9
EARTII AND PLANETAgY SCIENCELETTERS 5 (1969) 469-477. NORTH-HOt.LAND PUBLISHING COMP.,~AMSTERDAbi MELTING AND CRYSTALLISATION RELATIONS OF KILAUEAN BASAL"~'S OF HAWAII. THE LAVAS OF THE 1959'-60 ]~ILAUEA ERUPTION R.N.THOMPSON and C.E.'I'ILLEY Department of Mineralogy and Petro~Iog~, Cambridge, England Received 18 Novembcl11968 Experimental melting and cD, staUisationdata are provided on a s:~ite of analysed thnleiitic lavas of the 1959-6(], i Kilaucaeruption. The laboratory melting data on the products of eru~.tingla'~afounta~s conf'am that the field tern-" potato.iresof the fountains measuredby optical pyrometry are ec,nsis:tt.~ta fly Io'~er than file experirnental t,emperataresl These discordancesare analysed.Closer accord is revealed when the experimental liquidas temperatures, previously shown zo be dire.oilyrelated ~o the ken enrichment of the lavas,are compared with ~emperatures more recently ob- tained item extrapolated therrnoeoupledata in cooling Kflaueamaua lakes. The erystallisatiolthistory of the 1959-60 . Kilauea lavas recorded by the U.S. Geological Survey is diseusscd in tertns of l['tesequencerevealedin the laboratory melting studies. A rich harv'e, st of results on the fractional crystal- liselion of basaltic (tholeiitie) magma was provided by the investigations n,f the United States Geological Sur- vey on the Kiiauea eruption of 19594i0 studies not only on the summit eruptions of Kilauea IId, but also on the later (19601, flank eruptions. The results are set out in a series of papers by Mu~ata, Ricl'~tar and Moore [1-3] and provide evi- dence of ehalages iu lava mineralogy with re~pect to tim,~;, temperature and bulk chemistry, and moreover present clear indications of the mixing of magmas of difg.'rent vintage. Temperature measurements were carried out during the eruptions witht incandescent filament-type optical pyrometers, most of the temperatures being measured in the cores of erupting lava fountains (ref. [3], p. D I0). A continuing programme of study including core drilling, gas analysis, temperature measurements, modal and chemical analyses of drill cores is in operation in the la~a lakes of Kilauea lid (1959), Alae (1963) and Makaopuhi (1965) with temperatures being measured by thermoeouple. We have carried ,out melting experi- ments on a number of analysed lavas of the 1959-60 Kilauea eruptiion, including products of erupting lava fountains of which temperature data were obtained by optical pyrometry. These specimens (Sla, F6 and F14 of table ~) were kindly provided by Dr.Murata and a comparison of laboratory and field tempera- tures has thus become possible. Mel Lingdata were also obtained on a quenched ooze from a drill hole in Ahte Lava Lake (ref. [7], p. 646) Idlrtdly forwarded to us by Dr. T.L.Wright of the Volcano Obsereatory, Hawaii. This ooze was collected on a stainless steel sheathing of a themlocouple at )045°C, and furmed a glass (n = 1.58) holding ten percent of crystals - clinopyroxene, plagioclase with some ilmenite and magnetite (ref. [71, p. 652). This sample (AL4)was of special interest as it re- presented a siliceous differentiate (53.30% S~O2) of liigh irc~n-enrichment (0.823), comparable with the iron-enriched segregation vein in a tholeiite in the westarn wall e f Kilauea Caldera (K, fig. 1). Earlier temperature data were reported on a lava (Klpb) containing :kglass of composition Klg (Year Book t'~L Geophysica~ Laboratory, Washington. table I, p. 711)). The analysc~;of Klpb and lOg are reported in table 1 (S-5) and table 4 (~Sg) respectively in ref. 11]. Moiling experiments on lavas were ,:arried out in

Melting and crystallisation relations of Kilauean basalts of HAWAII. The lavas of the 1959–60 Kilauea eruption

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EARTII AND PLANETAgY SCIENCE LETTERS 5 (1969) 469-477. NORTH-HOt.LAND PUBLISHING COMP.,~AMSTERDAbi

M E L T I N G A N D C R Y S T A L L I S A T I O N R E L A T I O N S O F K I L A U E A N BASAL"~'S OF HAWAII .

T H E L A V A S O F T H E 1959'-60 ] ~ I L A U E A E R U P T I O N

R.N.THOMPSON and C.E.'I'ILLEY Department of Mineralogy and Petro~Iog~, Cambridge, England

Received 18 Novembcl11968

Experimental melting and cD, staUisation data are provided on a s:~ite of analysed thnleiitic lavas of the 1959-6(], i Kilauca eruption. The laboratory melting data on the products of eru~.ting la'~a founta~s conf'am that the field tern-" potato.ires of the fountains measured by optical pyrometry are ec,nsis:tt.~ta fly Io'~er than file experirnental t,emperataresl These discordances are analysed. Closer accord is revealed when the experimental liquidas temperatures, previously shown zo be dire.oily related ~o the ken enrichment of the lavas, are compared with ~emperatures more recently ob- tained item extrapolated therrnoeouple data in cooling Kflauea maua lakes. The erystallisatiolt history of the 1959-60 . Kilauea lavas recorded by the U.S. Geological Survey is diseusscd in tertns of l['te sequence revealed in the laboratory melting studies.

A rich harv'e, st of results on the fractional crystal- liselion of basaltic (tholeiitie) magma was provided by the investigations n,f the United States Geological Sur- vey on the Kiiauea eruption of 19594i0 studies not only on the summit eruptions of Kilauea IId, but also on the later (19601, flank eruptions.

The results are set out in a series of papers by Mu~ata, Ricl'~tar and Moore [1-3] and provide evi- dence of ehalages iu lava mineralogy with re~pect to tim,~;, temperature and bulk chemistry, and moreover present clear indications of the mixing of magmas of difg.'rent vintage.

Temperature measurements were carried out during the eruptions witht incandescent filament-type optical pyrometers, most of the temperatures being measured in the cores of erupting lava fountains (ref. [3], p. D I0).

A continuing programme of study including core drilling, gas analysis, temperature measurements, modal and chemical analyses of drill cores is in operation in the la~a lakes of Kilauea lid (1959), Alae (1963) and Makaopuhi (1965) with temperatures being measured by thermoeouple. We have carried ,out melting experi- ments on a number of analysed lavas of the 1959-60 Kilauea eruptiion, including products of erupting lava

fountains of which temperature data were obtained by optical pyrometry. These specimens (Sla, F6 and F14 of table ~) were kindly provided by Dr.Murata and a comparison of laboratory and field tempera- tures has thus become possible.

Mel Ling data were also obtained on a quenched ooze from a drill hole in Ahte Lava Lake (ref. [7], p. 646) Idlrtdly forwarded to us by Dr. T.L.Wright of the Volcano Obsereatory, Hawaii. This ooze was collected on a stainless steel sheathing of a themlocouple at )045°C, and furmed a glass (n = 1.58) holding ten percent of crystals - clinopyroxene, plagioclase with some ilmenite and magnetite (ref. [71, p. 652).

This sample (AL4)was of special interest as it re- presented a siliceous differentiate (53.30% S~O2) of liigh irc~n-enrichment (0.823), comparable with the iron-enriched segregation vein in a tholeiite in the westarn wall e f Kilauea Caldera (K, fig. 1).

Earlier temperature data were reported on a lava (Klpb) containing :k glass of composition Klg (Year Book t'~L Geophysica~ Laboratory, Washington. table I, p. 711)). The analysc~; of Klpb and lOg are reported in table 1 (S-5) and table 4 (~Sg) respectively in ref. 11].

Moiling experiments on lavas were ,:arried out in

470 R.N.THOMPSON and C.E.TIELEY

Table 1 Chemical analyses and norms of Kilaaean lavas.

1959a 1959b 19601 FI4 M1 S1 a 1960e F6 AL4

SiO2 48.13 48.91 AI203 11.62 12.42 Fe203 1.27 1.34 FeO 10.40 10.23 MnO 0.18 0.15 blgO 13.78 10.96 CaO 9.64 10.44 Na20 2.04 2.20 K20 0.50 0.54 H20+ 0.01 0.02 H 2 0 - ni l nil TiO 2 2.38 2.64 P205 0.23 0.25 Cr203 Rest

48.85 49.19 50.21 49.87 11.75 12.24 13.36 13.69 5,02 2.02 1.39 L26 7.09 9.63 9.88 10.46 0.18 0.18 0.17 0 . 1 6

12.32 11.28 8.34 6.74 9.59 9.69 10.81 1L48 2.07 2.25 2.34 2.45 0.51 0.52 0.55 0.60 0.02 0.08 0.11 nil 0.02 0.03 nil nil 2.68 2.69 2.63 3.06 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.23 0.11 - - - -

0 . 0 4 0.07

100.18 I00.10 100.48 100.12 100.13 100.00

Norms

50.40 50.74 53.30 13.91 13.57 12.37

1.80 1.36 1.37 10.09 10.63 13.05 0.18 0.18 0.20 6.57 6.16 3.10

10.65 9.94 7.28 2.52 2.69 3.26 0.69 0.67 1.5,7 0.04 0.09 0.1,0 nil nil nil 3.26 3.35 3.36 0.30 0.37 0.88 0,04

0.07 0.21

100,45 99.82 100.05

Q~" . . . . 1.8o 2.46 5.70 Or 2.78 2.78 2.78 3.07 2.78 3.34 3.89 3.96 9.,45 Ab 17.29 18.34 17.29 18.95 19.91 20.96 20.96 22.48 27.77 An 21.13 22.80 21.41 21.81 24.74 24.46 24.74 23.12 14.46 Di 20.43 22.24 19.51 19.59 22.16 26.00 21.61 19.43 13.71 Hy 12.83 16.08 26.23 20.78 22.05 16.46 17.82 18.96 18.37 Ol 18.70 10.25 - 7.06 0.65 0.65 - - I1 4.56 5.02 5.17 5.11 5.02 5.78 6.08 6.36 6,38 Mt 1.86 1.86 7.19 2.93 2.09 1.86 2.55 1.97 2.09 Ap 0.51 0.67 0.51 0.66 0.67 0.34 0.67 0.88 2.02 Rest 0.01 0.02 0.20 0.15 0.18 0.08 0.16 0.31

100.10 100.06 100.29 100.11 100.25 99.85 100.20 99.78 100.26

1959a Spatter fi'om lava thruwn out between 18-21 November 1959, Ki~auea lki er~lption (TWey [4], p. 494). 1959b First pha~e of eruption, 14-21 November 1959. Kilauea Iki (Tilley [4] . p. 4f.4). 19601 Latesl eruption of 1960 (Febm~ ' 18) from the flow of the middle crater or' 1960 cone. Kapoho (Muir and Tiiley [5],

p, 127). F14 Aa flow, February 4. 1960, KJlauea flank eruption (Murata and R, iehtor [ 1 ], table 2). M I Pumice of Makaopuhi Crater, Kilauea, Match 5, 1965 (Wright et zl. [6] , table 6). Slot Vent ~pallter from most easterly early vent :November 14, 1959, Kilauea Iki elmption, new analysis J.H.Scoon. 1960e Easile~ t eruption of 1960 (Janaa~.¢ 13), spatter from cones at western end of line extendit~g west from main 1960 cone,

Kapoho IMuir and Tilley [5], p. 127). ' • F6 Pahoehoe ooze from west side of cone, Janaary 29, 1960. KaFoho (Murata and Richter [ l ], table 2). AL4 Queneht~:t ooze, drill hole 5. December 30, l<'63, Alae Lava Lal<e (Peck et aL [7], table 1. p. 646).

ak with the charges sealed in a plal~num tube. The wi th previous melt ing results recorded on Kilauean quenched iron-rit~h ooze A L 4 need0d special treat- lavas.

meat to avoid oxidat ion. I t was therefl)re run in open The Hquidus data on the recks treated arc; plogted

tubes o f silver-palladium altloy (AgToPd30) in an argon on the temperature-iron enr ichment diagrarn previous- atmosphere. !y repor ted [8] and set ou t in fig. ! with minor ad-

The new data present a pat tern which is in accord justments.

RELATION~ OF KILAUEAN BASALTS OF HAWAII 471

o

1150

~9S9

19o0

1959

C h n o l l y t o x e n e ~ " 1911,,

. . . .

ioso "~.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . ' ~ r - - ' ~ " ' , - - - , . ~ r - . . . . I ~ l ~ . 1 ~ ,4~0 ,~ll, ,S$0 ,11 ,, , ~ I ,151 . ~ , is i i I . i

F~O+ % q / M g o , F,,,e.r~o, "':

Fig. 1. Plot relating liquidus temperatalres of Kilauean lavas and iron enri!ehmant. New determinations shown as filled circles (ef~ tables I and 2:). Earlier determinations are indicated by open mreles and rel:.orted in Annual Reports of the Geophysical Labora.. tory, Year Books 63, 64 and 65.1 ~187 and 1935 refer to tavas of Mauna Loa and S:K 3 Ca'iar~gle) a residual liquid of the Skaerga~d intrusion, East G~eanland. Small t'dled circles indicate the temperatur~s of entt'y olf cl~nopyroxene and c~osses the temperature of

entry of plagioclase.

The two linear sections of the plot are now pivoted about the poin~t Klg the upper section being joined to l~pb -- the constituent rock of wihich KIg is the in- terstitial glass.

Points on this upper branch of the plot represent lavas which ,:al ry accumulative olivine.

Along the lower br~nch of the plot olivine continues on the liquidus and eventually is accompaaied by eli- nopyroxene and plagio¢lase. Temperatures of attain- ment of the lobar phase boundary (olivine, clinopyro- xene, plagioclase, liq, Jid) are indicated by the crosses indicating the ~:emperature of entry of plagioclase, the L:ntry tempe:ralure of dinopyroxene being shown by

small rdled circles. As i.:; indicated in table 2, compo- sitiong SI s and F6 have reached the four phase boun- dary (ref. [9], fig. 10, p. 395):

The relations between the liqeidus temperature and iron enrichmeat can be expressed in the equations of the two linear branches of the piot of fig. ~.

Upper branch 2"}.C = 1425 -- 1290 0 %. 0.378)

Lower branchT~/.C = 1225 - 493 ( f - - 0.533)

where.f= iron enrichment FeO + Fe203/MgO + Fe,O + Fe203,

In table 2 are presented the temperatures and se..

472 R.N.THOMPSON and C.E.TILLEY

Table 2 Highest temperatures of crystallization of major phases.

n of gla~s 1959a O1(1321°); Cpx(11780); pl(11690) !.613 1960l O1(1273°); Cpx(I172Q): pie(11590) 1.612 1959b 01( 2~ 255 ° ); Cpx( 1172°); pl( 1159 °) 1.61 I F14 O1( 1252 °); Cpx( 11710); pl( 1159 ° ) 1,611 MI O1(11920): Cpx(l 1.76°1; pt(11570) 1.606 1960e O1(11660); Cpx(l 1590); pl(11590) 1.600 Sl~ O1,Cpx,pl(l 1:630) 1.600 F6 OI,Cpx,pl( 11.590) 1.597 AL4 Cpx.lpl(10830) 1.584

Results of melting experiments on the laves of table I.

Table 3

' Dat~ of Sampi~e T°C(optieat Iron Experiment',d eruption pyrometer) enrichment liquidu s (7°C)

18 November 1959 Kig(S-Sg) 1190 ° 0.533 1225 ° 14 November 1959 SI~ 1060°-1080 ° 0.635 1163 '~ 21 January 1960 F6 1040 ° 0.661 1159 ~ 4 February 1960 FI4 1120 °- 1130 ° 0.508 1252 ~

quence of entry of the major m;nerals of the crystal- lizing lavas and the refractive ind;.ces of the glasses quenched from above the liquidus of these lavas.

The comparative data-field temperatures versus laboratorytiquidus data - on the four lavas already enumerated-- are :set out in table 3.

These data show notable discrepancies and possible reasons for them were :Jeported in 1965 (ref. [10], pp. 268-9). It was noted d~tt the temperatures measured in the field and in the4[~boratory are not those of laves in identical physical sates, for 1. the laboratory rest~s are obtained on anhydrous

melts whereas the ¢~,ld te.mperatures are obtained on a la'~a liquid col , aining some volatiles;

2. the highest labo~ralry temperature~g are liquidus de- terminations wherltas the field temperatures are of liquids ~dteady hoff~ng some content of crystal phases:

3, many of the field ~;~ata are obtained by optical py- rometry on eruptiy~g fountains "whereas some of the samples stu~iie~:l were collected from flows at some distance from the fountains" (ref. [3], p. D t0). Thus there is still uncertainty regarding the physi-

cal character of the ~ava at the site of I:emperamre

measurement and its correspondence with that of the subsequently investigated sample.

Speeiments SI and SI a ~;lustrate this point clearly. Despite their distinct chemical differences, both come from vent spatter from the most eastern early-vent (Murata, persona~ communication) from which a single pyrometric temperature was recorded.

More recent studies have shown that temperatures measured by thermoeouple - as in the Makaopuhi eruption of 1965 - were hi~er than those obtained by optical pyrometry. In drill holes in Makaopuhi lava lake, temperatures as high as 1150°C were measured with themtocouples (ref. [6], p. 3198) and higher liquidus temperatures were estimated by extrapolation to 100 percent glass content. The temperatures ob- tained by thermocouple axe in dose accord with those derived experimentally and shown 1o be a function of iron enrichment This agreement is revealed in the liquidus data on the specimen M 1 of table 2 (1192°C) when compared with the extrapolated thermoeouple data on the same lava (I 200°C).

Wright et at. [6] have noted as regards the pyro- meter measurements of exposed flow surfaces that these are probably correct as read, buz the flow sur- face cools too rapidly to obtain an accurate measure- ment of the temperature of the interior of a flaw.

RELATIONS OF KILAUEAN BASALTS OF HAWAII 473

Table 4

Date of Sample T°C !ton Inferred eruption (pyrometeO enrichment temperature

$5 glass 1190 ° 0.533 } 225 ~* November to (Klg) Deq,ember 1959 $7 glass 11600 0.557 1212 °

S12 glass 1115 ° 0.607 1188 ~

F3 gla~ 1030 ° 0.687 1147 ° January to FI2 glass 1100 ° 0.635 1175 ° February 1960 F I 1 glass 1100 ° 0.629 I 178 °

FI9 glass 1120 ° 0.617 1182 °

- ~ ' f l r ~ r n - f f f g t r , ~ ' ~ 2 ~ p d r ~ i r ~ - a - e i ~ ~ . - ' ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The comparative temperatures determined by op- tical pyrometry and those inferred from iron enrich- ment have been set out f ix a number o f glasses o f the 1959-60 Kilauea and later eruption,s by Wright et al. [61.

These glasses represent magmatic liquids that were quenched during eruption and have yielded pyrometer values commonly ranging from 35°C to 75°C below those inferred from iron .enrichment.

Results for the 1959-60 Kilauea samples are set out in tabte 4 (cf. table 5 in ref. [6], p. 3199).

The regular increase in iron enrichment and alkali con tent o f Kilauean lavas with increasing silica con- tent i~; revealed in figs. 2 and 3. On these plots the am;- lyses o f table I have been inserted as filled circles.

The plots of fig. 1 and table 2 bring out very clearly the regular sequence - eIMne -. clinopyroxene - plagioclase in the crystallization o f lavas o f the earlier

0,¢o . . . . . . . . i

o ~ ~ o , 7 o

o

o

o n

o o.~o

K OoSO']ext ~

[~o83"].

s.2 2"

K,.[,=~qo/' ~,sg, 02ss3CTeF ,,~ [,2523

®../*~'~o, O:~n']

Fig. 2. t'lot relating silica percentage and iron enrichment ofexpe 'in entally treated lavas of Kihuea (fi0¢d circles). Other ~mbols as in fig. 1. AL 4 - quenched ooze in Alae Lake ava :Peck et a. [7 ] 1~. 645).

R.N,THOMPSON ~md C.E.TIL/EY

o

@AL 4

a ~ / OK IlOeO'l 1 9 6 O , / @ F~'~

S'Ia o *~077 01840 1959 / ' ~ . 2 0 0 M . . . . " ' • 4D,~O • .1 I t l v z J

Fig, 3. Alkalis-silica plot of experimentally treated Kilauean lavas. Indicator points as in f~ff~. 1 and 2.

and middle stages of Kilauean differentiation, a se- quence of fractional crys'tallization manifested by petrographic study of the 1959-60 lavas themselves.

Tile precipitation o f flmenite and magnetite in K~auea ]avas is normally delayed until later stages of caoling. This situation is strikingly exemplified in the crystallization sequence revealed in the study of the cooling lava of Makaoputfi Lava Lake by Wright and Weiblan [ 11 ].

Regions of major phase control in crystallization cast be portrayed in variation diagram plots as shown by Murata and Richter. These authors (ref. [ l ] , figs. 4 and 5) have plotted the MgO variation diagrams of the 1959-60 Kilauea eruptions, showing the trends of compositional variation of the ]avas relative to key lavas and glasses, and to the composition of the sepa- rating minerals. Of these, the plots showing CaO and AI203 variation are of special significance, inasmuch as they clearly separate the plots of the flank erup- tions (1960) from those of the summit (I 959) and further define the sections of magma crystallization under olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioelase + clino- pyroxene control respectively. Figs. 4 and 5 now pre- sented supply a variant of the Murata and Richter diagrams, with iron enrichment substituted for mag- nesia.

In the lime plot (fig. 4) the successive regions of olivine control (Klpb-C), clinopyroxane control (C-D) and plagioclase + clinopyroxene control (D-K) are clearly indicated.

The fall in lime oantent of the lavas from its maxi- mum at C corresponds to the entry of clinopyroxene control, while in ~g~ 5 (the alumina plot) the fall in alumina from its maximum at D (:orresponds to the entry of plagioclase + clinopyroxane control.

Slcx, the new analysis of early spatter of Novem- ber 1959, like S I and S3, also early spatter and lava of the summit eruptions (analyses: in table I of ref. [ 1 ] , p. A 5), lies off the control lines of figs. 4 and 5, being high in lime and low in alumina.

Murata and Richter have suggested that, in the case of S 1 and $3, this is indicative of minor clino- pyroxene accumtflation~

On this basis SI~ projected to the control lines would bring it to a region near the beginning of the plagioclase + clinopyroxene control lines of figs. 4 and 5, as might be expected from its melting data.

The compositions, P, C and D correspond respec- tively to I. the must marie gin,% (corrected) P, the primitive

melt,

RELATIONS OF KILAUEAN BASALTS OF HAWAII 475

i|,e

is,e

t,.o

o ~I ,.s

s.o

~'*s.ls

5'30s.i 2 C OS~'2oS')*

1959 o p ~ao, x

' \ "

.I,. ,!,s °!,. ' ' .... e.ss s.u ~.ss sq~ F.O* Fe2OJMa O + F°O ~ F.20 ~

\ \

O K \

At, °

~,~s ~.le , DIs 04O

Fig. 4. Plot correlating lime conten t and fion enrichment of Kilauean laves. Control fines for oIMnc, clinopyroxene (+ minor olivinel, and p~.agioclase + clinopyroxene (± minor olivine) indicated. For numbered points; see figs. I and 2 and analyses in Murata and Richter (1966, tables I and 2). The compositions P, C and D am taken from Mutate and Richter (1966) and s.epre~nt primi- tive melt (P = I(Ig, most marie glass (corrected)), C, average composition of Kilauean summit e:ruptions and D, average glassy fraction of the late 1960 flank lavas. 77, 80 and 82: represent analyses so numbered of the ]1955 Kilauea flank eruptions (TiUey

[ 12], table 4, p. 53),

2. average composition of Kilauea summit eruptions C and

3. average gl,~ssy fraction of the late 1960 flank lavas D (ruf. Ill, fig. 5, p. A 18). The inl%'rred liquidus temperatures of compositions

C and D ate respectively 1188°C and 1178°C. Both diagzams (figs. 4 and 5) define the regions of

the early, later and intermediate 1960 flank laves as well as those ,of the 1955 flank eruptions, as discussed and iuterpretq.'d by Murata and Richter, who also

provide the evidence for the mixing of magmas in the produc:~ion of the late 1960 lavas and those of the in- termediate 1960 period.

ACknOWLEDGEMENTS

In preparing this account we hawa been very' much indebted to the illuminating studies of Murata and Richter which have yielded such important genetic

476 R.N.THOM ,PSON and C.E.TILLEY

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At4 O 0 ~

0.10 ?.

F~. 5. Plot cerrelatiag alumina content and iron enrichment of Kilanea lavas. Cor~trol lines and numbered poin~.s indicated as in fig, 4, KI 113, ooze in drill hole. Kilanea Iki lava lake (Richter and Moore [2i!, table 5).

data to the problem o f Kilauea magma evolution. The specimens under j m d y have been kindly provided by Dr. Murata. Prof~.:;sorr G.A.Macdonald and Dr. T . L Wdg,ht.

REFERENCES

[ I] K.J.Murata and D.H.Richter, The 1959-60 eruptions of Kilauea Volea,~o, Hawaii, Chemistry of the lavas, P~oL Paper U.S.G.S. 537-A (19669 AI -26 .

[2 | D.H.Richter and J.G.Moore, The '195g-60 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Petrology of Kilauea Iki lava lake. Prof. Paper, U.S.G.S. 537-B (196~) B1-26.

[ 3] D.H.Ricllter and K.J,MurJ~ta, The 195!~60 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Pettoglraphy of the lavas, Prof. Paper U.S.G.S. 537-D (1966) Dl-12.

[4] C.E.TilIey, Kilanea Magma 1959.60, Geol. Mag. 97 (1960) 494.

[5] I.D.Muit and CE.Tilley, Contributions to the petxology of Hawa=ian basalL~: The t holelitic ba!~lts of Mauna Lea and Kilauea, Am..i". Sci. 2151 (1963) ~ 1L

REL:~.TIONS OF KILAUEAN I~.ASAUI'S OF ItAWAII 477

[61 T.L.Wright, W.T.Kinoshita and D.L.Pet.k. March 1965 eruption of Kilauea Volcano and tile formation of Makaopuhl Lava Lake. J. Geophys. Res. 73 (1968) 3181.

[71 D.L.Pet.k, T.L.Wrig, ht and J,G.Moomc, Crystallization of tholeiitic 1basalt in Alae Lava Lake, ltaw~il. Bull. Vole. 29 (1966) 629,

[81 C.E.T]Iley,, H.S.Yoder and.I.F.gchairer, Melting relations of Volcanic tholeiite and alkali rock series. Annual Re- port of tht.' Director of the Gt.opl~ysical Labc,ratory. Car- negie lnst, Wasl:ingtom Year Book 64. p. 69,

191H.S.Yoder and C,E.TilIey. Origin o1~ basalt magmas,: An

experimental study of natu,al and syntl~elic rock ,,y~- terns. J. Petrol. 3 (1962) 342,

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