15-16
() : 1. : . , 2. : 3. -: ""
, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
, , (, ), (, , , ), (-., , , ) (, ), () (, , ), ,
!: 1. 2. 3. : 1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 5.
9
9 9 9 X-rays KCu1s 2p 3s 2s
,
Cr Fe Cu Mo Ag
0.22909 nm 0.19373 nm 0.15418 nm 0.07107 nm 0.05608 nm
. , , , c .
d
: 2d sin = n
(NH4)6(NiMo9O32)6H2O: : :
1 ,
NaCl
d() KCl
d()
2
TiO2
,
d()
TiO2
d()
TiO2
d()
: 2dhkl sin = n h, k, l , , . : 1/d2 = h2/a2 + k2/b2 + l2/c2 (
1/d2 = h2/a2) : 1/d2 = (4/3)([h2 + k2 + hk]/a2) + l2/c2
. .
? NaBr, : 1/d2 = h2/a2
a = 5.9723 0.0005
(Sn24P19.3)I6Br2 a = 10.9141 0.0015 N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2 16.24
18.19 19.93 23.06 25.83 28.34 29.52 30.65 32.84 33.88 37.79 38.75
40.5 41.38 42.23 44.71 50.15 50.16 51.64 55.85 56.57 57.26 58.57
59.22 61.89 62.55 65.04 67.58 68.86 69.42 70.02 d 5.4591 4.8781
4.4543 3.8570 3.4494 3.1493 3.0260 2.9167 2.7270 2.6458 2.3803
2.3237 2.2274 2.1820 2.1401 2.0267 1.8191 1.8187 1.7699 1.6462
1.6269 1.6089 1.5760 1.5601 1.4992 1.4850 1.4339 1.3861 1.3634
1.3538 1.3436 I/I0 20 5 10 20 10 15 100 90 20 20 50 20 40 20 30 10
50 30 50 20 10 20 10 10 30 10 5 5 1 1 5 104/d2(obs) 335.6 420.2
504.0 672.2 840.5 1008.3 1092.1 1175.5 1344.7 1428.5 1765.0 1852.0
2015.6 2100.3 2183.4 2434.6 3021.9 3023.3 3192.3 3690.1 3778.1
3863.2 4026.1 4108.6 4449.2 4534.7 4863.6 5204.9 5379.6 5456.2
5539.4 h 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 1 4 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 1 k 0 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 1 2 3 2 0 1 2 0 4 1 2 4 3 4 0 2 2 3 5 0 1 1
l 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 5 5 5 6 4 6 6 5 6 4 7 7 7 7 6 8 8 8
104/d2(calc) 335.8 419.8 503.7 671.6 839.5 1007.4 1091.4 1175.3
1343.2 1427.2 1763.0 1846.9 2014.8 2098.8 2182.7 2434.6 3022.2
3022.2 3190.1 3693.8 3777.8 3861.7 4029.6 4113.6 4449.4 4533.3
4869.1 5204.9 5372.8 5456.8 5540.7 Q 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.7
0.2 1.5 1.4 2.0 5.1 0.8 1.6 0.7 0 0.3 1.1 2.2 3.7 0.4 1.4 3.5 4.9
0.2 1.4 5.5 0 6.8 0.6 1.3
: 1. 2. , 3.
1. 2. , H, Li, B 3. 1. 2.
,
, , M = H, . ,
3R ______ T = NA
N
S
()
d-:
= n(n+2) = 4 S(S+1)n ; S
d4
s obs
- ( 4d 5d)
-
T
() Co 1403 K Ni 631 K EuO 71 K
T (TN) CrO2 310 K MnO 122 K
T
? 1) , 0 < E1 < E2 < E3 < 2) Ei Ej , E = Ei Ej = h =
hc/ = hc = kT h , 6.626 1034 (1, ) , 2.997 108 / l (, , )~ (1)
~
k , 1.381 10-23 / () 3)
(-1 )20 15 10 5
, 10-15
()10-10
,
10
-5
10
0
10
5
-
400 700 -
(-. ) . ? ,
, ,
[Ti(H2O)6]3+;
~ E = ch maxNA (/)
- [Cr(H2O)6]3+17400
A
eg24500 33300
EE
t2g15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
~ , -1
! 3 ?
()1. I 0 2. , I > 3. ( ) - , : 1. I > 0 2. 3. ( ) -
I > 0 2I + 1 I= -1/2 E I=1/2 E
I= +1/2
, I = I 1 . I, .
- = 106 ( ref)/ ref ref ( ..) ref ref (1H) = Si(CH3)4 ref (31P)
= H3PO4 (85%) < 0, > 0, , 1: < 0 HCo(CO)4
> 0 H2SO4
-
- 1
M = 2nI + 1
- 2 - J ()PF61-
JPF 708
31
PF61-
1. () () . : 1) 2) 3) , : 1) 2) 3)
2. (), () . : 1) 2) 3) 4)
3. () -, . : 1) 2) 3) :57Fe, 119Sn, 121Sb, 125Te, 151Eu, 191Ir,
197Au
(, ) () ( ) : F: F = kx k , . : E ~ h = (h/2) (k )1/2 ( ) 40
4000 1 -
3N-6 3N-5
1 = 3652 cm
-1
2 = 1595 cm
-1
3 = 3756 cm-1
, .
:1) .. 2)
1 3
3600 - 3320
2 1650 - 1600
- c -14000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
CaSO42H2O
H2O
SO42-
- PtCl2(NH3)2Cl Pt NH 3 Cl
I
NH 3
Cl Pt Cl600 500 400 300
NH 3 NH 3
cm-1
: Pt-Cl 300-350 -1 Pt-NH3 500-550 -1
