CPU

UAL

COP

CLOCK

UCC

BI

Controler întrerupere

CTC

Memorie LQWHUQ RWM

CACHE

ROM

Resurse memorie H[WHUQ

Floppy Hard Cd

InteUID �standard

LPT COM USB

,QWHUID �nestandard

Periferice I/O �LQWUDUH�LHúLUH� Periferice I/O �LQWUDUH�LHúLUH�

DB (8,16,32,64...)

AB (8,16,32,64...)

CB

C.1 MICROCALCULATOARE

Bibliografie: 1. Calculatoare personale – Introducere în utilizare – Ed. Fis 2. Limbaj C – Ed. Fis , 6WUXFWXUD�JHQHUDO D XQXL�FDOFXODWRU�SHUVRQDO��SF�= ) 1.1. Schema bloc

DB – data EXV��PDJLVWUDO GH�GDWH��FX�O LPHD�PDJLVWUDOHL�GH�������������� AB –�DGUHVV�EXV�VDX�PDJLVWUDO GH�DGUHVH CB –�FRPDQG¶V�EXV�VDX�PDJLVWUDO GH�FRPHQ]L ([LVW UHJOHPHQWDWH�VWDQGDUGH�GH�PDJLVWUDOH�FDUH�SUHFL]HD] GLVSXQHUHD�ILHF UHL�OLQLL�D� celor 3 magistrale, în interior accesul la acestea efectuâmdu-se prin intermediul unor sloturi. 6LVWHPH�GH�LQWUDUH�úL�LHúLUH I/O

CTC – controler temporizator ceas CPU – central procesor unity BI –�LQWHUID GH�PDJLVWUDOUAL –�XQLWDWHD�GH�DULWPHWLF úL�ORJLFCOP – coprocesor matematic CLOCK – ceas UCC –�XQLWDWH�GH�FRQWURO�úL�FRPDQG1.2. Microprocesorul ( S)

(VWH�FUHLHUXO�RULF UXL�FDOFXODWRU�ILLQG�GRWDW�GLQ�FRQVWUXF LH�FX�XQ�VHW�PLQLPDO�GH� LQVWUXF LXQL�vQ�OLPEDM�GH�DVDPEODUH��PQHPRQLFL��LQVWUXF LXQL�FDUH�VH�UHIHU OD�RSHUD LL�DULWPHWLFH�úL�ORJLFH��RSHUD LL�FX�úLUXUL��RSHUD LL�GH�LQWUDUH���LHúLUH�

2

1500 64, 128 100

F Hz O LPHD�EXV�FP� SUH nr. de tranzistori cache

ba c ed

T

Semnal periodic

3HQWUX�D�SHUFHSH�LQVWUXF LXQLOH�GH�OLPEDM�GH�QLYHO�vQDOW�HVWH�QHYRLH�GH�FRPSLODWRDUH��WUDQVODWRDUH�GH�OLPEDM��SHQWUX�D�WUDGXFH�LQVWUXF LXQLOH�GLQ�OLPEDMHOH�GH�QLYHO�vQDOtmnemonicile vQ DVDPEODUH�VDX�FRG�PDúLQ vQ HOHV�GH� S�

8Q SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�FRPHUFLDO�DVXSUD� S

Obs:1. �,%0�D�SXV�OD�GLVSR]L LD�FRPHUFLDQ LORU�vQF GH�OD�vQFHSXW�GRFXPHQWD LD�úL�VWDQGDUGHOH� GH ED] SHQWUX�3&��DVWIHO�vQFkW�úL�FDOFXODWRDUHOH�SURGXVH�GH�FHOHODOWH�ILUPH�VXQW����

compatiblile IBM. 675$7(*,(�'(�0$5.(7,1*�128 ���

2. 0LFURVRIW�D�PRQRSROL]DW�VXFFHVLY�SLD D GH�VRIW�PRQGLDO SULQ�PHWRGH�HFRQRPLFH�OD������� OLPLWD�OHJDOLW LL�JHQHUkQG�FRQIOLFWH�úL�DF LXQL�vQ�MXVWL LH� Caracteristici comparative ale microprocesoarelor 8086

80286 IUHFYHQ D I�= - Hz 386 486

)UHFYHQ D HVWH�XQD�GLQWUD�SULQFLSDOHOH�FDUDFWHULVWLFL�DOH�XQXL� S GHWHUPLQând în fapt viteza de lucru a pc-ului. Este un semnal periodic T – perioada semnalului este intervalul de timp în care � VHPQDOXO�VH�SURSDJ vQWUH�

2 puncte omoloage

Micro procesor Pc c Sistem de operare

Intel (AMD,DURON...)

80X86

Motorola 68X....

IBM

APLLE

Microsoft (Windows)

Machintosh

a

3

1T(s)

b

MSB

10 01 1 1 - Bayte (octet)

LSB

0 1

1

)UHFYHQ D HVWH�LQYHUVXO�SHULRDGHL�XQXL�VHPQDO��������f(Hz) =

8Q�VHPQDO�FX�IUHFYHQ D GH���+]� corespunde unei perioade de 1s. f=50 Hz – IUHFYHQ D FXUHQWXOXL�LQGXVWULDO�HFKLYDOHD] FX�R�SHULRDG GH�����V�VDX�VHPQDOXO�vúL��� VFKLPE SRODULWDWHD�GH����RUL�SH�VHFXQG �f = 1,5G = 1500000000 – 1 miliard 500 milioane Hz –�� PLOLDUG�����PLL�RSHUD LL�PDúLQ SH�VHFXQG

S �����Q ����� P �����F �����G �����8% ������GD ������K �����N �����0 �����* ������7 -12 -9 -6 -3 -2 -1 2 3 6 9 12

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 O LPHD�EXVXULORU�VDX�PDJLVWUDOHL�HVWH�GDW�GH�P ULPHD�UHgistrilor care compun PLFURSURFHVRUXO��&X�FkW�P ULPHD�UHJLVWULORU�úL�O LPHD�PDJLVWUDOHL�HVWH�PDL�PDUH��FX�DWkW�HVWH�mai mare viteza sistemului de calcul aferent. – QU� GH�WUDQ]LVWRUL�LQWHJUD L – S IDFH�SDUWH�GLQ�FDWHJRULD�FLUFXLWHORU�LQWHJUDWH�SH�VFDU IRDUWH�� ODUJ �9/6,��vQ�VHQVXO�F LQWHJUHD] SH�DFHODúL�FLS�PLOLRDQH�úL���

chiar miliarde de tranzistori – 1.3. SODFD GH�ED] (mother board) - vezi bibliografie 1.4. UHVXUVH�GH�PHPRULH�LQWHUQ - bitul 1.4.1. QR LXQHD�úL�P ULPHD�PHPRULL XQLWDWHD�IXQGDPHQWDO GH�PHPRULH�HVWH�ELWXO�FDUH�HVWH�R�YDULDELO ORJLF �ERROH��FDUDFWHUL]DWprin faptul c DUH�QXPDL���YDORUL�

IstoricBitul a fost implemenWDW�SULQ�GLIHULWH�XQLW L GH�PHPRULH��LQHOH�GH�IHULW � FLUFXLWH�ELVWDELOH�FX�tuburi electrice, circuite cu tranzistoare...

LSB – last bit MSB – mous significal bite (cel mai semnificativ bit) bite - 1 4 bite la un loc = digit 8 bite la un loc = octet 16 bite la un loc = world (16) 32 bite la un loc = double world (32) C.2

Ex. Memoria este organizDW PDWULFHDO�vQ�QRGXULOH�PDWULFHL�ILLQG�EL LL�FDUH�FRQ LQ�LQIRUPD LD�ELQDU FDUH�este 0 sau 1.

Obs: Din punct de vedere matematic cu exactitate diIHUHQ D GLQWUH octet, kilooctet ... nu este 103 ci 210 = 1024 § 103

c

d

e

4

Parametrii caracteristrici ai memoriei: - capacitate de memorare - WLPS�GH�DFFHV�OD�PHPRULH��H[LVW PHPRULL�GLQ�FDWHJRULD�FKDFH�FX�WLPS�GH�DFFHV�IRDUWH�PLF GDU�úL�DOWH�UHVXUVH�GH�PHPRULH�QXmite resurse de memorie – HDD, CD cu timp de

acces mult mai mare) - mod de organizare -�PHPRULH�LQWHUQ �SULQFLSDO � GH�OXFUX��S VWUHD] temporal datele úL SURJUDPXO��DUH�YLWH] PDUH�GH�DFFHV�GDU�FDSDFLWDWH�GH�VWRFDUH�PLF

- PHPRULH�H[WHUQ �DX[LOLDU � S VWUHD] LQIRUPD LD�SH�VXSRUW� H[WHUQ��FDSDFLWDWH�GH�VWRFDUH�PDUH�GDU�YLWH] GH�DFFHV�PLF- modul de adresare - acces direct sau aleDWRU�vQ�VLWXD LD în care se poate accesa orice

nRG VDX�FHOXO �ORFD LH��D�PHPRULHL�LQGHSHQGHQW�GH�SR]L LD�VD� - aFFHV�SR]L LRQDO�VDX�VHFYHQ LDO��ORFD LLOH�VH�SRW�DFFHVD�QXPDL�vQWU-o DQXPLW RUGLQH���

1.4.2. RAM (random access memory) 0HPRULH�FX�DFFHV�DOHDWRU��$FHDVW GHQXPLUH�YD�IL�5:0��PHPRULH�GLQ�FDUH�VH�SRDWH�úL� FLWL� GDU� úL� VFULH� read and rewrite memory). Ea are un caracter volatil în sensul pierderii FRQ LQXWXOXL�XWLO�RGDW FX�GLVSDUL LD�WHQVLXQLL�GH�DOLPHQWDUH��PDL�PXOW��FKLDU�5DP-urile sunt de 2 categorii SRAM (static random access memory)

DRAM (dinamyc random access memory) –�WUHEXLQG�V ILH� DFFHVDW Fu un ciclu de refresh�PHPRU\� �UHvPSURVS WDUH��� FLFOX�JHQHUDW� SHULRGLF�GH� S��'LQ�SXQFW GH�YHGHUH� ORJLF�HVWH�RUJDQL]DW GHDVHPHQHD�VXE� IRUP PDWULFLDO vQ�QRGXULOH�PDWULFHL�ILLQG SODVDW FkWH�R�FHOXO GH�PHPRULH� n – coloane (n = 8, 16, 32, 64 ) m = linii (103, 106...) 5DPXO� WUHEXLH� V DLEH� FDSDFLWDWHD� GH� PHPRUDUH� VXILFLHQW� GH� PDUH� SHQWUX� D� SHUPLWH�vQF UFDUHD programelor dorite. În cazul în care RAM-ul nu este suficient de mare programul HVWH� vQF UFDW� SDU LDO� SHQWUX� UXODUHD� VD� H[HFXWkQGX-VH RSHUD LL� GH� VZDS cu memoria (HDD), OXFUX FDUH�GXFH�OD�VF GHUHD�YLWH]HL�VDX�LPSRVLELOLWDWHD�UXO ULL�

Variante de RAM SIMM – single inline memory module DIMM – double inline memory module SDIMM – 1.4.3. ROM (read only memory)

Este memoria din care se poate în principiu numai citi având un caracter nevolatil �FRQ LQXWXO VH�S VWUHD] FKLDU�úL�OD�GLVSDL LD�WHQVLXQLL�GH�DOLPHQWDUH� $UH XQ� URO�YLWDO� OD�SRUQLUHD� VLVWHPXOXL�� vQ� HD� VH� S VWUHD] SURJUDPHOH� VWULFW� QHFHVDUH�pentru derularea transferului între componente�DYkQG�DSOLFD LL�PDMRUH�OD�SRUQLUHD��RULF UXL�SF�

Variante de ROM PROM –�SURJUDPDEOH�UHDG�RQO\�PHPRU\��FRQ LQXWXO�HVWH�VFULV�GH�XWLOL]DWRU�GDU�RGDW VFULV�QX�

se mai poate modifica) EPROM –�HUHDVHEOH��SURJUDPDEOH�UHDG�RQO\�PHPRU\��PHPRULH�FDUH�VH�SRDWH�úWHUJH�SUin

flash-ultraviolete)EEPROM –�VH�SRDWH�úWHUJH�úL�UHvQVFULH�I U XWLOL]DUHD�VXUVHORU�GH�UDGLD LL�XOWUDYLROHWH�FL�VH� XWLOL]HD] R WHQVLXQH�HOHFWULF ULGLFDW SHQWUX�úWHUJHUHD�FRQ LQXWXOXL FLASH ROM – actualele memoii ROM pentru ultimele pc. SHQWUX�vQVFKULHUH�úL�úWHUJHUH�QX�

mai sunt necesare tensiuni ridicate ci numai tensiuni normale.

5

Adresa AB data bus

Out port (ox378 , ox )

11111111

TVI

BIOS

DOS

shell #1

TPA

shell #2

mem. video

ROM BIOS

-- -- -- --.. --- -.. - - . –. . ----

0 h

03 ffh

Adress 8

9 fffh

ffffhdate

GND

Port1 - 0x378 Port3 – 0x37a

Port2 – ox379

1.4.4. 9DULDQWH�SHQWUX�vPEXQ W LUHD�OXFUXOXL�FX�PHPRULD� a) CACHE ([LVW VLWXD LL� vQ� FDUH� PHPRULD� QX� SRDWH� U VSXQGH� UDSLG� VROLFLW ULORU� S�� În aceste VLWXD LL� VH� LQWURGXF� VW UL� GH� DúWHSWDUH� �ZDLWLQJ� VWDUH�� FDUH� HYLGHQW�P UHVF� WLPSXO�GH� U VSXQV� $VWIHO� RGDW FX� FUHúWHUHD� SHUIRUPDQ HORU� S DX� DS UXW� úL� PHPRULL� PDL� UDSLGH� FX� WLPSLL� GH�U VSXQV�GH�RUGLQXO�QDQRVHFXQGHORU�GDU�FDUH�DX�SUH XUL�PDL�PDUL� S-DX J VLW�úL�DOWH�GRX VROX LL� D� PHPRULH�FKDFKH�FDUH�FRQVW vQ�LQWHUSXQHUHD�XQXL�EORF�UDSLG�65$M între S��úL�'5$0�� ([LVW XQ� FRQWUROHU� FDFKH� FDUH� vQFHDUF V PHQ LQ vQ� PHPRULD� FDFKH� GDWH� VDX��LQVWUXF LXQL�SH�FDUH� S��OH�YD�VROLFLWD�vQ�PRPHQWXO�XUP WRU�

b) divizarea ram-uOXL�vQ�GRX VDX�PDL�PXOWH�EDQFXUL�SULQ�LQWHUFDODUH� 1.4.5. 2UJDQL]DUHD�ORJLF úL�DGUHVDUHD�PHPRULHL

2ULFH� VLVWHP� GH� FDOFXO� vúL� JHVWLRQHD] UHVXUVHOH� SH� ED]D� DGUHVHORU� GH� PHPRULH��5HVXUVHOH�DGUHVDELOH�VXQW�PHPRULOH�úL�SRUWXULOH��)LHFDUH�GLQWUH�DFHVWH�UHVXUVH�DX�F WH�R�DGUHVELQH�SUHFL]DW vQV -úL GH�GRFXPHQWD LD�RULJLQDO SXV OD�GLVSR]L LH�GH�,%0� Ex:

LPT –�LQWHUID SDUDOHO �OLQH�SULQWHU��DFFHVLELO GLQ�H[WHULRU�SULQ�FRQHFWRUXO�GH����GH�pini, este format GLQ���UHJLúWULL�VDX�SRUWXUL�SH���ELWL���Â8 =���� úL�DO���-OHD HVWH�SLQXO�GH�PDV(GND-ground)

&HOH���SRUWXUL�DX�ILHFDUH�FkWH�R�DGUHV ELQH�SUHFL]DW

,QVWUXF LXQHD�RXW�SRUW�WULPLWH�OD�DGUHVD�����KH[D�FRQ LQXWXO�XQXL�RFWHW�IRUPDW�GLQ���GH�� FDUH�YD�JHQHUD�OD�FHL���EL L �DOEDVWULL��GH�OD�SRUWXO���WHQVLXQL�KLJK����ORJLF��OXFUX�YL]LELO�ILH�FX�DMXWRUXO�XQXL� LQVWUXPHQW�GH�P VXU FDUH�LQGLF DSUR[LPDWLY��9�ILH�SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�XQXL� led care se aprinde . 2ULFH UHVXUV ILH� F HVWH� PRXVH�� PHPRULH� LQWHUQ VDX� H[WHUQ � FRQWUROHU�� YRU� IL�gestionate de p. numai prin adres �ÌQ� FD]XO� PHPRULHL� SURSULX� ]LVH� XWLOL]DUHD� DGUHVHORU� FRQGXFH� OD� QR LXQHD� GH� KDUW Dmemoriei (MM – memory map)

Orice circuit de memorie are�ORFD LL�GH�PHPRULH, FRQ LQXWXO� aFHVWRU�ORFD LL�ILLQG�GDWHOH��ORFD LL�FDUH�SRW�IL�DFFHVDWH�SULQ� intermediul adreselor.

ComparD LH�FX�FRUHVSRQGHQ D SRúWDO vQ�FDUH�LQIRPD LD�GLQWU-o sFULVRDUH�HVWH�GDW � GDU�FDUe SRDWH�IL�WUDQVPLV OD�GHVWLQDWDU�

prin intemediul adresei.

6

GND

0x378 0x37a

ox379

TVI

BIOS

DOS

shell #1

TPA

shell #2

Mem. Video

ROM BIOS

-- -- -- --.. --- -.. - - . –. . ----

9 fffh

ffffh

oh

033fA

Procesor comenzi

Dos Bios (s.o.)

Sistemul de operare

periferice

Bios (ROM) Leader

UTILIZATOR

Leader Sector de boot config. sys. Auto exe c. bat Ccp Dos Bios

C.3

p. JHVWLRQHD] WRDWH� UHVXUVHOH� XQXL� VLVWHP�GH� FDOFXO� JOREDO��$FHVWHD� VH� vPSDUW� vQ� ��mari categorii - porturi

- memorie DPEHOH� FDWHJRULL� GH� UHVXUVH� VXQW� JHVWLRQDWH� FX� DMXWRUXO� FHORU� �� PDJLVWUDOH� GDWH�� DGUHVH� úL�comenzi. ÌQ� GRFXPHQWD LD� � ,%0� HVWH� SUHFL]DW DORFDUHD� DGUHVHORU� SHQWUX� WRDWH� UHVXUVHOH���sistemului.

S- au exemplificat XUP WRDUHOH� D� SHQWUX�SRUWXUL�LQWHUID /37� �SDUDOHO � PDWHULDOL]DW SULQWU-un � FRQHFWRU�SH����SLQL�vPS U LW�vQ���UHJLVWULL�SRUW�SH���EL L ILHFDUH�úL�XQ�SLQ�GH�PDV �JQG������ ILHFDUH�GLQWUH�FHOH���SRUWXUL�DX�FkWH�R�DGUHV ELQH�SUHFL]DW IL[ � FRPXQ SHQWUX�WRDWH�� calculatoarele pc. compatibile.

Ex: adresa primului port este 378 hexa În mod similar toate resursele hard au alocate adrese pentru porturile componente Ex: adrese pentru portul controlerului video Adrese pentru portul controlerului de întrerupere 8259 b) memorie vQ PRG� VLPLODU� úL� DFHDVWD� HVWH� JHVWLRQDW FX� DMXWRUXO� DGUHVHORU�� $GUHVHOH� VXQW�DORFDWH�IL[�GH�F WUH�VWDQGDUGHOH�GLQ�GRPHQLX

([��PHPRULD�YLGHR�DUH�XQ�vQFHSXW�GH�DGUHV úL�R�P ULPH�ELQH�SUHFL]DW � )LHFDUH�pixel � FRPSRQHQW�DO�HFUDQXOXL�DUH�FkWH�R�]RQ GH�PHPRULH������VDX���RFWH L��FRUHVSRQGHQW vQ��� PHPRULD YLGHR��(YLGHQW�FX�FkW�UH]ROX LD�HFUDQHORU�D�FUHVFXW�FX�DWkW�HVWH�QHYRLH�GH�PDL��� PXOW PHPRULH�YLGHR�vQ�FRUHVSRQGHQ �1.4.5. ,QWHUID DUHD�KDUG��VRIW��VLVWHPXO�GH�RSHUDUH�úL�RSHUD LL�HIHFWXDWH�OD�vQF UFDUHD�VDX�OD�S U VLUHD�VLVWHPXOXL

0HPRULD�LQWHUQ

7

wenable

HD 1,44 M Sectoare clustere

Pist �

Fig.a

Cod

num

eric

t

A A

tDt

1.5. 5HVXUVH�GH�PHPRULH�H[WHUQ1.5.1. *HQHUDOLW L5HVXUVHOH�GH�PHPRULH�H[WHUQ VXQW�QHFHVDUH�vQ�GRX VLWXD LL� - strict în timpul rXO ULL XQXL� SURJUDP� DWXQFL� FkQG� UDPXO� QX� HVWH� VXILFLHQW� DS UkQG� VLWXD LD�QHGRULW F QG�VH�IDFH�RSHUD LXQH�GH�VZDS�FX�+''�– XO� RSHUD LH�FDUH�JHQHUDO�DUH�FRQVHFLQ HQHJDWLYH�GDWRULW IDSWXOXL�F UHGXFH�YLWH]D� F� - pentru arhivarea, depozitarea programelor de mari dimensiuni 1.5.2. Floppy

'LQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�ORJLF�RULFH�GLVF�HVWH�RUJDQL]DW�vQ�SLVWH��VHFWRDUH�úL�FOXVWHUH� ([SORDWDUHD�UHVXUVHORU�GLVFXOXL�HVWH�DVLJXUDW GH�VLVWHPXO�GH�RSHUDUH��8Q�ILúLHU�QX�HVWH�FRPSXV�QHDSDUDW� GLQ� VHFWRDUH� úL� FOXVWHUH� DGLDFHQWH� FL� DFHVWHD� VXQW� GLVSHUVDWH� SH� VXSUDID D GLVFXOui, OHJ WXUD�vQWUH�HOH�ILLQG�DVLJXUDW SULQ�LQWHUPHGLXO�XQRU�SRLQWHUL��DGUHVH - fig.a). Fiecare sector SRLQWHD] VSUH�XUP WRUXO��YH]L�SURJUDPH�VSHFLDOL]DWH�vQ�JHVWLRQDUHD�GLVFXULORU�� 1.5.3. HDD – Hard disk-ul

Face parte din categoria memorilor externe de mare capacitate – 200 – 500 G. Din punct de vedere constructiv úi logic�QX�GLIHU PXOW�GH�IORSS\�GDU�GH�UHJXO HVWH�IRUPDW�din mai multe discuri cu un ax concentric. Totalitatea mai multor piste omoloage de pe discuri diferite DOF WXLHVF�XQ�FLOLQGUX��5 PkQ�YDODELOH�UHVWXO�FRQVLGHUD LORU�H[SXVH�OD�IORSS\� 1.5.4. CD – 8QLW L GH�GLVFXUL�GH�WLS�FRPSDFW

Din punct de vedere istoric: - disc optic 1970 - 1982 concernele Sony & Philips au pus la punct

pentru prima data CD-uri audio realizându-se stocarea GLJLWDO D LQIRUPD LHL�VXFFHVXO�ILLQG�XULDú�GLQ�SULPXO�DQ vânzându-VH ]HFL�GH�PLOLRDQH�GH�XQLW L��8OWHULRU�GLQ�DQLL 1985 cd-XULOH�DX�vQFHSXW�V ILH�úL�SHQWUX�PHPRUDUHD� LQIRUPD LLORU�QXPHULFH�

Analogic = continu (liniar) Numeric = digital (binar, boole, logic)

8

spiral

5D] �UHIOHFWDW

)RWR�GLRG �ODVHU

5D] �LQFLGHQW

GLRG �HPL WRDUH

Lac protector

aluminiu

plastic

n

LC

p

Mem. iPerif.2

Mem. e Perif.1

Port 1

'LQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�LQIRUPD LLOH�VXQW�GH�QDWXU DQDORJLF �VXQHWHOH�HPLVH�GH�R�YLRDU �tehniciile moderne numerice (digitale) din ultimile decenii au realizat un caracter numeric al infRUPD LHL�vQ�VHQVXO�F GLQ�LQIRUPD LD�DQDORJLF VH [WUDJH�FkWH�XQ�HúDQWLRQ�OD�LQWHUYDOXO�GH�WLPS�'W�LDU�ILHFDUH�GLQ�DFHVW�HúDQWLRQ�VH�FRGLILF QXPHULF�vQ�DPSOLWXGLQH� 6H YRUEHúWH�GHVSUH�R�LQIRUPD LH�TXDQWL]DW vQ�WLPS�úL�FRGLILFDW vQ�DPSOLWXGLQH�

Logic aU IL�FD�LQIRUPD LD�DQDORJLF V ILH�PDL�ILGHO GDU�RGDW FX�vPEXQ W LUHD�WHKQLFLL�QXPHULFH�RFKLXO��úL�XUHFKHD�XPDQ QX�PDL�SHUFHSH�FDUDFWHUXO�QXPHULF�úL�DVWIHO�SH�SLD DPRQGLDO V-au impus din ce în ce mai mult tehnicile numerice.

C.4

Opr –�RJOLQG SDU LDO�UHIOHFWDW'LRGD�HPL WRDUH�HPLWH�UD]D�LQFLGHQW � DFHDVWD�DMXQJH�SH�VXSUDID D &'-ului de unde se YD UHIOHFWD��'LRGD�HPL WRDUH��WRW�GH�WLS�ODVHU��HPLWH�IaVFLFROXO�vQ�LQIODURúX�DYkQG�SXWHUH�PLF �

înainte de a ajunge pe disc�IDVFLFROXO�HVWH�FRQFHQWUDW�GH�R�OHQWLO FRQYHUJHQW � 3URFHQWXO�GH�UD] UHIOHFWDW GHSLQGH�GH�VXSUDID D vQW OQLW SH�GLVF��5D]D�UHIOHFWDW DMXQJH�SH�R�IRWR�GLRGODVHU�FDUH�WUDQVIRUP VHPQDOXO�OXPLQRV�vQ�VHPQDO�HOHFWULF�FDUH�DSRL�HVWH�DPSOLILFDW�úL�FRGLILFat numeric pentru a fi exploatat. Din punct de vedere fizic YDULDQWD�FODVLF GH�&'�HVWH�FRPSXV GLQ�WUHL�VWUDWXUL� Plastic, aluminiu, lac protector 9DULDQWH�vPEXQ W LWH�DOH�&'-urilor - CD-RW –�SXV OD�SXQFW�GH�ILUPHOH�0LWVXELVKL��3KLOLSV�úL�6RQ\�

Pentru îQVFULHUH�SH�&'�VH�UHDOL]HD] VFKLPEDUH�GH�ID] D PDWHULDOXOXL�GLVFXOXL�folosindu-se 3 lasere:

- SULPXO�GH�SXWHUH�PDUH�FDUH�WRSHúWH�DOLDMXO�UHDOL]kQG�vQVFULHUHD� - al doilea de putere medie pentru stergere - DO WUHLOHD�GH�SXWHUH�PLF SHQWUX�FLWLUH

- DVD (digital versatile disc) 6H P UHúWH�FDSDFLWDWHD�GH�PHPRUDUH�OD�QLYHOXO�D����*

II 3RVLELOLW L GH�WUDQVIHU�D�GDWHORU�GH�LQWUDUH���LHúLUH��,�2� 2.1 *HQHUDOLW L

ÌQWUHJXO�SURFHV�GH�IXQF LRQDUH�D�XQXL� F VH�UHGXFH�în fapt la comunicarea dintre S úL� resursele pe care�DFHVWD�OH�JHVWLRQHD] DVWIHO�vQWUH� S úL�UHVXUVH�DUH�ORF�XQ�WUDQVIHU�ELGLUHF LRQDO�GH�GDWH�UHDOL]DW�GXS PDL�PXOWH�PHWRGH

mem.i –�PHPRULH�LQWHUQmem.e –�PHPRULH H[WHUQperif.1,2 – periferic 1,2

9

a.9h

b.7h

f.3h

78 h

79 h

7a h

TVI (table vector interupt)

Program pentru servire mouse

3URJUDP�SHQWUX�GHVHUYLUHD�vQWUHUXSHULL�WDVWDWXU

3URJUDP�SHQWUX�GHVHUYLUHD�vQWUHUXSHULL���WDVWDWXU

a.9h

b.7h

Program efectiv de tratare a mouse-ului

bus

Perif.1 Perif.2

F1 F2

mp

Exemple de date transmise între p úL UHVWXO�UHVXUVHORr: - S WUDQVPLWH�OD�LPSULPDQW FRGXO�ASCI al unui character - LPSULPDQWD�FRQILUP SULPLUHD�vQ�EXQH�FRQGL LL�D��FDUDFWHUXOXL - S trimite un bit la portul paralel LPT 3UREOHPD�FDUH�VH�SXQH�vQ�IDSW�HVWH�GHVHUYLUHD�VLPXOWDQ D WXWXURU�UHVXUVHORU�GXSanumitH FULWHULL�GH�GHVHUYLUH�úL�GH�SULRULWDWH��SHQWUX�ILHFDUH�GLQWUH�UHVXUVHOH�VLVWHPXOXL�H[LVWFkWH�XQ�SURJUDP���VXEUXWLQ � FRPSRQHQW D VLVWHPXOXL�GH�RSHUDUH�VSHFLDOL]DW úL�DIODW OD�R�DQXPLW DGUHV � p úWLH�DGUHVD�ILHF UHL�subrutine de deVHUYLUH�D�ILHF UXi periferic. De fapt nu o úWLH�FL�DFHDVWD�HVWH�PHPRUDW vQ�520�

Ex: 78 h – adresa adresei��SRLQWHU�OD�SRLQWHU��XQGH�VH�J VHúWH�SURJUDPXO�GH�WUDWDUH�D�vQWUHUXSHULL�cerute de mouse 79 h – adresa adresei programului pentru servirea primei întreruperi de la WDVWDWXU

D��YDULDQWD�GLUHFW3XU úL�VLPSOX�VH�WUDQVPLW�GDWH�GH�OD� S vQVSUH�H[WHULRU�úL�VH�FLWHVF�GDWH�GLQ�H[WHULRU�VSUH�S I U QLFL�R�YHULILFDUH�SUHDODELO �Ex:

Outport (0x378, 0xff)i z = import (0x379)i 6H�WULPLWH�OD�DGUHVD��[���K�XQ�RFWHW�úL�DQXPH�II�LDU�����HVWH�DGUHVD�SULPXOXL�SRUW�DO�/37 6H�FLWHúWH�FRQ LQXWXO�GH�OD�FHO�GH-DO GRLOHD�SRUW��[���K�FDUH�VH�WUDQIHU YDULDELOHL�]

Dezavantajul metodei: p QX�úWLH�úL�QX�DUH�GH�XQGH�V úWLH�FDUH�UHVXUV GRUHúWH�V ILH�VHUYLW GH�DFHHD�V-a introdus o YDULDQW SHUIHF LRQDW D DFHVWei metode úL DQXPH�

b) varianta prin interogare (pooling) &RQIRUP�DFHVWHL�PHWRGH�ILHFDUH�UHVXUV �SHULIHULF��SRUW�������are câte un fanion (flag) care GDF HVWH�SXV�SH�YDORDUHD���VXJHUHD] OD� S F SHULIHULFXO�UHVSHFWLY�GRUHúWH�V ILH�GHVHUYLW

Din punct de vedere flagul este implementat printr-un circuit numit basculant bistabil (cbb) Metoda este mai HILFLHQW GHFkW�YDULDQWD�“a” � GDU�DUH�GH]DYDQWDMXO�F VH�FRQVXP WLPS�FX��� LQWHURJDUHD�ILHF UXL�SHULIHULF

10

mp

Mc

Perif. Memi.

in

out

f ff

mem

periferic Controler DMA 8x237

MpBA BD BC

DMA

C.5

2.1. *HQHUDOLW L

2.2. Transfer de date - 2.2.1 – direct - 2.2.2 – pooling

Dezavantajele metodei 2.2. prin program sunt: �� VH�SLHUGH�WLPS�FX�LQWHURJDUHD�ILHF UXL�SHULIHULF 2. nu se pot servi în timpi real perifeicele sau alte resurse care trebuie deservite imediat. Orice amânare aYkQG FRQVHFLQ H FDWDVWURIDOH� ([���2�LQVWDOD LH�LQGXVWULDO vQ�PRPHQWXO�vQ�FDUH�DSDUH�R�DYDULH�WUHEXLH�vQWUHXSWGHVI úXUDUHD�QRUPDO úL�LQVWDODWH�DOWH�SURJUDPH�FDUH�WUDWHD] VLWXD LLOH�GH�FUL] �Real time – deservirea în timpi minimi pentru realizarea obiectivelor propuse

2.3. Direct Memori Access

Etapa I 3HULIHULFXO�VROLFLW FHUHUHD�GH�WUDQVIHU�GH�LQIRUPD LL�VSUH�FRQWUROHUXO�'0$��$FHVWD�WUDQVPLWH�FHUHUHD�VSUH�PLFURSURFHVRU��ÌQ�YDULDQWD�FODVLF WUDQVIHUXO�GH�LQIRUPD LL�VH�UHDOL]H]FX�DMXWRUXO�WUDVHXOXL�OXQJ��FX�URúX��WUHFkQG�SULQ�PLFURSURFHVRU�FRQVXPkQG�GHFL�WLPS�úL�UHVXUVH�de unde rezulta dejavantaj. 9DULDQWD�'0$�SUHVXSXQH�WUDQVIHUXO�GLUHFW�GH�GDWH�vQWUH�SHULIHULF�úL�PHPRULH��OXFUX�UDSLG�úL�I U FRQVXP�GH�UHVXUVH��'LQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�KDUG�DFHVW�OXFUX�VH�UHDOL]HHD] vQ�PRGXO�XUP WRU�- OD�DFFHSWDUHD�FHUHULL�'0$�GH�F WUH�PLFURSURFHVRU�DFHVWa trece într-R VWDUH�GH�ZDLW��DúWHSWDUH����

iar controlul asupra magistralelor este predat controlerului de DMA - GLQ DFHVW�PRPHQW�VH�SRDWH�UHDOL]D�GLUHFW�WUDQVIHUXO�GH�GDWH�vQWUH�PHPRULH�úL�SHULIHULF

2.4. Transferul datelor prin intermediul întreruperilor

a) punerea problemei SURFHGHHOH�WUDWDWH�DQWHULRU�VXQW�QHHILFLHQWH�FkQG�SHULIHULFXO�LPSXQH�FD�RSHUD LLOH�,�2�VVH�UHDOL]H]H�VWULFW�OD�DQXPLWH�PRPHQWH�H[LVWkQG�VLWXD LL�FkQG�VH�QHFHVLW R GHVHUYLUH�SURPSW(ex: avarie într-R LQVWDOD LH��VLWXD LH�vQ�FDUH�FRQVHFLQ HOH�DU�IL�FDWDVWURIDOH�GDF WUDQVIHUXO�,�2�nu s-ar realiza la timpul cerut Avantajele metodei întreruperilor: - sincronizarea microprocesorului cu exteriorul nepierzându-VH DVWIHO�QLFLRGDW- HOLEHUDUHD�PLFURSURFHVRUXOXL�GH�VDUFLQD�H[SORU ULL�UHSHWDWH�D�LQWU ULORU��FD]XO�SRROLQJ�

11

ae af ag ba

Program principal

nu

da Cerere de întrerupere Int. request

MicURSURFHVRUXO�GHFLGH�GDF HVWH�RSRUWXQ�VVHUYHDVF vQWUHUXSHUHD�FHUXW � 'DF QX�R�VHYHúWH�SURJUDPXO�SULQFLSDO�VH�GHVI úXDU PDL�GHSDUWH��GDF GD�VH�S U VHúWH�WHPSRUDO�SURJUaPXO�SULQFLSDO�úL�SUHG WHPSRUDO�controlul programului de tratare a întreruperii respective.

ae af ag ba

Program principal

nu

da Cerere de întrerupere Int. request

f1

f2

mp 8259

1 2 3 4 5 16

Int. Rq.

Int. Ack.

Cerere de întrerupere

&HUHUH�DFFHSWDW

mouse WDVWDWXU

- SRVLELOLWDWHD�GH�WUDWDUH�LHUDUKLF �GXS SULRULW L� - GHWHFWDUHD�UDSLG D XQRU�VLWXD LL�DQRUPDOH�vQ�IXQF LRQDUHD�VLVWHPXOXL b) clasificarea întreruperilor 1. întreruperi soft: -�FDX]DWH�GH�LQVWUXF LXQL�VSHFLalizate -�FDX]DWH�GH�HYHQLPHQWH�LQWHUQH�DOH�PLFURSURFHVRUXOXL��H[��GHS úLUH� �RYHU )ORZ��GH�FDSDFLWDWH�VDX�vPS U LUH�FX��� 2. întreruperi hard - mascabile - nemascabile F� PRGXO�GH�WUDWDUH�úL�U VSXQVXO�PLFURSURFHVRUXOXL�OD�R�FHUHUH�GH�vQWUHUXSHUe

fig.1

'XS H[HFX LD��WHUPLQDUHD��SURJUDPXOXL�GH�WUDWDUH�D� întreruperii se revine în programul principal exact în punctul GH XQGH�DFHVWD��D�IRVW�S U VLW� Ex: 6H UXOHD] SURJUDPXO�SULQFLSDO�FDUH�HIHFWXHD]QLúte calcule matematice în MATCAD. În acest moment VH HIHFWXHD] FOLN�VWkQJD�PRXVH�VDX�VH�DSDV SH�DQXPLWH�������������������ILJ�� taste speciale. În DFHDVW VLWXD LH se va întrerupe programul SULQFLSDO�úL�VH�YD�GD�FRQWUROXO�SURJUDPHORU�GH�WUDWDUH�D�vQWUHUXSerilor PRXVH VDX�vQWUHUXSHUL�WDVWDWXU � $GUHVHOH�GH�vQFHSXW�D�DFHVWRU�SURJUDPH��I���HVWH�VWDELOLW GH�creatorul sistemului de operare (fig.2) 3HQWUX�vQWUHUXSHULOH�SHULIHULFH�VWDQGDUG�DGUHVHOH�VXQW�IL[H�úL�FRQWLQXH�vQ�79, d) întreruperi multiple arbitraje 6H SXQH�SUREOHPD�H[LVWHQ HL�PDL�PXOWRU�DFWLYLW L VLPXOWDQ�FDUH�VROLFLW WRDWH�vQWUHUXSHULOH��6H�SXQH�SUREOHPD�SH�FLQH�VHUYHVF�úL�vQ�FH�RUGLQH��2SHUD LH�QXPLW DUELWUDM�

Variante de arbitraj G���DUELWUDM�FRQFUHWL]DW�GH�F WUH�PLFURSURFHVRU� d2) arbitraj soft efectuat de microprocesor G�� XWLOL]DUHD�FRQWUROHUXOXL�GH�vQWUHUXSHUL��������HVWH�FHD�PDL�XWLOL]DW PHWRG úL�FHD�PDL�IRORVLW vQ�FDOFXODWRDUHOH�DFWXDOH�

Perifericele pot cere întreruperi fiind legate direct la LQWU ULOH DORFDte de pe controler. Controlerul cere � vQWUHUXSHUHD�OD�PLFURSURFHVRU�LDU�GDF DFHDVWD�HVWH� DFFHSWDW �$FNQROLJH��VH�SUHG FRQWUROXO�VXEUXWLQHL��

respective. Controlerul 8259 este un circuit programabil îQ VHQVXO�F SRDWH�IL�SURJUDPDW�SHQWUX�� LHUDUKL]DUHD�FHUHULORU�vQ�PDL�PXOWH�PRGDOLW L�

- WUDWDUH�SUHIHUHQ LDO D FHUHULORU��WUDWDUH�FLFOLF

12

25 GND

0x378h 0x379hRegistru FRPDQG �LQ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Registru de date in/out

2 2

4 4

2

437ah

In/out

C.6

III 1RXW L SF��– (ultimul capitol)

IV PRUWXUL�úL�LQWHUIH H VWDQGDUG�SF� 4.1. ,QWHUID D SDUDOHO /37

'HQXPLUHD�/37�HVWH�LQL LDO vQ�ID]D� vQ�FDUH�LQWHUID D HUD�IRORVLW H[FOXVLY�3HQWUX SURWRFROXO�FX�LPSULPDQWD��$VW ]L�HD�SRDWH�IL�XWLOL]DW SHQWUX�RULFH�DSOLFD LH�IRORVLQG�FHL����bites ai conectorului de 25 bites.

Fiecare dintre cei � UHJLVWULL�FRPSRQHQ L ai portului paralel au câte 3 adrese posibile GHRDUHFH�SHQWUX�XQXO�úL�DFHODúL�3F��VXQW�SRVLELOH�PDL�PXOWH�LQWHUIH H /37�VLPXOWDQ� Ex: 3HQWUX�XQ�3F��FX���LQWHUIH H ���FRQHFWRUL��YRU�IL���UHJLVWULL�GH�GDWH��XQXO�OD�DGUHVD����K�

cel de-al doilea 378h iar cel de-al treilea la 478h. 6H VXEOLQHD] LPSRUWDQ D GLIHULW D QXP UXOXL�GH�SLQL�SH�GH-R SDUWH�GDU�úL�D�DGUHVHL�ILHF UXL�UHJLVWUX�SH�GH�DOW SDUWH� a) QR LXQHD�GH�DGUHV D SRUWXOXL�IRORVHúWH�VRIWXOXL�vQ�VHQVXO�F S JHVWLRQHD] UHVXUVHOH�

pc. (memorie + porturi) prin intermediul adreselor Ex: 9UHP�V DSULQGHP���OHduri conectate la registrul de date, se vor transmite 8 de 1 la adresa 378 Outport (0x378 , 0x ff) –�LQVWUXF LXQHD�³&´�FDUH�UHDOL]HD] WUDQVPLWHUHD�FHORU���GH���OD����

11111111 registrul de date � E����QXP UXO�ILHF UXL�SLQ�GH�SH�FRQHFWRU�VHUYHúWH�KDUGXOXL�SHQWUX�D�VH�úWLL�XQGH�VH�IDFH�fizic conexiunea cu elementul respectiv. În exemplul anterior evident cele 8 leduri se vor conecta la picioarele 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. $QXPL L UHJLVWULL�FXP�HVWH�FHO�GH�GDWH�HVWH�GH�WLS�úL�LQ�úL�RXW��$O LL�QXPDL�GH�WLS�LQ�VDX��numai de tip out. Out –�GLQ SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�DO� S vQVHDPQ WUDQVIHUXO�GDWHORU�GLQVSUH� S VSUH�H[WHULRU In – citirea unor date din exterior spre interior

4.2 ,QWHUID D VHULDO$FHDVWD�VH�PDL�QXPHúWH�FRP�X]XDO��HD�HVWH�FX���ELWHV��SLQL��GDU�H[LVW úL�YDULDQWH�SH����

sau pe 25

- XWLOL] UL�X]XDOH��PRXVH��PRGHP��LPSULPDQW � DOWH�FDOFXODWRDUH����

Standar rata de transfer Rs 232C 215 b/s PDJLVWUDO acces 100 kb/s IRAA 4Mb/s

13

Hub root

hub Periferic

periferic

IXQF LH

periferic

hub

hub

hub

V+

date

date

V -

+

-

4.2. USB (Universal serial buss)

Introducerea acesteia a avut ca scop înlocuirea porturilor specializate VHULDO úL�SDUDOHO�úL� GH DVHPHQHD�vQORFXLUHD�GULYHUHORU��LQWHUIH HORU��VSHFLDOL]DWH�SHQWUX�WDVWDWXU � PRXVH��MR\VWLF���� Dezavantajele variantelor actuale:

- RULFH LQWHUID FX�XQ�SHULIHULF�HVWH�PRQWDW GLUHFW�vQ�VSD LXO�LQ�RXW�DO� S RFXSând deci: - o adreV GH�SRUW - o linie de întrerupere - un canal DMA (direct memory acces)

- cuplele (conectorii) pot diferii de la un periferic la altul -� S GHWHFWHD] H[LVWHQ D SHULIHULFHORU�GRDU�OD�SRUQLUHD�FDOFXODWRUXOXL

- orice periferic are un driver propriu FDUH�HYLGHQW�WUHEXLH�vQF UFDW�Oa pornirea calculatorului -� IDFLOLWDWHD�SOXJ�DQG�SOD\�D�IRVW�JkQGLW WRFPDL�SHQWUX�HOLPLQDUHD�DFHVWRU�GH]DYDQWDMH

Avantajele noului sistem USB sunt: - PRGHO XQLF�SHQWUX�FDEOX�úL�FRQHFWRU - DORFDUHD�DXWRPDW D DGUHVHORU�SHQWUX�SHULIHULFH - SHUPLWH�FRQHFWDUHD��SkQ OD�����GH�SHULIHULFH - SHUPLWH�FRQHFWDUHD�úL�GHFRQHFWDUHD�DXWRPDW � vQ�WLPSXO�IXQF LRQ ULL�FX�UHFXQRDúWHUH�DXWRPDWÌQ�HVHQ 86%�HVWH�R�PDJLVWUDO VHULDO � OD�HD�SXWkQGX-se conecta 2 tipuri de echipament - GH WLS�KXE�FDUH�OD�UkQGXO�HL�VXSRUW DOWH�KXE-XUL�úL�SHULIHULFH - GH WLS�IXQF LH�VDX�SHULIHULF

Fizic sistemul este cu 4 fire astfel:

Datele sunt transmise de fapt cu un VHPQDO�GLIHUHQ ÄGDWH+ - date- “C.7

V 5H HOH�GH�FDOFXODWRDUH�úL�LQWHUQHW 5.1. *HQHUDOLW L

Printr-R UH HD�GH��FDOFXODWRDUH�VH�vQ HOHJH�FRQHFWDUHD�FDOFXODWRDUHORU�vQWUH�HOH�DVWIHO�vQFkW�V ILH�SRVLELO�VFKLPEXO�GH�LQIRUPD LL��'LQ�SXQFW�GH�YHGHUH�LVWRULF�UH HOHOH�DX�DS UXW�SULPD�GDW vQ�FDGUXO�SHQWDJRQului dezvoltându-VH XOWHULRU�SkQ OD�QLYHOXO�DFWXDO�FXOPLQkQG�FX�LQWHUQHWXO�FDUH�HVWH�vQ�IDSW�FHD�PDL�YDVW UH HD�GH�FDOFXODWRDUH�

N1,N2,N3...-�QRGXULOH�UH HOHL N1

N3

N4

N6

N5

N2

&DOFXODWRU�VXUV &DOFXODWRU�GHVWLQD LH

14

Sta ie

Sta ie

Sta ie

Sta ie

Sta ie

Host server

Sta ieSta ieSta ie Sta ie

Host server

modem Linie telefonic ��DQDORJLF �

tt

q

t

numeric

Între�QRGXULOH�UH HOHL�LQIRUPD LLOH�SRW�IL�WUDQVPLVH�vQ�PRGXO�FHO�PDL�YDULDW�DVWIHO��ILEURSWLF � FDEOX�FRD[LDO�VDX�WRUVDGDW��UDGLR��VDWHOLW��� 5.2. 7LSXUL�GH�UH HOH�úL�PHGLL�GH�WUDQVPLWHUH�D�LQIRUPD LLORU 5.2.1. Local Arian Network��UH HOH�ORFDOH�

Caracterizate printr-R GLVWDQ UHODWLY�UHGXV vQWUH�FDOFXODWRDUHOH�FRPSRQHQWH��FDEOX� RSWLF��FDEOX�WRUVDGDW�úL�FRD[LDO� S-DX LPSXV�GRX FDWHJRULL�GH�UH HOH�PDL�FXQRVFXWH�

I. II. Varianta I. în stea cu un calculator Host sau server 9DULDQWD�,,��XWLOL]DUHD�XQRU�UHSHUWRDUH�SH�HPLWHUH��KXE�FX�URO�GH�GLVWULEX LH��IRUPDWDUH�úL�DPSOLILFDUH�D�VHPQDOXOXL

5.2.2. 5H HOH�SH�DULH�ODUJÌQ�FDGUXO�DFHVWRUD�H[LVW XUP WRDUHOH�SRVLELOLW L GH transmitere�D�LQIRUPD LLORr:

a) modem

CNA – FRQYHUVLH�QXPHULF�DQDORJLFCAN – FRQYHUVLH�DQDORJLF�QXPHULF

/LQLD�WHOHIRQLF HVWH�FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQWU-un semnal analogic (continu) caracterizat printr-R YDULD LH�FRQWLQX �DPSOLWXGLQH�WLPS��

Calculatorul este un dispozitiv numeric (digital sau discret) mai mult chiar în cazul FDOFXODWRDUHORU�VH�OXFUHD] QXPDL�FX�GRX QLYHOH�D�YDULDELOHORU�QXPHULFH����úL����ORZ�úL�KLJK��variabilele numindu-se lRJLFH�VDX�ERXOHQH��(YLGHQW�F SHQWUX�D�WUDQVPLWH�VHPQDOH�GH�OD�FDOFXODWRU�OD�OLQLD�WHOHIRQLF úL�LQYHUV�WUHEXLH�I FXW R FRQYHUVLH�QXPHULF�DQDORJLF GH�OD�FDOFXODWRU�OD�OLQLH��&1$��úL�DQDORJ�QXPHULF GH�OD�OLQLH�OD�FDOFXODWRU��&$1��

Pentru aceste conversiL H[LVW FLUFXLWH�LQWHJUDWH�VSHFLDOL]DWH�QXPLWH�FRQYHUWRDUH�&$1�úL�&1$��(OH�LQWU vQ�FRPSRQHQ D PRGHPXOXL� DAC – digital analog convertor ADC – analog digital convertor

t –�LQWHUYDOXO�GH�WLPS�OD��FDUH�VH�IDFH�HúDQWLRQDUHD��HúDQWLRQDUH�vQ�WLPS� q –�vQ DPSOLWXGLQH��YDORDUHD��PRPHPWDQ HVWH��UHSUH]HQWDW SULQWU-un cod numeric vorbindu-se de quantificare în amplitudine

15

focar SDUDERO

@k.ro

url Cont client

acces utiliz. 9LWH] �����SUH ����VHFXULWDWH��VLQFURQL]DUH����PXOWLSOLL���

Internet

Telefon

3RúWD� WUDGL LRQDO

1 /h 10 /h

2

b) transmisie prin satelit

Avantaje: -�YLWH] FDUH�HVWH�vQ�IDSW�YLWH]D�OXPLQLL - ocolirea obstacolelor

- flexibilitate -�DFRSHULUHD�GLVWDQ HORU�PDUL

Exemple de firme: EutelSat – �� VDWHOL L JHRVWD LRQDUL�SH�RUELW

c) transmisie prin unde radio d) alte variante (ATM, frame, relay...)

5.3. Sistemul de nume pe internet 6WDQGDUGHOH�DFWXDOH�DX�LPSXV�XQ�VLVWHP�IRUPDW�GLQ�PD[LPXP���QXPH�GHVS U LWH�SULQ�punct.

nume1.nume2.nume3.nume4 grad de generalizare URL - uniform resurseble locater 3H SR]L LD�GLQ�GUHDSWD�FDUH�HVWH�FHD�PDL�JHQHUDO DSDUH�ILH�DEUHYLHUHD�GH� DU ILH�GH�RUJDQL]D LH��RUJ��QHW��FRP� 6LVWHPXO�85/�VH�IRORVHúWH�vQ�FHOH���DSOLFD LL�PDL�GHV�vQWkOQLWH�DOH�LQWHUQHWXOXL� D� DGUHV PDLO b) adrese pentru pagini sau siteuri de internet [http:\]www.google.com http – se�SXQH�RS LRQDO�LQGLFkQG�WLSXO�GH�SURWRFRO��$OWH�WLSXUL�GH�SURWRFRO�WWS�úL�WHOQHW� www – World Wide WHE��SkQ] GH�SDLDQMHQ��– cel mai cunoscut sistem de localizare a LQIRUPD LLORU C.8

5.4. &RPSDUD LH�vQWUH�LQWHUQHW�úL�DOWH�VLVWHPH�GH�WUDQVPLVLH�D�GDWHOor

Sincronizare – posibilitatea de a se consWUXL�XQ�GLDORJ�vQWUH�SDUWLFLSDQ L�7RFPDL�GDWRULWDFFHVXOXL�SUDFWLF�D�vQWUHJLL�XPDQLW L OD�XQ�VLWH�UH]LG H[WUDRUGLQDUD�IRU D LQWHUQHWXOXL� 5.5. BrowVHUH� ORFDOL]DUHD�úL�UHJ VLUHD�LQIRUPD LLORU To browse –�D�U VIRL ÌQ�SURVSHFWDUHD�VLWHXULORU�GH�ZHE��VH�IRORVHúWH�WHKQLFD�KLSHUWH[WXOXL

16

http:\\www.britney spears.com

Mp.mem. ecran

MD

MA

Generator caracter monitor

Controler video

ASCI

Mat puncte

Semnal video

f linii

f cadre

Fig.1

Pixel 1,1 Pixel 1,2

Mem. Ecran (video)

MM

28,a

Fig. 2

3ULQ�SR]L LRQDUHD�FXUVRUXOXL�PRXVHXOXL�SH�XQ�FXYkQW�FKHLH��R�ILJXU � XQ�VLPERO�����IRUPD DFHVWXLD�VH�VFKLPE vQWU-R PkQ úL�VH�DFFHVHD] SDJLQD�GH�UDQJ�LQIHULRU��6LPXOWDQ�adresa site-XOXL HVWH�FRPSOHWDW FX�HOHPHQWH�VSHFLILFH�QRLL�SDJLQi. Ex: 3DJLQD SULQFLSDO D VLWH-ului include Britney Spears connect... iar subpagina ne SUH]LQW ODQ XULOH�GH�VXESDJLQi SH FDUH�YUHP�V QH�FRQHFW P� 6LPLODU�SR]L LRQkQGX-ne pe preview more VH LQWU vQWU-R SDJLQ GH�UDQJXO���HWF� Browsere ii – internet explorer nn – netscape navigator

5.6. & XWDUHD�LQIRUPD LHL��PRWRDUH�GH��F XWDUH� %URZVHUHOH�DQWHULRDUH�VXQW�HILFLHQWH�vQ�P VXUD�vQ�FDUH�VH�FXQRDúWH�DGUHVD�H[DFW DVLWHXOXL�F XWDW��ÌQ�FD]�FRQWUDU�VH�XWLOL]HD] SURJUDPH�GH�F XWDUH��PRWRDUH�GH�F XWDUH��FDUH�

asiJXU DFHVW�OXFUX��www.google.com www.yahoo.com www.altavista.com& XWDUHD�DUH�ORF�GXS ���������FXYLQWH�FKHLH�FDUH�SRW�UHSUezenta autorul, domeniul, zona JHRJUDILF ��� 3ULQ�GHPDUDUHD�SURFHVXOXL�GH�F XWDUH�VH�DILúHD] JUXSDWH�vQ�SDFKHWH�GH�FkWH�����WRDWH�VLWHXULOH�FDUH�FRQ LQ�WLWOXULOH�vQ�FDGUXO�F URUD�LQWU vQ�FRPSRQHQ FXYLQWHOH�F XWDWH� )LHFDUH�WLWOX�FRQ LQe denumirea comSOHW � DGUHVD�GH�VLWH��GLPHQVLXQL�úL�DOWH�LQIRUPD LL� 5.7. E-mail 5.8. Crearea paginii de web 5.9. Download C.9

VI Introducere în echipamente periferice 6.1 Modulul video a) schema bloc

http://www.britney spears/connect.com

17

Controlerul video este conectat la magistrala sistemului de date, adrese�úL FRPHQ]L� Acesta trimite pentru fiecare caracter codul ASCI aferent úL SULPHúWH�PDWULFHD�GH�SXQFW�DIHUHQW FDUDFWHUXOXL�VSHFLILF XQXL�DQXPLW��IRQW�

Controlerul video are sarcina de a controla direct monitorul transmitând semnale de IUHFYHQ � OLQLL�GH IUHFYHQ cadre si semnal de frecvent video.

Mem. ecran (fig.2) $UH�ORFDW vQ�00�����VDX���RFWH LMM – memory map

Adresa de început a zonei de PHPRULH HFUDQ�VDX�YLGHR�HVWH�IL[ úL�SUHFL]DW vQ�FDGUXO�sistemului de operare b) mijloace de gestiune video b1 –�XWLOL]DUHD�GLUHFW a limbajelor de nivel înalt��&� 3DVFDO��-DYD��H[LVW IXQF LL�VSHFLILFH�QXPLWH�IXQF LL�JUDILFH�FDUH�SHUPLW�GLUHFW�WUDVDUHD�XQHL�OLQLL��FHUF��KDúXU UL��JURVLPH�GH�OLQLL��� 6LPXOWDQ�FX�DILúDUHD�XQXL�HOHPHQW�JUDILF�PHPRULD�HFUDQ�DIHUHQW ILHF UXL�SL[HO�HVWH�vQVFULV DGHFYDW�

b2 – utilitare b3 –�XWLOL]DUHD�IXQF LLORU�'RV�úL�%LRV ÌQWUHUXSHUHD�VRIW�LQW���K�HVWH�vQWUHUXSHUHD�DIHUHQW VHUYLFLLORU�YLGHR��DFHDVWD�RIHU ���VHUYLFLL��YDORDUHD�GRULW ILLQG�vQVFULV vQ�UHJLVWUXO�$K al microprocesorului. Ex. 'H VHUYLFLL���K�VWDELOLUHD�GLPHQVLXQLL�úL�IRUPHL�FXUVRUXOXL� �� K�VWDELOLUHD�SR]L LHL

03 h FLWLUHD�SR]HL�úL�GLPHQVLXQHD�FXUVRUXOXL )XQF LLOH�VSHFLILFH�ILHF UHL�vQWUHUXSHUL�D�VLVWHPXOXL�GH�RSHUDUH�VXQW foarte utile din perspectiva FUHDWRUXOXL�GH�VRIW�FDUH�QX�WUHEXLH�V PDL�FUHH]H�DQXPLWH�VHUYLFLL�VSHFLILFH��FL�SRDWH�IRORVLL�GLUHFW�SURJUDPHOH�SXVH�OD�GLVSR]L LH�GH�F WUH�VLVWHPXO�GH�RSHUDUH� b4 – scrierea direct în mem. ecran 6H�XWLOL]HD] OLPEDMXO�FRG�PDúLQ VDX�OLPEDMXO�GH��DVDPEODUH�VSHFLILF�ILHF UXL�PLFURSURFHVRU�

Ex. LD 283 fh, 1ah (VWH R�LQVWUXF LXQH�vQ�OLPEDM�GH�DVDPEODUH�FDUH�vQFDUF vQ�memorie la adresa 283 fh valoarea 1a care VH�YD�VFULH�vQ�PHPRULD�HFUDQ�úL�YD�DOWHUQD�LPDJLQHD�HFUDQXOXL�vQ�VHQVXO�F ������YD�UHSUH]HQWD�XQ�SXQFW�GH�R�DQXPLW FXORDUH� c) SO FL�YLGHR Istoric: au fost MDA EGA SVGA VGA Caracteristici:

- QXP U GH�OLQLL�úL�FRORDQH�JHVWLRQDWH - QXP U GH�SXQFWH�DOH�PDWULFHL�FX�FDUH�VH�JHQHUHD] FDUDFWHUHOH - QXP U GH�SDJLQL�HFUDQ�FX�FDUH�VH�OXFUHD]- QXP U FXORUL

18

Codul ASCII - 28

filament

Uy

Ux

luminator

Anod +katod

G1

G2

10 – 30 KV

Semnal util Sincro linii Sincro cadre7UHDSW �sincro linii

d) moduri de lucru d1 – modul text -�HFUDQXO�HVWH�vPS U LW vQ OLQLL�úL�FRORDQH��OD�LQWHUVHF LD�ILHF UHL�OLQLL�úL��FRORDQH va fi înscris un caracter care în modul cel mai simplu poate fi gestionaW FX�QXPDL���RFWH L�

Folosindu-VH QXPDL���ELWL�DWkW��SHQWUX�FXORDUH�FDUDFWHU�FkW��úL�SHQWUX�EDFNJURXQG�HVWH�FODU�Fpaleta de culori se reduce la 23=8 culori 000 – alb 001 –�URúX111 – negru d2 –�PRGXO�JUDILF�OD�FDUH�HFUDQXO�HVWH�vPS U LW�vQ�SL[HOL��1XP UXO�GH�SL[HOL�GH�SH�HFUDQ�G GH�IDSW�UH]ROX LD�VDX�ILQH HD�LPDJLQLL� C.10

e) monitoare e1- descktop – CADT RAY TUB CRT –�HVWH�DVHP Q WRU�FX�FRQVWUXF LD�WXEXOXL�FLQHVFRS�de la un televizor. )LODPHQWXO�HVWH�FHO�FDUH�UHDOL]HD] HPLVLD�

tHUPRHOHFWULF � HOHFWURQLL�HPLúL�GH�F WUH�HOHPHQW�SHUPLW�DFFHOHUD LL GH�OD�FDWRG�OD�DQRG�GDWRULWtensiunii foarte înalte de ordinul KV. Efectul luminoscent apare tocmai GDWRULW ERPEDUG ULL�HFUDQXOXL�GH�F WUH�H- DFFHOHUD L, pe ecran fiind SUHY ]XW�XQ�VWUDW special numit luminofer. (OHFWURQLL�SDUFXUJ�XOWHULRU�]RQD�FHORU�GRX JULOH�*��úL�*���JULO de accelerare focalizare �9HQHOG���8OWHULRU�HOHFWURQLL�LQWU vQ�VSD LXO�FHORU�GRX SHUHFKL�GH�SO FL�GH�GHIOH[L�SHUHFKHD�GH�SO FL�U[ FX�DMXWRUXO�F UHLD�VH�UHDOL]HD] EDJDMXO�RUL]RQWDO�úL�o a doua pereche pe YHUWLFDODOLPHQWDW FX�8\�FX�DMXWRUXl F UXLD�VH�UHDOL]HD] EDJDMXO�YHUWLFDO� &HOH�GRX WHQVLXQL�8[�úL�8\�VXQW�DVWIHO�VLQFURQL]DWH�vQFkW�V UHDOL]H]H�balierea

ecranului.

(VWH HYLGHQW�F WHQVLXQHD�8[�úL�8\�úL�VHPQDOXO�GH�VSRW�WUHEXLH�V ILH�SHUIHFW�VLQFURQL]DWH�FDUH�vQ�WHOHYL]LXQHD�WUDGL LRQDO VH�FKHDP 69&�

Obs: În cazul desktopurilor color�H[LVW � IDVFLFROH�úL���VWUDWXUL�GH�luminoform alese ca fiind QHFHVDUH�SHQWUX�RE LQHUHD�vQWUHJLL�SDOHWH�GH�FXORUL��URúX��YHUGH�úL�DOEDVWUX�

e2 - LCD (liquid cristal display) Laptop, Notebook

Culoare caracter Intensitate culoare

pâlpâire

Culoare caracter

19

CCD

surs

document

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- consum mic de curent - JUHXWDWH��IRUP � SRUWDELOLWDWH - FRQVLGHUHQ IL]LRORLF �SURWHF LD�RUJDQLVPXOXL� - QX VXQW�HPLVH�UDGLD LLOH�QRFLYH�FDUDFWHULVWLFH�&57

Dezavantajele LCD – ului - UH]ROX LH�PDL�VODE- GLQDPLF PDL�VF ]XW vQ�VHQVXO�F H[LVW R DQXPLW LQHU LH la schimbarea imaginii - SUH XO�HVWH�GH��-3 ori mai mare decât CRT - VWU OXFLUH�PDL�VF ]XW

6.2 Scanere

- HFKLSDPHQW�SHULIHULF�FDUH�SRDWH�SUHOXD�LPDJLQLLOH�GXS IRWRJUDILL�WH[WH�WLS ULWH��GHVHQH�GH PkQ , gravuri

5D]D�GH�OXPLQ HPLV GH�VXUV HVWH�UHIOHFWDW GH�GRFXPHQW�DSRL�GH�RJOLQG DMXQJkQG�SH &&'�FDUH�HVWH�XQ�GLVSR]LWLY�FX�FXSODM�GH�VDUFLQ ILLQG�GH�IDSW�XQ�FRQYHUWRU�D�LQWHQVLW LL�OXPLQLL�vQ�VHPQDO�HOHFWULF�vQ�SULPD�ID] DQDORJLF�FDUH�XOWHULRr este convertit în semnal numeric. )RUPDWXO GH�LHúLUH�XWLOL]HD] ILúLHUH�IRDUWH�PDUL�H[��SHQWUX�R�LPDJLQH�FRPSOH[ $4 fiind necesar peste 10 M. S-DX LPSXV�GRX WLSXUL�GH�IRUPDWH�%03�– tehnica bitmap

Peste desenul de scanat se suprapune un rastru astIHO�LPDJLQHD�YD�IL�vPS U LW vQ�SL[HOL�GHSHQGHQW�GH�UH]ROX LD�VFDQHUXOXL�SHQWUX�ILHFDUH�SL[HO�ILLQG�DORFDW�XQ�QXP U GH�EL L vQ�IXQF LH�de paleta de culori )RUPDWXO�YHFWRULDO�vQ�FDUH�ILúLHUXO�VH�UHDOL]HD] SH�ED]D�XQHL�GHVFULHUL�PDWHPDWLFH�stabilindu-se: lXQJLPHD��GLUHF LD��SR]L LD�vQ�FDUH�VXQW�GHVHQDWH�OLQLL��FHUFXUL VII Semnale logice stanGDUG�úL�FXSODUHD�FDOFXODWRUXOXL�conducerea proceselor 7.1 Familii logice standard ÌQ�HOHFWRUQLFD�GLJLWDO �QXPHULF VDX�GLVFUHW � V-au impus anumite familii de circuite logice în ideea de a exista o compatibilitate între circuitele numerice utilizate în sistemele de calcul�úL vQ�SHULIHULFH��3H�XQ�SODQ�PDL�JHQHUDO�HVWH�DFHHDúL�SUREOHP FX�QRUPDUHD�SDUDPHWULORU�WHQVLXQLL�GH�DOLPHQWDUH�vQ�LQGXVWULH�úL�EXQXUL�FDVQLFH���WHQVLXQHD�Ä8´�QRPLQDO ���9/50Hz).

20

TTL TSL ECL MOS BULE

Timp propagare”ns”

Puterea consumata pe poarta “mw”

Frecventa max.”Mhz”

S31

20 200

100 1000

10000 100 ----

10 22 50 0.5 10-6

U[v]

Vo min high V Vi min

Vi max low V Vo max

2,4 2

0,8

0,4

U[v]

Vo min high “1” V Vi min

Vi max low “0” V Vo max

5

3,5

1,5

0

exteriorBloc

atenuatorBloc

filtrareBloc separare

galvanica Bloc formator mc

)DPLOLLOH�FHOH�PDL�UHSUH]HQWDWLYH�úL�FDUDFWHULVWLFLOH�ORU�VXQW� TTL – tranzistor tranzistor logic

TSL –�WKUHH�VWDWH�ORJLF���VLVWHPH�FX�WUHL�VW UL� ECL –�IDPLOLH�ORJLF FX�FXSODUH�SULQ�HPLWRU MOS – metal oxid semiconductor

ÌQ�IXQF LH�GH�WLSXO�DSOLFD LHL�VH�YD�DOHJH�IDPLOLD�GH�FLUFXLWH�DGHFYDWH� 7.2 Caracteristicile familiei TTL

a) valorile nivelelor logice Vo min –�WHQVLXQHD�RXW�PLQLP SHQWUX�FD�V VH�

realizeze nivelul high sau 1 logic Vi min –�WHQVLXQHD�GH�LQWUDUH�PLQLP SHQWUX�D�VH��

realiza nivelul 1 logic Vi max –�WHQVLXQHD�PD[LP GH�LQWUDUH�SHQWUX�D��

se realiza nivelul 0 logic Vo max –�WHQVLXQHD PD[LP GH�LHúLUH�SHQWUX�D�VH�

Realiza nivelul 0 logic =RQ LQWHU]LV FDUH�JHQHUHD] LQFHUWLWXGLQH� (0,8–�� FDUH�WUHEXLH�V ILH�HYLWDW vQ�DSOLFD LLOH�FX�FLUFXLWH�ORJLFH�

b) fan I/O num rul maxim de circuite care se pot conecta la intrarea unui circuit logic sau OD LHúLUHD�acestuia uzual acestea sunt de peste 10

c) marginea de zgomot d) timpul de propagare – timpul de înWkU]LHUH�OD�SURSDJDUHD�LQIRUPD LH�SULQ�FLUFXLWXO�

respectiv ; e) SXWHUHD�FRQVXPDW

7.3 Caracteristicile familie MOS 'LQ�S FDWH�QLYHOHOH�ORJLFH�VSHFLILFH�WUDQ]LVWRDUHORU�026�GLIHU GH�FHO�VSHFLILF� tranzistoarelor TTL astfel încât pentru a cupla cele 2 tipuri de circuite este nevoie de circuite speciale de adaptare.

7.4 Cuplarea calculatorului cu exteriorul ÌQ�YHGHUHD�FRPHQ]LL�HFKLSDPHQWHORU�SHULIHULFH�úL�D�SURFHselor industriale între FDOFXODWRU�úL�H[WHULRU�WUHEXLH�LQWHUSXVH�DQXPLWH�EORFXUL�vQ�IXQF LH�GH�FRPSOH[LWDWHD�úL�SHULFROXO�procesului comandat. ÌQ�ILJXU VH��UHG FD]XO�LQWU ULORU�ORJLFH�vQWU-XQ FDOFXODWRU�GHFL�FLWLULL�VW ULL�XQXL�SURFHV�

bloc atenuator – are rol de a adapta nivelul de tensiune exterior ex : 12v la nivelele cerute de familia de circuite logice utilizate

21

A

A

A

A

f0

f0 f1

FTS

FTJ

F

FOB

FTB

da

nu

bloc filtrare – OXFUHD] vQ�VSHFLDO�vQ�GRPHQLXO�IUHFYHQ úL�DUH�UROXO�GH�D�HOLPLQD�(rejecta) DQXPLWH�IUHFYHQ H QHGRULWH

FTS – filtrul�WUHFH VXV��ODV V WUHDF QXPDL�IUHFYHQ HOH�PDL�PDUL� GDFkW�R�DQXPLW IUHFYHQ GH�SUDJ�QXPLW I0

FTJ –�ILOWUXO�WUHFH�MRV��ODV V WUHDF QXPDL�IUHFYHQ HOH�PDL�PLFL� GHFkW�R�DQXPLW IUHFYHQ

FTB –�ILOWUXO�WUHFH�EDQGD��ODV V WUHDF QXPDL�IUHFYHQ HOH� cuprinse într-XQ DQXPLW�GRPHQLX�GH�IUHFYHQ FXSULQV�între f0 úL�I1

FOB –�ILOWUX�RSUHúWH�EDQGD

%ORFXO�GH�VHSDUDUH�JDOYDQLF – are rolul de a izola din punct de vedere electric FDOFXODWRUXO GH�H[WHULRU��8]XDO�L]RODUHD�VH�UHDOL]HD] SULQ�celule foto HOHFWULFH�úL�HVWH�DEVROXW�QHFHVDU FkQG�VH�OXFUHD] OD�WHQVLXQL�SHULFXORDVH�úL úRFXUL�GH�WHQVLXQL� Blocul formator – are rol de a prelua semnalele de intrare în calculator astfel încât DFHVWHD�V ILH�FRPSDWLELOH�FX�VWDQGDUGHOH�SRU LORU�UHVSHFWLYH.

- VHPQDOH�QHIDYRUDELOH�OD�R�SRDUW ORJLF