

bankis, rogorc sakredito dawesebulebis, bunebis axsnas

antikur epoqamdec mivyavarT. fiqroben, rom pirveli bankebi

Semosavlebis dagegmvisas erT-erT ZiriTad faqtorad

gaiTvaliswineboda administrirebis arsebuli done da

misi dinamika. Sedegad, xelovnurad mcirdeboda sagegmo

parametrebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ukve gulisxmobda da Tavis

TavSi moicavda administrirebis dabali donis SenarCune-

bas.

fiskaluri politikis srulyofis SesaZleblobebis

gamovlenasa da gamoyenebas isaxavs miznad saqarTvelos

axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi, romelic 2005 wlis 1

ianvridan amoqmedda.

773772

oqroTi iyo uzrunvelyofili. TandaTanobiT sacavebSi,masze moTxovnasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti oqroaRmoCnda. es ki iZleoda mibarebuli oqros nawilismsurvelebze (vaWrebi, mewarmeebi, feodalebi...) gasesxebis SesaZleblobas, romlis sanacvlod msesxeblebisargebels ixdidnen. samagierod, oqros gamsesxeblebisargebels uxdidnen mibarebuli oqros mesakuTreebs. amor sargebels Soris warmoSobili dadebiTi sxvaobaoqromWedlis mogebas Seadgenda.

orma garemoebam ganapiroba oqros ubralo Senaxvidanbankis funqciebis Sesrulebaze gadasvla. pirveli,SeamCnies, rom gadasaxdelebis gadaxdisas aucilebeliar iyo oqros (fulis) uSualo monawileoba iseve, rogorcoqros mesakuTris uSualo misvla oqromWedelTanmibarebuli oqros wamosaRebad da misi gadacema im pirze,romlisganac SeiZina sasurveli saqoneli. sakmarisiaRmoCnda oqros mesakuTris xelmowerili sabuTi, romelicoqromWedels avalebda fuli gadaeca xelweriliswarmomdgenze. xelwerilis mflobels SeeZlo, misaRebioqro ukve Tavis saxelze daetovebina aRniSnul oqromWe-delTan. am SemTxvevaSi xelwerili asrulebda axlandeliCekis rols. oqromWedelTan Senaxuli fuli ki

depozits ganasaxierebda.

Cekuri angariSsworebis formam oqromWedlebs

(Tavdapirvel bankirebs) depozitze kontrolis SesaZleb-

loba misca. igi yidva-gayidvis ganxorcielebis ufro

* Ceki [ing. cheque, check] _ specialuri dokumenti, romelicSeicavs bankisadmi werilobiT gankargulebas kimis Taobaze,rom mis warmdgens Cekis xelmoweris mimdinare angariSidanmieces an gadaericxos gansazRvruli fulis raodenoba.** depoziti [laT. depozitum Sesanaxad mibarebuli nivTi]_ fuli da fasiani qaRaldebi (aqciebi, obligaciebi)sakredito dawesebulebebSi (bankebi, Semnaxveli salaroebi...)Sesanaxad moTavsebuli.

warmoiSva VII-VI saukuneebis Zvel aRmosavleTSi, Semdegki estafeta Zvelma saberZneTma aiRo. aq yvelaze cnobilitaZrebi omis dros fuls Sesanaxad iRebdnen. esgamarTlebuli iyo, ramdenadac meomar qveynebs taZrebisgaZarcva dauSveblad miaCndaT.

taZrebSi danazogebis miRebisa da fulis niSnebisgacvlis adgili iyo Cveulebrivi magida, romelsacberZnulad ̀ trapeza~ erqva, ris gamoc maSindel bankirebs`trapezitebs~ uwodebdnen. magidas laTinurad erqva`mensa~, xolo romael bankirebs _ ̀ mensariebi~. Tanamedrovebankirebis saxeli aseve dakavSirebulia magidasTan (ital.`banco~). aqedan warmoiSva bankirebis uZvelesi devizi _`fuli magidaze!~ ufulo kacs magidasTan ar miesvleboda,yvelaferi naRd fulze iyo dafuZnebuli.

magram, es yvelaferi jer kidev ar iyo sabankosaqmianoba sruli mniSvnelobiT. sabanko saqmis namdviliganviTareba iwyeba im momentidan, rodesac Senaxvisfunqcias miemata sakredito operaciebis Sesruleba.Tanamedrove sabanko sistemas safuZveli Sua saukuneebisevropaSi Caeyara. am dros fulis ZiriTadi formakeTilSobili liTonebi da maTgan moWrili monetebiiyo. Sua saukuneebis evropis qveynebi erTimeoresTanmudmiv konfliqtSi iyvnen da, bunebrivia, rom fulistareba an misi transportireba did riskTan iyodakavSirebuli. usafrTxoebis asamaRleblad gaCndaadgilobrivi oqromWedlebisaTvis fulis mibarebis idea,miT umetes, rom maT hqondaT fulis sacavi da saimedodacva. Cabarebuli fulis (oqros) sanacvlod, oqromWed-lis mier gaicemoda xelwerili, romelsac, SeTanxmebissafuZvelze, sxva qalaqis romelime oqromWedeligaanaRdebda. aseTi xelwerilebi, faqtobrivad, qaRaldisfulis yvelaze adrindeli forma iyo, romelic mTlianad

775774

cxrili 11.1.

sabuRaltro Canaweri: aqtivi da pasivi

#1 #2

tradiciuli oqromWedeli oqromWedeli – bankiri

aqtivi pasivi aqtivi pasivi

oqro

(100 erTeuli)

depoziti

(100 erTeuli)

oqro – 20 erT.

sesxi – 80 erT.

depoziti

(100 erTeuli)

100 100 100 100

aRniSnuli Canaweri fulis miRebisa da gacemis

operaciebs or nawilad yofs: aqtivebad da pasivebad.

aqtivSi igulisxmeba oqromWedlis gankargulebaSi

arsebuli qoneba fulad gamosaxulebaSi (vTqvaT, 100

erTeuli), xolo pasivSi aRniSnulia oqromWedlis

valdebuleba fulad gamosaxulebaSi, romelic aucileb-

lad aqtivis toli unda iyos (100 erTeuli).

pirveli sabuRaltro Canaweri warmoadgens oqro-

mWedlis angariSis balanss sesxis gacemis momentamde.

mis sacavSi devs 100 erTeuli oqro (aqtivi) da,

Sesabamisad, mocemul oqromWedels aqvs asi erTeuli

oqros valdebuleba im pirebze, romlebmac mas es oqro

miabares. es valdebuleba, anu pasivi Caiwereba balansis

*aqtivi [laT. aqtivus – qmediTi] _ buRaltruli balansis nawili,romelic fulad gamosaxulebaSi asaxavs sawarmos an dawesebulebisyvela kuTvnil materialur faseulobas, maTi Semadgenlobisa daganlagebis mixedviT (fuladi saxsrebi, gacemuli sesxebi...).**pasivi [laT. passivus pasiuri] _ sabuRaltro balansis meorenawili, romelic asaxavs sawarmos an dawesebulebis saxsrebiswarmoqmnis wyaroebs da maT daniSnulebas (sakuTari rezervi, miRebulisesxi...).***balansi [frang. balance sityvasityviT wona], buRaltrulibalansi _ krebsiTi Semajamebeli uwyisi, romelic fuladgamosaxulebaSi asaxavs sawarmos (organizaciis, dawesebulebis)saSualebebis mdgomareobas rogorc maTi Semadgenlobisa da ganaRdebismixedviT (aqtivi), aseve maTi wyaroebis, miznobrivi daniSnulebisada dabrunebis vadis mixedviT.

moxerxebuli saSualeba aRmoCnda, vidre TviT oqro,

romelic depozits ganasaxierebda. amasTan, warmoiSvameore ufro mniSvnelovani garemoeba. saCeko angariSswo-reba ar moiTxovda oqros (fulis) uTuod gatanas. igiSeiZleba iqve, sacavSi darCeniliyo. arc depozitorebi

(oqros mesakuTreebi) awuxebdnen Tavdapirvel bankirebsxSiri vizitebiT. maTTvis mTavari iyo kuTvnili oqropirvelive moTxovnisTanave mieRoT.

vivaraudoT, rom vaWars (komersants) fuli dasWir-

da wamowyebuli saqmis gasafarToeblad da Sesabamisad,damatebiTi Semosavlis misaRebad. sasurveli fulis miRebaki sakmaod rTuli procesia. yvelas rodis aqvs fulisis raodenoba, romelic SeuZlia gaasesxos da misgan

sargebeli miiRos. aranakleb mniSvnelovania ndobisfaqtori. SeiZleba msesxebeli TaRliTi aRmoCndes, anmis mier wamowyebuli saqme gakotrdes da gacemulisesxi daikargos, rac, ra Tqma unda, mocemuli bankiris

ekonomikur mdgomareobas gaauaresebs.isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ar arsebobs gacemuli

sesxis (da isic sargebliT) 100%-iani dabrunebisSesaZlebloba. aq riskze wasvlaa saWiro. amasTan, rac

ufro metia riski, miT ufro maRalia sargeblis sidide.meore mxriv, yvela depozitori darwmunebuli unda iyos,rom survilis SemTxvevaSi Tavis kuTvnil oqros (fuls)ukan miiRebs. es ki oqromWedels aiZulebs, sacavSi

mudmivad hqondes oqros gansazRvruli raodenoba daTvalyuri adevnos gasesxebuli fulis ukan dabrunebas.magram, iqidan gamomdinare, rom mas saqme aqvs mravaldepozitorTan da msesxebelTan, igi mxolod Tavis

mexsierebas ar eyrdnoba da iwyebs maT asaxvas

sabuRaltro CanawerebSi (ix. cxrili 11.1.)

777776

imyofeba alternativis winaSe. man arCevani unda gaakeTos

mogebasa da gadaxdisunarianobas Soris.

am istoriaSi yvelaze arsebiTia oqromWedel-banki-

ris mier miwodebuli kreditis safuZvelze ekonomikaSi

fulis raodenobis gadideba. sanam oqromWedeli daiwyebda

bankiris funqciebis Sesrulebas, ekonomikaSi fulis

raodenoba utoldeboda oqros marags, romlis erTi

nawili oqromWedlis sacavSi inaxeba, xolo meore nawili

momxmareblis jibeSi devs. es ukanaskneli mimoqcevaSi

arsebuli fulis masaa. amrigad, fuli mimoqcevaSi arisfuladi Tanxa (monetebi da banknotebi), romelsacindividebi da sawarmoebi gankargaven bankebis miRma.imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adamianebi oqromWedelTan

mibarebul oqros ganixilaven gadaxdis saSualebad, fulis

masis mTliani Rirebuleba ase gaiangariSeba: fulis masa= oqro sacavebSi + depozitebi (1). aq unda SevniSnoT,

rom Cven vvaraudobT ekonomikaSi erTdroulad ramdenime

oqromWedlis arsebobas. roca Cveni oqromWedeli-bankiri

iwyebs sasesxo operaciebs, adamianebi oqromWedelTan

mibarebul oqros kvlav ganixilaven, rogorc fuls, radgan

isini erTimeoresTan angariSsworebas axorcieleben

depozitebze dafuZnebuli xelwerilebis (Cekebis)

meSveobiT.

zemoTaRniSnuli 11.1. cxrilis mixedviT, oqromWed-

lis sacavSi anabarTa mTliani Rirebuleba udrida sacavSi

arsebuli oqros Rirebulebas plus gacemuli sesxis

Rirebuleba (20+80), anu ekonomikaSi fulis masa Seadgenda:

oqro mimoqcevaSi + oqro sacavSi + gacemuli sesxebi

(2).

amrigad, fulis masa = oqros maragi (oqro

mimoqcevaSi + oqro sacavSi) + gacemuli sesxebi (3).

marjvena nawilSi (depoziti). meore sabuRaltro

Canaweri aseve ori nawilisagan Sedgeba da asaxavs

oqromWedlis situacias sesxis gacemis Semdeg. oqro-

mWedel-bankirs adrindeliviT 100 erTeuli oqros

valdebuleba aqvs meanabreTa mimarT (pasivi), magram axla

mis sacavSi devs 20 erTeuli oqro, 80 erTeuli ki

gasesxebulia (aqtivi), romelic mas gansazRvruli vadis

Semdeg daubrundeba sargeblis CaTvliT.

oqromWedel-bankiris erTaderTi problemaa is, rom

axla mas ar gaaCnia sakmarisi oqro yvela depozitaris

moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad. mas mxolod SeuZlia

gadaixados 20 erTeuli oqro, magram es arasakmarisia

aRebuli valdebulebebis (100 erTeuli oqro) gadasaxde-

lad. marTalia, mas xelT aqvs msesxebelTa saxelze

gacemuli 80 erTeuli oqros dabrunebis (Tanac

sargeblis mimatebiT) sabuTi, magram es fuli mas mxolod

gansazRvruli vadis gasvlis Semdeg daubrundeba da, es

maSin, roca depozitari dauyovnebliv moiTxovs mibarebuli

oqros dabrunebas.

amrigad, oqromWedeli-bankiri imedovnebs, rom misi

depozitorebi erTdroulad ar moisurveben mibarebuli

oqros dabrunebas. oqros im raodenobas, romelsac igi

ar gascems sesxad, ewodeba rezervi. igi gamoiyeneba

meanabreTa moTxovnis dauyovnebliv dasakmayofileblad.

Cvens magaliTSi rezervis sidide 20 erTeuli oqroTi

ganisazRvreba, xolo rezervis norma, rogorc rezervis

sididisa da depozitebis Tanxis Sefardeba, Seadgens

20%-s (20 : 100 X 100). rac ufro dabalia rezervis

norma, miT ufro meti iqneba oqromWedel-bankiris mogeba,

magram Semcirdeba misi gadaxdisunarianoba. amitom igi

779778

krediti da sakredito urTierTobebi.

rogorc vnaxeT, banki specialuri uflebis mqone, fulis

mimoqcevis maregulirebeli dawesebulebaa, romelic

garkveuli vadiT ibarebs fulad Tanxebs da gascems

kreditebs . s a k r edito urTierTobe b i aris

urTierTobebi, romlebic myardeba kreditorsa da

msesxebels Soris sesxis garigebis gamo, anu fulis an

materialur faseulobaTa gacemis gamo, garkveul vadaSi

dabrunebis pirobiT da, rogorc wesi, sasesxo procentis

gadaxdiT.

sakredito urTierTobaTa warmoSoba obieqtur

aucileblobas warmoadgens. kanonzomieria sakredito

urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis procesic, romlis drosac

es urTierTobebi sam etaps gadis:

uSualo urTierTobebi kreditorsa da mses-

xebels Soris;

sakredito urTierTobebi Suamavlis monawi-

leobiT;

regulirebadi sakredito urTierTobebi.

ekonomikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove dones Seesaba-

meba sakredito urTierTobaTa umaRlesi tipi – reguli-

rebadi sakredito urTierTobebi. ramdenadac sakredito

urTierTobaTa ganviTareba xdeba dialeqtikuri uaryofis

gziT, maTi yoveli momdevno tipi warmoadgens winaTa

sinTezs. sakredito urTierTobaTa mesame ti pis

Camoyalibeba ar niSnavs pirveli da meore tipis ufro

martivi urTierTobebis srul gaqrobas. isini ubralod

kargaven TavianT gabatonebul mdgomareobas, uTmoben mas

Taviseburad axal urTierTobebs.

amgvarad, dialeqtikuri poziciebidan gamomdinare,

sakredito urTierTobaTa mesame tipi warmoadgens sami

sanam oqromWedeli-bankiri daiwyebda fulis sesxad

gacemas, fulis masa udrida mxolod oqros marags.

momdevno etapze ki fulis masa Sedgeboda oqros maragisa

da gacemuli sesxis jamisagan.

amrigad, sasesxo operaciebis wyalobiT, ekonomikaSi

fulis masa izrdeba. marTlac, roca oqromWedeli

gaasesxebs 80 erTeul oqros, axla msesxeblis gankargule-

baSia gansazRvruli fuladi saSualebebi, magram es imas

ar niSnavs, rom viRacas ekonomikaSi es fuli (80) daaklda.

oqromWedlis mimarT depozitorTa moTxovna (100) ar

Secvlila, magram ekonomikaSi gaizarda fulis masa

(100+80). es imas niSnavs, rom rac ufro dabali iqneba

sarezervo norma, miT ufro meti iqneba fulis masa.

meore mxriv, fulis masis sidide aWarbebs ekonomikaSi

oqros raodenobas. TiToeuli fulis mflobeli fiqrobs,

rom mas jibeSi oqro udevs, radgan darwmunebulia, rom

mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia am fulis sanacvlod oqro-

mWedel-bankirisagan oqros miReba, Tumca, oqromWedels

mibarebuli oqros didi nawili (80%) sesxad aqvs

gacemuli da maSinve ar SeuZlia oqros ukan dabruneba:

Tu depozitis mflobelebi daeWvdebian TavianTi oqros

dauyovnebliv miRebis SesaZleblobaSi, daiwyeba finansuripanika, romelic SeiZleba Cveni oqromWedel-bankiris

gakotrebiT damTavrdes.

amgvarad, bankebisa da sabanko saqmis ganviTareba

mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sakredito urTierTobebis

ganviTarebasTan. amitom, Tanamedrove bankebis funqcioni-

rebis TaviseburebebSi ukeT gasarkvevad, mizanSewonilia

sakredito urTierTobebis ganviTarebis procesisa da

dakreditebis principebis ganxilva.

781780

romelTac aqvT erovnuli fulis gamoSvebis (emisiis)

da qveyanaSi fulis mimoqcevis regulirebis ufleba.

meore kategorias Seadgens komerciuli bankebi, romlebic,

gansazRvruli principebis dacvis safuZvelze, axorciele-

ben dakreditebas.

sabanko kreditebis klasifikacia .

msoflio sabanko praqtikaSi ar arsebobs sabanko

kreditebis erTiani klasifikacia. magram yvelaze ufro

xSirad ekonomikur literaturaSi gvxvdeba sabanko

kreditebis klasifikacia Semdegi niSnebis mixedviT: daniSnuleba (kreditis mizani);

gamoyenebis sfero;

sargeblobis vadebi;

uzrunvelyofa;

gacemisa da dafarvis meTodi;

saprocento ganakveTis saxeoba.

daniSnulebis mixedviT sabanko kreditebi

SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg jgufebad: samrewvelo, sasoflo-

sameurneo, savaWro, sainvesticio, ipoTekuri.

samrewvelo sesxebi miecemaT sawarmoebsa da

organizaciebs warmoebis ganviTarebisTvis, masalebis

SesaZenad, xarjebis dasafaravad da a.S.

sasoflo-sameurneo sesxebi miecemaT fermerebs,

glexur meurneobebs miwis dasamuSaveblad, mosavlis

asaRebad da a.S., maTi saqmianobis xelSewyobis mizniT.

samomxmareblo sesxebi miecemaT fizikur pirebs

gadaudebel saWiroebaTa dasafaravad, binebis, saxlebis

remontisaTvis da a.S.

ipoTekuri sesxebi gaicema uZravi qonebis dagiravebiT

– sacxovreblis mSeneblobis, SeZenis an rekonstruqciis

mizniT.

elementis erTobasL: 1. regulirebadi sakredito urTie-

rTobebisa (mTavari Semadgeneli nawili, romelic

sakredito urTierTobaTa mesame tipis specifikas

gamoxatavs); 2. araregulirebadi sakredito urTierTo-

bebis elementebisa (kreditze Suamavlebis monawileobiT)

da 3. kreditorsa da msesxebels Soris uSualo

urTierTobebisa.

sakredito meqanizmsac analogiuri struqtura unda

hqondes. man unda moicvas, jer-erTi, kreditorsa da

msesxebels Soris uSualo urTierTobaTa organizacia

(dakreditebis arasabanko formebi); meore, kreditze

Suamavlebis funqcia (sabanko sistema); mesame, am sistemis

da, mTlianad, sakredito saqmianobis regulirebis meqanizmi.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia Tavidan iqnes

acilebuli dakreditebis principebis daucveloba da,

aqedan gamomdinare, gasesxebuli saxsrebis dabrunebiTobis

darRveva, garTulebebi sakredito urTierTobaTa

kvlavwarmoebaSi.

dReisaTvis maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis sakredito

sistema sami rgolisagan Sedgeba: 1. centraluri banki;

2. sabanko seqtori (komerciuli bankebi, Semnaxveli bankebi,

sainvesticio da ipoTekuri bankebi, bankirTa saxlebi,

specializebuli bankebi); 3. arasabanko seqtoris speciali-

zebuli sakredito-safinanso institutebi (sainvesticio

kompaniebi, safinanso kompaniebi, saqvelmoqmedo fondebi,

sasesxo Semnaxveli asociaciebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi,

sapensio fondebi).

miuxedavad imisa, rom calkeuli qveynebis sabanko

sistemebi zogjer arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan,

maT mainc aqvT saerTo niSani. es aris yvela bankis or

kategoriad dayofa. aqedan, pirvelia centraluri bankebi,

783782

misi realuri (sabazro) Rirebuleba sakmari-

sia bankisaTvis sesxis mixedviT ZiriTadi Tanxis, xelSek-

rulebis mixedviT yvela procentis, agreTve sagiravno

uflebebis realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli SesaZlo

xarjebis kompensaciisaTvis;

yvela iuridiuli dokumentacia bankis sagi-

ravno uflebebTan mimarTebiT formdeba iseTnairad, rom

dro aucilebeli giraos realizaciisaTvis ar aRemateba

150 dRes im dRidan, rodesac bankisTvis aucilebeli

xdeba sagiravno uflebebis realizacia.

arasakmarisad uzrunvelyofili sesxi – sesxi,

romelsac aqvs uzrunvelyofa giraos saxiT, romelic

ar pasuxobs Tundac erT moTxovnaTagans, romelic

waeyeneba sagiravno uzrunvelyofas uzrunvelyofili

sesxis mixedviT.

arauzrunvelyofili sesxi – sesxi, romelsac ara

aqvs uzrunvelyofa an aqvs uzrunvelyofa giraos saxiT,

romelic ar pasuxobs moTxovnebs, wayenebuls sagiravno

uzrunvelyofisadmi uzrunvelyofili sesxis mixedviT.

gacemis xerxis mixedviT sabanko kreditebi

SeiZleba daiyos kreditebad, romlebic atareben

kompensaciur an sagadasaxdelo xasiaTs. kompensaciuri

krediti gulisxmobs sasesxo saxsrebis mimarTvas

msesxeblis angariSsworebis angariSze mis mier adre

gaweuli xarjebis anazRaurebis mizniT. sagadasaxdelo

kreditis arsi isaa, rom msesxebeli aucileblobisda

mixedviT gadascems banks masTan Semosul saangariSswo-

rebo sagadasaxdelo dokumentebs da sasesxo saxsrebi

miemarTeba uSualod mocemuli dokumentebis gasanaRdeb-

lad.

gamoyenebis sferos mixedviT sabanko kreditebiSeiZleba iyos ori saxeobis: sesxebi ZiriTadi an sabrunavi

kapitalis dasafinanseblad. Tavis mxriv, kreditebi

sabrunav kapitalSi iyofa kreditebad warmoebis sferosa

da brunvis (mimoqcevis) sferoSi.

sargeblobis vadebis mixedviT sabanko kreditebiSeiZleba iyos onkoluri (moTxovnamde) da vadiani.

onkoluri sesxebi eqvemdebareba dabrunebas fiqsirebul

vadaSi kreditorisagan oficialuri Setyobinebis miRebis

Semdeg. isini moiTxoven stabilur pirobebs sasesxo

kapitalis bazarze.

vadiani kreditebi miRebulia daiyos moklevadianad,

saSualovadianad da grZelvadianad. Tanamedrove sabanko

saqmeSi upiratesad gamoiyeneba moklevadiani kreditebi.

uzrunvelyofis mixedviT kreditebi iyofa

arauzrunvelyofilad (sablanko) da uzrunvelyofilad.

sablanko kreditebi miecemaT pirvelxarisxovan msesxeb-

lebs kreditis dabrunebiTobis uzrunvelyofis raime

formis gamoyenebis gareSe.

sesxis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens Tanamedrove

sabanko kreditis ZiriTad saxesxvaobas. uzrunvelyofis

saxeobaze damokidebulebiT miRebulia maTi dayofa

sagiravnoebad, garantirebulebad da dazRveulebad. praqti-

kul saqmianobaSi, agreTve miRebulia sabanko kreditebis

dayofa uzrunvelyofis ara saxeobis, aramed – xarisxis

mixedviT. amasTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyofa uzrunvelyofili,

arasakmarisad uzrunvelyofili da arauzrunvelyofili

kreditebi.

uzrunvelyofilia sesxi, romelsac aqvs uzrunvel-

yofa giraos saxiT, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac girao

erTdroulad pasuxobs Semdeg moTxovnebs:

785784

moculobis mixedviT miRebulia sabanko kreditebis

dayofa mcire, saSualo da msxvil sesxebad. sabanko

praqtikaSi ar arsebobs erTiani midgoma klasifikacii-

sadmi mocemuli niSnis mixedviT.

sabanko dakreditebis principebi .

sakiTxi dakreditebis principebis Sesaxeb rTuli

Teoriuli sakiTxia, romelsac amave dros didi

praqtikuli mnSvneloba aqvs. aq SeiZleba gamovyoT ori

urTierT-dakavSirebuli problema. pirveli mdgomareobs

`dakredi-tebis principis~ cnebis gansazRvraSi, meore _

Tavad dakreditebis principebis amorCevaSi.

literaturaSi dakreditebis principebi ganisazRv-

reba sxvadasxvanairad. magaliTad, rogorc bankis mier

fuladi saxsrebis sesxad gadacemis ZiriTadi wesebi;

rogorc kreditis ekonomikuri kanonebis realizaciis

xerxebi; rogorc dakreditebis sistemis mTavari elementi;

rogorc dakreditebis fuZemdebluri pirobebi, romliTac

gaicema krediti msesxebelze; rogorc dakreditebis

sistemis safuZveli, mTavari elementi, rameTu asaxaven

kreditis arssa da Sinaarss, agreTve obieqturi

ekonomikuri kanonebis moTxovnebs, maT Soris sakredito

urTierTobaTa sferoSi. `dakreditebis principebis~

cnebasTan erTad literaturaSi gvxvdeba cneba ̀ kredite-

bis principebi~.

amave dros, es ar aris identuri cnebebi, amitom

isini mkveTrad unda ganvasxvavoT. nebismier ekonomikur

kategorias, maT Soris kreditsac, aqvs gansazRvruli,

mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli arsi, asrulebs Tavis

funqciebs da maTi saSualebiT _ Tavis rolsac. magram

arc erT ekonomikur kategorias ar SeuZlia da ar

dafarvis xerxis mixedviT sabanko kreditebi iyofasesxebad, romlebic ifareba erTdroulad da sesxebad,

romlebic ifareba ganawilvadebiT. sesxebi, romlebic

ifareba erTdrouli gadaxdiT, warmoadgens moklevadiani

kreditis dabrunebis tradiciul formas, rameTu

mosaxerxebelia iuridiuli gaformebis poziciidan. sesxebi,

romlebic ifareba ganawilvadebiT, gulisxmobs kreditis

dafarvas ori an meti gadasaxdeliT dakreditebis mTeli

vadis ganmavlobaSi. dabrunebis konkretuli pirobebi

ganisazRvreba sakredito xelSekrulebiT da damokidebu-

lia dakreditebis obieqtze, kreditis vadaze, inflaciur

procesebsa da rig sxva faqtorebze.

saprocento ganakveTebis saxeobis mixedviT

sabanko kreditebi SeiZleba daiyos kreditebad,

fiqsirebuli an mcuravi saprocento ganakveTiT. sesxebi

fiqsirebuli saprocento ganakveTiT gulisxmobs

dakreditebis mTeli periodisTvis saprocento ganakveTis

gansazRvruli sididis dawesebas misi gadasinjvis

uflebis gareSe. mocemul SemTxvevaSi msesxebeli iRebs

Tavis Tavze valdebulebas, gadaixados procentebi

ucvleli SeTanxmebuli ganakveTiT imisgan damoukideblad,

Tu kapitalebis bazarze ra cvlilebebi moxdeba.

dakrediteba mcuravi saprocento ganakveTiT gulisxmobs

saprocento ganakveTis gamoyenebas, romlis moculobac

periodulad gadaisinjeba. mocemul SemTxvevaSi saprocen-

to ganakveTi iqmneba ori Semadgeneli nawilisagan. ZiriTadi

ganakveTi, romelic icvleba bazris koniunqturaze

damokidebulebiT da danamatisagan, romelic warmoadgens

fiqsirebul sidides.

787786

ganakveTi damokidebulia kapitalis bazris mdgomareobaze,

kerZod, am bazarze fulis miwodebasa da masze moTxovnaze.

rogorc wesi, komerciuli bankebi iReben moklevadian

anabrebs, magram metwilad gascemen grZelvadian sesxebs.

ra Tqma unda, yvela bankirisTvis cxadia, rom sjobs

depoziti hqondes, rac SeiZleba xangrZlivi vadiT, xolo

mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuli gaasesxos rac

SeiZleba mcire vadiT. es amcirebs finansuri operaciebis

risks. es asea, magram yoveldRiur praqtikaSi bankebi

iZulebulni arian piriqiT moiqcnen. am riskis garkveuli

kompensaciaa grZelvadian kreditze ufro maRali

sargeblis ganakveTis daweseba.

dabrunebadoba. krediti miewodeba gansazRvruli

vadiT da am vadis gasvlis Semdeg unda dabrundes. es

Teoriuli msjelobaa, magram ramdenad kreditunariania

sesxis amRebi, SeuZlia daTqmul droze Tavnis da

sargeblis dabruneba? yvela msurvelze SeiZleba sesxis

gacema? xom SeiZleba banks gacemuli sesxi ar, an ver

daubrundes? saqarTvelos sabanko praqtika xom am azris

dadasturebaa? es garemoeba bankebs aiZulebs kanonis

CarCoebSi Seafason msesxeblis kreditunarianoba. amcnebaSi igulisxmeba msesxeblis mzadyofna daSesaZlebloba Tavis droze Seasrulos sakreditoxelSekrulebiT aRebuli valdebuleba , anudaabrunos rogorc Tavni, aseve masze dawesebulisargebeli.

garantireba (uzrunvelyofa). xSir SemTxvevaSi

bankebi ar kmayofildebian msesxebelTa materialuri

mdgomareobis an komerciuli operaciebis Sesaxeb

ekonomikuri informaciis specialuri analiziT da Tavi

rom daicvan fulis dakargvisagan, iyeneben dazRvevis kidev

asrulebs Tavis rols mxolod imitom, rom igi aseTs

warmoadgens. imisaTvis, rom ekonomikurma kategoriam

`muSaoba~ daiwyos, aucilebelia gansazRvruli pirobebis

SemuSaveba, misi saqmianobis meqanizmis formireba, romelic

srulebiT upasuxebda am kategoriis arss. kreditTan

mimarTebiT aucilebelia, ganisazRvros dakreditebis

meqanizmis amosavali elementebi, anu dakreditebis

principebi, magram ara – kreditis principebi.

gamoyofen dakreditebis Semdeg ZiriTad principebs:

vadianoba, gadaxdisunarianoba, dabrunebadoba (kredituna-

rianoba), garantireba (uzrunvelyofa).

ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke.

vadianoba. sakuTari saxsrebis garda, bankebi

kreditis gasacemad iyeneben meanabreTa depozitebs. es

ukanasnkeli SeiZleba iyos: 1. depoziti moTxovnamde(mimdinare angariSi). es is anabaria, romelic meanabres

pirvelive moTxovnisTanave daubrundeba; 2. vadianidepozitebi. am SemTxvevaSi depozitors fuli ubrundeba

gansazRvruli vadis gasvlis Semdeg. amrigad, banks SeuZlia

mis gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuli mxolod gansazRvruli

vadis dawesebiT gaasesxos. Tu movale dawesebul vadaSi

ar daabrunebs sesxs, maSin mas SeiZleba yovel vadagada-

cilebul dReze dauwesdes sauravi an es Tanxa amoRebul

iqnas sasamarTlo wesiT.

gadaxdisunarianoba. banki dainteresebul pirebs

kreditebs awvdis gansazRvruli gadasaxadis gadaxdis

pirobiT. Cveulebriv, es safasuri dgindeba procentebSi

gasesxebuli Tanxis mimarT, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. es

imas niSnavs, rom Tu banki msesxebels 10 aTas lars

awodebs 20%-iani sargebliT, maSin mas wlis Semdeg

unda daubrundes 12 aTasi lari. kreditze sargeblis

789788

luri (erovnuli) banki saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSia da

saqme aqvs mxolod mTavrobasTan da komerciul bankebTan.

centraluri bankis komerciul bankebTan urTierToba

administraciul princi pebs emyareba, rac ar Sedis

winaaRmdegobaSi sabazro ekonomikis safuZvlebTan. sabanko

momsaxurebis saboloo momxmareblebTan (kerZo pirebsa

an sawarmoebTan) ki centraluri banki kontaqtSi

praqtikulad ar Sedis.

amgvarad, centraluri (erovnuli) banki aris

fulad-sakredito dawesebuleba, romelic ordoniani

sabanko sistemis zeda safexurze imyofeba da qveynis

saemisio centris, ̀ bankTa bankis~, mTavrobis bankis, qveynis

mTavari saangariSsworebo centris da ekonomikis

regulirebis organos amocanebs asrulebs.

centraluri (erovnuli) bankebis iuridiuli

statusi yoveli konkretuli qveynis kanonmdeblobiT

ganisazRvreba. saqarTveloSi am sferos ZiriTad

normatiul aqts warmoadgens saqarTvelos organuli

kanoni ̀ saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb~ (1995w.).

am kanonis meore muxlis Tanaxmad, èrovnuli bankis

ZiriTadi amocanaa erovnuli valutis msyidvelobiTi

unaris, fasebis stabilurobis miRweva da SenarCuneba,

saqarTvelos fulad-sakredito sistemis funqcionirebis,

agreTve, safinanso-sakredito sistemis likvidurobis,

gadaxdisunarianobis da sabazro urTierTobebze dafuZne-

buli myari funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofa~. mogebis miReba

ar warmoadgens saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis saqmianobis

mizans.

erT saSualebas. es aris kreditis gacema giraos qveS.

saqarTveloSi es metad gavrcelebuli praqtikaa da

miuTiTebs qveynis sakredito sistemis moumwifeblobaze.

girao aris msesxeblis (debitoris) sakuTreba,romelic kreditor banks gadaecema kontrolisuflebiT da banks rCeba valis gadauxdelobisSemTxvevaSi. amasTan, giraos Rirebuleba sagrZnoblad

aRemateba aRebuli sesxis moculobas. es ganpirobebulia

giraos gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebiT (fasis

dacema, klientis moZebna, sasamarTlo procedura...)

sabanko dakreditebis yvela principi urTierTSoris

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli; nebismieri maTganis Sesrulebis

darRveva araxelsayrelad aisaxeba sxva principebze.

saqarTvelos Tanamedrove sabanko sistema .rogorc sakredito urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis kanonzo-

mierebis analizi aCvenebs, centraluri da komerciuli

bankebi warmoiqmna sxvadasxva dros, imyofeba ordoniani

sabanko sistemis gansxvavebul doneebze (centraluri

– zedaze, komerciulebi – qvedaze).

Tanamedrove sabanko sistemis umniSvnelovanesi

rgolia centraluri banki, romelic tipuri dawesebule-

baa da saqarTveloSi funqcionirebs saqarTvelos

erovnuli bankis (seb) saxelwodebiT. am warmodgenaSi

kargad Tavsdeba misi ZiriTadi funqciebi: maregulirebeli,

makontrolebeli da sainformacio-gamokvleviTi. centra-

* unda SevniSnoT, rom nebismier qveyanas erTi tipuri centraluribanki gaaCnia. am mxriv gamonaklisia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi.aq centraluri bankis rols asrulebs federaluri sarezervosistema (fss), romelic Seiqmna 1913 wels da Sedgeba federalurisarezervo sammarTvelosagan (vaSingtoni) da 12 regionulifederaluri sarezervo bankisagan.

791790

(cxrili 11.2.), romlebsac qveynis teritoriaze gaxsnili

aqvT 122 filiali (ix. cxrili 11.3.). komerciuli bankebis

saerTo raodenobidan 15 banki saqarTvelos rezidenti

komerciuli bankia, xolo 2 – TurqeTisa da azerbaijanis

bankebis filialebia. eqvs komerciul bankSi, romlebic

floben sabanko seqtoris aqtivebis 34.5%-s, ucxoelebs

ekuTvnis kapitalis 50%-ze meti, xolo sxva eqvs bankSi

(sabanko seqtoris aqtivebis 34.5%) – kapitalis 50%-

ze naklebi. arasabanko seqtoris sakredito-safinanso

institutebi warmodgenilia 38 arasabanko sadepozito

dawesebulebiT, 1 safondo birJiT, 14 sadazRvevo kompaniT

da 3 sapensio fondiT.

cxrili 11.2.

finansuri seqtoris institutebi

saqarTveloSi 2000-2006 ww.

(periodis bolosaTvis)

* wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli da sabankostatistikis biuleteni. ianvar-dekemberi, #4 (94), 2006, gv. 26.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

komerciul bankebi, sul 32 29 27 25 21 19 17

maT Soris:

ucxouri kapitalis monawileobiT 22 19 17 15 12 12 12

yovel 100 000 kacze 0.59 0.54 0.62 0.57 0.48 0.43 0.39

filialebi 208 206 199 201 162 159 122

komerciuli bankebis:

gancxadebuli sawesdebo fondi,

aTasi lari

203129

215587

215939

220636

240454

296443

344844

saaqcio kapitali, aTasi lari 234291 270356 315855 353751 372512 479488 898373

valutis gadamcvleli punqtebi

(licenzirebuli)

310

312

314

325

412

556

655

yovel 100 000 kacze 5.74 5.78 7.18 7.43 9.42 12.72 14.98

arasabanko sadepozito dawesebulebebi,

erTeuli

X

X

5

42

53

40

38

safondo birJebi, erTeuli 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

sadazRvevo kompaniebi (moqmedi)

erTeuli 16 21 24 22 14 16 14

sapensio fondebi, erTeuli 1 2 3 3 3 3 3

sul sxva saqmea – banki komerciuli. asrulebs ra

Tavis ZiriTad funqciebs (droebiT Tavisufali saxsrebis

akumulacia, moziduli saxsrebis ganTavseba da klienturis

saangariSsworebo-sakomisio momsaxureba), is gamodis,

rogorc tipuri sawarmo, romlis Semosavlebi da TviT

momavali imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad kargad

moemsaxureba is klientebs.

aqedan gamomdinare, komerciuli banki SeiZleba

ganvsazRvroT, rogorc fulad-sakredito dawesebuleba,

romelic imyofeba oriarusiani sabanko sistemis qveda

safexurze da eweva fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis

sabanko momsaxurebas safasurianobis safuZvelze, sxva

komerciul bankebTan sabazro konkurenciis pirobebSi.

sxvadasxva qveynebis kanonmdeblobaSi komerciuli

bankebis iuridiuli statusis Sesaxeb arsebiT gansxvave-

bebs vxvdebiT. saqarTvelos kanonSi ̀ komerciuli bankebis

saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ (1995w.) termini ̀ komerciuli banki~

ganmartebulia Semdegnairad: `komerciuli banki _

sakredito dawesebuleba, romelic mogebis mizniT eweva

sabanko saqmianobas~.

amgvarad, komerciuli bankebi warmoadgenen damoukide-

bel sabazro organizaciul struqturebs da xasiaTdebian

ekonomikuri damoukideblobis maRali doniT. amavdrou-

lad, es bankebi gasweven srul ekonomikur pasuxismgeblobas

Tavisi saqmianobis Sedegebze. aranair saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobis organoebs ara aqvT ufleba, ukarnaxon

bankebs bazarze maTi saqmianobis pirobebi, magram, meore

mxriv, aravin ar aunazRaurebs komerciul banks zarals

da ar aiRebs mis riskebs Tavis Tavze.

2007 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT, saqarTvelos

sabanko seqtori warmodgenilia 17 komerciuli bankiT

793792

sabanko seqtoris mTliani aqtivebis 80% da

depozitebis 85% koncentrirebuli iyo 7 bankSi,

romlebsac sistemaSemqmneli banki ewodeba. ganaRdebuli

sawesdebo kapitalis mixedviT komerciuli bankebi

dayofilia or jgufad:

1. didi bankebis jgufi, romelSic Sedis 12 banki

(TiToeuli 10 milioni da meti ganaRdebuli

sawesdebo kapitaliT);

2. mcire bankebis jgufi, romelSic Sedis 5 banki

(TiToeuli 5-dan 10 milion laramde ganaRdebuli

sawesdebo kapitaliT).

2007 wlis 31 maisis mdgomareobiT, saqarTvelos

komerciuli bankebis mTlianma aqtivebma Seadgina 5.3

mlrd lari, saaqcio kapitalma _ 1 mlrd 7 mln lari,

sesxebma – 3.35 mlrd lari (maT Soris, sesxebma erovnuli

valutiT – 842.8 mln lari da sesxebma ucxouri valutiT

– 1.5 mlrd aSS dolari), depozitebma – 2.1 mlrd lari

(maT Soris, depozitebma erovnuli valutiT – 717.1 mln

lari da depozitebma ucxouri valutiT – 852.8 mln

aSS dolari), sabanko sistemis wminda mogebam – 44.4

mln lari). depozitebis dolarizaciis koeficienti

2006 wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT 3.1

procentuli punqtiT Semcirda da man 66.6% Seadgina.

saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis monetaruli agregatebisa

da koeficientebis dinamikaze naTel warmodgenas iZleva

cxrilebi 11.4 da 11.5.

saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mTliani saerTSoriso

rezervebi, 2007 wlis 31 maisis mdgomareobiT, 2006 wlis

analogiur periodTan SedarebiT, gaizarda 114%-iT da 1

mlrd 114 mln aSS dolari Seadgina. saqarTvelos

erovnuli bankis mTliani saerTaSoriso rezervebis

cxrili 11.3

komerciuli bankebis qseli saqarTveloSi,

2007 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT*


Tbilisi

afxazeT

i1

aWara

kaxeTi

imer

eTi

samegr

elo da

zemo svaneTi

foTi

Sid

a qarTli

qvemo qarTli

guria

samcxe-javaxeT

i

mcxeTa-mTianeTi

raWa-leCxumi

da qvemo

svaneTi

sul

ss `saqarTvelos saxalxo banki~ 7 6 8 11 10 1 6 7 3 5 5 4 72

ss `saqarTvelos banki~ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

ss èiTibi banki jorjia~ 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 0 0 14

ss `Tibisi banki~ 6 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 12

ss banki `respublika~ 4 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

ss `prokredit banki~ 3 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 7

ss `banki qarTu~ 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3

ss àgroinvestbanki~ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

ssss `tao banki~ 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3

ss komerciuli banki `bta silq roud

banki~

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

ss `banki TeTri~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ss ìnvestbanki~ 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

ss komerciuli banki `bazisbanki~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ss `kaskad banki – saqarTvelo~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ss komerciuli banki `standart banki~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TurqeTis respublikis ss filiali2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sps erToblivi komerciuli bankis `kavkasi-

is ganviTarebis bankis~ Tbilisis filiali3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

sul 27 0 14 11 16 15 5 8 10 4 8 5 4 122

2 saTao banki mdebareobs TurqeTSi.3 saTao banki mdebareobs azerbaijanSi.

ucxouri kapitalis monawileobiT moqmedi 12

komerciuli bankidan xuTi bankis kapitalSi investiciebi

ganxorcielebuli aqvs sxvadasxva ucxoel finansur

organizaciebs. amaTgan evropis rekonstruqciisa da

ganviTarebis banks (ergb) 4 bankSi aqvs wili, saerTaSoriso

finansur korporacias – 2 bankSi, germaniis investiciebisa

da ganviTarebis kompanias (DEG) – 2 bankSi, saerTaSoriso

mikrofinansur aqcionerul sazogadoebas _ 1 bankSi,

germanul banks `komerci banks~ _ 1 bankSi, saberZneTis

komerciul banks _ 1 bankSi.

1 afxazeTis filialebi funqcionirebs TbilisSi.

795794

cxrili 11.5

saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis monetaruli

koeficientebis dinamika 2004-2006 w.w.

(periodis bolosaTvis)


savalde-bulo

rezervebi

k/b-is sakorespo-dento

angariSebi seb-Si

naRdi fuli k/b-Si

k/b-is rezervebis saerTo Tanxa

procentulad komerciuli bankebis sadepozito valdebulebebTan

dolari-zaciis koefici-enti

fulis multi-plika-tori (M2)

fulis multi-plika-tori (M3)

fulis mimoqce-

vis siCqare (M2)

fulis mimoqce-

vis siCqare (M3)

2004 ianvari 12.61 4.50 4.08 21.18 85.52 0.92 1.94 Tebervali 13.51 6.07 3.60 23.18 81.82 0.94 1.89 marti 13.11 4.75 5.11 23.74 83.17 0.92 1.88 18.24 8.92 aprili 14.02 2.20 4.41 21.08 83.61 0.95 1.92 maisi 13.60 4.93 4.65 23.31 83.55 0.92 1.91 ivnisi 10.36 9.94 5.09 26.22 82.27 0.91 1.81 16.76 8.42 ivlisi 9.47 7.21 4.68 22.13 81.21 0.96 1.93 agvisto 9.41 11.85 6.14 27.40 78.27 0.94 1.77 seqtemberi 9.62 9.16 7.99 26.77 77.89 0.95 1.77 14.02 7.55 oqtomberi 11.01 5.90 5.96 22.87 78.00 0.99 1.86 noemberi 10.75 12.53 6.84 30.12 76.68 0.93 1.74 dekemberi 10.31 7.59 6.72 24.62 74.32 1.01 1.81 11.78 6.59 2005 ianvari 10.58 6.17 6.59 23.34 75.63 1.01 1.85 Tebervali 10.82 5.40 6.33 22.55 76.30 1.01 1.85 marti 11.00 5.99 5.59 22.58 77.05 1.00 1.85 14.30 7.76 aprili 10.77 5.85 5.19 21.81 77.16 1.01 1.87 maisi 11.34 4.90 5.72 21.96 77.21 1.01 1.90 ivnisi 11.00 7.62 5.86 24.84 74.47 1.01 1.85 13.06 7.14 ivlisi 10.91 6.11 6.16 23.19 75.20 1.02 1.87 agvisto 10.93 5.99 5.39 22.32 73.67 1.05 1.91 seqtemberi 10.88 5.78 5.39 22.05 73.58 1.05 1.94 11.83 6.43 oqtomberi 10.56 5.41 5.58 21.55 73.08 1.07 1.96 noemberi 10.60 6.86 5.36 22.82 71.03 1.08 1.98 dekemberi 11.05 5.13 6.39 22.57 71.61 1.07 1.91 10.86 6.08 2006 ianvari 10.61 7.92 5.34 23.88 70.67 1.07 1.97 Tebervali 10.79 8.50 5.29 24.57 71.59 1.05 1.96 marti 10.77 4.96 5.13 20.85 70.76 1.11 2.05 12.03 6.53 aprili 9.90 6.79 5.38 22.06 70.56 1.10 2.09 maisi 10.47 5.88 4.85 21.21 69.65 1.13 2.13 ivnisi 10.20 5.32 4.77 20.29 66.39 1.20 2.19 10.45 5.73 ivlisi 10.36 6.42 5.34 22.11 68.06 1.14 2.12 agvisto 10.98 4.27 5.28 20.53 69.06 1.16 2.19 seqtemberi 12.28 2.49 4.88 19.64 69.65 1.16 2.21 10.28 5.40 oqtomberi 12.25 2.67 4.78 19.70 71.15 1.14 2.25 noemberi 11.97 13.33 4.60 29.90 71.71 0.98 1.97 dekemberi 12.24 2.13 5.57 19.95 69.37 1.16 2.23

moculobisa da struqturis dinamika naCvenebia 11.6

cxrilSi.

sabanko-sakredito sistemis ZiriTadi rgolebis

ganxilvis Semdeg upriania mivmarToT fulad-sakredito

anu monetarul politikas, romelic xorcieldeba

saxelmwifos mier centraluri (erovnuli) bankis saxiT.

cxrili 11.4

saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis monetaruli

agregatebis dinamika 2003-2006 w.w.

(periodis bolosaTvis; aTasi lari)

* wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli da sabankostatistikis biuleteni. ianvar-dekemberi, #4 (82), 2005, gv. 15-16;igive, #4 (94), 2006, gv. 15-18

2003 2004 2005 2006 sabanko sistema

wminda ucxouri aqtivebi -270372 162295 110486 621343 oqro 1606 1484 1708 0 ucxouri valuta 638133 963693 1159259 1968908 ucxouri valdebulebebi -910111 -802882 -1050481 -1347566

wminda saSinao aqtivebi 1330759 1349637 1800695 2315137 mTavrobis wminda davalianeba 766370 739194 633062 430798 danarCeni ekonomikis davalianeba 871116 1056029 1829284 2805785 maT Soris sesxebi ucxour valutaSi 780112 917994 1420241 2093678 sxva muxlebi (wminda) -306727 -445586 -661651 -921445

farTo fuli (M3) 1060387 1511933 1911181 2661674 farTo fuli ucxouri anabrebis gareSe (M2) 527398 846097 1069895 1389182 bankebis gareT arsebuli naRdi fuli 441535 615993 736284 827357

erovnuli banki

wminda ucxouri aqtivebi -312828 107701 341966 1006394 oqro 1604 1484 1708 0 nasesxobis specialuri uflebebi 10157 20408 1825 1551 ucxouri valuta 385521 678282 848067 1508638 ssf-is rezervebis gamoyeneba -594627 -481758 -415325 -403880 danarCeni ucxouri valdebulebebi -115483 -110715 -94308 -99915

wminda saSinao aqtivebi 892690 728836 659485 186838 mTavrobis wminda davalianeba 782896 721722 645835 424571 ekonomikis davalianeba 112005 107885 92219 99492 bankebis wminda davalianeba 6320 -41000 0 -254597 sxva wminda aqtivebi -8531 -59772 -78568 -82628

sarezervo fuli 579862 836536 1001451 1193231 naRdi fuli mimoqcevaSi 473242 676158 811400 929538 bankebis depozitebi 106620 160379 190051 263693

komerciuli bankebi

wminda ucxouri aqtivebi 42457 54595 -231480 -385051 oqro 3 0 0 0 ucxouri valuta 242456 265003 309367 458720 ucxouri valdebulebebi -200002 -210408 -540848 -843771

wminda saSinao aqtivebi 576395 841345 1406377 2219663 Sida kreditebi 742585 965616 1724292 2712520 mTavrobis wminda davalianeba -16527 17472 -12773 6227 danarCeni ekonomikis davalianeba 759112 948144 1737065 2706293 sxva wminda aqtivebi -166190 -124270 -317916 -492856

sadepozito valdebulebebi 618852 895940 1174896 1834317 depozitebi erovnul valutaSi 85863 230104 333611 561824 depozitebi ucxour valutaSi 532989 665836 841285 1272493

MM

797796

monetaruli politikis gansakuTrebuli roli ekonomikis

funqcionirebaSi.

centraluri (erovnuli) bankis monetarul poli-tikaSi igulisxmeba fulis masaze Segnebulikontroli, romlis mizania mxari dauWirosekonomikur stabilurobas, warmoebisa da dasaqmebismaqsimalur dones, rac SeiZleba dabali inflaciispirobebSi.

saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli politi-

kis strategia uaxloesi wlebisaTvis mdgomareobs

ekonomikuri zrdis traeqtoriaze TandaTanobiT gadasvla-

Si, gonivrulad dabali inflaciisas. mastimulirebel

pirobebs am strategiis realizaciisaTvis warmoadgens

sabanko sistemis gajansaReba, sagareo davalianebis

problemis daregulireba, savalo valdebulebaTa upirobo

Sesrulebis meqanizmis Seqmna. monetaruli politikis

saboloo mizani iqneba inflaciis zrdis Sekaveba dacemis

SezRudvisas ekonomikaSi. es niSnavs, rom sebis monetaruli

politika xels Seuwyobs mosaxleobis realuri Semosav-

lebis SenarCunebas da umuSevrobis zrdis SezRudvas.

monetaruli politikis strategiuli miznebis

miRwevis mniSvnelovani faqtoria perspeqtivaSi gasvla

ekonomikaSi realuri saprocento ganakveTebis dabal

dadebiT doneze, rac daastimulirebs moTxovnas nasesxeb

saxsrebze realuri seqtoris mxridan, agreTve _

ekonomikur zrdas.

erovnuli bankis monetaruli politikis saopera-

cio procedura efuZneba fulad-sakredito regulirebis

organoebis wminda saerTaSoriso rezervebisa da wminda

saSinao aqtivebis moculobaze kontrols. uwinares

cxrili 11.6

saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mTliani

saerTaSoriso rezervebis moculobisa

da struqturis dinamika 1995-2006 w.w.

(aTasi aSS dolari)**maT Soris: aqedan:

mTliani

saerTaSoriso rezervi

savaluto rezervi ucxouri

valuta

nasesxobis specialuri uflebebi

sarezervo pozicia ssf-Si

oqro

1995* 195357 194109 192429 1665 15 1248 1996* 190191 188988 188904 70 14 1203 1997* 2003007 199771 199626 131 14 536 1998* 123605 123073 117863 5196 14 532 1999* 132924 132386 123956 8416 14 538 2000* 109656 109147 105868 3266 13 509 2001* 159854 159341 155376 3952 13 513 2002* 198373 197737 194139 3585 13 636 2003* 191646 190873 185964 4895 14 773 2004* 383671 382858 371661 11183 14 813

2005 31.01 405788 404972 393970 10988 14 816 28.02 403100 402288 400582 1692 14 812 31.03 381604 380795 366698 14083 14 809 30.04 462785 461969 460428 1527 14 816 31.05 453844 453072 451543 1515 14 772 30.06 438202 437391 423368 14009 14 811 31.07 423683 422871 412288 10569 14 812 31.08 444249 443445 441685 1746 14 804 30.09 447851 446972 433292 13666 14 879 31.10 739711 438833 437228 1591 14 878 30.11 464605 463689 462064 1610 14 917 31.12 474963 474010 472978 1018 14 953

2006 31.01 474599 473657 463953 9690 14 942 28.02 456857 455824 454920 890 14 1033 31.03 480557 479524 465326 14184 14 1033 30.04 478132 477093 474853 2225 15 1039 31.05 522254 521205 518856 2334 15 1049 30.06 538111 537046 534738 2293 15 1065 31.07 564098 563029 552268 10746 15 1069 31.08 587773 586498 584728 1755 15 1275 30.09 619758 618538 604791 13732 15 1220 31.10 618473 617282 615850 1417 15 1191 30.11 709234 708052 706548 1489 15 1182 31.12 882532 881362 880442 905 15 1170

* periodis bolosaTvis** wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli da

sabanko statistikis biuleteni. ianvar-dekemberi, #4 (94),2006, gv. 108.

monetaruli politikis arsi ,

miznebi da instrumentebi. ekonomikur

mecnierebaSi cnobilia, rom makroekonomikuri procesis

mTavari ganmsazRvrelia fulis masa. aqedan gamomdinareobs

799798

finansuri organoebis prerogativas, maSin roca normatiu-

lisa da makoreqtirebelis _ centraluri bankis.

zemoqmedebis normatiul meTodebs miekuTvneba iseTi

instrumentebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa likvidobisa da

sabanko kapitalis sakmarisobis koeficientebi, agreTve

sxva koeficientebi, romlebic savaldebulia gamoyenebisaT-

vis da dgindeba normativebis saxiT; makoreqtirebels

_ saaRricxvo politika (`saaRricxvo fanjara~) da

Ria bazarze operaciebis Catareba.

normatiuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba sakontrolo

cifrebis maCvenebelTa Tanafardobis an sxva SezRudvebis

dadgenisa da perioduli gadasinjvis gziT, rogorc

gazrdis, aseve Semcirebis mimarTulebiT; maTi zemoqmedebis

siswrafe mcirea da efeqti SemoRebuli normativebidan

mJRavndeba drois SedarebiT xangrZlivi intervalis Semdeg.

makoreqtirebeli zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba centra-

luri bankis mier sakredito operaciebis da fasiani

qaRaldebiT operaciebis Catarebis gziT, romelic SeiZleba

ganxorcieldes centraluri bankis gadawyvetilebiT

aucilebeli masStabebiTa da saWiro periodulobiT, risi

wyalobiTac efeqti male miiRweva. zemoqmedebis es forma

ufro moqnili da operatiulia.

Tu gegmur administraciul-sakomando ekonomikaSi

centraluri bankis monetaruli politikis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebi realizdeboda rogorc savaldebulod

Sesasrulebeli yvela arsebuli sabanko dawesebulebis

mier, maSin sabazro tipis ekonomikisaTvis TviTreguli-

rebis procesebis ganviTareba gulisxmobs damoukidebeli

fulad-sakredito politikis ganxorcielebas yoveli

sakredito dawesebulebis mier. am politikis efeqtianoba

da Sedegebi gansazRvraven rogorc sakredito dawesebule-

yovlisa, es aris gafarToebuli kreditis gacema

mTavrobasa da komerciul bankebze.

sabanko momsaxurebaTa bazris reaqcia bankebis

saqmianobaSi Carevis pirdapir, anu administraciul

meTodebze ufro operatiulia, vidre arapirdapirze.

arapirdapiri, anu ekonomikuri meTodebis gamoyeneba

gulisxmobs mikrodoneze TviTregulirebis procesebis

ganviTarebis maRal xarisxs, xolo efeqti maTi gamoyenebi-

sagan Senelebuli da araerTmniSvnelovania.

administraciul meTodebs miekuTvneba centraluri

bankebis mier dadgenili pirdapiri SezRudvebi (limitebi)

da akrZalvebi bankebis saqmianobis raodenobrivi da

xarisxobrivi parametrebis mimarT. zemoqmedebis adminis-

traciuli meTodebis gamoyenebisas yvelaze xSirad

mimarTaven Semdeg instrumentebs:

pasiuri da aqtiuri operaciebis calkeul

saxeobaTa qvotireba;

sxvadasxva kategoriebis sesxebis gacemisa da

sakredito resursebis mozidvaze `Weris~ (limitebis)

SemoReba;

SezRudva filialebisa da ganyofilebebis gaxsnaze;

sakomisio gasamrjelos, momsaxurebis sxvadasxva

saxeobis gawevaze tarifebis, saprocento ganakveTebis

sididis limitireba; operaciaTa nomenklaturis, uzrun-

velyofis saxeobebis, agreTve im bankebis CamonaTvalis

gansazRvra, romlebic daSvebulni arian operaciaTa

calkeuli saxeobebisadmi (e.w. kontingentireba).

gamoyofen marTvis ekonomikuri meTodebis sam

ZiriTad jgufs: sagadasaxado, normatiuli da makoreqti-

rebeli. sagadasaxado meTodebis gamoyeneba warmoadgens

801800

politikis warmateba bevr faqtorzea damokidebuli.

komerciuli bankebi iZenen fasian qaRaldebs centraluri

bankisagan mxolod mcire moTxovnisas kreditebze

mwarmoeblebisa da mosaxleobis mxridan, agreTve rocacentraluri banki sTavazobs Ria bazris qaRaldebskomerciuli bankebisaTvis ufro xelsayreli pirobebiT,vidre kreditebis gacemis pirobebi komerciuli bankebismier mwarmoeblebsa da mosaxleobaze.

roca aucilebelia SevinarCunoT konerciuli bankebislikvidoba da, Sesabamisad, maTi sakredito aqtivobac,erovnuli banki gamodis myidvelad Ria bazarze. amSemTxvevaSi farTod gamoiyeneba gadayidviTi SeTanxmebebi,romelTa mixedviT erovnuli banki valdebulebas iRebs,iyidos fasiani qaRaldebi komerciuli bankebisagan impirobiT, rom ukanasknelni drois garkveuli periodisSemdeg ganaxorcieleben ukugarigebas, anu fasianiqaRaldebis ukugamosyidvas, magram ukve fasdaklebiT, e.w.ukuoperaciebi _ repo operaciebi. es fasdakleba SesaZloaiyos fiqsirebuli an mcuravi, dawesebuli or sazRvarsSoris. repo operaciebi Ria bazarze ufro rbilizemoqmedebiT xasiaTdeba da amitom regulirebis ufromoqnil meTods warmoadgens.

dReisaTvis operaciebi Ria bazarze iTvleba fulismiwodebis kontrolis wamyvan saSualebad.

savaldebulo rezervebis normis regulireba.savaldebulo rezervebi aris komerciuli bankebisaucilebeli rezervebi centralur bankSi, romelTamoculobac ganisazRvreba kanonmdeblobiT sabankovaldebulebebTan gansazRvruli mimarTebiT.

sarezervo normis ramdenime saprocento punqtiTgazrda amcirebs Warbi rezervebis sididisa da fuladimultiplikatoris mniSvnelobas, ris Sedegadac komerciu-

bis statuss, aseve mis Semdgom rols sabanko sistemaSi,

astimulireben konkurencias.

qveynebis umetesobaSi sabanko operaciebis marTvis

da regulirebis mizniT centraluri banki orientirdeba

ZiriTadad ekonomikuri meTodebis gamoyenebaze, romelTa

Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania:

operaciebi Ria bazarze;

savaldebulo rezervebis normis regulireba;

procentis saaRricxvo (diskonturi) ganakveTis

cvlileba.

operaciebi Ria bazarze. termini `Ria bazris

politika~ Tavdapirvelad gamoCnda aSS-Si XX s-is 20-

ian wlebSi. aSS-is centraluri bankis operaciebi Ria

bazarze sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT yvelaze masStaburi

iyo, rameTu am qveyanaSi fasiani qaRaldebis yvelaze didi

bazaria.

operaciebi Ria bazarze daiyvaneba centraluri bankis

mier saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-gayidvaze.

maRali koniunqturis pirobebSi, roca komerciuli bankebi

gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad arian dakavebuli dakreditebiT,

centraluri banki gadmoyris fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze

saxelmwifo obligaciebs xelsayreli fasebiT. Tu maT

yiduloben TviTon komerciuli bankebi, es niSnavs

dakreditebaTa moculobis uSualo Semcirebas, xolo

Tu maT yiduloben kerZo pirebi an firmebi, maSin mcirdeba

maTi sabanko anabrebis moculoba, rasac isev da isev

mohyveba bankebis sakredito SesaZleblobaTa Semcireba.

orive SemTxvevaSi xdeba fulis miwodebis Semcireba.

piriqiT, dacemis periodSi centralur banks SeuZlia

gamoisyidos es obligaciebi xelsayreli fasebiT, rasac

mivyavarT fulis miwodebis gazrdamde. Ria bazris

803802

xdeba kreditebis gaiafeba an gaZvireba saerTod da amiT

iqmneba pirobebi mimoqcevaSi fuladi masis SezRudvisa

an gafarToebisaTvis. komerciuli bankebi damoukideblad

gansazRvraven wanamatis sidides centraluri bankis

refinansirebis ganakveTisadmi, msesxeblis finansur

mdgomareobaze, muSaobis rentabelobaze, dasakreditebeli

obieqtebis perspeqtiulobasa da prioritetulobaze

damokidebulebiT. centraluri banki aregulirebs

saprocento ganakveTebis dones orgvari wesiT:

ganakveTebis fiqsaciiT komerciuli bankebisaTvis

kreditebis gacemis mixedviT, romlebic warmoadgens

garkveul orientirs sabazro ganakveTebisaTvis;

kontroli sakredito dawesebulebebis

ganakveTebze.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi centraluri banki awesebs ra

oficialur saaRricxvo ganakveTs, gansazRvravs bankebis

mier resursebis mozidvis Rirebulebas. rac metia

saaRricxvo ganakveTi, miT metia sabanko operaciebis

refinansirebis Rirebuleba. meore SemTxvevaSi regulire-

bas eqvemdebareba mxolod kreditebis calkeuli

saxeobebis Rirebuleba an mxolod zogierTi bankis

operaciebi.

centraluri bankis saprocento politika postkri-

zisul periodSi mdgomareobs saprocento ganakveTebis

regulirebaSi bankis yvela operaciis mixedviT, fulis

bazarze sabanko sistemis likvidobis aucilebel doneze

SenarCunebis mizniT. amasTan, centraluri banki miiswrafvis

saprocento ganakveTebis Semcirebisaken realur gamoxatu-

lebaSi.

Tavdapirvelad centraluri bankebis mier komerciu-

li bankebis refinansirebis politika gamoiyeneboda

li bankebis SesaZleblobebi, Seqmnan sakredito fuli,

mcirdeba.

minimaluri rezervebis politika pirvelad iqna

gamocdili aSS-Si XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi da meore

msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave is danerga praqtikaSi

yvela wamyvani kapitalisturi qveynis centralurma bankma.

savaldebulo rezervebis normis sidideze gavlenas

axdens sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis done da mTlianobaSi

ekonomikis mdgomareoba. qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli sabanko

sistemiT, romelic funqcionirebs stabiluri ekonomikis

pirobebSi, savaldebulo rezervebis normebi wesdeba

SedarebiT xangrZlivi droiT.

minimaluri rezervebis norma SeiZleba icvlebodes

anabrebis rogorc koniuqturis, aseve saxeobisa da

sididisagan damokidebulebiT. valdebulebaTa calkeuli

saxeobebis gaTavisufleba sarezervo moTxovnebisagan

iwvevs imas, rom bankebi iwyeben manipulirebas sakuTari

depozitebis SemadgenlobiT da cdiloben moziduli

saxsrebis didi nawili gadaiyvanon sarezervo moTxovnile-

bisagan Tavisufal kategoriaSi.

procentis saaRricxvo (diskonturi) ganakve-Tis cvlileba. centraluri bankebis tradiciul

funqcias warmoadgens sesxebis gacema komerciuli

bankebisaTvis. procentis ganakveTi, romliTac gaicema es

sesxebi, iwodeba procentis saaRricxvo ganakveTad an

refinansirebis ganakveTad. cvlis ra am ganakveTs,

centralur banks SeuZlia zemoqmedeba moaxdinos bankebis

rezervebze. afarToebs an amcirebs ra maT SesaZleblobas,

kreditebis gacemisa mosaxleobisaTvis an sawarmoebisaT-

vis. saaRricxvo procentze damokidebulebiT igeba

komerciuli bankebis saprocento ganakveTebis sistema,

805804

gamoaTanabros finansuri danakargebi, romlebic aRmocen-

deba sabazro pirobebis cvlilebis Sedegad, an gazardosbankebis sakredito resursebi fuladi masis gaTvaliswi-

nebuli nazardis farglebSi. amitom, sakredito limitis

donis gazrda ar niSnavs centraluri bankis miereqspansionisturi fulad-sakredito politikis gatarebas,

aramed ganixileba, rogorc sabanko likvidobis reguli-

rebis meqanizmi.lombarduli kreditebi, gacemuli erovnuli bankis

mier komerciulebisaTvis, warmoadgens procentian sesxebs

fasiani qaRaldebis giraos qveS. sesxebis sidide dgindebagiraos saxeobaze damokidebulebiT. sagiravno uzrunvel-

yofis Rirebuleba unda aRematebodes lombarduli

kreditis Tanxas, lombarduli kreditebi gaicema mxolodmoklevadiani siZneleebisas, romlebsac ganicdian sakre-

dito institutebi, lombarduli kreditis saprocento

ganakveTi Cveulebriv aRemateba saaRricxvo procentisganakveTs 1-3%-iT.

vadianobis kriteriumidan gamomdinare, erovnuli

bankis refinansirebis kreditebi iyofa moklevadianad _kreditebi òvernaiT~, erTdRiani kreditebi _ da

saSualovadianad _ 1-2 Tvidan 6 Tvemde an 1 wlamde.

sakredito auqcionebi erovnuli (centraluri)bankebis mier sakredito resursebis gacemis farTod

gavrcelebul xerxs warmoadgens. sakredito auqcionebis

Catarebisas potenciuri msesxeblebi gzavnian erovnulbankSi ganacxads kreditebis moculobis miTiTebiT,

romelTa miRebac maT surT, agreTve miuTiTeben saprocento

ganakveTis dones. miRebuli gancxadebis safuZvelzeerovnuli banki adgens: auqcionis kreditebis saerTo

Tanxas, saprocento ganakveTis dones, auqcionis Catarebis

xerxs.

mxolod fulad-sakredito mimoqcevis mdgomareobaze

zemoqmedebisaTvis. sabazro urTierTobebis ganviTarebis

kvalobaze, refinansireba sul ufro aqtiurad gamoiyeneba,

rogorc komerciuli bankebisaTvis finansuri daxmarebis

aRmoCenis instrumenti. centraluri banki amgvarad

gadaiqceva bolo instanciis kreditorad da asrulebs

`bankTa bankis~ funqcias. refinansirebis kreditebi maT

SesaZleblobas miscems, minimumamde daiyvanon likviduri

saxsrebis maragi, centraluri bankebis sesxebis gamoyenebis

Sedegad.

refinansirebis kreditebi gansxvavdeba:

uzrunvelyofis formiT _ saaRricxvo da lombar-

duli kreditebi;

gamoyenebis vadebis mixedviT _ moklevadiani (1 an

ramdenime dRiT) da saSualovadiani (6 Tvemde);

gacemis meTodis mixedviT _ pirdapiri kreditebi

da kreditebi, realizebadi centraluri bankis mier

auqcionebis saSualebiT;

miznobrivi xasiaTiT _ makoreqtirebeli da

sezonuri kreditebi.

saaRricxvoa (diskonturi) kreditebi, gacemuli

centraluri bankebis mier komerciuli bankebisaTvis

Tamasuqebis aRricxvis qveS maTi vadis amowurvamde.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi moqmedi kanonebis mixedviT, centralu-

ri banki uflebamosilia iyidos bankebisagan da mihyidos

maT komerciuli da saxazino Tamasuqebi, gamomdinare

dadgenili saaRricxvo ganakveTidan. sakredito-fuladi

mimoqcevis mdgomareobaze zemoqmedebis mniSvnelovani

instrumentia _ bankis gankargulebaSi arsebuli saaR-

ricxvo kreditebis raodenobrivi SezRudvebis gamoyeneba.

zrdis ra limitis dones, centraluri banki miiswrafvis

807806

bankebidan sesxebis gziT miRebuli komerciuli bankebis

sakredito resursebis raodenoba Cveulebriv mcirea.

aSS-Si saSualod sabanko rezervebis mxolod 2-3%

SeiZineba aseTi gziT. garda amisa, Tu fulis miwodebis

doneze sarezervo politikisa da Ria bazarze operaciebis

gavlenis SedarebiT zusti winaswarmetyvelebaa SesaZlebe-

li, saaRricxvo ganakveTis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi amis

gakeTeba ar SeiZleba.

saqarTvelos erovnuli banki iyenebs monetaruli

politikis im instrumentebs, romelTa efeqtianobas

mniSvnelovanwilad qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri garemo

ganapirobebs. safinanso bazrebis ganuviTareblobis da

aralikvidurobis gamo garTulebulia monetaruli

regulirebis sabazro meqanizmebis amoqmedeba, ris

Sedegadac sabanko sistemaSi Tavisufali likvidurobis

samarTavad erovnuli banki ZiriTadad mTavrobis pirdapir

dakreditebas, calmxriv savaluto intervenciebs (mxolod

valutis Sesyidvis kuTxiT) da minimaluri sarezervo

moTxovnebis cvlilebas mimarTavs. Ria bazarze erovnuli

bankis operaciebi warmoebs sakredito resursebis

auqcionebSi CareviTa da mxolod calkeul SemTxvevebSi

komerciul bankebTan repo garigebebiT. bankebis likvido-

baSi droebiTi siZneleebisas gaicema lombarduli

kreditebi.

mimdinare etapze aqtiurad funqcionirebs mudmivmoq-

medi saSualebebi, rogoricaa komerciuli bankebidan

depozitebis mozidva da maTTvis erTdRiani sesxebisgacema. am ̀ overnaitis~ tipis sakredito da sadepozito

operaciebis SemoRebam safuZveli Cauyara erovnuli bankis

mier saprocento ganakveTis gamocxadebas. mxolod

calkeul SemTxvevebSi, finansurad uaRresad mZime

amerikuli xerxis dros, ganacxadebi ranJirdebaSemoTavazebuli saprocento ganakveTebis donis klebis

mixedviT, xolo Semdeg kmayofildeba imave TanmimdevrobiT,

dawyebuli maqsimaluri SemoTavazebuli saprocento

ganakveTidan, kreditis dadgenili moculobis srul

amowurvamde. Sedegad, ukanaskneli dakmayofilebuli

ganacxadis Tanxa SesaZloa Semcirebuli iyos.

holandiuri meTodisas, yvela ganacxadi kmayofil-

deba minimaluri ganakveTiT, SemoTavazebuli bankebis mier,

romlebic moxvdnen myidvelTa wreSi.

fiqsirebuli saprocento ganakveTiT auqcionisSemTxvevaSi yvela ganacxadi kmayofildeba, magram Tu am

ganacxadebis saerTo Tanxa aRemateba auqcionisaTvis

SemoTavazebuli kreditebis moculobas, yvela ganacxadi

kmayofildeba nawilobriv.

amgvarad, refinansirebis ganakveTi _ es arisganakveTi, romliTac centraluri bankebi gascemskreditebs komerciul bankebze. am instrumentis

gamoyeneba efuZneba imas, rom komerciul bankebs SeuZliaT

gazardon TavianTi sakredito resursebi centraluri

bankis saxsrebis mozidvis gziT. refinansirebis ganakveTis

gazrda, bunebrivia, xdis refinansirebas, ganxorcielebuls

centraluri bankis mier, naklebad mimzidvels da, sxva

Tanabari pirobebisas, mivyavarT sakredito aqtiurobis

Semcirebisaken. refinansirebis ganakveTis Semcireba

sawinaaRmdego Sedegs iZleva.

monetaruli politikis es instrumenti yvelaze

Zvelia. aSS-Si is 1913 wlidan gamoiyeneba. amavdroulad

qmediTobis TvalsazrisiT, saaRricxvo ganakveTis cvli-

leba agebs Ria bazarze operaciebTan da sarezervo

politikasTan SedarebiT. saqme isaa, rom centraluri

809808

1995 wlis 2 oqtombers saqarTvelos mTel teri-

toriaze erTaderT kanonier sagadamxdelo saSualebad

gamocxadda qarTuli erovnuli valuta `lari~.

mimoqcevaSi Sevida _ 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 da 100 laris

Rirebulebis sabanko bileTebi. sityva ̀ lari~, romelic

SeirCa qarTuli erovnuli valutis ZiriTadi erTeulis

saxelwodebad, Zveli qarTuli sityvaa da niSnavs zogadad

ganZs, qonebas.

1999 wels srulyofis TvalsazrisiT modifici-

rebul iqna 1995 wlis emisiis yvela nominalis banknotebi,

2002 wels 1999 wlis emisiis mxolod 1, 2, 5, 10 da 20

laris Rirebulebis banknotebi, xolo 2004 wels 50

da 100 laris Rirebulebis banknotebi. yvela nominalis

banknotis aversze warmodgenilia qarTuli warwerebi:

`saqarTvelo~, ̀ saqarTvelos erovnuli banki~, nominalis

dasaxeleba, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis prezidentisa

da finansTa ministris xelmowerebi, TariRi da

Svidmklaviani borjRalis gamosaxuleba, xolo reversze

_ inglisurenovani warwerebi: ̀ GEORGIA~ da nominalis

dasaxeleba.

viTarebaSi myofi bankebisaTvis, saqarTvelos erovnuli

banki gamodis bolo instanciis kreditorad.fulis miwodebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyaros jer

kidev warmoadgens biujetis deficitis dafinansebis

mizniT seb-is mier mTavrobis dakrediteba, rac

`saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb~ kanonis,

dadgenili limitisa da saerTaSoriso savaluto fondTan

SeTanxmebuli safinanso programis farglebSi xorciel-

deba. mTavrobis dakrediteba ZiriTadad qveynis sagareo

valdebulebebis momsaxurebas xmardeba, rac uzrunvelyofs

mis arainflaciur xasiaTs.

miRweuli safinanso-savaluto stabilurobis fonze

erovnuli valutiT sabanko Suamavlobis gaaqtiurebis

stimulirebisa da saprocento ganakveTebis Semcirebis

xelSewyobisaTvis saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma mizan-

Sewonilad miiCnia mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seetana

minimalur sarezervo moTxovnebSi. erovnuli valutiT

moziduli saxsrebis mimarT dawesebuli moTxovnebi

gacilebiT dabalia ucxouri valutiT moziduli

saxsrebis Sesabamis normasTan. amasTan, ucxouri valutiT

moziduli saxsrebis mimarT darezervebul Tanxebs

erovnuli banki aricxavs ufro dabal procents.

sarezervo moTxovnebis dacva warmoebs rogorc komerci-

uli bankebis sakorespondento angariSze gasaSualebuli

naSTis saxiT, ise fiqsirebuli saxiT specialur angariSze,

erovnuli valutiT.

erovnuli banki permanentulad zrunavs fulad-

sakredito politikis instrumentebis daxvewisaTvis,

monetaruli gadacemis meqanizmis efeqturobis zrdisa

da ekonomikaze sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebis mizniT.

811810

500-lariani oqros memorialuri moneta gamoSvebu-

lia 1995 wels, meore msoflio omis damTavrebisa da

faSizmze gamarjvebis 50 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad.

* *

*

XX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi ekonomistebs Soris

xSirad imarTeboda debatebi _ ̀ romeli politika ufro

efeqtianad akontrolebs saqmiani aqtivobis ciklebis

cvlilebebs, monetaruli Tu fiskaluri?~ miuxedavad

imisa, rom konsensusis niSnebi SeimCneva, am sakiTxze

gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis ori skola dResac

arsebobs. monetaruli politikis momxreebi monetariste-

bis saxeliT arian cnobili, xolo fiskaluri politikis

momxreebi Tavis Tavs keinzianelebs uwodeben.

monetaristebs miaCniaT, rom konkurentunarianibazrebi ekonomikis stabilurobas uzrunvelyofs. isini

gacilebiT naklebi xalisiT uWeren mxars ekonomikaSi

mTavrobis Carevas. rodesac Careva aucilebelia,

monetaristebi saWirod Tvlian monetaruli politikis

gatarebas fulis masis SecvliT, da ara saprocento

ganakveTebis kontrolis mcdelobiT.

keinzianelebi Tvlian, rom arastabiluroba

Tavisufali bazris sistemis ganuyofeli Tvisebaa da

ar arsebobs aranairi meqanizmi, romelsac avtomaturad

SeuZlia ekonomikis stabilizeba. isini mxars uWeren

ekonomikis marTvaSi mTavrobis aqtiur monawileobas

umTavresad fiskaluri politikis meSveobiT.

saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma _ 1981 wlis evropisTasebis mflobelTa Tasis finalSi Tbilisis ̀ dinamos~gamarjvebis 25 wlis aRsaniSnavad 2006 wlis 13 maissgamouSva 2 laris nominalis vercxlisa da neizelbergissaiubileo monetebi;

1995 wels mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli iqna 1, 2, 5, 10, 20

da 50 TeTris Rirebulebis monetebi. ̀ TeTri~, romelic

laris meased nawils ewoda, Zveli XIII saukunidan

damkvidrebuli qarTuli samoneto terminia. 1, 2, 5, 10 da

20 TeTris Rirebulebis monetebi vercxlisferia, xolo

50 TeTris Rirebulebis moneta _ oqrosferi. yvela

nominalis monetis reversze gamosaxulia borjRali,

miTiTebulia TariRi da qarTul-inglisuri warwera

`saqarTvelos respublika~.

erovnuli banki aseve uSvebs saiubileo monetebs:

813812

I testebi SeZenili codnis

SemowmebisaTvis

1. mTavrobas biujetis deficiti eqneba yovel-Tvis, rodesac:

a. gadasaxadebi Semcirdeba;

b. xarjebi gaizrdeba;

g. gadasaxadebi gaizrdeba;

d. xarjebi gadaametebs Semosavlebs.

2 . giorgim gamomuSavebuli 1000 lari Taviskomerciul bankSi Seitana. am droisaTvis rezervisnorma 20 procenti iyo. fulis maqsimaluriraodenoba, romlis `Seqmnac~ SeiZleba giorgisanabrisagan sabanko sistemaSi misi moZraobisas,iqneba:

a. 200 lari;

b. 2000 lari;

g. 800 lari;

d. 1200 lari.

3 . d e pr e s i i s p e r iod S i , e k o no m i k i sstimulirebis mizniT, saxelmwifo:

a. amaRlebs procentis saaRricxvo

ganakveTs;

b. SeiZens saxelmwifo fasian qaRaldebs

Ria bazarze;

g. amaRlebs sagadasaxado ganakveTebs;

d. zrdis savaldebulo rezervebis normas.

?bolo xanebSi ekonomistebi TandaTan Tanxmdebian

imaSi, rom ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebisa da

inflaciis Sedegebis Sesarbileblad SeiZleba efeqtianad

gamoviyenoT rogorc fiskaluri, ise monetaruli

politikis meTodebi. saerTod, fiskaluri meTodebiT

sargebloba gacilebiT rTulia, vinaidan maTi gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebas didi

dro unda. magram, Tuki SeTanxmebis miRweva moxerxda,

axali fiskaluri politikis Sedegebi maleve iCens

xolme Tavs. meore mxriv, monetaruli politikis Secvla

an koreqtireba swrafad SeiZleba, magram saprocento

ganakveTebis gazrdisa da Semcirebis, anda fulis masis

Secvlis zemoqmedeba ekonomikaze ufro umniSvneloa, Tanac

amgvari zomebis Sedegebs karga xans unda velodoT.

Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikaSi safinanso-

sabiujeto da sabanko-sakredito sistemebi ar iketebian

calkeul qveyanaTa farglebSi. isini iZenen axal

masStabebsa da ganviTarebis formebs.

815814

7. Tu ekonomikam miaRwia resursebis srulidasaqmebis dones da, amasTan, saxelmwifo xarjebismoculoba aWarbebs biujetSi sagadasaxado Semosu-lobaTa moculobas, maSin:

a. gamodevnis efeqti mcirdeba;

b. izrdeba struqturuli umuSevroba;

g. mcirdeba inflaciis done;

d. Cndeba saxelmwifo biujetis

struqturuli deficiti.

8 . centraluri bankis funqciebs ar miekuTvneba:a. kreditebis gacema komerciul bankebze;

b. fulis emisia;

g. oqrosavaluto rezervebis Senaxva;

d. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Secvla.

9. monetaruli politika iwvevs fulis miwode-bis Semcirebas, rodesac:

a. mcirdeba saxelmwifo xarjebi;

b. centraluri banki yidis saxelmwifo

obligaciebs komerciul bankebze;

g. mosaxleoba yidulobs navTobis kompaniis

obligaciebs;

d. korporacia aqciebs yidis mosaxleobaze

da miRebul saSualebebs iyenebs axali sawarmos

mSeneblobisaTvis

10. Tu centraluri banki aucileblad miiC-nevs fulis miwodebis gadidebas, maSin mas SeuZlia:

a. aamaRlos savaldebulo rezervebis norma;

4. CamoTvlili gadasaxadebidan arapirdapirsmiekuTvneba:

a. mogebis gadasaxadi;

b. saSemosavlo gadasaxadi;

g. saTamaSo biznesis gadasaxadi;

d. sabaJo gadasaxadi.

5 . avtomaturi anu `CaSenebuli~ stabiliza-torebi:

a. ar moiTxoven sakanonmdeblo

xelisuflebis mxridan qmedebas maT moqmedebaSi

Sesayvanad;

b. uzrunvelyofen cikluri umuSevrobis

ararsebobas ekonomikaSi;

g. mniSvnelovanwilad Sedgebian

ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi

umuSevrobisaTvis daxmarebebisagan;

d. xels uwyoben ekonomikis ciklur

meryeobaTa amplitudis gaZlierebas.

6 . biujeturi deficitis monetizaciam SeiZlebamigviyvanos :

a. biujetSi sagadasaxado SemosulobaTa

donis dacemamde;

b. saprocento ganakveTebis da savaluto

kursis amaRlebamde;

g. kvazifiskaluri operaciebis moculobis

Semcirebamde;

d. gamodevnis efeqtis zrdamde.

817816

g. gaadidebs fulis miwodebas procentis

saaRricxvo ganakveTis Semcirebis xarjze;

d. Seamcirebs fulis miwodebas

centraluri bankis mier Ria bazarze

saxelmwifo obligaciebis yidvis xarjze.

14. Tu centraluri banki gamoisyidis komer-ciuli bankebisagan saxelmwifo obligaciaTanawils, romelic gamoSvebuli iyo biujeturideficitis dasafarad, maSin es gamoiwvevs:

a. fuladi bazisa da fulis miwodebis

Semcirebas ekonomikaSi;

b. procentis saaRricxvo ganakveTis zrdas

da fulis miwodebis Semcirebas;

g. fuladi bazisa da fulis miwodebis

gadidebas ekonomikaSi;

d. fuladi bazis gadidebas da fulis

miwodebis Semcirebas ekonomikaSi.

b. Seamciros procentis saaRricxvo

ganakveTi;

g. saxelmwifo obligaciebi gayidos Ria

bazarze;

d. gaadidos korporaciis mogebis

gadasaxadis ganakveTi.

11. procentis saaaRricxvo ganakveTi arisganakveTi, romliTac:

a. centraluri banki akreditebs komerciul

bankebs;

b. komerciuli bankebi akrediteben

erTmaneTs;

g. bankebi akrediteben arafinansur

korporaciebs;

d. bankebi akrediteben mosaxleobas.

12. monetaruli politikis instrumentebs armiekuTvneba:

a. savaldebulo rezervebis norma;

b. procentis saaRricxvo ganakveTi;

g. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saxelmwifo

Sesyidvebi;

d. operaciebi Ria bazarze.

13. savaldebulo rezervebis normis gadideba:a. Seamcirebs fulis miwodebas fuladi

multiplikatoris Semcirebis xarjze;

b. gaadidebs fulis miwodebas fuladi

multiplikatoris zrdis xarjze;

819818

13. makkoneli kempbel r., briu stenli l. _ ekonomik-si, I tomi. mTargmneli da gamomcemeli prof. k.Rurwkaia._ Tb., 2001.

14. oTinaSvili r. _ ekonomikuri usafrTxoeba.analizis antikriminaluri aspeqtebi. _ Tb., 2005.

15. papava vl. _ postkomunisturi kapitalizmispolitikuri ekonomia da saqarTvelos ekonomika. _ Tb.,2002.

16. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi. kvarta-luri mimoxilva. _ Tb., 2005, #1.

17. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis pirvelisayovelTao erovnuli aRweris ZiriTadi Sedegebi. statis-tikuri krebuli. _ Tb., 2004.

18. saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli: 2004.saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrosstatistikis departamenti. _ Tb., 2004.

19. saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebi: 2002-2003.ekonomikur-statistikuri krebuli. _ Tb., 2004.

20. silagaZe a., meqvabiSvili e., kaxniaSvili j. _ekonomika. saxelmZRvanelo X klaselTaTvis. _ Tb., 2003.

21. silagaZe a., meqvabiSvili e., kaxniaSvili j. _ekonomika. saxelmZRvanelo XI klaselTaTvis. _ Tb., 2004.

22. sisvaZe a. _ ekonomikuri Teoria: mikroekonomika,makroekonomika, megaekonomika (nawili meore). _ Tb., 2006.

23. socialuri tendenciebi saqarTveloSi: 2004.saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministrosstatistikis departamenti. _ Tb., 2004.

24. stenleiki j.f. _ ekonomiksi damwyebTaTvis.mTargmnelebi v.vefxvaZe, j. arabiZe. _ Tb., 1995.

25. qembeli d. _ biznesi arabiznesis specialobisstudentebisaTvis. inglisuridan Targmna g.CixlaZem. _Tb., 2001.

26. qvaCaxia i. _ Teoriuli ekonomika. _ Tb., 2003.

rekomendebuli literatura

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2. gamoyenebiTi ekonomika. saxelmZRvanelo ufrosiklasebisaTvis. qarTuli Targmanis pirveli gamocema. wigniiTargmna asociacia ̀ Junior Achievement Georgia~-s mier. _Tb., 2004.

3. gamoyenebiTi ekonomika. savarjiSoTa krebuli.qarTuli Targmanis pirveli gamocema. wigni iTargmnaasociacia ̀ Junior Achievement Georgia~-s mier. _ Tb., 2004.

4. gogoxia r. _ Sereuli ekonomikuri sistema:arsi, modelebi, ganviTarebis tendenciebi. _ Tb., 2004.

5. ekonomikuri Teoria. saxelmZRvanelo. g.adeiSvili-sa da r.asaTianis redaqciiT. _ Tb., 1998.

6. vaniSvili m., badagaZe i. _ safinanso-sabankostatistika. leqciebis kursi. _ Tb., 2004.

7. vaniSvili m. _ ekonomikis safuZvlebi: leqciebiskursi (damxmare saxelmZRvanelo) or wignad. wigni I. _Tb., 2006.

8. vaniSvili m. _ ekonomikis safuZvlebi: leqciebiskursi (damxmare saxelmZRvanelo) or wignad. wigni II. _Tb., 2007.

9. vaniSvili m. _ saqarTvelos sasursaTousafrTxoebis saSinao da sagareo ekonomikuri aspeqtebi:Teoria, meTodologia, praqtika. _ Tb., 2003.

10. kakulia r. _ sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlisTeoriisa da praqtikis problemebi. _ Tb., 2003.

11. kakulia r., xelaia g. _ fulis mimoqcevisa dakreditis zogadi Teoria. _ Tb., 2000.

12. kaxniaSvili j. _ makroekonomika. saxelmZRvanelo.I nawili. _ Tb., 1996.

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S i n a a r s i

mimarTva mkiTxvelisadmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

ganyofileba I. ekonomikis zogadi safuZvlebi .11

Tema 1. ekonomika da misi roli sazogadoebis

cxovrebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

leqcia 1. ekonomikis fundamenturi safuZvlebi

da deficitis problema . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

leqcia 2. ekonomika rogorc mecniereba resursebis

racionaluri arCevanis Sesaxeb . . . . . . 23

leqcia 3. ekonomikuri mecnierebis genezisi, misi

klasifikacia da struqtura . . . . . . . . 36

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . .52

Tema 2. ekonomikur sistemaTa formebi da tipebi 55

leqcia 4. ekonomikuri sistemis arsi, amocanebi da

klasifikaciis kriteriumebi . . . . . . . . . . .56

leqcia 5. ekonomikur sistemaTa ZiriTadi tipebi da

modelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

leqcia 6. resursebis, produqtebisa da Semosavlebis

wrebrunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . . 96

ganyofileba II. mikroekonomikis safuZvlebi 98

Tema 3. individualuri bazris analizi: bazari, fuli,

moTxovna, miwodeba da fasi . . . . . . . . . .99

leqcia 7. bazris arsi struqtura da funqciebi . 100

leqcia 8. fulis arsi, funqciebi da formebi . . . 116

leqcia 9. moTxovna da miwodeba. sabazro faswarmoqm-

27. Rurwkaia k. _ ekonomikis principebi. leqciebiskursi. _ Tb., 2007.

28. yorRanaSvili l. _ saerTaSoriso biznesi. _Tb., 1998.

29. Sromis bazari saqarTveloSi: 1998-2003. stati-stikuri krebuli. _ Tb., 2004.

30. Ciqava l. _ ekonomikuri Teoriis mokle kursi._ Tb., 1997.

31. caava g. _ sabanko saqme. leqciebis kursi. damxmaresaxelmZRvanelo. _ Tb., 2005.

32. ZnelaZe d., ZnelaZe l. _ biznesi, organizacia damarTva. I-II. _ Tb., 1999.

33. WiabriSvili n. _ ekonomikis anbani (eqsperimentu-li saxelmZRvanelo. _ Tb., 2000.

34. jolia g. _ saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTier-Tobebi. _ Tb., 2002.

35. Борисов Е.Ф. - Основы экономики: Учеб. дляССУЗ-ов. - М., 2004.

36. Вечканов Г. С., Вечканова Г. Р. –

Макроэкономика. 2-е изд. – СПБ.: Питер, 2006. 37. Киселева Е. А. – Макроэкономика. Конспект

лекций: учебное пособие. – М.: ЭКСМО, 2006. 38. Менкью Н. Г. - Принципы Экономикс. 2-е изд.

/ Пер. с англ. – СПБ.: Питер, 2007. 39. Селищев А. С. – Макроэкономика. - СПБ.:

Питер, 2000. 40. Симкина Л. Г. – Экономическая теория. 2-е

изд. - СПБ.: Питер, 2006. 41. Сломан Дж. - Основы экономики: Учеб. Пер. с

англ. - М., 2004.

42. Станковская Н. К., Стрелец Н. А. –Экономическая теория: учебник. – М.: ЭКСМО, 2007.

43. Экономическая теория / Под ред. А. Н. Добринина, Л. С. Тарасевича. – СПБ.: Питер, 2007.

44. internet resursebi

823822

nis meqanizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

leqcia 10. sabazro struqturis tipebi da maTi

daxasiaTeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146


Tema 4. warmoebis faqtorTa bazrebi da faqtoru-

li Semosavleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165

leqcia 11. warmoebis faqtorTa arsi da saxeebi, maTi

urTierTganpirobebuloba da urTierTqmedeba

leqcia 12. warmoebis faqtorTa Semosavlebis formirebis

sabazro meqanizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . 218

Tema 5. biznesis (samewarmeo saqmianobis) ekonomikuri

safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

leqcia 13. biznesi da samewarmeo saqmianoba . . . . .222

leqcia 14. samewarmeo saqmianobis ganmxorcielebeli

subieqtebi da organizaciul-samarTlebrivi

formebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

leqcia 15. sawarmos danaxarji da mogeba . . . . . 275

leqcia 16. marketingi sawarmos

biznes-saqmianobaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . .286

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . 298

Tema 6. ojaxis ekonomikis safuZvlebi . . . . . . . .302

leqcia 17. ojaxis adgili da roli sazogadoebis

ekonomikur cxovrebaSi . . . . . . . . . .303

leqcia 18. ojaxis samomxmareblo biujeti . . . . .308

leqcia 19. ojaxis Semosavlebis uTanasworoba da

siRaribesTan brZolis gzebi . . . . . . 337


ganyofileba III. makroekonomikis safuZvlebi 345

Tema 7. qveynis makroekonomikuri struqtura

da erovnul angariSTa sistema . . 345

leqcia 20. qveynis makroekonomikuri sistemada mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika .347

leqcia 21. ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi

da erovnuli angariSwarmoeba . . . . . .359

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . .404Tema 8. erovnuli meurneobis ekonomikuri

zrda da ganviTareba . . . . . . . . . 408

leqcia 22. ekonomikuri zrda: arsi, tipebi,gaangariSebis meTodebi, daCqarebis

faqtorebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .411

leqcia 23. ekonomikuri zrda da misuzrunvelyofaze mimarTuli samTavrobo

politika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452

leqcia 24. ekonomikuri ganviTareba _ “mesamesamyaros” qveynebis umTavresi problema474

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . .500

Tema 9. makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis

arastabiluroba: ekonomikuri

meryeoba, umuSevroba da inflacia.503

leqcia 25. ekonomikuri meryeoba da ekonomikisganviTarebis cikluroba . . . . . . . . . . .505

leqcia 26. umuSevroba da dasaqmebis regulireba .543

leqcia 27. inflacia da antiinflaciuri

regulireba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis. . .633Tema 10. erovnuli meurneobis regulatorebi:

sabazro TviTregulireba da

saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba . .633

leqcia 28. sabazro TviTregulireba da

824


wanamZRvrebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640

leqcia 29. sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi

regulireba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . 691Tema 11. ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi

regulirebis safinanso-sabiujeto

da sabanko-sakredito berketebi. . 693leqcia 30. safinanso-sabiujeto sistema da

fiskaluri politika . . . . . . . . . . . 695

leqcia 31. sabanko-sakredito sistema damonetarulipolitika . . . . . . . . . . . 771

testebi SeZenili codnis SemowmebisaTvis . . .813rekomendebuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . 818

ibeWdeba avtoris mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 25.02.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad

16.03.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 51,5.

tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,

kostavas 77

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mikro- da makroekonomikis safuZvlebi · 2013-05-15 · ekonomika im disciplinaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, sadac mcire codnasac ki Sors mivyavarT. swored amitom aris ekonomikis saxelmZRvanelos