MemoryMemory

Encoding and StorageEncoding and Storage

Automatic vs. EffortfulAutomatic vs. Effortful

Automatic – encoding information Automatic – encoding information unconsciously. This includes information unconsciously. This includes information about time, spacing, frequency and well-about time, spacing, frequency and well-known (learned) information.known (learned) information.

EX- ?EX- ?Effortful- encoding that required a Effortful- encoding that required a

conscious effort, and attention.conscious effort, and attention.Ex-?Ex-?

How do we encode?How do we encode?

Can you recall the Twelve Days of Can you recall the Twelve Days of Christmas?Christmas?

Rehearsal- repeating information several Rehearsal- repeating information several times to encode it into memorytimes to encode it into memory

Write down the US presidents….Write down the US presidents…. Serial Position effect= we tend to Serial Position effect= we tend to

remember those items presented first or remember those items presented first or last on a list.last on a list.

What do we encode?What do we encode?

Demo-Demo- Visual Imagery- If a visual picture accompanies words, Visual Imagery- If a visual picture accompanies words,

recall improvesrecall improves Meaning- If a passage is give context, recall improvesMeaning- If a passage is give context, recall improves Mnemonic Devices= any memory device used to aid Mnemonic Devices= any memory device used to aid

memory( organization, auditory or visual cues)memory( organization, auditory or visual cues) Ex?Ex? Chunking=organizing information by meaning, or in Chunking=organizing information by meaning, or in

small groups.small groups.

Storage- How do we Storage- How do we retain Information?retain Information?

Sensory Memory-Sensory Memory-

Iconic Memory= a short Iconic Memory= a short memory of a visual memory of a visual stimulusstimulus

Echonic Memory=Echonic Memory=

A momentary memory of A momentary memory of an auditory stimulusan auditory stimulus

Ex- Psychsim labEx- Psychsim lab

DefinedDefined

Short Term Memory- a form of transient Short Term Memory- a form of transient memory- limited in length and capacity.memory- limited in length and capacity.

Types of Long-term Types of Long-term MemoryMemory

EpisodicMem ory

Sem anticMem ory

E xp lic it M em ory

P roceduralMem ory

C lassicalConditioning

Prim ing

Im p lic it M em ory

Long-term M em ory

Subtypes of Explicit Subtypes of Explicit MemoryMemory

Episod ic M em ory Sem antic M em ory

Explic it M em ory

Episodic memoryEpisodic memory

Memory tied to your own personal Memory tied to your own personal experiencesexperiences

Examples:Examples: What month is your birthday?What month is your birthday? Do you like to eat caramel apples?Do you like to eat caramel apples?

Q: Why are these explicit memories? Q: Why are these explicit memories? A: Because you can actively declare your A: Because you can actively declare your

answers to these questionsanswers to these questions

Semantic memorySemantic memory

Memory not tied to personal eventsMemory not tied to personal events General facts and definitions about General facts and definitions about

the worldthe world Examples:Examples:

How many tires on a car?How many tires on a car? What is a cloud?What is a cloud? What color is a banana?What color is a banana?

Subtypes of Implicit Subtypes of Implicit MemoryMemory

C lassica lC ond ition ing

Procedura lM em ory

Prim ing

Im p lic it M em ory

Classical conditioningClassical conditioning

PavlovPavlov Previously Previously

neutral stimulus neutral stimulus now comes to now comes to elicit a elicit a response after response after pairing with an pairing with an unconditioned unconditioned stimulusstimulus

Natural reflex

Conditioned reflex

CR(salivation)

UCR(salivation)

CS (ringing bell)

Neutral stimulus + UCS (food in mouth) (ringing bell)

Procedural memoryProcedural memory

Memory that enable you to perform specific learned Memory that enable you to perform specific learned skills or habitual responsesskills or habitual responses

Examples:Examples: Riding a bikeRiding a bike Using the shift stick while drivingUsing the shift stick while driving Tying your shoe lacesTying your shoe laces

Q: Why are these procedural memories implicit?Q: Why are these procedural memories implicit? A: Don’t have to consciously remember the steps A: Don’t have to consciously remember the steps

involved in these actions to perform theminvolved in these actions to perform them Try to explain to someone how to tie a shoelaceTry to explain to someone how to tie a shoelace

PrimingPriming

Pass out demonstration sheetsPass out demonstration sheets

Priming demonstrationPriming demonstration

Unscramble the following word:Unscramble the following word:

L T E P AL T E P A

Answer:Answer:

P E T A LP E T A LP L A T EP L A T E

PrimingPriming

Why did half the class say plate Why did half the class say plate and the other half say petal?and the other half say petal?

They were primed to do soThey were primed to do so There were two different sheets There were two different sheets

of unscrambled wordsof unscrambled words

Priming sheet 1Priming sheet 1 Unscramble the following Unscramble the following

word:word:

F I N E KF I N E K O P O N SO P O N S K R O FK R O F P U CP U C E C U S A RE C U S A R L T E P AL T E P A

Answer:Answer:

K N I F EK N I F E S P O O NS P O O N F O R KF O R K C U PC U P S A U C E RS A U C E R P L A T EP L A T E

Priming sheet 2Priming sheet 2 Unscramble the following Unscramble the following

word:word:

N Y P A S N Y P A S F E L AF E L A K T A L S K T A L S D U B D U B L O B S O M SL O B S O M S L T E P AL T E P A

Answer:Answer:

P A N S YP A N S Y L E A F L E A F S T A L K S T A L K B U D B U D B L O S S O M B L O S S O M P E T A L P E T A L

Two types of primingTwo types of priming

C onceptua l Perceptua l

Prim ing

Conceptual primingConceptual priming

When priming stimulus influences your flow When priming stimulus influences your flow of thoughtsof thoughts

Thought to involve activation of concepts Thought to involve activation of concepts stored in semantic memorystored in semantic memory

Example: Previous priming demonstrationExample: Previous priming demonstration Example: If you hear a story about a pitbull, Example: If you hear a story about a pitbull,

when someone later asks you to name a when someone later asks you to name a dog, you’re more likely to say “pitbull” dog, you’re more likely to say “pitbull”

Perceptual primingPerceptual priming

Can you identify the fragmented Can you identify the fragmented stimulus below?stimulus below?

Perceptual primingPerceptual priming

What if you What if you were shown were shown the following the following slide earlier in slide earlier in the lecture?the lecture?

Perceptual primingPerceptual priming

Can you identify Can you identify the fragmented the fragmented stimulus to the stimulus to the right?right?

Perceptual primingPerceptual priming

What if you were What if you were shown the shown the following slide following slide earlier in the earlier in the lecture?lecture?

Perceptual primingPerceptual priming

When a priming stimulus enhances When a priming stimulus enhances ability to identify a test stimulus ability to identify a test stimulus based on its physical featuresbased on its physical features

Priming is implicit because you don’t Priming is implicit because you don’t need to consciously recall seeing the need to consciously recall seeing the priming stimulus in order for priming priming stimulus in order for priming to occurto occur

Are memories organized?Are memories organized?

Demonstration:Demonstration: Recite the days of the weekRecite the days of the week Recite the days of the week Recite the days of the week in alphabetical in alphabetical

orderorder Demonstrates that long-term memory is Demonstrates that long-term memory is

organizedorganized not just a random jumble of informationnot just a random jumble of information

How are memories organized?How are memories organized?

End here…..End here…..