MHD Generator Presentation

8/12/2019 MHD Generator Presentation

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Michael Faraday first proposed the idea in his "Bakerian lecture for 18

Royal Society.

The first practical MHD power research was funded in 1938 in the U.S

Westinghouse in its Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania laboratories, headed by

karlovitz.

The initial patent on MHD is by B. Karlovitz, U.S.Patent No. 2,210,918

for the Conversion of Energy", August 13, 1940. Toward the end of the 1960s, interest in MHD declined because nucle

was becoming more widely available.

In the late 1970s, as interest in nuclear power declined, interest in MH

increased. UNESCO became persuaded the MHD might be the most e

to utilise world coal reserves

In 2001 AIAA use MHD generators for supersonic flights


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The word magneto hydro dynamics (MHD) is derived from mmeaning magneticfield, and hydro- meaning liquid, and -dymeaning movement.

An MHD generator is a device for converting heat energy ofdirectly into electrical energy without conventional electric g

MHD power generation is a new system of electric power gewhich is said to be of high efficiency and low pollution.


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The direct energy conversion methods that nowadays are taken intoin terms of industrial application are:

Direct energy conversion stages


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It is well known that when two systems at different temperatplaced together, both will reach a final temperature which is

the initial temperature of the two systems. It can be said tha

transferred between the system and the outside world (of th

system) as a result of temperature difference only. As a resul

can be measured, and a unit of heat can be defined as the henecessary for the production of a standard change in temper

One of the important unit of heat is the calorie. One calorie(

quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 g of

from 14.5C to 15.5C. The heat capacity C is an important

characteristic of body


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In a simple heat engine, heat is extracted from a sourcetemperature and rejected to another source at a lower tempe

with a useful work output. the heatQhfrom the boiler, which

temperature Th, is transferred to a heat engine, and heatQci

transferred from the engine to the radiator, which is at a lowetemperatureTc. For an engine to operate indefinitely, it shou

to its initial state periodically after following a certain cycle; fr

first law (dU= 0).


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Plasma is a state of the matter similar to gas, in which a part of molare ionized. Usually the plasmas are subdivided into several typolog

pending on the temperature level. The behavior of the plasma is rat

ferent from that of neutral fluid, because electromagnetic forces aff

dynamics of the particles. For increasing values of temperature, the

firstlypasses from a solid to a liquid state, then to a neutral gas and

risingdegree of ionization. Depending on such ionization degree we

speak ofcold plasma, thermonuclear plasma and fusion plasma.


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In a plasma, the kinetic energy of electrons and ions is greater thanionization potential, and for that it can subsist in equilibrium condit

The presence in the gas of both positive and negative charged parti

the dynamic behavior of the gas rather different with respect to a n

gas, due to the presence of long range forces. For this reason it is no

to take into account only collisions when one consider the interacti

particles. On the contrary, sometimes the collisions can be neglecte

approximation, the dynamic being well described only consideringe

magnetic interactions . The two independent characteristics of a pla

the charged particle density n and the temperature T.


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The underlying principle of MHD power generation is e

simple. Typically, an electrically conducting gas is produced at

pressure by combustion of a fossil fuel. The gas is then directe

through a magnetic field, resulting due to the Hall effect. The

system constitutes a heat engine, involving an expansion of thfrom high to low pressure in a manner similar to that employ

conventional gas turbo-generator.


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. In the MHD system, the kinetic energy of the gas is convertdirectly to electric energy as it is allowed to expand.

The induced EMF is given by:

The force acting on the particle is given by:

Where:

u = velocity of the conductor(Particle).B = magnetic field intensity.Q = Charge of conductor.

E = u x B

F = Q . (u x B)


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The MHD systems are broadly classified into two types:

OPEN CYCLE SYSTEM

CLOSED CYCLE SYSTEM

Seeded inert gas system

Liquid metal system


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The conversion efficiencyof a MHD system can be around 50% much hig

compared to the most efficient steam plants. Still higher efficiencies are

future, around 6065 %, with the improvements in experience and tech

Large amount of power is generated.

It has no moving parts, so more reliable.

The closed cycle system produces power, free of pollution.

The sizeof the plant is considerably smaller than conventional fossil fuel

Although the cost cannot be predicted very accurately, yet it has been re

capital costs of MHD plants will be competitive to conventional steam pla


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It has been estimated that the overall operational costs in a plant would be a

less than conventional steam plants.

Direct conversion of heat into electricity With no need for a turbine(compar

gas turbine power plant) or both the boiler and the turbine (compared with

power plant) ,these cuts reduces losses of energy.

These systems permit better fuel utilization. The reduced fuel consumption w

additional economic and special benefits and would also lead toconservatio

resources.

Ability to reach the Maximum operating power very quickly.

It is possible to use MHD for peak power generations and emergency situatio

MHD equipment for such duties is simpler, has capability of generating powe

units and the ability to rapid start to full load.


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It is estimated that by 2020, almost 70 % of the total electricity generated in

will be from MHD generators.

Research and development is widely being done on MHD by different countworld.

Nations involved:

USA

Russia

Japan

China

Australia

Italy

Poland


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MHD Generator Presentation