Metering Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Utility ... · Principal Engineer Efficiency Solutions Metering Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Utility Resource Efficiency. Learning

Greg Sullivan PE, LEED APPrincipal EngineerEfficiency Solutions

Metering Best Practices: A Guide to

Achieving Utility Resource

Efficiency

Learning Objectives:

1. Present the importance and application of metering to overall

resource efficiency.

2. Highlight key metering technologies appropriate for today’s

buildings.

3. Underscore profitable uses for metered data.

4. Share available resources for further education.

AIA Quality Assurance

Presentation Overview

• EPAct 2005 and EISA 2007 Metering

Requirements

• Overview of Metering Best Practices Guide

EPAct 2005/Section 103

Energy Use Measurement and Accountability

Highlights:

October 1, 2012

All Federal buildings deemed “practicable”

Meter electricity using “advanced meters”

Goal: efficient energy use and cost reduction

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007)

Amongst other requirements:

EISA Section 434B expands EPAct 2005 to

include Natural Gas and Steam

• By October 1, 2016

• All requirements of EPAct for electricity – apply to

natural gas and steam

Four additional years to complete

Legislative Resources

FEMP Web site:

WWW1.EERE.ENERGY.GOV/FEMP

• EPAct 2005

• Guidance for Electric Metering in Federal Buildings

• Instructions for Implementing E.O. 13423

• Links to EISA requirements

Metering Best Practices Guide

• Metering Best Practices Guide (MBPG) –

genesis

• MBPG goals

• MBPG layout and content

*** IMPORTANT ***

Audience Participation Segment

Acknowledgements

PNNL co-authors: Ray Pugh, Dave Hunt

PNNL graphics editing staff: Dave Payson, Kathy

Neiderhiser, Elaine Schneider

FEMP Sponsor and Visionary: Mr. Ab Ream

MBPG Development: For whom, why, and how?

Target audience: Federal energy/O&M/facility

managers and practitioners

Responsibilities for:

• Financial

• Technical

• Installation

• Operations


Recognition that metering is a “resource”

• Good information drives good decisions

Advocate more and better metering

• Multi-resource metering

○ Energy and water

• Where justified – beyond whole building

○ Panel, circuit, end-use


Based on interaction with Federal staff

• FEMP O&M workshops

• On-going activities at various agency sites

Literature searches

Equipment vendors

Industry experts

MBPG Development DISCLAIMER

This guide is NOT the universe of Metering

This guide is not a “cookbook”

We provide information – not recommendations

We defer to manufacturer’s specifications/

recommendations.

MBPG Development DISCLAIMER Cont’d

Actions and activities recommended in this guide should only be attempted by trained and certified

personnel. If such personnel are not available, the actions recommended here should not be initiated.

MBPG Layout and Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Why Metering

Chapter 3 Metering Planning

Chapter 4 Metering Approaches

Chapter 5 Metering Technologies

Chapter 6 Communications and Data Storage

Chapter 7 Data Analysis and Use

MBPG Layout and Contents Cont’d

Chapter 8 Metering Economics

Chapter 9 Federal Sector Case Studies

Appendix A Glossary

Appendix B Energy Policy Act Requirements

Appendix C Metering Codes and Standards

Appendix D Suggestion Form

MBPG Chapter 2: Why Metering?

Legislative requirements• DOE and DOD

Business case for metering• High-level uses for data and cost-justification○Reduce utility use/costs

○ Improve building operation/tenant satisfaction

○Track, trend, benchmark

○ Identify efficiency opportunities

○Measurement and verification

MBPG Chapter 3: Metering Planning

Planning needs – why plan?

Steps to consider:

• Goals/objectives

• Data, analysis, and equipment needs

• Evaluation criteria

○ Cost, savings, benefits

○ Pass/fail iteration

• Implementation

• Performance evaluation

• Upkeep, O&M, and persistence

Metering Planning Flow Chart

MBPG Chapter 4: Metering Approaches

One-time/spot measurements• (system/sub-system)

Run-time measurements

• (system/sub-system)

Short-term monitoring

• (system/sub-system/whole building)

Long-term monitoring

• (system/whole building)

MBPG Chapter 4: Metering Approaches

Long-Term Measurement Advantages

• Highest accuracy

• Can quantify magnitude and duration

• Captures most variance

Long-Term Measurement Challenges

• High cost

• Most difficult to install/monitor

• Time duration for result availability

One-Time/Spot Measurement Advantages

• Lowest cost

• Ease of use

• Non-intrusive

• Fast results

One-Time/Spot Measurement Challenges

• Low accuracy

• Limited application

• Measures single operating parameter

MBPG Chapter 4: Metering Hierarchy

Diagnostic Capability

Le

ve

l o

f E

ffo

rt

Whole-Building Metering

Panel/Sub-Panel Metering

Circuit-Level Metering

End-Use-Level Metering

MBPG Chapter 5: Metering Technologies

Highlight the predominant utilities

• Electricity

• Natural gas

• Steam

• Potable water

• Chilled/HTHW


For each utility – present:

• Relevant technologies

• Advantages and challenges of each

• Maintenance needs

• Specification considerations

• Selection criteria


Key decision metrics

• Accuracy

• Precision

• Turndown ratio

• Ease/cost of installation

• Ease/cost of maintenance/recalibration


Natural Gas Meter Technologies:• Positive displacement

○ Diaphram

○ Rotary

• Differential pressure

○ Orifice

○ Venturi

○ Annubar

• Velocity

○ Turbine

○ Vortex shedding

Present diagrams and function

Present “advantages” and “challenges”

MBPG Chapter 5: Metering Technologies:

Steam Meters


Steam Meters

Turbine Meter Advantages/Challenges

Advantages:

•Good accuracy over larger

turndown ratio.

Challenges:

•Impeller bearing wear

•Rotor blade erosion

•Recalibration to adjust for

bearing and blade wear

Vortex Meter Advantages/Challenges

Advantages:

•Good accuracy over large

turndown ratio

•Higher reliability owing to the

lack of any moving parts

•With high-quality steam,

recalibration need is negated

Challenges:

•Meter needs to be isolated from

mechanical vibration

•Longer lengths of straight pipe

for accurate operation


Steam Meters

Maintenance:Positive Displacement Meters

• Monthly Inspections

○ All connections for gas leakage

○ Abnormally loud or discontinuous sounds internal to meter

○ General meter cleanliness

• Annual Inspections

○ Calibration of velocity meter according to manufacturer’s recommendation or if trended data indicate mis-calibration.


Steam Meters

Specification considerations:

• Determine expected range of flows

• Determine the accuracy requirements over the flow range – this will help define the necessary turndown

ratio.

• Physical installation requirements – lengths of piping,

communications, etc.

• Staff who install, maintain, and use the data

should have a voice in meter selection.

MBPG Chapter 5:

Metering Technologies Steam Meters

Selection Criteria:

Criteria

Positive

Displace-

ment Orifice Venturi Annubar Turbine

Vortex

Shedding

Accuracy Good Moderate Good Good Good Good

Turndown Ratio 10:1 <5:1 < 5:1 10:1 10:1 20:1

Repeatability Good Good Good Very Good Low Very good

Installation Ease Easy Easy Moderate Easy Challenging Moderate

Pressure loss Medium Moderate Low Low Moderate Low

Recalibration

Needs

Infrequent Frequent Infrequent Infrequent Frequent Infrequent

Capital Cost Low Low Moderate Low Moderate Moderate

Installed Cost Moderate Low Moderate Low Moderate Moderate

Maintenance Cost Low High Moderate Low Moderate Low

MBPG Chapter 6: Metering Communications

and Data Storage

Metering Communications

Present most common options

• Phone/modem

• Local area network

• Building automation system

• Wireless

• Power line carrier

Descriptions and advantages/challenges

MBPG Chapter 6: Metering Communications

and Data Storage

Local Area Network

Advantages:

•Proven technology

•Increasing availability

•Always connected

•Data sharing opportunities

Challenges:

•Network/IT security

concerns

•Wired installation – need for

network connectivity

Building Automation

System

Advantages:

•Usually available

•Fast communications

•Always connected

Challenges:

•Potential system

compatibility issues

•Potential data availability

issues

Wireless

Advantages:

•No communication wiring to

install

•Fast communications

•Always connected

Challenges:

•System cost – though prices

are coming down

•Perceived RF interference

issues

•Distance and materials

limitations

•New system, new

infrastructure

MBPG Chapter 7: Data Analysis and Use

Data Analysis

Present most common options• In-house/on-site

• Third-party/vendor-based solutions

Highlight selection criteria• Vendor profile

• Graphical outputs• Analytical outputs

• Alarming capabilities


Data Uses

Highlight typical uses

• Reimbursable billing

• Efficiency opportunity identification

• Operational opportunity identification

• Measurement and verification

• Benchmarking


Sample Data Uses


Data Uses: Efficiency Identification

Building Daily kW Profile(Monday 15-minute intervals )

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

12:00

AM

1:15

AM

2:30

AM

3:45

AM

5:00

AM

6:15

AM

7:30

AM

8:45

AM

10:00

AM

11:15

AM

12:30

PM

1:45

PM

3:00

PM

4:15

PM

5:30

PM

6:45

PM

8:00

PM

9:15

PM

10:30

PM

11:45

PM

Time

Dem

an

d (

kW

)



Building Daily kW Profile(Monday 15-minute intervals )

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

12:00

AM

1:15

AM

2:30

AM

3:45

AM

5:00

AM

6:15

AM

7:30

AM

8:45

AM

10:00

AM

11:15

AM

12:30

PM

1:45

PM

3:00

PM

4:15

PM

5:30

PM

6:45

PM

8:00

PM

9:15

PM

10:30

PM

11:45

PM

Time

Dem

an

d (

kW

)



Building Water Use Profile(Thursday 15-minute intervals )

0

5

10

15

20

25

12:00

AM

1:15

AM

2:30

AM

3:45

AM

5:00

AM

6:15

AM

7:30

AM

8:45

AM

10:00

AM

11:15

AM

12:30

PM

1:45

PM

3:00

PM

4:15

PM

5:30

PM

6:45

PM

8:00

PM

9:15

PM

10:30

PM

11:45

PM

Time

Wa

ter

Us

e (

ga

llo

ns

)



Building Water Use Profile(Saturday 15-minute intervals )

0

5

10

15

20

25

12:00

AM

1:15

AM

2:30

AM

3:45

AM

5:00

AM

6:15

AM

7:30

AM

8:45

AM

10:00

AM

11:15

AM

12:30

PM

1:45

PM

3:00

PM

4:15

PM

5:30

PM

6:45

PM

8:00

PM

9:15

PM

10:30

PM

11:45

PM

Time

Wa

ter

Us

e (

ga

llo

ns

)


Data Uses: Operational Opportunity

Boiler Frequency Cycle Indicator"1" represents boiler-on event, "0" represents boiler-off event

0

1

2

6:05

AM

7:00

AM

7:55

AM

8:51

AM

9:46

AM

10:4

1 AM

11:3

6 AM

12:3

1 PM

1:27

PM

2:22

PM

3:19

PM

4:15

PM

5:10

PM

6:07

PM

7:03

PM

7:59

PM

8:55

PM

9:50

PM

10:4

5 PM

11:4

1 PM

12:3

7 AM

1:31

AM

2:26

AM

3:21

AM

4:15

AM

5:10

AM

6:04

AM

Time

On

/Off

In

dic

ato

r



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

12:0

5 A

M

4:3

0 A

M

8:5

5 A

M

1:2

0 P

M

5:4

5 P

M

10:1

0 P

M

2:3

5 A

M

7:0

0 A

M

11:2

5 A

M

3:5

0 P

M

8:1

5 P

M

12:4

0 A

M

5:0

5 A

M

9:3

0 A

M

1:5

5 P

M

6:2

0 P

M

10:4

5 P

M

3:1

0 A

M

7:3

5 A

M

12:0

0 P

M

4:2

5 P

M

8:5

0 P

M

1:1

5 A

M

5:4

0 A

M

10:0

5 A

M

2:3

0 P

M

6:5

5 P

M

11:2

0 P

M

kW

Time of Day

Weekday Lighting Profile



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

12:0

5 A

M

12:5

5 A

M

1:4

5 A

M

2:3

5 A

M

3:2

5 A

M

4:1

5 A

M

5:0

5 A

M

5:5

5 A

M

6:4

5 A

M

7:3

5 A

M

8:2

5 A

M

9:1

5 A

M

10:0

5 A

M

10:5

5 A

M

11:4

5 A

M

12:3

5 P

M

1:2

5 P

M

2:1

5 P

M

3:0

5 P

M

3:5

5 P

M

4:4

5 P

M

5:3

5 P

M

6:2

5 P

M

7:1

5 P

M

8:0

5 P

M

8:5

5 P

M

9:4

5 P

M

10:3

5 P

M

11:2

5 P

M

kW

Time of day

Lighting kW 10/14/05Note the "spike"


Data Uses: Measurement and Verification

Spectrally-Enhanced Lighting Demonstration

Aggregate Daily Lighting Profile

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Time of Day

kW

Retrofit kW

Baseline kW

MBPG Chapter 8: Metering Economics

Metering cost ranges

• Cost variables:

○ Equipment

○ Configuration

○ Location

○ Communications

Metering savings

• Savings variables:

○ Available data

○ Analysis capabilities

○ Commitment

○ Persistence

MBPG Chapter 8: Metering Economics

Cost justification

• How to cost justify metering on un-metered buildings?

Financing approaches:

• Capital project specified

• Appropriations

• Alternative financing

○ Utility – UESC

○ Private - ESPC

MBPG Chapter 9: Federal Sector Case Studies

Electric metering at Brookhaven National Lab

GSA Kastenmeier Courthouse

GSA Enterprise Metering system

NIH Headquarters

Metering Resources

FEMP Web site: WWW1.EERE.ENERGY.GOV/FEMP

• Metering Best Practices Guide

• Guidance for Electric Metering in Federal

Buildings

• Facility Metering for Improved Operations and

Maintenance

• Advanced Utility Metering

Audience Participation Segment

Could Metering Help?









Questions?

Greg Sullivan PE, LEED AP

Principal Engineer

Efficiency Solutions

1857 Kingston Rd.

Richland, WA 99354

509.521.4925

[email protected]

AIA Quality Assurance

Portland Energy Conservation, Inc is a registered provider with The

American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems. Credit

earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records

for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are

available on request.

This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing

professional education. As such, it does not include content that may

be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA

of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling,

using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions

related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed

at the conclusion of this presentation.

Documents

Metering Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Utility ... · Principal Engineer Efficiency Solutions Metering Best Practices: A Guide to Achieving Utility Resource Efficiency. Learning