Members of the Consortium - AERC · Members of the Consortium Inside front cover Board of Directors Inside front cover Programme Committee Inside front cover Foreword vii Introduction

CONSORTIUM POUR LA RECHERCHE ECONOMIQUE EN AFRIQUE20 years of capacity building in Africa

ANNUAL REPORT 2 0 0 7/ 0 8

Members of the Consortium

Department for International Development (DFID)

International Development Research Centre (IDRC)

The MacArthur Foundation

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands

Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)

The Rockefeller Foundation

Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida/SAREC)

Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)

US Agency for International Development (USAID)

The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation

The World Bank (IBRD)

Non-member funders:African Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF)

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Commission of the European Union

The Ford Foundation

Board of DirectorsArne Bigsten *, Chair; Director at large; Professor ofDevelopment Economics, Gothenburg University,SwedenMthuli Ncube *, Vice Chair; Director at large; Directorand Professor of Finance, Wits Business School,South AfricaUlrich Camen *, Secretary; Programme Director,Monetary Policy and Financial Reform Programme,Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva;Representing the Swiss Agency for Development andCooperation (SDC)Susan Horton *, Treasurer; Vice-President, Aca-demic, Wilfrid Laurier University; Representing theInternational Development Research Centre (IDRC)Christopher Adam* , Reader, Department of Eco-nomics, University of Oxford; representing the BritishDepartment for International Development (DFID)Morten Elkjær , Chief Technical Adviser, TechnicalAdvisory Services, Danida, Ministry of ForeignAffairs, DenmarkTamara C. Fox , Programme Officer, Population, TheWilliam and Flora Hewlett FoundationThorbjØrn Gaustadsæther *, Norwegian Ambassa-dor to Mozambique, representing NORAD, NorwayJoseph Kinyua , Director at large; PermanentSecretary, Ministry of Finance, KenyaMilena Novy-Marx, Programme Officer, GlobalChallenges, The MacArthur FoundationAnna Maria Oltorp , Head of Division, ThematicProgrammes, Department for Research Cooperation,SAREC, Swedish International Development Coop-eration Agency (Sida)John Page , Chief Economist, Africa Region, TheWorld Bank, USAJacques Hiey Pegatienan , Director at large; Côted’IvoireRob de Vos, Netherlands Ambassador to SouthAfrica, representing the Netherlands Ministry ofForeign AffairsShamsuddeen Usman , Director at large; Minister ofFinance, Federal Government of NigeriaCaleb Fundanga , Ex-officio member; Chair,Programme Committee; Governor, Bank of ZambiaWilliam Lyakurwa , Ex-officio member; ExecutiveDirector, AERCAntoine Hawara , Consultant Treasurer

*Member of the Executive Committee

Programme Committee

Caleb Fundanga , Chair; Governor, Bank of ZambiaGero Amoussouga , President of the Conférence desInstitutions d’Enseignement, de Recherche Econo-mique et de Gestion en Afrique (CIEREA) andEconomic Advisor to the President of BeninErnest Aryeetey ,Director, Institute for Statistical,Scientific and Economic Research (ISSER), Universityof Ghana – LegonManana M. Bakane-Tuoane, Director General,Office of the Premier, North West Province, SouthAfricaPaul Collier , Professor of Economics, Centre for theStudy of African Economies (CSAE), University ofOxford, UKAkpan Ekpo , Professor of Economics, University ofUyo, NigeriaPatrick Guillaumont , President of CERDI, Universitéd’Auvergne, FranceEsther Jepkemboi Koimett ,Investment Secretary,Ministry of Finance, KenyaBenno J. Ndulu , Governor, Bank of TanzaniaStephen A. O’Connell , Professor of Economics,Department of Economics, Swarthmore College,USALuc Oyoubi, Member of Parliament, President ofFinancial Committee, GabonFinn Tarp , Professor, Institute of Economics,University of Copenhagen, DenmarkWilliam Lyakurwa ,Ex-officio member; ExecutiveDirector, AERCOlu Ajakaiye , Secretary; Director of Research,AERCMarios Obwona, Assistant Secretary; Director ofTraining, AERC

AF R I C A N EC O N O M I C RE S E A R C H CO N S O RT I U M 20 years of capacity building in Africa


A N N U A L R E P O RT

AFRICAN ECONOMIC RESEARCH CONSORTIUM

CONSORTIUM POUR LA RECHERCHE ECONOMIQUE EN AFRIQUE

2007/08

For the period 1 April 2007 to 31 March 2008



© 2008, African Economic Research Consortium

AERC Annual Report 2007/08

Published by: African Economic Research ConsortiumP.O. Box 62882 City SquareNairobi 00200, Kenya

ISBN: 9966-778-27-6



Contents

Members of the Consortium Inside front cover

Board of Directors Inside front cover

Programme Committee Inside front cover

Foreword vii

Introduction 1

Objective 1: Scale up the development of African capacity 3to conduct policy relevant economic researchin a rapidly changing environment

Objective 2: Incorporate economic policy research institutions 11and university departments of economics into theAERC network through innovative partnershipsand support

Objective 3: Consolidate the Collaborative PhD Programme and 13dovetail the Collaborative Master’s Programme intoit to enhance synergy between the Research and TrainingProgrammes

Objective 4: Foster recognition of “Brand AERC” in Africa and beyond 15

Summary Financial Report 22

Annexes 26

Secretariat Staff Inside back cover



vi



Foreword

vii

Our year began with a change at the topand ended with a Senior PolicySeminar that moved us in a new andexciting policy direction with its focus

on climate change and the impact on sub-SaharanAfrica. Taking the helm of the Board of Directors atthe start of the fiscal year was Prof. Arne Bigsten,Professor of Development Economics at GothenburgUniversity, Sweden, and Deputy Chair of theSwedish Economic Council. Professor Bigsten hascontributed to AERC over many years as a member ofthe Board and Programme Committee, as a resourceperson, and as a participant in collaborative researchprojects. He succeeded Mrs. Caroline Pestieau, whoretired after serving on the AERC Board since 1992and as chair from 2000 to 2007.

The Programme Committee also welcomed anew member during the year. Prof. GeroAmoussouga, President of the Conférence desInstitutions d’Enseignement, de Recherche Econo-mique et de Gestion en Afrique (CIEREA), has servedin various policy and academic roles includingEconomic Advisor to the President of Benin. As aProgramme Committee member he replaces the late Prof.Allechi M’Bet, who passed away in September 2006.

Under this new leadership, AERC continues tostrive towards its vision of an African future in whichall populations live in a state of dignity and wellbeing. With our clearly defined mandate, our role isto help build the necessary human and institutionalcapacity in economics through the collaborative andnetworking framework of our research and trainingprogrammes. The recognition of that role throughoutsub-Saharan Africa is both challenging and gratify-ing, as indicated by the conclusions of a midtermevaluation of the Strategic Plan for 2005–2010.Moreover, it contributed to the keen reception amongpolicy makers of our steps to incorporate climatechange issues into our policy framework. Policymakers are increasingly aware of AERC’s qualityresearch output and use it in assessing policy issues.

At the same time, the sheer numbers of thematicresearch proposals submitted to the Secretariat in thepast year stretched the capacity of the pool ofavailable reviewers to the limit, which in turn had adomino effect on the timeliness of reviews ofproposals and final reports. We are optimistic that

success itself will ease this constraint, as moreresearchers join the ranks of resource persons.Technical workshops also received overwhelmingresponses to calls for expressions of interest, meaningthat more than half of those interested and qualifiedcould not be accommodated. Resources permitting,we see the need to increase the number of technicalworkshops per year from two to four, therebydoubling the number of participating researchers.

Similarly, demand continues to grow forscholarship awards through the graduate trainingprogrammes. AERC supported 12 Collaborative PhD(CPP) students out of 80 qualified applicants. Weactively encourage qualified students to obtainscholarship assistance from other sources, and forthese efforts, six self-sponsored students joined in tobring the total intake to 18 students. TheCollaborative Master’s Programme in Agriculturaland Applied Economics (CMAAE), hosted at AERCsince May 2005, while successfully expanding itscountry coverage, has also had to limit some of itsprogramme operations as a result of fundingconstraints. This has affected the number ofaccredited university departments that offer theCMAAE core courses, as well as put a cap on theannual student intake. We will strive to secureadditional earmarked funding in support of CPP andour Collaborative Master’s Programme (CMAP) toensure that the current level of activities is sustained,and even enhanced, and to support the concertedresource mobilization being carried out by CMAAE.

In many respects, therefore, it was a year likeany other – a gratifying mix of achievement,recognition of the quality associated with our name,and efforts to meet and overcome the challengeswrought by circumstances and successes alike. Weare, as well, humbled by the prospect of marking twodecades of service to the economic research andpolicy community of Africa. We salute the dedicatedstaff, donor supporters and other stakeholders whohave made it possible to count the accomplishmentsdescribed herein.

William LyakurwaExecutive Director



A F R I C A N EC O N O M I C RE S E A R C H CO N S O RT I U M

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20 years of capacity building in Africa

Reinforcing its commitment to theinstitutional focus on Continuity andInnovation articulated in the StrategicPlan for 2005–2010, the AERC Board

commissioned a midterm evaluation of the planperiod that was carried out over the past year. Theevaluation in general assessed the extent ofimplementation of the overall Strategic Plan and theevolution of AERC from a project into a stable, fully-fledged institution. More specifically, it focused onthe graduate training programmes and on manage-ment and administration activities. Conclusionsdrawn by the evaluation are expected to provideuseful input into the implementation of activities forthe remaining two years of the strategic plan period.

This kind of learning experience has longcharacterized AERC’s approach. The Consortiumconsistently puts into operation the recommenda-tions of independent evaluations of its progress,achievements and lessons learnt. Evidence of theeffectiveness of this approach is the recognitionreceived by the two programme products – alumniand research output – on African and internationalpolicy making fronts.

AERC researchers and graduatesturned policy makers

Besides the numbers extensively reported in thebody and annexes of this report, we have in the

past year witnessed additional researchers, resourcepersons and members of AERC governance bodiesjoining the African policy making community. Firston the list is Dr. Usman Shamsuddeen, Director atLarge of the AERC Board of Directors, who wasappointed Minister of Finance of Nigeria in August.

Joining the roster of “alumni governors” is Prof.Benno Ndulu, a former AERC Executive Director,who is now the Governor of the Bank of Tanzania.Another beneficiary of AERC’s PhD thesis support,Dr. Ernest Bamou of the University of Yaoundé II,Cameroon, is now the Regional Integration andTrade Policy Technical Assistant to the CentralAfrican Economic and Monetary Community(CEMAC) in Bangui, Central African Republic.

Eloquent testimony to the impact of AERC’scapacity building programmes came from aresearcher, Dr. Alarudeen Aminu of the University ofIbadan in Nigeria. In February 2008, Dr. Aminu, whohas completed several AERC thematic researchcycles, was incorporated as a key member of thetechnical team of a wage panel constituted by theNigerian government. He subsequently informed theSecretariat that the findings of a similar wage studyhe had undertaken with AERC support were usefulin accomplishing the panel’s task. He expressed hisappreciation to AERC, saying that both the study andhis own strengthened capacity to undertake the taskwere important contributions to the potentialresolution of wage differentials in Nigeria.

And high level policy makers atAERC events

Six ministers from across the continent werefully engaged in Senior Policy Seminar X, held

in Addis Ababa at the end of the fiscal year. Thetop-level policy makers were drawn by theirconcern about the impact of climate change inAfrica, the theme of the seminar. They were:Minister for Mining and Energy, Ethiopia; Ministerof Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives, Tanzania;Minister of State – Environment, Tanzania; Ministerof Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security, SierraLeone; Minister of Tourism, Trade and Industry,Uganda; and Minister of Information, Culture andTourism, Liberia. Zambia’s Deputy Minister ofEnvironment and Natural Resources and Togo’sDeputy Minister of Environment, Tourism andForests also participated.

A similarly high profile event was the plenarysession of the December 2007 Biannual ResearchWorkshop on Infrastructure and Economic Developmentin Africa. The Vice President of the United Republicof Tanzania, Dr. Mohammed Shein, opened theworkshop, which was chaired by Professor Ndulu.

The policy roundtable that closed the plenarysession continued the participation by senior policymakers. Louis Kasekende, Chief Economist of theAfrican Development Bank (AfDB), Tunisia, chaired

Introduction



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the discussion by Pedro Couto,the Minister of Finance ofMozambique; Enos Bukuku,Permanent Secretary of theMinistry of Infrastructure inTanzania; and Andrew Feltensteinof the International MonetaryFund (IMF), USA.

Meanwhile, policy makersare also involved with AERC inmore nitty-gritty ways. Followingnew procedures for enhancing thepolicy relevance of collaborativeresearch projects, research teamsare encouraged to include a staffmember from a national policyresearch institute, and projectworkshops include policy makersamong participants anddiscussants. The capacitybuilding workshop onReproductive Health, EconomicGrowth and Poverty Reduction,convened in Abuja, Nigeria, from15 to 19 October 2007, was amongthe first to incorporate these newapproaches. Besides hands-ontraining, the workshop featured aplenary session that covered thespectrum of methods of linking

reproductive health,economic growthand povertyreduction in Africa.This broad overviewserved to heightenawareness of theapproximately 20policy makers fromthe Abuja-basedministries of health,finance and planning whoattended the first day of theworkshop.

Overall, anothersuccessful fiscal year

Operational challengesnotwithstanding, the

increasing visibility of AERC’simpacts resulted in new andadditional funding. Optimismabout support from Africangovernments was renewed by theGovernment of South Africa’scontribution of US$300,000 forcore activities for the fiscal year2008/09 and the Bank of Zambia’sgrant of US$100,000 to the

Research InnovationsEndowment Fund(RIEF). Graduatetraining is also due forsupport from the AfricanCapacity BuildingFoundation (ACBF) witha grant of US$3.5 milliontowards theCollaborative PhDProgramme (CPP) overfour years.

One of AERC’sfounder members – theRockefeller Foundation –provided additionalsupport of US$600,000over three years to coreAERC activities. A newdonor, the Bill &Melinda GatesFoundation, contributeda four-year grant ofUS$3.1 million forcollaborative researchand the CPP. TheInternational

The African Economic ResearchConsortium

VisionSustained development in sub-Saharan Africa grounded in soundeconomic management and facilitatedby well-trained, locally basedprofessional economists.

MissionTo strengthen local capacity forconducting independent, rigorousinquiry into problems facing themanagement of African economiesthrough a synergetic programmecombining economic research withpostgraduate training in economics.

Objectives

• Enhance the capacity of locally

based researchers to conduct policy-relevant economic inquiry,

• Promote the retention of such

capacity, and

• Encourage its application in the

policy context.

Development Research Centre(IDRC), another founder memberof the Consortium, weighed inwith more than CAD1 million tosupport collaborative researchand PhD fellowships and doctoralresearch awards.

The remainder of this reportis directly linked to the StrategicPlan objectives for 2005–2010.From micro- and macroeconomicmanagement to global issues ofhealth and climate change, ouractivities targeted the rapidlyevolving challenges facingAfrican countries today and forgenerations to come. Programmeimplementation reflected morethan ever the accessibility of theproducts of research and training,outreach to under-representedgroups – whether by language,region or gender – and theenhanced application ofinformation and communicationtechnologies across the board.

Highlights include thegraduation of yet another cohortof CPP students; expandedoutreach to researchers and policymakers from under-representedcountries; and progress oncurrent collaborative researchprojects. These and more routineactivities underline AERC’sefforts to build the capacity ofindividual researchers, policymakers and institutions tomanage sub-Saharan Africa’seconomies more effectively.

AERC researchers and graduatesturned policy makersStill room at the top for AERC networkmembers

• Usman Shamsuddeen, Minister of

Finance, Nigeria

• Benno Ndulu, Governor, Bank of

Tanzania




Scale up the development ofAfrican capacity to conductpolicy relevant economicresearch in a rapidly changingenvironment

OBJECTIVE 1:

Thematic research themes: 2005–2010

• Poverty, income distribution and

labour market issues

• Macroeconomic policies, invest-

ment and growth

• Finance and micro/sectoral issues

• Trade, regional integration and

political economy issues

In a direct effort, AERC increases the numbersof competent African researchers throughthematic research within four broad areasdeemed relevant to SSA today. This

component of the Research Programme providesresearchers with three key core support mechanisms– financial, professional and, through the biannualresearch workshops, peer review to enhance quality.

This year 109 researchers from 17 countriesparticipated in the year’s first biannual, held inNairobi on 2–7 June. The second biannual, convenedin Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, on 1–6 December, drew115 researchers from 17 countries. Besides theresearchers, 21 CPP students participated; they weredrawn from 12 countries and included six women.And in a plus to our outreach efforts, the twobiannual workshops featured the participation ofresearchers from Burundi, the Democratic Republicof Congo (DRC) and Niger, as well as other under-represented countries like Burkina Faso, Malawi,Mali, Rwanda, Togo, Namibia and Zimbabwe.

Concurrent sessions at the biannuals featured161 presentations involving 52 new and 9 revisedproposals, 31 interim reports, 26 final reports, and42 thesis research presentations. We are pleased toreport that for the first time a recipient of the AERCPhD thesis awards, Lufeyo Banda from theUniversity of Cape Town, presented an interimreport during one of the concurrent sessions. Theparticipation of CPP students from under-represented countries like Benin, Sierra Leone andSwaziland increased the likelihood of researchers

from these countries joining the research network indue course. In line with the decisions of theProgramme Committee, 27 grants were issued toresearchers embarking on their research projects.Annex Table A1 details these grant awards and TableA2 summarizes the participation of researchers inthe thematic modality. Cumulative statistics for thethematic research programme are presented inAnnex B.

PhD thesis workshops

The CPP is often commended for its innovativestructure that includes course work and

enhanced thesis supervision through a workshopseries. The PhD thesis review workshops assure CPPstudents of opportunities to improve their technicalcompetence by providing a mechanism to supportuniversity level supervision, an approach that hashelped enforce timely completion. The congenial butcompetitive peer review atmosphere of thebiannuals is itself a learning experience for the CPPstudents, who present and defend their PhD thesisproposals, preliminary fieldwork findings and workin progress. The 21 students of the CPP Class of 2005presented and defended their thesis proposals at theJune biannual workshop, and their post-fieldworkpapers at the December workshop. (See Annex TableA3 for a summary and Annex B for cumulativestatistics.)

Competitive attachments andconference awards

As a way of encouraging those participating inthematic research, the AERC/Journal of

African Economies Visiting Scholars Programmeprovides competitive attachments to researcherswho have recently completed an AERC-supportedresearch project to visit the University of Oxford topanel-beat their research reports into publishablejournal articles. The visit includes participation inthe activities of the Centre for the Study of AfricanEconomies (CSAE) at the University of Oxford. Oncompletion of the programme, the researchers are





this fiscal year: Charles Adjasi,Kwasi Obeng, Joshua Abor andPeter Quartey from Ghana;Joseph-Pierre Timnou fromCameroon; Robert K. Nyaga fromKenya; and Rasheed Oyaromade,Olatundun Janet Adelegan andDipo T. Busari from Nigeria.

AERC also awards grants toAfrican researchers to presentthe results of their AERC-fundedresearch to regional andinternational conferences. Ninegrants were issued during theperiod, to Germano Mwabu andMiriam Omolo of Kenya, AntonyKyereboah-Coleman of Ghana,Adam Mugume of Uganda, LatifDramani of Senegal, MurrayLeibbrandt of South Africa,Adedoyin Soyibo of Nigeria, andGerry Helleiner of Canada. Thegrant to Professor Helleiner, oneof AERC’s “founding fathers”,enabled him to attend the 50thAnniversary of the NigerianEconometric Society held inAbuja, Nigeria, in October 2007.

Graduatescholarships

Besides awarding thematic research grants, Programme

Committee meetings convened inJune and December approved theaward of scholarship grants tostudents in the postgraduatetraining programmes. Twelvegrants were awarded to support

PhD thesis research outside ofthe CPP (see Table A4), while atotal of 33 scholarships wasawarded in the year through theCollaborative Master ’sProgramme (CMAP). Of these, 15were to students joining the firstyear and 18 to those continuingto the second year of study.Women represented a third of theCMAP scholarship recipients thisyear, while 36% of thescholarships were granted tostudents from under-representedareas including Swaziland,Liberia, Sierra Leone andLesotho. Universities newlyrecruited into the networkaccounted for 12% of thescholarship recipients.

The 2007 CPP intakecomprised 18 students – eight

sponsored fully by AERC, fourpartially sponsored by AERC andsix sponsored entirely outsideAERC resources. The studentsare currently taking core coursesat the universities of Cape Town,Dar es Salaam and Ibadan. At theCPP 2007 JFE, 15 instructorsparticipated in teaching coursesin the six fields on offer.

The Collaborative Master ’sProgramme in Agricultural andApplied Economics (CMAAE)now covers ten countries –Kenya, Malawi, Zimbabwe,Lesotho, Zambia, South Africa,Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania andSwaziland – and manages aShared Facility for Specializationand Electives (SFSE) akin to

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obliged to present a seminar ontheir own updated researchoutput.

Two applicants wereselected for the 2007/08academic year; one, OlanrewajuOlaniyan of the University ofIbadan, Nigeria, participated,while the other, Ernest Bamou ofthe University of Yaoundé II inCameroon, had to postpone his

visit following a governmentappointment in Cameroon. Threeothers were selected in June forthe coming year – SamuelFambon of the University ofYaoundé II in Cameroon; JoshuaOlusegun Ajetomobi of LadokeAkintola University ofTechnology in Nigeria; and SeiduAl-Hassan of the University forDevelopment Studies in Ghana.

A similar visiting scholarsprogramme is managed inpartnership with theInternational Monetary Fund(IMF) in Washington, D.C. Nineresearchers participated during

The CMAAE salutes its firstalumnus, Ms JulianaChidumu from Malawi, whograduated from EgertonUniversity in Kenya inNovember 2007. Nineothers are expected tograduate during thecalendar year 2008.

Evaluations of CPP thesisworkshops continue toreflect students’appreciation for therenowned economistsavailable to them forguidance and researchadvice. On their part,several resource personscommended the quality ofthe presentations, termingthem equivalent to world-class standards.

From left: Prof. Olu Ajakaiye, AERC Director of Research, and Colin Bruce, WorldBank Country Director, during a joint conference by AERC and Cornell University




AERC’s JFE. The 2007 session ofthis facility met from August toNovember, with 46 studentssuccessfully completing thecourses. In 2007 CMAAE award-ed five non national scholarshipsand ten national scholarships tocater for student fees.

Technical workshopsand attachmentprogrammes

To scale up the numbers and competence of African

researchers, technical workshopsprovide in-depth training onspecific analytical skills. Twoworkshops, one on SurveyMethodology and the other onTime Series Econometrics, wereheld in March 2008 in Nairobi,with each workshop attracting 14researchers; 10 of the total werewomen. Professor Remco H.Oostendorp of the FreeUniversity Amsterdam in theNetherlands facilitated thesurvey methodology workshop,while Prof. Bo Sjö of theSwedish Agency forDevelopment Evaluation inSweden conducted the one ontime series econometrics.

Women – and otherunder-representedgroups – in AERCactivities

Over the years AERC has taken a number of steps to

bring more qualified women intoits programmes, but results havebeen limited for reasons that areoften beyond the control of theConsortium. To re-address thecore reasons for this lowparticipation, the 2005–2010Strategic Plan proposed toconduct a Situation Analysis ofWomen in Economic Research andGraduate Training in Sub-SaharanAfrica to generate baseline datafor an informed approach to thesituation. The study wascompleted in early 2007 andpreliminary findings were

presented at a one-dayworkshop on 2 June in Nairobi.Workshop reports weredelineated according to fiveareas – anglophone WestAfrica except Nigeria,francophone West Africa,Nigeria, East Africa andSouthern Africa.

A roundtable discussionthen weighed possible optionsfor scaling up the participationof women in economicresearch and graduate trainingin SSA. Among the keyoutcomes of the workshopdiscussions and researchfindings was the recomm-endation for more intensivementoring of juniorresearchers by senior womeneconomists. Once revised andcollated to synthesize specificrecommendations foracademia, governments andcapacity buildingorganizations such as AERC,

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the research papers will bepublished in the AERC SpecialPapers series.

Outreach to under-represented countries is alsoimproving. Students fromMozambique, Lesotho and SierraLeone participated in the 2007JFE. The universities ofBotswana, Dar es Salaam andNairobi sent an unprecedentednumber of women students tothe session – 50%, 30% and 42%,respectively. This outreach hasbeen bolstered by the recentadmission of the universities ofRwanda, Burundi and TheGambia into the CMAP network.

Training policymakers

Global food security issues moved to centre stage

during the year as prices soaredbeyond the reach of many of theworld’s poor. A short course on

Participants listen keenly during a AERC/Cornell Conference

Special sessionsSpecial sessions during the biannual research workshops havethe two-pronged goal of expanding debate on the outputs ofinternational research while informing researchers of regionaland international developments. Two such sessions featuredon the agenda of the June biannual, one by UNCTAD and theother by DFID. The UNCTAD session focused on FDI in Tour-

ism: The Development Dimension, while the DFID presenta-tion was devoted to new opportunities for support to Africanresearchers on the theme Capacity Building for Research:

New Approaches in DFID.

At the December workshop special sessions looked intoAdvancing Multidimensional Poverty Analysis: Research and

Strategy and Designing African Poverty Strategies: Expanding

Local Capacity to Simulate Policy Options – A UNU-WIDER

Project. A special session by the managing editor of thejournal World Development to encourage researchers topublish in international journals was also held in December.




Food and Agricultural Trade inAfrica was jointly convened withthe World Bank Institute on 28–29 November in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania. The workshop broughttogether policy makers fromministries of trade, agricultureand finance who are directlyinvolved in the conduct ofagricultural policy andagricultural trade negotiations,researchers, and personnel fromregional research networksconcerned with food andagricultural trade. Also presentwere staff of other organizationsand consumer groups typicallyinterested in the impact ofagricultural trade policy/negotiations.

The workshop theme isconsistent withrecommendations by the AERCmidterm evaluation, whichsuggested that the Consortiummove into the areas of

agriculture, environment andnatural resource management.The theme further recognizesagricultural trade as one of themost important links betweentrade and poverty in SSA, wherefarming accounts for more thantwo-thirds of total employmentand constitutes the main incomesource for the vast majority ofthe poor. Workshop discussionsfocused on the strategicagricultural trade issuesassociated with povertyreduction.

Raising policymakers’ awareness

AERC strives to seek anappropriate balance

between capacity building andpolicy relevance, with oneapproach being the plenarysessions that officially openbiannual research workshops.

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These sessions have becomeimmensely popular for thequality and currency of theresearch presented, as well as forthe vibrancy of the ensuingdiscussions on the applicabilityand relevance of the research toAfrican countries’ individualsituations.

Management of post-conflict recovery in AfricaThe 26th biannual plenarysession, held in June 2007,considered the theme ManagingPost-Conflict Recovery in Africa.Appropriately chaired by apolicy maker from a post-conflicteconomy, Dr. Toga McIntosh,Minister of Planning andEconomic Affairs in Liberia, thesession saw the broadparticipation of policy makers,donors and academia.

Among the senior Africanpolicy makers present were the

The 2007 Plenary Papers

Plenary Session 26 – Managing Post-Conflict Recovery in Africa

A Policy Framework for Transiting from Post-Conflict Recovery to Sustainable Development in

Sub-Saharan Africa, presented by Prof. Ali Abdel G. Ali of the Arab Planning Institute, Kuwait, anddiscussed by Prof. Mwangi Kimenyi of the University of Connecticut, USA, noted that a broadunderstanding of the development process as opposed to the narrow economic approaches ofdevelopment was central to a policy framework for transiting from post-conflict recovery tosustainable development.

Financing Post-Conflict Recovery in Africa: The Role of International Development Assistance,

presented by Dr. Kupukile Mlambo of the African Development Bank, and discussed by Prof. FinnTarp of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, identified key challenges of financing countries inpost-conflict transition and went further to outline areas that are essential for post-conflictstabilization, recovery and development.

“Financial institutions need to acquire political awareness and get involved in post-conflictcountries without necessarily taking very strong roles.”

Poverty Reduction Strategies during Post-Conflict Recovery in Africa, presented by Dr. MariosObwona, currently AERC Director of Training but then at the Ugandan Economic Policy ResearchCentre, and discussed by Dr. Cyril Chami, Tanzania’s Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs andInternational Cooperation, revealed that much of the massive poverty in Africa can be attributedto the profound and multiple socioeconomic consequences of violent conflict and the spread ofcommunicable diseases.

Managing Post-Conflict Recovery in Africa: Strategies for Avoiding the Risks of a Return to

Violence, presented by Prof. Paul Collier of the Centre for the Study of African Economies,University of Oxford, UK, and discussed by Dr. Ibrahim Elbadawi of the World Bank, USA,suggested that policies for post-conflict recovery need to be distinctive since the risk of furtherconflict is considerably higher in post-conflict societies than in other settings.

“In general, empirical evidence does not adequately describe the political framework ofthese countries and the sustainability of aid as an important aspect of post-conflictrecovery strategies.”




Deputy Governor of the CentralBank of Nigeria; the DeputyMinister of Foreign Affairs andInternational Cooperation,Tanzania; Director of Trade of theEast African Community; and theAssistant Director, Office ofDeputy Governor, EconomicPolicy, Central Bank of Nigeria.Representatives of donororganizations included JohnPage of the World Bank, BasilJones of IDRC, Richard Thomasof the Department forInternational Development(DFID) and Natalia Dinello of theGlobal Development Network(GDN). Staff of the AfDB Group,the United Nations Conferenceon Trade and Development(UNCTAD), and several othersalso participated.

Roadmap to improvinginfrastructure in SSAAt the December biannual, theplenary session focused onInfrastructure and EconomicDevelopment in Africa. The session

was opened by the Vice Presidentof the United Republic ofTanzania, Dr. Mohammed Shein,and chaired by Prof. BennoNdulu, who was then DeputyGovernor but later elevated toGovernor of the Bank ofTanzania. Vice President Sheinwas accompanied by more than20 other senior governmentofficials.

This event was widelyreported in the national andregional media – both broadcastand print. The coverage gaveprominence and triggeredfurther public debate on thetheme as discussions concurredon the centrality of goodinfrastructure to economicactivity, and consequentlyeconomic growth anddevelopment.

Highlighting the plenarywas a policy roundtable on PolicyIssues in Infrastructure andEconomic Development in Africa,chaired by Louis Kasekende,Chief Economist, AfDB, Tunisia.

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Members of the panel weresenior policy makers PedroCouto, the Minister of Finance ofMozambique; Enos Bukuku,Permanent Secretary of theMinistry of Infrastructure inTanzania; and AndrewFeltenstein of the IMF in theUSA. While appreciating theplenary papers, the policymakers emphasized thatinfrastructure development canand should be prioritized againstthe background of other pressingsocial issues for individualcountries. Participants – bothacademics and policy makers –actively engaged the panel andpaper presenters in prolongeddiscussions that were onlycurtailed by time constraints.This plenary received an overalloutstanding workshopevaluation, because of therelevance of the theme, thequality of the papers presentedand the high level of the policymaking community attending.

The 2007 Plenary Papers

Plenary Session 27 – Infrastructure and Economic Development in Africa

Effects of Infrastructure on Economic Growth and Income Distribution, presented by Luis Serven,World Bank, and discussed by Melvin Ayogu, Dean at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, andNgila Mwase, UNDP, Mozambique, focused on an empirical assessment of the impact of infrastructuredevelopment on growth and inequality in sub-Saharan Africa for the years 1960 to 2005.

“African policy makers should note the need to individually review the results against theirspecific country needs, while putting in place effective independent regulatory agencies tooffset some of the risks of corruption.”

Contributions of Infrastructure to Trade Expansion and Regional Integration, presented by KennedyMbekeani, UNDP South Africa, and discussed by Machiko Nissanke, University of London, UK, and SamWangwe, Economic and Social Research Foundation, Tanzania, examined the global experience of therole of infrastructure in promoting trade expansion and regional integration and drew lessons forAfrica.

“Africa’s infrastructure programmes have the potential to steer development throughsystematic regional integration of new and existing infrastructure.”

Financing and Managing Infrastructure in Africa, presented by Mthuli Ncube of the University ofWitwatersrand, South Africa, and discussed by Gilbert Mbesheburusa of AfDB, Tunisia, and JosephAttah-Mensah, UNECA, surveyed the state of infrastructure in Africa compared with other regions andconcluded that public-private partnerships should be promoted in sub-Saharan Africa given publicsector budget constraints, particularly considering the low savings levels within Africa.

“Among the the existing public-private partnership strategies for financing infrastructure arebuild-operate-transfer (BOT), build-own-operate (BOO) and build-own-operate-transfer(BOOT).”




Supporting policythrough collaborativeresearch

Specifically intended to build an evidence base for

economic policy, AERC collabor-ative research projects typicallyproduce an array of frameworkpapers and country case studieson the topic. In a bid to retainbuilt capacity, increase outreachand draw in policy makers,AERC engages senior Africanresearchers from the networkand their peers from elsewhereto prepare framework papersand invites policy makers to theresearch workshops that reviewinterim and final reports. In thisway, the research yields mutualbenefits – it incorporates relevantpolicy dimensions that willeventually determine theusability of the final researchoutput.

Calls for proposals toprepare country case studies arenow announced on the AERCwebsite and other appropriatechannels. Criteria specificallyrequire country teams toincorporate at least one memberof staff of a policy researchorganization to ensure that theresearch agenda at the nationallevel reflects the concerns ofpolicy makers as far as possible.The researchers are alsoencouraged to form genderbalanced teams of at least fourresearchers with one identified

team leader. This approachseems to be working well, asevidenced by the currentcomposition of the teamsparticipating in the projectsdescribed below.

Export Supply ResponseCapacity ConstraintsLaunched in 2006, this project isattempting to identify andexamine the key factors thatconstrain export supply responseacross products and countries inAfrica. Export supply responsecapacity reflects the ability, speedand effectiveness with whichdomestic producers react toexport market incentives.

Upon completion of the tenframework papers commissionedin 2006/07, the country casestudy phase of this project gotunder way in July 2007 with acall for proposals posted to theAERC website that yieldedresponses from researchers inGhana, Nigeria, South Africa,Togo and Uganda. To broadenthe coverage, the Secretariat andthe project coordinator embarkedon headhunting to elicitproposals from Botswana,Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire,Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi,Mauritius, Mozambique,Namibia, Rwanda, Senegal,Tanzania and Zambia. Oncequality proposals from asubstantial number of thesecountries are received, the casestudies will be commissioned.

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The Impact of China andIndia on Sub-SaharanAfricaThe scope of the AERC project onExport Supply ResponseCapacity Constraints wasexpanded to address one of themost talked-about policy issuesof the day – the existing andpotential economic and socialimpacts of China and India onAfrica. Research on this project,appropriately named the Impactof the Asian Drivers on Sub-Saharan Africa, is beingundertaken at the country andregional level. AERC’s plan forthe project is to carry out countrycase studies in each of the sectorsof primary impact: oil and gas;solid minerals; agriculture andforestry; and manufacturing.

As there is limitedpublished information on thesize, structure and significance ofChinese relations with Africancountries, the first stage of theproject comprises countryscoping studies to gain authenticinsights on these issues. A totalof 21 such studies wascommissioned, the interimreports of which were consideredat a research review workshopconvened in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania, on 28–30 November.The workshop was attended byparticipants from the AfricanUnion (AU), IDRC and OpenUniversity in the UK.Participants from OpenUniversity availed the data

From left: Finn Tarp, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Cyril Chami, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tanzania, and Prof MwangiKimenyi,University of Connecticut, speaking at plenary session of AERC biannual research workshop




collected for their ongoing studyon commodities China purchasesfrom Africa.

Institutions and ServiceDeliveryThe quality of service deliveryhas a major impact on the qualityof life, particularly in Africa andmany other countries in thedeveloping world where servicedelivery is poor or nonexistent.Nine framework papers werecommissioned to prepare broadguidelines for country casestudies that will involve in-depthinvestigations of service deliveryexperiences in Africa with a viewto unearthing how institutionalarrangements affect the qualityof service provision.

Then, following the projectsteering committee’s recognitionof the need to benchmark servicedelivery in Africa as a crucialcomponent of this project, AERCconvened a specialbrainstorming session onConstruction and Operation ofService Delivery Indexes forAfrica in Dar es Salaam inDecember. Project coordinatorMwangi Kimenyi (University ofConnecticut), along with RitvaReinikka (World Bank), JakobSvensson (University ofStockholm) and BernardGauthier (Institut d’economieappliqué in Montreal) leddiscussions at the brainstormingsession. Topics consideredincluded The Meaning of

Benchmarking Service Delivery;Quantitative and QualitativeApproaches to Benchmarking;Indicators of the State of ServiceDelivery in Africa; andInstitutional Arrangements andCapacity Building forBenchmarking and OperatingService Delivery Indexes.Institutionalizing the regularproduction of a report on servicedelivery indexes for Africa isexpected to contribute to theenduring policy impact of theproject. AERC will collaborate inthis activity with partnersincluding the World Bank, ACBF,Hewlett Foundation and IDRC.

Reproductive Health,Economic Growth andPoverty Reduction in AfricaThis subset of the overallGrowth–Poverty Nexus projectexamines these linkages using acombination of quantitative andqualitative techniques. Uponadoption of the project proposalprepared by the projectcoordinator, Prof. GermanoMwabu, in May 2006, 13framework papers werecommissioned. A researchworkshop to review theframework papers was convenedin Kampala, Uganda, in March2007 and the revised papers arein the publication process.

Support provided by theWilliam and Flora HewlettFoundation made it possible toproceed directly to the country

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case study phase. A call forproposals posted on the AERCwebsite in June 2007 yielded 27proposals from 15 countries;these were reviewed and revisedand 18 of them werecommissioned. Headhunting wasconducted in Tanzania, Malawiand Mozambique to bring thetotal number of country casestudies commissioned to 23.There are 13 country studies onthe demand for reproductivehealth services, economic growthand poverty reduction and 10 onthe cost-effectiveness ofalternative reproductive healthservices and the implications forgrowth and poverty reduction.

A capacity buildingworkshop for case study authorson this project was held in Abuja,Nigeria, on 15–19 October.Participants at the workshopfocused on two aspects of theissues: analysing demand forreproductive health servicesusing the control functionapproach, and analysing thecost-effectiveness of alternativereproductive health care services.Technical sessions discussedpossible obstacles in managingspecific country data, andprovided further input tobroaden the research agenda andtest the methodologicalapproaches.

Professor Mwabu andframework paper authors JosephWang’ombe, Adedoyin Soyiboand Anthony Wambugufacilitated the workshop. Inkeeping with the new approachin collaborative research, eachcountry team – and thus teams ofworkshop participants – includesat least one woman researcher. Aresearch review workshop on thedraft reports and capacitybuilding for the second stage ofthe studies – quantitative andqualitative techniques for linkingreproductive health, economicgrowth and poverty reduction –will be organized in the comingyear. The researchers will thenconclude the studies byFrom left: Prof. Rosalia V. Alvarez, training resource person, and Kapukile Mlambo,

AfDB, addressing AERC workshops




incorporating these links intotheir respective final reports.

Understanding Linksbetween Growth andPoverty Reduction in AfricaTo the consternation of policymakers and economists alike,several African economies haveregistered positive economicgrowth without correspondingreductions in poverty. In order tocontribute to an understandingof why this is so, this subset ofthe Growth–Poverty Nexusstudies is attempting to identifythe nature of economic growththat results in poverty reduction.The project steering committeehas approved the proposalprepared by the projectcoordinator, Prof. Ali A.G. Ali,along with a list of ten approvedframework papers to guide

research at the country casestudy level. It is anticipated thatthe framework papers will becommissioned in the comingfiscal year.

Special commissionedstudies on ICT policy

This special project wasinitiated to investigate the

impact and implications of ICTson economic development andtransformation in Africa. Theconcept of “specialcommissioned studies” wasmooted in the Strategic Plan for2005–2010 as one way ofstimulating and sustaining theinvolvement of senior Africanscholars in meaningful AERCsponsored research activities.Nine framework papers werecommissioned to lay broadoutlines for country level

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research that will specificallyidentify the status of ICT accessand adoption in production andgrowth generating activities thatcould lead to economictransformation in Africa. Thepapers were reviewed anddisseminated at a workshopconvened in Kampala on 12–13March 2007 and are currentlyunder revision for publication.Country case studies will belaunched through a call forproposals on the AERC website.

To ensure uniformity ofresearch methods, allcollaborative researchprojects now have a built-intechnical capacity buildingworkshop for country casestudy researchers.




Incorporate economic policyresearch institutions anduniversity departments ofeconomics into the AERC networkthrough innovative partnershipsand support

OBJECTIVE 2:

Partnership with local and regionalinstitutions is an important mechanism forstrengthening the link between researchand policy at national and regional levels.

During the past year, the Secretariat formalizedpartnerships with the Institute of Statistical, Socialand Economic Research (ISSER) in Ghana, theNigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research(NISER) in Nigeria, the Economic and SocialResearch Foundation (ESRF) of Tanzania, and theInstitute of Economic and Social Research (INESOR)in Zambia. Memorandums of understanding weresigned and institutional grants awarded to supportequipment upgrade and access to Internet facilities.The four institutions will be key liaison linksbetween AERC and national level policy makers andwill contribute to the dissemination of AERCresearch output.

Jointly with Cornell University, AERCconvened a conference from 31 May to 1 June onBottom-Up Interventions and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Eleven research papers covered avariety of pertinent issues, such as nutrition, health

and productivity; education, poverty, healthbehaviour and HIV status; the economic impact ofAIDS treatment; and the impact of institutions andinstitutional interventions on smallholder behaviourand livelihoods in rural Ethiopia. More than 50participants comprising researchers and policymakers shared animated discussions on the policyrelevance and utility of the research approach toAfrica’s economic growth and poverty problems.

Partial support was also granted to thePromotion of Rural Initiatives and DevelopmentEnterprises (PRIDE) to finance a policy study onmicrofinance and poverty reduction in Tanzania. Itis anticipated that the study results will feed into theTanzanian government’s National Growth andPoverty Reduction Policy popularly referred to asMkukuta, which aims to propel the country tomiddle income status by 2025.

National policy workshops

In support of institutional partnershiparrangements, AERC awarded two grants for

national policy workshops during the year. Theseworkshops are country level events that provide aforum for the presentation of the results of AERCresearch as well as interaction between AERCresearchers and the national policy community. Onegrant was awarded to Prof. Touna Mama of theUniversity of Yaoundé, Cameroon, who organized anational policy workshop on The CameroonianEconomy: The Take Off, held on 26 June. Another wentto Prof. Humphrey Moshi of the University of Dar esSalaam for a national economic policy workshop on30 June that focused on Overcoming the Challenges ofPoverty Reduction in Zanzibar. The President ofZanzibar opened this workshop and expressed hisappreciation of AERC’s support for these events.

Institutions and Pro-Poor Growth

Following a research methodology workshop onthis topic held in Dakar in August 2006 and

attended by participants from Ghana, Malawi, Maliand Tanzania, it was agreed that AERC would be

Responding to the network

I am a Zambian who finished my CMAP lastyear. I have been appointed as a SeniorEconomist (Tax administration andCompliance) at Zambia Revenue Authority. Inour research unit we are three graduatesfrom CMAP (Director, assistant director, twosenior economists). As an economist, I amengaged in carrying out research on issues oftax compliance and designing interventionsto reduce noncompliance. In my work I haveencountered challenges especially in the areaof game theory, which is mostly used incompliance modelling. I am requesting youroffice if it will possible for me and mycolleagues to attend these workshops withAERC funding.

Chileshe M. Patrick,

Senior Economist,

Zambia Revenue Authority





responsible for studies in Malawiand Tanzania. Network memberEphraim W. Chirwa of theUniversity of Malawi wasselected to carry out a study onLand Tenure, Land Reforms andAgricultural Growth. His teammade a presentation on theobjectives and methodology oftheir project at a research reviewworkshop held in Manchester,UK, from 30 April to 3 May 2007.An interim report is expected

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before the end of this calendaryear. Another call for proposalswas issued by the ProgrammeSecretariat in July 2007 andAERC circulated it widely amongthe network of researchers. Fromthe 19 proposals received, twowere selected for funding, one byAderibigbe Olomola of NISER,Ibadan, and the other by Jean-Claude Saha of the University ofNgaoundere, Cameroon.

Trade CapacityDevelopmentProgramme

UNDP invited AERC toparticipate in its Trade

Capacity DevelopmentProgramme back in 2005. Thisprogramme intends to build andstrengthen human, institutionaland policy capacity in sub-Saharan African countries fortheir effective participation inmultilateral and otherinternational trade negotiations.To achieve this objective, AERCcompleted country case studiesfor Kenya, Tanzania, Cameroonand Nigeria in 2006. Anotherfour country case studies ontrade policies, reforms, pro-poortrade and investment policy forGhana, Senegal, Uganda andZambia were commissioned in2007/08. Authors are nowincorporating reviewers’comments and the revisedreports will be submitted toUNDP for their use.

Left: His Excellency, Amani Abeid Karume, the President of Zanzibar, talks toparticipants after opening AERC’s National Policy Workshop in Zanzibar

Participants attentive during the AERC – Cornell University conference onBottom-Up Interventions and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa




Consolidate the CollaborativePhD Programme and dovetail theCollaborative Master’sProgramme into it to enhancesynergy between the Research andTraining Programmes

OBJECTIVE 3:

Going forward, we anticipate that thevisible result of the CPP will be theannual output of at least 25 graduateswith high quality PhDs – a major boost

to the much needed corps of well qualifiedinstructors and researchers in universities, researchinstitutions and other tertiary educationalinstitutions in Africa. Fourteen students from theCPP class of 2002 and 11 from the class of 2003graduated during the year, and at least seven othersare expected to do so in the coming months.

All but one of the graduates have beenemployed by leading universities and other tertiaryeducation/research institutions in sub-SaharanAfrica. This shows an excellent rate of retention ofcapacity, suggesting that training the studentswithin Africa reduces brain drain. That one graduate– Dr. Kingsley Obiora – was hired by the IMF afterout-competing 41 other applicants for the job beforehe had even defended his PhD thesis.

Joint activities

To dovetail activities and enhance cost- effectiveness between CMAP and the CPP,

AERC has stepped up efforts to manage the twoprogrammes jointly to the extent possible. A jointCMAP and CPP subject specialist workshop on 20–22 June reviewed the following elective courses:

Managerial Economics; Research Methodology andComputer Applications; Corporate Finance andInvestment Theory; Financial Economics; and GameTheory and Information Economics.

The year’s combined Joint Facility for Electives(JFE) ended in Nairobi on 2 November. The JFEregistered an intake of 122 CMAP students, of whom33 were women, and 20 CPP students including 5women. AERC provided special administrativesupport to three nursing mothers participating inthe CMAP JFE, two of whom delivered their babiesduring the session. The CMAP JFE also featured sixstudents from the University of Cape Coast, Ghana,who were participating on a pilot basis.

Governance

The April meetings of the CMAP AcademicBoard’s Executive Committee and Committee

on Core and Elective Courses marked the first timethe two bodies were meeting independently of thefull board following the adoption of a newgovernance structure in December 2006. Thecommittees selected and approved JFE lecturers,elective courses and external examiners andreviewed preparations for the 2007 JFE session. Ofimportance is the decision to upgrade four CMAPuniversities to degree-awarding (Category B) status– Makerere University in Uganda, University ofNamibia, University of Mauritius and University ofCape Coast in Ghana. The full Academic Board metin November to review and approve the JFEexamination results, among other issues.

Universities that joined the network inCategory A (non degree-awarding) all benefitedfrom institutional grants to improve theirinfrastructure as well as purchase books, computersand relevant software. New Category B universitieswere also given start-up grants to improve Internetconnectivity and other facilities in keeping withtheir new status.

CPP’s Academic Board held its two statutorymeetings in Johannesburg, South Africa, in May2007 and in Entebbe, Uganda, in February 2008.Deliberations covered preparations for the 2007 JFE

I was recently appointed Economist with theIMF under The Fund’s Young EconomistProgramme. I was one of two Africans, andthe only one from an African Universityamongst the 21 persons selected across theworld for this year’s intake. I would like toappreciate the good work that the AERC hasbeen doing as regards raising high quality andcompetitive PhD graduates. I am certain thatmy appointment with the Fund is testament tothe good quality output that the CPPproduces. I urge you to try and maintainthese standards because it can only hold goodthings for Africa.

Kingsley I. Obiora

CPP Class of 2003





session, progress on the teachingof core courses at host degree-awarding universities,implementation of theprogramme at all participatinguniversities, and studentprogress.

To maintain the integrityand reputation of the graduateprogrammes, AERC facilitatesmonitoring visits to CMAP andCPP universities to bring to thefore problems and challenges ofteaching, research, supervision,student welfare and relatedissues. The Secretariat paid sucha visit to Addis Ababa Universityin Ethiopia in July, during whichthe team was able to iron outemerging administrative issuesin the management of CMAP.Visits to CPP universitiesincluded Cocody, Abidjan (17–20April 2007), the Witwatersrand(22 May), Cape Town (24–25May), Ibadan (27–29 June),Nairobi (26 July) and Yaoundé II(14–18 August).

Study attachmentsOpportunities for exposure andmentoring of CPP students aresome of the fruits of partnershipswith national, regional andinternational organizations. Suchexperiences enable students tolearn new theoretical andmethodological developmentsand important ongoing policyconcerns, further enriching andbroadening their researchinterests. The attachements alsoprovide access to literature,library and informationtechnology facilities. Finally,through interactions with seniorresearchers and academics, theattachments are expected tofacilitate peer review of researchoutput and hone skills informulating, writing andpresenting academic papers,

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I successfully defended myPhD thesis at the Universityof Ibadan. I thank you andthe entire AERC team for thesupport and encouragementI enjoyed throughout myprogramme. It was reallygreat and I appreciate it. Itis my belief that the Consor-tium will continue in all itsgood work to African schol-ars.

Eli Udo, University of

Ibadan, May 2007

CPP student attachments2007/08

• Mr Eric Ogunleye

• Mr. Epaphra Manamba

• Mr. Busani Moyo

• Ms. Grace Kumculesi

• Mr. Richard Mussa

theses and other works atseminars, workshops andconferences.

Six-week attachments to theInstitute for the Study of Labour(IZA) in Bonn, Germany,benefited two CPP class of 2005students. A similar arrangementis in place for three-monthattachments to the World TradeOrganization (WTO) in Geneva;this year three CPP class of 2005students participated. Thestudents have commended theattachments, particularly for theaccess to facilities that are noteasily available in their homeuniversities and for theopportunity to present theirresearch at international forumsthat expanded the scope of theirongoing theses.

As the CPP pipeline ofstudents grows, more suchopportunities are needed. A newpartnership with the Bank ofCanada, agreed during the year,will provide five-monthattachments to two studentsduring fiscal year 2008/09. Thesearch for similar collaborativeventures with African andinternational partners willcontinue in order to cater for thedemand for these worthwhileexperiences.

Capitalizing on builtcapacityThe 2007 JFE teaching staffincluded five lecturers whoare themselves CMAP gradu-ates.

The heads of departments ofeconomics at Makerere,Lesotho, Namibia, Kenyattaand Swaziland are CMAPgraduates.

JFE lecturers and AERC staff at the official opening of the JFE 2007 by Esther Koimet,Investment Secretary, Ministry of Finance, Kenya and AERC Programme Committeemember (seated fourth from left)




Foster recognition of“Brand AERC” in Africaand beyond

OBJECTIVE 4:

Events, outreach, publications, prudentmanagement, and most importantlyattention to quality and policy relevanceare the core of this objective. From the

Consortium’s annual Senior Policy Seminar to therange of publications and management initiatives,the pursuit of quality took some new dimensionsduring the year.

AERC, African policy makers andclimate change

Policy makers and advisors from across Africagathered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in early

April 2008 for AERC’s tenth Senior Policy Seminar(SPS X). The three-day regional event featured soberreflection on one of the world’s most pressing issues– the role of climate change and its impact oneconomic development in Africa.

The seminar brought together nearly 80participants from 21 countries. They included topAfrican policy makers and advisors, scholars,resource persons, and directors of various researchinstitutes. The meeting addressed the physical,socioeconomic and global impacts of climate changewith reference to sub-Saharan Africa, particularly interms of poverty reduction measures sinceagriculture forms the backbone of the continent’seconomies and the livelihoods of Africa’s poor.

One of the participating scholars was Prof.Richard S. Odingo, the Vice Chair of the UN’s

Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC), theorganization that shared the 2007Nobel Peace Prize with formerUnited States Vice President AlGore for speaking out on globalwarming. Other presenters wereDr. Casey Brown of theInternational Research Institute forClimate and Society, ColumbiaUniversity, New York, Dr.Mahendra M. Shah of theInternational Institute for AppliedSystems Analysis, Laxenburg,Austria, and Prof. John Asafu-Adjaye of the University ofQueensland, Australia.

To policy makers who feel thatpoverty issues are more pressingthan climate change, ProfessorOdingo, a member of theGeography Department of theUniversity of Nairobi, pointed outthat “we can’t solve poverty untilwe stop climate change”. This was

One can’t talk about economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa without addressing agriculture,and one can’t address agriculture withoutconsidering climate change. The policy issuesare intertwined and have major potential forimpact on poverty reduction efforts.

Senior Policy Seminar X Papers and Presentations

Climate Change and Economic Development, by Prof. RichardOdingo, Department of Geography and EnvironmentalStudies, University of Nairobi, Kenya, and Vice Chair,Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Climate Change and Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, byDr. Casey Brown, International Research Institute forClimate Change and Society, Columbia University, NewYork; discussed by Dr. Edwin Muchapondwa, School ofEconomics, University of Cape Town, South Africa, andProf. Ephraim Kamuntu, Minister for Tourism, Trade andIndustry, Uganda

Climate Change, Food Security and Sustainable Agriculture in

Sub-Saharan Africa, by Dr. Mahendra Shah, InternationalInstitute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria;discussed by Prof. Shyam Nath, University of Mauritius

Climate Change, Trade and Competitiveness in Sub-Saharan

Africa, by Prof. John Asafu-Adjaye, University ofQueensland, Australia; discussed by Dr. Adolf Mkenda,University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Dr. DominiqueNjinkeu, International Lawyers and Economists againstPoverty (ILEAP), Totonto, Canada

Besides the papers, the seminar programme featured ascreening of the documentary film, An Inconvenient Truth,

by former US Vice President Al Gore.





the challenge facing theparticipants at this seminar. Thatmany of them found the issuecompelling can be seen in theattendance of six full ministersand two assistant ministers whoremained partners in theproceedings throughout.

The theme is a majordeparture for AERC as well. Butas the Executive Director pointedout in his opening address, it isimportant to keep in mind thatnearly all of the impacts ofclimate change – in Africa andelsewhere – are exacerbated byinappropriate policy choices,

often those taking a short-sighted view of what is best forsome definition of economicdevelopment. Such choices arisefrom the “they-did-it-why-can’t-we” syndrome, as well as fromthe idea that business may sufferif controls are put in place. Orsimply from the failure torecognize the importance ofsound urbanization, population,agriculture, land use and waterpolicies in overall economicdevelopment. For AERC thepolicy connection is the key toour involvement, and the themeheralds the topic of the

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international conference plannedfor 2008 in observance of theConsortium’s 20th anniversary(see box for details).

The Senior Policy Seminarreceived extensive coverage byleading print and electronicmedia organizations in Ethiopiathat have both local andinternational reach. Other mediahouses serving countries likeDjibouti, Kenya, Uganda, Ghana,Somaliland, Sudan and Tanzaniaalso picked up the story andgave the seminar – and thus theissue – prominence throughoutthe region.

Marking 20 Years of Capacity Building

At the time of AERC’s inception in 1988 – and into the 1990s – most African countries were experiencingsignificant changes, notably shifts from command to market economies with increasing liberalization ofeconomic systems, contested politics and enhanced participation of major stakeholders. In light of thechallenges of macroeconomic stabilization, AERC began by concentrating on developing competence torespond to these demands. Thematic research at that time thus focused on building capacity in fourrelevant areas: macroeconomic policies, stabilization and growth; trade, regional integration and sectoralpolicies; poverty, income distribution and labour market issues; and finance, resource mobilization andinvestment. On their part, collaborative projects developed a significant body of solid research on Regional

Integration and Trade Liberalization in SSA; Africa and East Asia Comparative Development Experiences;

Poverty, Income Distribution and Labour Markets; Managing the Transition from Aid Dependence in SSA;

and Africa and the World Trading System.As the economic environment evolved, AERC similarly made considered adjustments in the focus of

the thematic research and the issues investigated using intelligence gathered through senior policyseminars and national policy workshops and modulated by the Programme Committee. Two decades laterAERC is still innovating in response to the policy needs of the continent. In recognition of our achievementsand in preparation for gearing up the development of African capacity to manage new issues on the globalagenda, plans are in process to mark the 20th anniversary in three ways – through a publication thatdetails AERC’s history; a documentary; and a three-day international conference on Natural Resource

Management and Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa: Issues, Opportunities and Challenges.

The international conferenceSlated for 15–17 September 2008, the conference will consider the challenges sub-Saharan Africa faces inguaranteeing sustainable development under the constraints imposed by intensifying climate change anddwindling natural resources. The theme is geared towards ensuring that Africa’s economics profession iswell prepared to proactively engage in the debate on climate change, natural resource management andsustainable development. This is particularly so as the debates and negotiations on climate protocols andnatural resource extractions are still going on, with policy makers from African countries not optimallyinformed of the implications of the agreements proposed. The management of these issues will significantlyaffect the search for sustainable development in Africa through prudent economic policy choices.

The historyThe second component of the 20th anniversary observance entails a representative and holistic coverage ofthe institution-shaping events dating back to 1988 – the year AERC was founded – compiled into achronicle of the life of the Consortium. This history will be marked by the significant phases in theConsortium’s existence – the evolution of the Research and Training Programmes, the management of theConsortium, and the governance and funding of the Consortium. Towards this end, the Secretariat hascommissioned four persons with the requisite institutional memory to compile the history of theConsortium.

The documentaryThe two activities will be complemented by the production of a documentary on the origins and activities ofthe Consortium. The documentary will be circulated widely and it is intended that the broad viewership willraise awareness of the Consortium and its activities, thus fostering recognition of Brand AERC in Africa andbeyond. Discussions have been initiated with several donors to finance the three activities and prospectslook promising.




Conference on Aidfor Trade

The presence andparticipation of AERC

through its Executive Director atthe Conference on Aid for Tradeorganized by AfDB, World TradeOrganization (WTO) and theWorld Bank, but hosted by theUnited Republic of Tanzania inDar es Salaam and backed by anexpansive display of AERCpublications, was a boon forBrand AERC. Held on 1–2October, this event was gracedby the Vice President ofTanzania, Dr. Ali MohammedShein, who delivered a keynoteaddress, as well as formerPresident of Mozambique,Joaquim Chissano, anddelegations from organizationssuch as the AU, United NationsEconomic Commission for Africa(UNECA), WTO, AfDB,Economic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS),Common Market of Eastern andSouthern Africa (COMESA),Southern Africa DevelopmentCommunity (SADC), L’Union duMaghreb Arabe (UMA), andUnited Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization(UNIDO), among others. Withthis kind of turnout, the meetingoffered a singular opportunity toshowcase AERC and AERCproducts.

A new “AERCGovernor”

We are proud to report anaddition to the list of

AERC “alumni governors”. Prof.Benno Ndulu was appointedGovernor of the Bank ofTanzania in January 2008. Beforethis appointment, ProfessorNdulu had been recalled fromthe World Bank, where he servedas Research Manager, to join theBank of Tanzania as First DeputyGovernor. And prior to movingto the World Bank, ProfessorNdulu had spent ten years with

AERC – six years as Director ofResearch before moving up tobecome the Consortium’s firstAfrican Executive Director. AtAERC, Professor Ndulu wasinvolved in and providedintellectual leadership to severalresearch projects, most notablythe collaborative research projecton Explaining Africa’s EconomicGrowth Performance. He iscurrently a member of the AERCProgramme Committee andremains committed and involvedin Consortium activities,demonstrated by his leverage ofhigh level policy makers’participation at the December2007 plenary session andbiannual workshop.

Another network memberand beneficiary of AERC’sthematic research and PhD thesissupport, Dr. Ernest Bamou ofYaoundé, Cameroon, waspromoted twice during the year,first to the Ministry of Economicsand Finance, and thereafter toserve as the Regional Integrationand Trade Policy TechnicalAssistant to the Central AfricanEconomic and Monetary

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Researcher turnedpolicy maker

I am now responsible forthe preparation andmonitoring of theimplementation of thebudget act of Madagascar.

Jean Razafindravonona

Director General of Budget

Ministry of Finances and

Budget, Madagascar

AERC has proven itself to be a highly effective and responsibleinstitution. It is engaged in the crucial long-term project ofcapacity building in Africa. Therefore we would stronglyrecommend to current donors that they provide more resourcesover a longer and more predictable time horizon. These policieswill enhance AERC’s capacity to plan over a longer and moresustainable horizon, allowing it to improve itself as a model ofindependent African good governance, as well as a world classresearch and training institution devoted to the needs of thecontinent.

– Midterm evaluation of the AERC Strategic Plan, 2005–2010

Community (CEMAC) in Bangui,Central African Republic. Thisposition was created to assistCEMAC to prepare theireconomic partnership agreement(EPA) with the European Union.

Midterm evaluation

ABoard-commissionedmidterm evaluation of the

Strategic Plan Period 2005–2010was completed in the fiscal year.With its emphasis on programmemanagement and training, thereview yielded key indicators ofprogress and is expected to serveas a determinant of futuredirections and activities for theyears ahead. Two evaluators,Prof. Ibrahim Lipumba from theMulti-Environmental Society(MESO) in Tanzania and Dr.Dane Rowlands from CarletonUniversity in Canada, conductedthe assessment. They tasted thefull flavour of AERC activities inthe course of the study,observing the two biannualresearch workshops and the jointCMAP and CPP JFE and visitinga number of networkuniversities, ministries offinance, national policy researchinstitutions and the SouthAfrican Reserve Bank. The finalreport of their evaluation waspresented for approval at theMarch 2008 Board meeting alongwith specific recommendationsfor implementation.

The Collaborative Master’sProgramme in Agricultural andApplied Economics (CMAAE)also underwent a midtermevaluation during the months ofOctober and November. The




objectives of the evaluation wereto analyse progress, relevanceand effectiveness in thefulfilment of the programmegoals; evaluate efficiency inresource use; assess theopportunities, risks andchallenges facing theprogramme; and suggestpossible adjustments to make it astronger programme. The finalreport will incorporate commentsby the programme’s executivecommittee and will be submittedin early 2008/09.

AERC on the WorldWide Web

Browsers can now find nearly a hundred AERC Research

Papers on our website, as well asa wide array of collaborativeresearch reports and othermaterials. The posting of AERCpublications, announcements ofevents, notifications and otherrelevant information to thewebsite is an ongoing processthat ensures users receive up-to-date information about AERC.The on-line database of AERCTraining Alumni for the years1997–2006 enables alumni andresearchers in the AERC networkto update their informationdetails on-line. The website alsocontinues to feature easilyaccessible links to sitesmaintained by other key partnersand economic bodies.

Bank in Action, the bulletinof the AfDB, has posted acomplete interview with theAERC Executive Director on theWeb. The interview was grantedduring the African EconomicConference jointly convened byAfDB, UNECA and AERC on 15–17 November in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia. Find it at http://www.sierraeye.net/People/An-interview-with-the-AERC-Executive-Director.html and http://www.thepatrioticvanguard.com/article.php3?id_article=2013.

Print coverage

AERC was also highlightedthe old fashioned way

during the year – through theprint media. The high level AfDBGroup meetings in Shanghai,China, in May provided an idealopportunity for the ExecutiveDirector to promote BrandAERC. He was quotedextensively by China Daily, aleading print media organizationin China that publishes in theEnglish language. This coveragegave the Consortium widepublicity in China and elsewherein the Far East. Other seminarsand press interviews on theongoing AERC collaborativeresearch project on the Impact ofChina and India on SSA providedopportunities for the AERCExecutive Director and Directorof Research to expound on theneed for informed policy makingprocesses in sub-Saharan Africa.One such interview was by theNorwegian press in Oslo inAugust 2007.

Closer to home, themarketing opportunitiespresented by the June andDecember biannual researchworkshops prompted articles indaily newspapers in the regionon workshop-related activities.The two events also elicitedsignificant interest among othermedia outlets, such as nationalradio and television stations. InApril, the Secretariat hosted thenew Governor of the CentralBank of Kenya – who is AERC’simmediate former Director ofTraining – in a staff get-together.A Reuters correspondentconducted an exclusive interviewwith the Governor that wasbeamed worldwide through theReuters wire service. Theresulting story was picked upand published by local andregional media houses.

To interest young people inthe AERC training programme,the Secretariat placed an articlein the widely distributed South

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African magazine, Our Youth forLife, which targets the youth. Thearticle informed readers of thevision of AERC, traced theorganization’s history, andprovided a general picture of theopportunities available throughthe Research and Trainingprogrammes.

Publications

Twelve AERC ResearchPapers – the final output of

thematic research reports – wereproduced during the period andare available in print and on theWeb. There has been asubstantial reduction in theturnaround time of theproduction of these papers andconcerted efforts in this directionwill continue. The report, policybrief and papers from SeniorPolicy Seminar IX, which focusedon Managing Commodity Booms inSub-Saharan Africa, werepublished during the year.

In December 2007, AERCpublished the collection ofpapers from the specialworkshop on foreign directinvestment – The Determinants ofForeign Direct Investment inAfrica, edited by S. Ibi Ajayi.Volume I of the three-volumeseries of papers from thecollaborative research projectAfrican Imperatives in the NewWorld Trade Order alsoapproached publication at year’send; this volume deals with tradeissues related to agriculture andfood security. The other twovolumes of the series are inprocess. In addition, the volumetitled Political Economy ofEconomic Growth in Africa 1960–2000, edited by Benno Ndulu,Stephen O’Connell, Jean-PaulAzam, Robert Bates, AugustinFosu, Jan Willem Gunning andDominique Njinkeu, waspublished jointly withCambridge University Press inJanuary 2008.

Other publicationsproduced during the year




include Executive Summaries ofAERC Research Papers, theAERC Newsletter, Research Newsand the 2006/07 Annual Report.The December 2005 plenarypapers were also published byOxford University Press asJournal of African Economies,Volume 16 Supplement 1, 2007,

AERC Plenary Session December2005. This publication, whosetitle is “Services and EconomicDevelopment in Africa”, wasdistributed to various networkuniversity libraries, AERCcollaborating institutions inAfrica and participants at AERCworkshops.

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Two grants were issued tothe African Journal of EconomicPolicy during the year to supportthe distribution of two issues ofthe journal to various universitylibraries and to participants ofthe December biannual researchworkshop.

New AERC Publications for 2007/08

AERC Research PapersRP165 FDI and Economic Growth: Evidence from Nigeria, by Adeolu B. Ayanwale

RP166 An Econometric Analysis of Capital Flight From Nigeria: A Portfolio Approach, by Akanni Lawanson

RP167 Extent and Determinants of Child Labour in Uganda, by Tom Mwebaze

RP168 Implications of Rainfall Shocks for Household Income and Consumption in Uganda, by John BoscoAsiimwe and Paul Mpuga

RP169 A Modelling of Ghana’s Inflation Experience: 1960–2003, by Mathew Kofi Ocran

RP170 Oil Wealth and Economic Growth in Oil Exporting African Countries, by Olomola Philip Akanni

RP171 Relative Price Variability and Inflation: Evidence from the Agricultural Sector in Nigeria, by ObasiO. Ukoha

RP172 Sources of Technical Efficiency among Smallholder Maize Farmers in Southern Malawi, by EphraimW. Chirwa

RP173 The Determinants of School Attendance and Attainment in Ghana: A Gender Perspective, by HarryA. Sackey

RP174 Private Returns to Education in Ghana: Implications for Investments in Schooling and Migration, byHarry A. Sackey

RP175 Privatization and Enterprise Performance in Nigeria: Case Study of Some Privatized Enterprises, byAfeikhena Jerome

RP176 Determinants of the Capital Structure of Ghanaian Firms, by Joshua Abor

Books and ReportsForeign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa: Determinants, Origins, Targets, Impact and Potential,

edited by S. Ibi Ajayi, African Economic Research Consortium, 2007

African Imperatives in the New World Trade Order: A Case Study of Ghana, edited by Charles D. Jebuniand Abena D. Oduro, AERC and Centre for Policy Analysis (CEPA), Accra, 2007

Managing Commodity Booms in Sub-Saharan Africa – AERC Senior Policy Seminar IX, Yaoundé,

Cameroon, 27 February–1 March 2007: The Seminar Report, AERC, 2007

Managing Commodity Booms in Sub-Saharan Africa – AERC Senior Policy Seminar IX, Yaoundé,

Cameroon, 27 February–1 March 2007: The Seminar Papers, AERC, 2007

The Political Economy of Economic Growth in Africa, 1960–2000, Volume II: Country Case Studies, editedby Benno J. Ndulu, Stephen A. O’Connell, Jean-Paul Azam, Robert H. Bates, Augustin K. Fosu, Jan WillemGunning and Dominique Njinkeu, Cambridge University Press, 2008

Africa and the World Trading System, Volume III: African Countries in the New Trade Negotiations –

Interests, Options and Challenges, edited by Dominique Njinkeu and Philip English, Africa World Press,2008

Journal of African Economies Supplements featuring AERC Plenary PapersVolume 16, supplement 1, 2007, Services and Economic Development in Africa

Volume 17, supplement 1, 2008, Political Economy and Economic Development in Africa




Managementinformation systems

Development of the AERCmanagement information

system database is welladvanced. The Research,Communications and Trainingmodules have been completedand are currently being imple-mented on a parallel basis withthe existing manual system. Thisprocess will continue for aboutsix months to give users time toget comfortable and confidentwith the use of the new system.

An information systemsaudit commissioned in September2007 assessed the adequacy of thesystems to support theachievement of the Consortium’sstrategic objectives. Therecommendations arising fromthe audit will be used to enhancethe information systems currentlyin place and complete thedocumentation of the informationand communications technology(ICT) policies and procedures,ICT security policies, and ICTproject management guide.Management is in the process ofimplementing the audit findingsand recommendations.

The staff complement

The AERC Board announcedthe recruitment of Dr.

Marios Obwona, formerly of theEconomic Policy Research Centrein Uganda, as Director of

Training, effective January 2008.The post had been vacant sinceProf. Njuguna Ndung’u left theConsortium in March 2007 totake up a presidentialappointment as Governor of theCentral Bank of Kenya.

Other changes affected theResearch Programme. JacquelineMacakiage moved from theResearch Department to Manager,Resource Mobilization, in January2008. Her position asCollaborative Research Managerwas filled by Dr. Felix N’zue,formerly the Executive Director ofthe Ministry of Public Service andEmployment in Côte d’Ivoire. Inaddition to bringing his keystrength in labour marketpolicies, Dr. N’zue will also act asa vital link with the francophonemembers of the AERC researchnetwork. Thematic ResearchManager Dr. Joseph Karugia leftthe Secretariat to take up aposition managing a regionalprogramme run by theInternational Livestock ResearchInstitute (ILRI). His replacementis Dr. Damiana Kulundu Manda,formerly of the Kenya Institute ofPublic Policy Research andAnalysis (KIPPRA) and theUniversity of Nairobi.

In other staff changes,Dorine Mutanda, the AERCreceptionist, was promoted toAdministrative Secretary in theResources Division to replaceEdith Musella who left AERC in

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May 2007 after more than 15years of faithful service. FlorenceMaina, the Travel Coordinator,also left the Consortium at theend of 2007.

An organizational structurereview, job evaluation andremuneration survey commis-sioned in February 2007 wascompleted in September. Theexercise reviewed all jobdescriptions and evaluated staffpositions as a way of determiningtheir relative value andsubsequent rankings. The finalreport of the survey wasapproved by the ExecutiveCommittee at its November 2007meeting. The Committee alsoapproved the change of title ofChief of Resources to Director ofFinance and Administration andthe creation of the position of ICTManager in accordance with therecommendations of the review.The review pinpointed the needto undertake a process audit withthe aim of streamlining workprocesses and workloads. Thisactivity will be undertaken in thefirst quarter of the next fiscalyear.

The level of activities undercore research,communications and generalmanagement remained atmore or less the same levelas approved in the Marchand revised Novemberbudgets.

Brainstorming session at an AERC staff seminar




Performanceincentives

S taff continued to benefitfrom targeted training

opportunities. Three members ofstaff participated in training onThe 7 Habits of Highly EffectivePeople. The IT staff took a courseon information systems audit,and another staff memberattended a course on reportwriting. Also during the periodthe Executive Directorparticipated in a one-day seminaron Business Excellence in aDisruptive Age conducted by TomPeters. The ongoing Frenchclasses continue to be popular,with new staff joining at eitherbeginner or intermediate level.

Two staff seminars wereheld, one in April and the other inOctober. The activities of the Aprilseminar included the annual StaffCommittee elections, which sawWinston Wachanga elected asChair, Emma Rono as Treasurerand Damaris Michoma asSecretary. Other elected membersare Paul Mburu, Lydiah Auma andJacqueline Sunday Otieno. Inaddition to the usual update onConsortium activities, the Octoberseminar concentrated on teambuilding and preliminarypreparations for the programmeof work and budget for 2008/09.

Resourcemobilization andmanagement

Recent resource mobilizationefforts have renewed our

optimism about the potential forsupport from Africangovernments, with the Bank ofZambia contributing US$100,000to the AERC Research InnovationsEndowment Fund (RIEF). Followup efforts with African centralbanks and ministries of financeyielded a commitment from theGovernment of South Africa tocontribute US$300,000 for coreAERC activities for the fiscal year2008/09.

Additional support to coreAERC activities from theRockefeller Foundation amountedto US$600,000 over three years.The AERC collaborative researchsubproject on The Impact of Chinaand India on Sub-Saharan Africareceived a boost in the first half ofthe year with the contribution ofCAD699,400 from IDRC. Othersuccessful resource mobilizationefforts resulted in a grantamounting to US$3,129,749 overfour years from the Bill & MelindaGates Foundation towardscollaborative research and theCPP. Funding for the CPP remainsa challenge, but we are pleased toreport that IDRC approved ourfunding proposal of CAD400,000over a period of four years insupport of AERC PhD fellowshipsand IDRC doctoral researchawards. We have also beennotified that the African CapacityBuilding Foundation (ACBF) hasapproved renewed funding ofUS$3.5 million for the CPP overthe next five years. We willcontinue fund raising efforts toensure that adequate core supportand funding for the collaborativeresearch programme are in place.

The main statutory audit for2006/07 was undertaken in May2007, as were the special audits forUSAID OMB Circular A-133, theACBF, the EU and the CMAAEprogramme. The financialstatements were approved at theJuly 2007 Executive Committeemeeting and subsequentlysubmitted to all funders and theState of Delaware along with theInternal Revenue Service (IRS)returns.

Following the adoption ofthe Board-mandated riskmanagement framework, theBoard and Management continuedto monitor and re-evaluate riskson a continuous basis.Recognizing the importance ofinformation as a valuable asset,the Board approved aninformation security onlinebackup at a site outside the hostcountry.

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The July 2007 meeting of theExecutive Committee of the Boardalso reappointed Ernst and Youngas the Consortium’s main auditorsfor a further period of three yearssubject to annual review ofperformance. In addition, theExecutive Committee engagedDeloitte & Touche to undertake aninternal audit of the travel andadministration function to reviewthe soundness of the relatedinternal controls.

Income for 2007/08 wasUS$12.2 million, an 11% increaseover 2006/07 that is mainlyattributed to greater support fromgovernments and otherorganizations, such as the Bank ofZambia’s contribution ofUS$100,000 for the RIEF. Theexpenditure for the period wasUS$11.4 million. This was 6% lessthan the 2006/07 level, mainly as aresult of a slight decrease inactivities under Research, CMAPand CPP. The major components ofexpenditure in the year pertain toworkshop and training-relatedexpenses for researchers andstudents (35%), grants (29%), andpersonnel costs (15%).

The net assets of the Consor-tium at year end amounted toUS$13.5 million. The market valueof our investments was US$4.1million for the Reserve Fund andUS$3.4 million for the RIEF.

Excerpts from the statutoryaudit for the 2007/08 fiscal year arepresented on the following pages.

Grace Amurle (right), Director of Finance andAdministration, presents a goodbye gift to EdithMusella




Report of the Independent AuditorsTo the Members ofAfrican Economic Research Consortium, Inc.

We have audited the financial statements of the African Economic Research Consortium for the year ended 31March 2008 from which the summarized financial statements on pages 23 to 25 were derived, in accordancewith International Standards on Auditing. In our report dated 18 July 2008, we expressed an unqualifiedopinion of the financial statements from which the summarized financial statements were derived.

In our opinion, the accompanying summarized financial statements are consistent in all material respects withthe financial statements from which they were derived.

For a better understanding of the Consortium’s financial position and statement of activities for the year andof the scope of our audit, the summarized financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financialstatements from which they were derived, and our audit report.

Certified Public Accounts

Nairobi18 July 2008

Summary Financial Report

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Statement of Financial Position for the Year Ended 31 March 2008 (US$)2008 2007

ASSETSCurrent AssetsCash and bank balances 915,042 713,351Investments 14,445,066 12,705,936Grants receivable 912,565 1,556,152Other receivables 277,445 326,968

Total current assets 16,550,118 15,302,407

Non-Current AssetsProperty and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation 109,905 162,622

Total Assets 16,660,023 15,465,029

LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETSCurrent LiabilitiesAccruals 723,398 627,575Sundry creditors 2,221 -Grants payable – Donors (ACBF) 299,949 198,936Grants payable – Grantees 2,107,068 2,110,627

Total current liabilities 3,132,636 2,937,138

NET ASSETSUnrestricted net assets 1,956,020 2,805,391Board restricted reserve 4,221,834 4,109,283Temporarily restricted net assets 4,327,505 2,696,486Research Innovations Endowment Fund 3,022,028 2,901,728Unrealized currency translation account - 15,003

Total net assets 13,527,387 12,527,891

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS 16,660,023 15,465,029

The financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors on 18 July 2008 and signed on its behalf by:

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Statement of Activities and Changes in Net Assets for the Year Ended 31 March2008 (US$)

Board Temporarily PermanentlyOperating restricted restricted restricted Total Total

reserve reserve reserve reserve 2008 2007Support and revenuesGrant from governments 3,254,218 - 3,925,250 100,000 7,279,468 5,528,462Grants from foundations 300,000 - 3,019,528 - 3,319,528 4,103,783Grants from other 320,000 - 492,045 20,300 832,345 625,307Investment income 173,532 112,551 149,496 - 435,579 325,264Other income 318,313 - - - 318,313 422,126

4,366,063 112,551 7,586,319 120,300 12,185,233 11,004,942Net assets released from restrictionSatisfaction of programme restrictions 5,955,300 - (5,955,300) - - -Grants forfeited 262,423 - - - 262,423 608,525Appropriation to reserve - - - - - -

6,217,723 - (5,955,300) - 262,423 608,525

Total support and revenues 10,583,786 112,551 1,631,019 120,300 12,447,656 11,613,467

ExpenditureGeneral administration 1,168,545 - - - 1,168,545 842,884Programme management 142,284 - - - 142,284 88,434Research Programme 3,674,477 - - - 3,674,477 4,347,149Communications 883,147 - - - 883,147 792,656Master ’s programme 2,415,378 - - - 2,415,378 2,646,950CMAAE programme 1,099,804 - - - 1,099,804 1,111,625Training Programme - - - - - -Doctoral programme 2,049,522 - - - 2,049,522 2,326,357

- - -Total expenditure 11,433,157 - - - 11,433,157 12,156,055

Change in net assets (849,371) 112,551 1,631,019 120,300 1,014,499 (542,588)

Net assets at the beginning of the year 2,805,391 4,109,283 2,696,486 2,901,728 12,512,888 13,055,476

Net assets at the end of the year 1,956,020 4,221,834 4,327,505 3,022,028 13,527,387 12,512,888

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Grant Income for the Year Ended 31 March 2008 (US$)

Income Incomefor 2007/08 for 2006/07

Government EntitiesDanish International Development Agency (DANIDA) U 500,000 500,000European Union (EU) R 382,771 641,152International Development Research Centre (IDRC) U 240,000 192,000IDRC – Asian Drivers R 758,766 85,000Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands U 528,000 528,000Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Netherlands R 139,000 616,498Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) U 192,982 133,929Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) R 1,298,246 788,690Department for International Development (DFID) U 465,500 428,691DFID – Analytical Trust Fund (ATF) R 158,470 -Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida/SAREC) U 1,119,403 490,814Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida/SAREC) R 895,522 392,650US Agency for International Development (USAID) R 242,475 57,525United States Department of Agriculture – CMAAE R 50,000 45,000Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) U 208,333 195,313Central Bank of Nigeria – RIEF R - 150,000Government of Kenya – RIEF R - 283,200Central Bank of Zambia – RIEF R 100,000 -

Subtotal 7,279,468 5,528,462

FoundationsAfrican Capacity Building Foundation (ACBF) R 1,388,342 1,469,390Rockefeller Foundation U 200,000 240,000Rockefeller Foundation R 645,300 1,269,393MacArthur Foundation U - 50,000MacArthur Foundation R 100,000 200,000William and Flora Hewlett Foundation U 100,000 200,000William and Flora Hewlett Foundation R - 500,000Ford Foundation R 175,000 175,000Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation R 710,886 -

Subtotal 3,319,528 4,103,783

Other Organizations and IndividualsInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) R - 42,000Global Development Network (GDN) (IBRD) U 320,000 155,200UNDP/UNOPS R 234,920 80,300London School of Economics – Manchester R 129,640 -Others (DAAD & student fees) – CMAAE R 82,950 62,350African Development Bank (AfDB) - 231,500Other income – Kellogg 31,250 -Other income – Student fees and refunds R 13,285 45,371Other income – RIEF (Individual contributions) & Manchester University R 20,300 8,586

Subtotal 832,345 625,307

GRAND TOTAL 11,431,341 10,257,552

Note: U = Unrestricted funding; R = Restricted funding

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Annex A Programme Statistics for 2007/08

Table A1: Thematic research grants 2007/08

Grant No. Research title Researcher Group Country

RT07501 Technical Efficiency Differentials, Risk Aversion and Policy Luke Oyesola E NigeriaImplications in Maize-Based Farming in Nigeria Olarinde

RT07502 The Effect of Price Stability on Real Sector Performance in Peter Quartey B GhanaGhana

RT07503 Interest Rate Pass-Through and Monetary Policy Regimes M. Aziakpono B South Africain South Africa and M. Kasyoka

RT07504 What Drives Private Savings in Nigeria E.T. Nwachukwu B Nigeriaand Odigie Peter

RT07505 Under Pricing of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) on Four Kofi A. Osei and C GhanaAfrican Stock Markets (Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya and Eme U.South Africa) Fiawoyife

RT07506 Les Déterminants de la Demande de Crédit des Micro Minirou Arona,Entreprises au Congo Apeou GbeleTchakala C Togo

and Etsri Homevoh

RT07507* La Règle de Politique Monétaire Optimale pour la Future Alain Siri B Burkina FasoBanque Centrale des Pays de la CEDEAO

RT07508 Intermédiation Financière et Croissance Economique au Mali Abdrahmane Berthe C Mali(FREG) and Abdrahmane

Traore

RT07509 Effects of Deforestation on Household Time Allocation Paul Okiira Okwi E Ugandaamong Rural Agricultural Activities: Evidence from and TonyUganda Muhumuza

RT07510 Chocs Asymétriques et Ajustement en l’Union Monétaire Fidèle Ange B SenegalOuest Africaine Dedehouanou

RT07511 Fuite des Capitaux, Epargne et Investissement en Zone Ameth Saloum B SenegalFranc Africaine: Une Approche Econométrique par les NdiayeDonnes de Panel

RT07512 Uncertainty and Investment Behaviour in Democratic Xavier Bitemo B CongoRepublic of Congo Ndiwulu

RT07513 Total Factor Productivity and Agricultural Exports in J. Olusegun D NigeriaNigeria Relative to Other ECOWAS Countries 1961–2005 Ajetomobi

RT07514 An Empirical Evaluation of Trade Potential in SADC Kisukyabo Simwaka D Malawi

RT07515 Effects of Trade and Exchange Rate Liberalization on A. Achike, M. D NigeriaCarbohydrate Staples in Nigeria Mkpando and

C.J. Arene




Grant No. Research title Researcher Group Country

RT07516* Intégration et Convergence au Sein de I’Union Economique Komla Mally D Togoet Monétaire Ouest Africaine: Théorie et Pratique

RT07517 Modes of Exploitation of Paddy Fields and Rice Production Maman Nafiou and E Nigerin the Dosso and Tillabery Regions in Niger Boubacar Soumana

RT07518 Conjecture Socio-économique, Politique Publique de José Carlos Assi E Côte d’IvoireDissuasion et Criminalité dans le District d’Abidjan Kimou

RT07519* The Impact of Policy Change on the Agricultural Sector Achille Jean Jaza E Cameroonin Cameroon: A Partial Equilibrium Model of Analysis Folefack

RT07520 La Règle de Politique Monétaire Optimale pour la Future A. Siri B Burkina FasoBanque Centrale des Pays de la CEDEAO

RT07521* Estimation du Surplus des Consommateurs sur le March A. Kouakou E Côte d’Ivoiredes Mobiles en Côte d’Ivoire and Y.S. Konan

RT07522 FDI and the Nigerian Agricultural Sector: Kwara State M. Olaniyi, E NigeriaExperience A. Omotesho

and J. Ayodele

RT07523 The Impact of Microfinance on Households’ Welfare: Basili S.A. Liheta C TanzaniaThe Case of Dodoma Region, Tanzania and Peter Mosha

RT07524 Determinants of Learning Achievement in Uganda I. Kasirye A Uganda

RT07525 Assessing the Links between Energy Services and the E.l. Ekow Asmah E GhanaMillennium Development Goals: A MAMS Application forGhana

RT07526 Determinants of Venture Capital Portfolio Size in Africa: J. Adongo C NamibiaCross-Sectional Evidence

RT07527 An Assessment of the Zimbabwe Economy’s E.F. Chiwenga D ZimbabweResponsiveness to Major Trade Pacts and J. Muturikwa

Key: * Small grant to revamp proposalA = Poverty, income distribution and labour market issues; B = Macroeconomic policies, investment and growth; C = Financeand resource mobilization; D = Trade and regional integration and political economy issues; E = Political economy andsectoral policy issues

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Table A2: Distribution of researchers by country, gender and thematic group (2007/08)

Country Gender Researchers per country Thematic groupM F A B C D E

Burkina Faso 3 0 3 1 2 0 0 0Burundi 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0Cameroon 22 1 23 5 2 4 0 12DR Congo 5 0 5 0 4 0 1 0Congo Brazzaville 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0Côte d’Ivoire 10 1 11 4 3 1 0 3Ghana 13 4 17 0 2 5 5 5Kenya 5 2 7 4 1 1 0 1Malawi 4 0 4 2 0 0 2 0Mali 3 0 3 0 0 3 0 0Mauritius 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0Namibia 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0Niger 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 2Nigeria 57 8 65 10 13 9 17 16Rwanda 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0Senegal 6 3 9 2 5 2 0 0Tanzania 4 0 4 0 0 4 0 0Togo 7 0 7 0 1 5 1 0Uganda 7 0 7 1 0 2 2 2Zimbabwe 5 0 5 0 0 0 5 0Total 160 19 179 29 34 37 38 41

Table A3: Distribution of CPP students by country, gender andthematic group (2007/08)

Country Gender CPP students per country Thematic groupM F A B C D E

Benin 1 1 0 0 0 0 1Cameroon 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 2Côte d’Ivoire 1 1 2 0 0 1 0 1Ethiopia 1 1 0 0 0 1 0Kenya 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0Malawi 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0Nigeria 2 2 0 0 0 2 0Sierra Leone 2 2 0 1 1 0 0Swaziland 1 1 0 0 1 0 0Tanzania 3 3 1 2 0 0 0Zambia 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0Zimbabwe 1 1 0 0 0 1 0Total 15 6 21 4 4 5 4 4

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Table A4: PhD thesis research grants 2007/08Name Gender Institution National originVasco Correia Nhabinde M University of Pretoria, South Africa MozambiqueChukwuma Agu M University of Nigeria, Nsukka NigeriaKavoi Mutuku Muendo M Colorado State University, USA KenyaReuben O. Bamidele M University of Ibadan, Nigeria NigeriaEmmanuel Douya M University of Yaoundé II, Cameroon CameroonEnilolobo Oluwafemi Sunday M University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria NigeriaDonatus Kosi Ayitey M UNU-MERIT, Maastricht, The Netherlands GhanaDanjuma Mahmoud M University of Ibadan, Nigeria NigeriaUche M. Ozughalu M University of Ibadan, Nigeria NigeriaNyamongo Esman Morekwa M University of Pretoria, South Africa KenyaObonye Galebotswe M University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa BotswanaJacob Oduor M Bielefeld University, Germany Kenya

Table A5: CMAP scholarships 2007/08University Year 1 Gender National origin Year 2 Gender National originDar es Salaam K. Molosiwa F Botswana J. Gatua F Kenya

C. Frank M Zambia R. Namulondo F Uganda

Botswana D. Faidoo F Ghana Y. Amankwah M GhanaM. Tsolo F Lesotho M. Wangombe F KenyaM. Mduduzi M Swaziland A. Kinyondo M Tanzania

C. Chama F Zambia

Ghana M. Deen-Swarray F Namibia/Sierra Leone M. Patrose M LesothoW.N. Showers M Sierra Leone Cyrill Jalloh M Sierra Leone

K. Mansaray M Sierra Leone

Nairobi F. Nthabiseng F Lesotho R.E. Moshoeshoe M LesothoB.G. Walakewon M Liberia Beatrice Arthur F GhanaH. Nakiryowa F Uganda

Zimbabwe - - M. Mainza M Zambia- - Lillian Muchimba F Zambia

Addis Ababa - - Gabriel Pollen M Zambia- - N.D. Mensah M Ghana

Malawi H. Fandamu M Zambia K. Takavarasha M ZimbabweB. Camara M Gambia Patrick Tutembe M UgandaK. Trawally M Liberia Peter Musyoka M Kenya

Makerere V. Kimenyi M RwandaN. Arcade M Burundi

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Table B1: JFE participation by gender 1993–2007Gender 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TotalMale 49 53 70 66 80 80 65 82 79 74 100 103 96 87 89 1,174Female 9 8 11 20 14 14 22 16 20 24 15 28 29 36 33 298Total 58 61 81 86 94 94 87 98 99 98 115 131 125 123 122 1,472

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Table B2: PhD thesis research awards 1989–2007Gender 1993-1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TotalMale 122 7 8 11 12 13 10 11 12 206Female 16 4 2 1 1 1 4 3 0 31Total 138 11 10 12 13 14 14 14 12 238163 PhD graduates as at December 2007

Annex B Cumulative Research and Training ProgrammeStatistics

Table B4: CMAP annual enrolment, 1993–2007University 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TotalAddis Ababa 11 14 16 20 21 25 22 21 20 24 41 42 39 31 27 374Botswana 4 10 8 9 10 5 13 7 7 7 8 10 10 14 14 136Cape Coast - 5 6 - 4 - - - - - - - - - 6 21Dar es Salaam 5 12 15 14 14 12 12 10 10 9 14 19 16 20 20 202Ghana 8 13 15 - 10 15 17 13 12 20 27 24 23 20 18 235Lesotho 4 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 6Malawi 10 8 3 11 5 16 10 9 9 9 5 9 12 17 16 149Nairobi 12 13 13 22 21 13 8 23 23 18 27 21 18 13 12 257Pretoria - - - - - - - - - - - 8 - - - 8Sierra Leone 4 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 5Zambia - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1Zimbabwe - - 7 11 10 16 11 20 28 16 16 20 19 20 21 215Total 58 76 83 87 96 102 95 103 109 103 138 153 137 135 134 1,609

Table B3: PhD fellowship awards 1993–2007Gender 1993-1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 TotalMale 25 7 4 1 1 0 1 3 1 43Female 5 1 0 0 2 1 1 0 1 11Total 30 8 4 1 3 1 2 3 2 54Note: There were 46 PhD graduates as at December 2007.




AN

NE

XE

S

Tab

le B

5:G

rad

uat

es o

f th

e A

ER

C C

olla

bor

ativ

e P

hD

Pro

gram

me

as a

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du

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ent

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r1

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, Joh

ovan

nes

Mal

e20

02D

ar e

s Sa

laam

2006

Un

iver

sity

of

Dar

es

Sala

am, T

anza

nia

2A

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, Em

man

uel

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wM

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2002

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es

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am20

06C

ape

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niv

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ty, G

han

a3

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2002

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Un

iver

sity

, Uga

nd

a4

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amu

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enin

2006

Un

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sity

of

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/K

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, Ken

ya5

Yaw

e, B

run

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ule

Mal

e20

02D

ar e

s Sa

laam

2007

Mak

erer

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niv

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ty, U

gan

da

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ula

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e20

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2007

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2002

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ty o

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alab

ar, N

iger

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atu

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e, M

usi

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Mal

e20

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2007

Un

iver

sity

of

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ia9

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2002

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10Z

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ar e

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2007

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ya12

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2007

Un

iver

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awi,

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ba13

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2007

Op

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niv

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ty o

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14K

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iM

ale

2003

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e W

its

2007

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inte

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al N

GO

in S

outh

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ica

15O

bior

a, K

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ley

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ua

Mal

e20

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adan

2007

Inte

rnat

ion

al M

onet

ary

Fun

d, U

SA16

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imah

, Alf

red

Mal

e20

03Ib

adan

2007

Un

iver

sity

of

Gh

ana,

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on17

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efab

i, R

azak

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etu

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Mal

e20

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adan

2007

No

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2007

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e U

niv

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ty, U

gan

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19K

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, Aqu

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utu

kuM

ale

2003

Dar

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gert

on U

niv

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ty, K

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20G

wat

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, Ten

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he

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07U

niv

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ty o

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otsw

ana

22N

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acle

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ale

2003

Cap

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wn

2007

Un

iver

sity

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23M

ute

nyo

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n K

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e20

03D

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s Sa

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2007

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e U

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24N

joro

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amau

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e20

03D

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Un

iver

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of

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, Ken

ya25

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, Jac

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2003

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ank

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gan

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2,44

0




Secretariat Staff

William Lyakurwa Executive DirectorJacqueline O. Macakiage Manager, Resource MobilizationRoberta Mulli Executive AssistantStacy Mwangala Administrative Secretary

ResourcesGrace Amurle Director of Finance and AdministrationLeonard Ndinyo Chiunda Manager, FinanceJane Muema Manager, Human Resources and AdministrationJuffali Kenzi Shahalir Information Technology AdministratorDamaris Michoma Human Resources AdministratorJacqueline Sunday Otieno AccountantLamiku Kidamba Accounts AssistantDorine Mutanda Administrative Secretary/ReceptionistVacant Travel CoordinatorHerbert Asava Administrative AssistantJackson Ng’ang’a Driver / Office Assistant

ResearchOlusanya Ajakaiye Director of ResearchFelix N’zue Manager, Research ProgrammeDamiano Manda Manager, Research ProgrammeJoyce Kiplimo Programme AdministratorRachelle Siele Programme AssistantPamellah Lidaywa Administrative Secretary

TrainingMarios Obwona Director of TrainingMukwanason Hyuha Manager-Consultant, Collaborative PhD ProgrammeGrace Omodho Manager, Collaborative MA ProgrammePaul M. Mburu JFE AdministratorEmma Rono Programme AdministratorLynette Onyango Programme AssistantCatherine Mwalagho Administrative Secretary

CommunicationsCharles Owino Manager, CommunicationsLydiah Kiraka Auma Publications AdministratorWinston Wachanga Information Resources AdministratorCharles Bett LibrarianMiriam Rahedi Publications and Communications Assistant

ST

AF

F

Documents

Members of the Consortium - AERC · Members of the Consortium Inside front cover Board of Directors Inside front cover Programme Committee Inside front cover Foreword vii Introduction