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MEF Journal Vol-1

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Journal for 1st Annual

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Page 1: MEF Journal Vol-1

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Page 2: MEF Journal Vol-1

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Page 3: MEF Journal Vol-1

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odrf;a&;qdkwJU(Factor) udkrjzpfraexnfUoGif; pOf;pm;&rSmjzpfw,f/ odkUjzpfí txufygocFsm enf;vrf;rsm;udktoHk;jyKwJUtcg Statistic enf; vrf;u&wJU udef;*Pef;awGeJU EdIif;,SOfoHk;oyfzdkU tvGefta&;BuD;vSygonf/

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qdkygpdkY - rD;oD;wpfvHk;&Jh wGufcsufrIrS &&SdvmwJh Running hours udk em&D (3000) [k razmfjybJ (3000±50) em&Dazmfjyjcif;onf vdkvm;onfhtajzwpfcktwGuf Range changesudkazmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ (2950 rS 3050 xd) qdk aom tawmtwGi f;wefz d k ;ud kazm f jyonf/ tu,fí ¤if;rD;oD;\ oufwrf;udk (3000±20) jzpf atmifvkyfEdkifvQif ydkrdktusdK;oufa&mufrI &Sdrnf jzpfonf/

tif*sifeD,mvkyfief;udk Professionalvkyfvmaomtcg wefzdk;wpfckudkazmfjyrnfqdkvQif 'órae&mawGutp wdwdususazmfjy&ef vdk tyfygonf/ Oyrmay;&&if (0.7) ESifh (0.70) wdkY onfyifvQif oabmobm0rwlygay/ jzpfwef pGrf;ay:rlwnfívnf; trSm;t,Gif;cHE d ki fr I twdkif;twm (Error range) awGvnf; uGmjcm; ygonf/ vkyfief;wpfck\vsmxm;csufudk twdrf; tapmif;cHEdkifrIjzpfwefpGrf;udk W=0.70 &Sdonf qdkMuygpdkY/

qdkwJhazmfjrLvmoHk;jyD; wGufcsuf &if δW≤1.4% qdkjyD;&&SdrSmjzpfw,f/ EdIif;& wefzdk;&Jh 1.4% twdrf;tapmif;cHEdkifwJhoabmyg/ wu,fvdkYom jzpfwefpGrf;udk W=0.7 vdkYazmfjycJh r,fqdk&if EdIif;q&wefzdk;&Jh 14% qdkwJh Rangeay;rSmjzpfygw,f/ txl;owdjyKzG,fyif jzpf\/

'Dtwdkif;wGufvdkufvdkU 'Dtajz&w,fqdk onfrSmausmif;oifcef;pmtqifhwGif usefcJUygNyD/ tif*sifeD,mwpfa,muftzdkUrSm &&SdvmwJh tajz twGuf vufcHEdkifaom twdkif;twmtwGif;&Sd r&Sd ,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI&Sdr&Sd qef;ppfzdkUtvGefta&; BuD;vSygonf/ NyD;vQif¤if;wdkUtwGuf udk,fwkdif wm0efcH&ayonf/ vkyfief;cGifvkyfudkif&müvnf; wGufcsufrIuay;wJUtwdkif; tqifhtwef;rD t&nftaoG;rD wnfaqmufMu&rnfjzpfonf/ rdrdwdkU&nfrSef;wJh t&nftaoG;udkxdyg;vmwJU rnfonfUvTrf;rdk;rIudkrS rcH,loifhay/ tif*sif eD,mwdkU\ xkwfukefonf a&&Snfvkyfief;rsm;om jzpfonfhtwGuf t&nftaoG;rjynfhrDygvQif owfrSwfumvxd oufwrf;cHrnf r[kwfay/ xdktcg jynfolUb@mudktusdK;rJ hjzKef;wD;&m a&mufayrnf/ xdkUaMumifh Oya't& ta&;,lcH& rIrsm; &SdvmEdkifygonf/ odkUjzpfaomaMumifh t"GefU&Snf wnfwHhEdkifaom wDxGifzefwD;cJUaom vuf&mrsm;tjzpf odu©m&SdpGmordkif;ajc&m usefEdkif &efrSm rdrdwdkUwGufcsufoHk;oyfrIwdkUu tajccHt aMumif;&if;yifjzpfygawmhonf/ /

armifvlat;

rdrdwdkU&nfrSef;wJU t&nftaoG;udkxdyg;

vmwJU rnfonfUvTrf;rdk;rIudkrS

rcH,loifUay/

110

1

nz

x

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12

ukvor*¾ twGif;a&;rI;csKyfwm0ef,l xm;wJhbefuDrGef;wpfa,muf urÇmvHk;yH kpHi,f t½kyfav;wpfckeJU tvkyf½Iyfaeygw,f/ befuD rGef;tvkyf½Iyf&jcif;taMumif;uawmU 'Dvdkyg-

urmÇvHk;udk txufuyHkrSmjyxm;wJhtwdkif; tjrif hwlnDwJ h (tjyma&mifjc,frIef;xm;wJh) tpdwftydkif;av;ESpfckydkif;xm;r,f/ tjyma&mif jc,fxm;wJh tpdwftydkif;ESp fckudk nmbuf yHkrSmjyxm;wJhtwkdif; tydkif; 1 eJY tydkif; 2 vdkY owfrSwfygr,f/ tydkif; 2 &JUrsufESmjyif{&d,m[m

tjrifh “ H ” &SdwJh cylinder wpfck&JU rsufESmjyif{&d,meJY wlnDw,f vdkY ,lqygr,f/befuDrGef;odcsifwmu b,ftydkif;&JU rsufESmjyif{&d,mu ydkrsm;rvJ/ b,ftydkif;&JU rsufESmjyif{&d,mu enf;aervJ/ uJ.. .. ußGefawmfwdkY 0dkif; 0ef;pOf;pm;ay;vdkuf&atmiftay:uyHkudk 'Dvdkav; xyfjznfUqGJxm;ay;w,f/

ÚmPfprf;

Ko Saw (rk'Hk)

yHkrSmawGU&wJh “ s ” uawmh tydkif; 1 &JU radius

jzpfygw,f/ “ r ” uawmh tydkif; 2 &JU radius

jzpfygw,f/ “ b ” uawmh tydkif; 1 &JU

rsufESmjyiftus,f jzpfygw,f/“ b ” [m “ r ”

&JU tangent line jzpfygw,f/ “ H ”uawmh ESpfckvHk;e J Youfqd kifwJh tjrif h jzpf

ygw,f/“ r ” eJY “ s ” Mum;uaxmifhudk

( β ) vdkYowfrSwfygr,f/ 'gqdk&if θ = β

jzpfoGm;ygjyD/ “ b ” [m “ r ” &JU tangent

line jzpfwJhtwGuf axmifh l [m 90-θ eJY

nDygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh a = θ jzpfygw,f/ 'gqdk tJ'DMwd*HESpfck[m similar triangle

jzpfoGm;ygjyD/ similar triangle tem;awG&JU tcsdK;[mwlnDw,fqdkwJh *kPfowÅdt& atmuf ygtwkdif;&&Sdvmygw,f/

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13

Cylinder &JU surface area jzpfatmif equa-

tion awGudk 2π eJY ajrSmufvdkufwJhtcg surface

area ESp fc k[m wlnDaewmud k awG Y& S d& rSmjzpfygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh tydkif;(1)&JU surface

area eJY tyd ki f;(2)&JU surface area[mwlnDygw,f/

tJ'Duae bmudkodEdkifovJqdkawmh sphere

wpfck&JU rnfonfhtpdwftydkif;u surface area

rqdk oleJY tjrifhcsif;wlnD ? radius

csif;wlnDwJh Cylinder &JU surface area eJY twlwlygyJ/ 'gqdk&if tjrifhwl ? radius wlwJh Cylinder wpfck&JU surface area eJY sphere

wpfck&JU surface area wljyDaygh/

Ko Saw (rk'Hk)

Ref: Michael Starbird, Ph.D. Professor of Mathematics , The University of Texas at Austin : Lecture 8 , Circles, Pyramids, Cones and Spheres

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aeygw,f/befuDrGef; tvkyf½Iyf&jcif; taMumif;

uawmU 'Dvdkyg-

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14

tD*spfyd&rpfqdkwm *locFsKdif;awGr[kwfyJ AntennaawGrsm;jzpfaervm; ¿

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15

'Da&S;a[mif; yd&rpfawGrSm electric

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ygw,fvdkU tef'&,f ,db,fbD;pfuD

u oufaojyoGm;yg

w,f "

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16

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papagyi

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Piston ta&SUydkif;rSm&SdwJYavawG[m B uae jyifyudkxGufoGm;&ygr,f/ tu,fí B tayguf ydwfaecJY&if A uaeb,favmufwGef;wGef; Piston a&GUrSmr[kwfbl;qdkwmudkawmh odNyD; om;jzpf&ygr,f/tJ'DvdkyJ A udkzGifhxm;NyD; B uae compress air ay;vdkuf&if Pistonaemufudka&TUNyD; rod txJudkjyef0ifygr,f/Double acting vdkYbmvdkYac:vJqdk &ift0if a&mxGufa&mudk compress air eJYxdef;csKyf Edkif vdkYyg/wu,fvdkY A wpfaygufxJygNyD; pvif'g t0ifud k Spring action eJ YtoH k; NyK xm;&ifawmholYudk Single acting cylindervdkYac:ygw,f/ B taygufrygayr,fhAir equalizer twGuftayguf ao;wpfayguf yg&ifyg?ryg&if Piston design ud k wbufoGm; yHkpHvkyfxm;&ygr,f/ ValveawGtaMumif;qufygr,f/ Pneumatic valveaw G r S m w a y a nd pos i t i on qdkNyD;ac:a0:Muygw,f/Oyrm- 3^2 qdkwJYo a u F w r S m a & S U u 3 [ m v a l v er S m y gw J Y a vvr f ; a M u m i f ; ( a v a y gu f ) t&nftwGufjzpfNyD; aemufu 2 [mposition vhdk ac:wJYAm;twGif;rSmygwJY Piston &JYa&GU Edkif w J Ytaetxm;-Oyrm b,fe J Ynmtjye f tvSefa&TUEdkifw,fqdk&if 2 position ayghAsm/ac:&ifawmh 3way 2 position vdkYrac:yJ 3 2 way valve vdkYyJac:ygw,f/tJvdkyJ 2 2 way, 5 2 way, 5 3 way qdkNyD;trsdK;rsdK; &Sdygw,f/ oauFwtaeeJUjy&ifawmU axmifhr Sefpwk*Hy H k udkt&G,fwl2 ydkif;ydkif;xm;&if 2 position vdkY

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Pushbutton udkESdyfvdkuf&ifav[m 1 uae 2 udkjzwfNyD;pvif'gxJ0ifwmaMumif h pistona&SUudk a&TUygr,f/cvkwfudkvTwfvdkufwJUtcsdef bmjzpfrvJ MunfU&atmif py&def&JUueftm; eJUaemufudkjyef0ifrvm;.. r0ifygbl;?bmvdkUvJ qdkawmU qvif'g twGif;u compress airjyefxGufp&mvrf;aMumif;r&SdvdkYyg/

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b,fvdkvkyfNrifrSmvJvdkU/ twlwl&yfaewmudk/olwdkUrdef;r awGyJ pyfuvnf;pkygh/ [dkem;Nzpfvnf; olwdkUodcsif? 'Dem;Nzpfvnf; olwdkU odcsifeJU? pdwfxJu tJ'DvdkawG;&if; cyfqwfqwfav; NyefaNymrdvdkufygw,f/“tif;[kwfrSmayghAsm? 'Dem;ucPcP ,mOfcsif;wdkufrI? um;uvludkwdkufrI Nzpfw,fAs? qdkif;bkwfMuD;awGUw,f r[kwfvm; [dk;rSm? Nrefrmvdkaum? t*Fvdyf vdkaum a&; xm;wm?bmwJh?owdxm;armif;?,mOfwdkufrI b,favmuf qdkwm a&;xm;wm? ”ußGefawmf tJvdk aNymvdkufawmh? olUorD; av; u? tr,f vlMunfhawmh 10 eSpfawmif &Sdr,f rxif? olU tar twkdif;yJ eS kwfuvnf;oGufygh? bmwJh olaNymwm“vrf;udk rMunfhbJ ul;wmudk arar&” wJU? “tJ'Daumifav;u awmfawmfayghqwmyJ”wJh“olUrdb awGu rqkH;rbl;vm; rodbl; aemf arar” wJhtr,foluyJ aNym&w,f&S dao;? vlMunfhawmhom uav;&,f? olUtarxuf omr,fh yHkyJvdkU pdwfxJu awG;rdyg&JU/ ußGefawmf awG;vdkUrS rqHk;ao;? tarvkyf olu ußGefawmfhudk qufar;w,f?“armifav; b,fvdkNrifvJ? um;u rSm;wmvm;?uav;u rSm;wmvm;”cufayghAsm? a&SUaevm;? &Jvm;awmh rod? wpfckckawmh wpfckckyJ? ußGefawmfrS rNrif&wm b,fvdkvkyfodrvJ tr&,fvdkU NyefaNym,HkrSwpfyg; bmwwfedkfifrSmvJvdkU av/ tJ ußGefawmfwdkU aNymoHudk Mum;oGm;vdkU xif&JU? ußGefawmfhab;em;u ykqdk;udk wdkwdk0wfNyD;? aumfvm uwkef;eJU touf 50 0ef;usif vlwpfa,mufu0ifaNym av&JU?“r[kwfbl;As? tJ'g pnfyifukrÜPDawGrSm tNypf&SdwmAs? cifAsm;wdkU awGUw,fr[kwfvm;?vrf;ul;wJUrD;ydGKifhuysuf aew,f?rD;ydG Kif hysufwmudkcsufcsif;Nyif&rSmAs yd kufqH us ,lNyD; ? udk,fhtvkyfusawmh aocsmrvkyfbl; tv um;aumifawG?olwdkUaMumifh tem*gwf&JU Mu,fyGifhav; wpfyGifh aMuG&SmNyD”ol0ifaNymvdkufawmhrS [dkom;trdvnf; yg;pyfydwf oGm;av&JU? 'DvlaNymwmvnf; [kwfw,fvdkU pdwfxJ awG;rdyg&JU?rD;ydGKifhaMumifhNzpfrSmvdkU?tJ'Dvlvnf; ußGefawmfhudk aNym&wm tm;r&vdkUxifyg&JU?olUnmbufu vlwpfa,mufukdvnf; qufaNymaeav &JU? bmqufaNymaewmvJawmh ußGefawmfvnf; rMum; awmh? 'DvlUMunfh&wm tpdk;&0efxrf;awmh aocsmw,fAs? ausmif;q&mvm;?txufwef;pma&; vm;? wpfckckawmh Nzpfr,fvdkU ußGefawmfawG;Munfhaerdao;w,f?tJcufwmu ußGefawmfh nmbufvSrf;vSrf;u tzGm;MuD; uvnf; [dkvlaNymwmudk axmufcHwJh taeeJU ußGefawmf Mum;atmif vSrf;atmfav&JU?

“[kwfw,f?[kwfw,f?pnfyifukrÜPDawG aNym?raNym csif bl;?tdrfrSmrD;rvmwm?rD;zdkacsmifrSm*ufpfysufaewm 4&uf &Sdawmhr,f? zkef;qufawmhvnf; vmNyifay;yghr,feJU?tckxdrvmbl;? vpOfaMu;usawmhyHkrSefay;&w,f?”aMomf ... olUrSmvnf; cHpm;csuf &SdwmyJudkvdkUawmh awG; vdkufygw,f?olaNymvdkufrSpnfyifukrÜPDawGtay: pdwf u awmfawmf a'goxGufrdyg&JU?ußGefawmfvnf; awmf awmf qdk;wJUpnfyifukrÜPDawG vdkU yg;pyfuvnf; qdk&if; ab;Munfhvdkufawmh [dkom;trd r&Sdawmh? ußGefawmhf tawG;uvnf; uGefUNrL;w,fav? r[kwfrvGJa&m 'Dta':MuD; a,muFsm;u pnfyifukrÜPDu rdkhvdkUvm; rodbl;vdkU? tlaMumifaMumif tawG;&,fyg? olrsm;udk raumif;awG;wm rvkyfaumif;ygbl;vdkU udk,fhukdudk,f Nyefxdef;xm;vdkuf&w,f?ußGefawmfawG;vdkU rqHk;cifrSmbJ? ab;u touf 40 t&G,f? pwdkifabmif;bDeJU tdwfudk vufarmif;rSm usus ee ydkuffxm;wJh vlwpfa,mufu ußGefawmhfudkaNymwm vm;? olUbmom aNymwmvm;awmhrod? olaNymwmu“r[kwfbl;As? rD;ydGKifhqdkwm wpfcgwpfavawmh ysuf wwfwmyJ?t"duu um,uH&SifawG yJAs? uav;u uav;rdkhvdkUum;&Sif;NyDqdkNyD; ul;wm udpör&Sdbl;? armif;wJh olrSm tNypf&SdwmAs? cifAsm; pOf;pm;Munfh? owdeJU armif; aygh? 'gvlul;rsOf;Mum; &SdwJh ae&myJav? r[kwfbl;vm;?t&Sdefukd avQmh?ab;b,fnmMunfh? 'Dvkdarmif;&rSm?t"du w&m;cHu um;armif;wJh olAs”olaNywmvJ [kwfawmh [kwfygh? 'DvlrSm t"du wm0ef &SdwmyJ? 'Davmuf &Hk;wufcsdef vl&lyfaewmudk owdeJU rarmif;bl;? vlawGu olwdkU tvsifvdkwmyJ odwmudk;? tckawmh uav;wpfa,muf b0qHk;&Smaygh? owdowd? tJ'gaMumifh bk&m;u a[mwm bmvkyfvkyf owdav; ygrS? w&m;&vG,fwmwJU? oGm;owd?vm owd?ae owd? xdkif owd? pm; owd?rSefvdkufav vdkU pOf;pm;aewkef;? tckevlab;u olU oli,fcsif; vm;rod? bPftapmifh vdkvdk ,leDazmif;eJU yk*¾dKvfu pum;qufav&JU? 'Dvl Munfh&wm um;yGJpm;vdkvdk bmvdkvdkeJU? um;taMumif; aumif;aumif; odwJh avoHeJU?“um;u pvGef; 85 armf',fAs? ußGefawmfNrifvdkufw,f? 'Dvl b&dwfaygufNyD; xdef;r& NzpfoGm;wmAs? olUa&SUu rmpD;'D; uGufaysmuf udk wkdufrdrSmpdkk;NyD; twif;nmbuf udk csdK;vdkufwm? wpfu,fvdkUrsm; olU nmbufu zdkU'f *wkef; 90 armf',fom a&SUudk enf;enf;a&mufae&if? um;csif;wdkufrSmAs?vrf;ul;vmwJhcav;udkwdkufrSmr[kwf bl;?trSefu Asm? um;qdkwm reuf tNyifxGufawmhr,f qdk&if? qD?a&?av?0kdif? b&dwf tukefppf&wmAs?'Dvl Munfh&wm um;ompD;wm? um;taMumif;vnf; odyHk ray:ygbl;Asm? olaocsm rppfawmh? uav;wpfa,muf touf&SKH;aygh”

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olaNymwmvnf;[kwfawmh[kwfom;?olaNymvdkufrSaemuf 2 vavmufqdk um;0,fpD;rvdkU ydkufqHpk xm;wmav; awmif wNcm;rSm okH;&awmhrvdk? um;taMumif;odrS um; pD;&r,fqdkawmh? tif; um;taMumif;avhvm NyD;rS 0,f wmaumif;r,fxifyg&JU vdkUawmif rqDrqdkif awG;rdvdkuf ao;&JU? um;taMumif; avhvmbdkU uvnf; b,fvdkvkyf &ygh?olaNymwmbmwJh qD?a&?av?0dkif?b&dwf rkd;vif;wmeJU ppf? ynm&Sdpum; em;0rSm xm;qdkovdk? pmtkyfxJa&;rSwf rvdkU MuH&kHk&Sdao; aemufzufu taemufwdkif;0wfpHk pwdkif usus0wfxm;wJh tif*sifeD,m vkdvdk vlu aNymvdkufvkdU olzufpdwfua&mufoGm;av&JU?oltNrifu enf;enf;awmh xl;qef; aeav&JU?“cifAsm;wdkUaNymwmu vwfwavmNyóem udk taNz&Sm wmAs? wu,fawmh cifAsm;wdkU aocsm Munfh?vrf;u av;cGqHk? NyD;awmh rDwm 100 avmuf ausmfvdkuf&if vrf;Nzwf awGu&Sdao;? 'Dvkdem;rSm rD;ydGKifhysufvdkU uawmh traffic jam uawmh Nzpfvkduf r,fh Nzpfcsif;?tJ'Dawmh t&ifvdkNyD; olU xufigarmif;?wdkufNyDaygh? wu,f awmh'Dem;rSmukef;ausmfwHwm;aqmuf oifhwm Mumaygh? [dkbuf yef;NcH em; uae? tck ußGefawmfwdkU &yfaewJh ae&m txd ukef;ausmfwHwm; aqmufvdkuf?NyD;&if 2 xyf t0dkif;ywf um;vrf;aqmufvdkuf?tay:u wpfvrf;oGm;? atmuffu wpfvrf;oGm;?'grSr[kwfvJ tay:eJUatmufudk crossing vkyfvkduf?aemufxyf 'Dvdkrsm; b,fawmh rS rNzpfawmhbl; pdwfcsAsm”

'Dvl aNymwmvnf; [kwfwmyJav?bmvdkU'Dvlvdk NrdKUawmf tkyfcsKyfa&; tzGJU u rpOf;pm;wmvJ rod?'grSr[kwf 'Dvl uyJ w&kwfodkif;um; awGxJuvdk vlrodatmif aewJh vlpGrf;aumif;MuD;vm;? pOf;pm;ayr,fh aqmufvkyfc aps; MuD; vdkU aum rNzpfekdifbl;vm;? wu,fyJ rodwmvm;? 'DvlaNymvdkufrS vm;ar;cGef;awG tck 100 avmuf acgif; xJ avQmufaNy;aeav&JU? ußGefawmf pdwfxJvnf; 'Dvl tif*sifeD,m awmh NzpfrSmaocsmw,f vdkU? awmfawmf vnf; pOf;pm; wwfwJh vlvdkU csD;rGrf; r,f MuHao; ußGefawmhfa&SUu touf 60 ausmfavmuf tazt&G,f OD;av;MuD; u atmfvkdufrS vefUNyD; tlaMumifaMumif Nzpf oGm;rdw,f? 'DvlMuD; yHkpHMunfh&wm? vlNref?pdwfNref yHkpH MuD;eJU? uGrf;awG0g; aewmvm; bmvm;awmhrod? yg;pyf u yGpdyGpd eJU vkyfaewmawmh Nrifae&w,f/

“rif;wdkU bmaaumifawGwkef;? wpfa,mufwpfaygufeJU? [dkrSm uav;u touf&Sd&if&SdOD;rSm? oGm;ulnDMuygvm;? aq;&Hkum; ac:oifhac:?wwfodwJh olu a&S;OD;olemNyK enf;eJU NyKpkxm;? 'gawGvkyf&rSm? [dkvlraumif;aMumif;? 'Dvl raumif;aMumif;yJJ avukefcH xdkifaNymaew,f?

rif;wdkUvdkab;xdkifbkaNymawGaMumifh ekdifiH rwdk;wufwm?oGm; ulnDMu”[dkuf? olaNymvdkufrS &p&mr&Sdawmh?ußGefawmfhaMumifh edkifiH rwdk;wufwmwJh?trav; pGyfpJG csufuvJ? udk,fh taz t&G,f u aNymawmhvnf; em;axmif&rSmaygh?ußGefawmhf ab;u aemufawmfMuD;awGvJrsufeSmav;awGatmuf csNyD;? wpfa,mufudk wpfa,mufMunfhaeMuav&JU? oGm; &ifaumif;rvm;? tvkyfaemufus aerS Nzifh? rNzpfao;yg bl;avvdkU awGa0aewkef;? tcke vlMuD; ab;u olZeD; vdkU xif&wJh ta':MuD; aNymvdkufrSbJ qkH;Nzwffcsufu ckdifrmoGm;awmhw,f?“oGm;MunfhMuav om;wdkU&JU? tarwdkUu aq;&HkrSm q&m0efeJU &ufcsdef;aum?tcsdefyg booking vkyfxm;vdkU omaygh? r[kwf&if b,faevdrfhrvJ?ol rsm; 'ku© a&mufaewm udk ulnDwm aumif;wJhvkyf&yfyguG,f? om"k?om"k”olwd k Uusawmh booking vky fxm;vd k U wJ h ?w,fvnf;wwfekdifw,f? tvdkvdk ae&if; tukodkvf 0if ygw,favvdkU rawG;awmhygbl;vkdU qkH;NzwfNyD;? uJ b,folrS roGm;vnf; igoGm;r,f[J h qd k NyD; ol&Jaumif;wkdUxkH; eSvHk;rlvdkh rvSrf;rurf;u um;wkdufwJh ae&m udk csDwuf&awmhwmaygh? pdwfxJuawmh om"kav; ac:wm awmif oHk;cg rac:bl; qdkNyD; ykxkZOfwdkU xkH;pH twkdif; pdwfu qdk;csifao;udk;? tJ ußGefawmf tJ'Dae&mudk oGm;awmh rsufeSmcsif;qdkifu vmaewJhvlu ar;ao;w,f? “cifAsm; oGm;MunfhrvdkU vm;”wJh?ußGefawmfuvnf; acgif;ndwfNyvdkufw,f? ol u qufNyD;?“[dkrSm q&m0efrav; wpfa,muf Munfhay; aew,fAs? aq;&Hkum;uAsm? tckxdudk ra&mufao;bl;? ac:xm;wm Mumaygh? aNymoHMum;wm awmh uav;u aoavmuf&Hkawmh rNzpfbl;wJh?aoG;xGuf wmrsm;awmh aq;&Hkum; NrefNrefvmrS NzpfrSmAs?” olu qufNyD; “tvum; tmrcHukr®PDawG Asm? ydkuf qHus,lNyD;? 'Dvkd rsm;us&i f b,fawmhr Stcs de fr S D ra&mufbl ;?NyD;&iftaMumif; Nycsuf rs d K;pH keJ U? vltouf wpfacsmif;qdkwm wefzdk;MuD; w,fAs?olwdkUvmwm aemuf usvdkU aowmb,fESpfa,muf avmuf &SdNyDvJawmif rodbl;? tvum;? ao&if t0DpdrSm csdK;uyfr,fh olawG”

olvnf;aNym&if;qdk&if; rSwfwdkifqDudk taNy;tvTm; oGm;aeav&JU? 'DvlU Munfh&wm ulnDcsifpdwfawmh&Sdyg&JU olrSmvnf; ta&;MuD; tvkyfawmh &SdyHkyJav? tif;av olaNymwmvnf; [kwfwmyJav?aq;&Hkum;awG aemufus w,f? aemufusw,fvdkU &Hk;uvlawG aNymoHom Mum; zl;wm? tckawmh wu,fNzpfaewmudk;? aMomf rvG,fygh

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vm;aemfvdkU pdwfu awG;&if; ußGefawmfvnf;cyfNrefNref av; a&SmufoGm;rdw,f? vrf;wpfzuf a&mufvdkU vltkyf MuD; &Sd&mudk ul;r,fvkyfaewkef; ußGefawmhf zkef;NrnfoH u ay:vmvdkU Munfhvdkufawmh tar? taru ta&;taMumif;qdk [dkrSm'DrSmu vkyfwwfvGef; vdkU? bmrSmODf;r,f rodbl; vkdU pdwfuawG;&if; “aNymAs bmwkef;”vdkU cyfqwfqwfav;xl;rdvdkufygw,f? tar aNymwJhpum;udk Mum;vdkuf&awmh ußGefawmhf acgif;awG xlNyD;? rD;awmufMuD; wpfck [yfvdkufovdk? &kwfw&uf aMumifoGm;ovdk? b,fvdkrSef;rodbJ ußGefawmf twif; vrf;udk NzwffaNy;rdvdkufw,fvdkh xifvdkufw,f?puúefUydkif; twGif;rSm rdkhvkdU ußGefawmfudk,f ußGefawmf bmNzpfoGm; rSef;awmifrodvdkufygbl;? um;awG b&dwftkyfoH vnf; Mum;vdkufrd&JU? 'gayr,fh tar aNymvdkufwJh“om;? tckum;*dwfrSmyJvm;wJh? om;nDav;ydkufqH,lNyD;? vrf;[dkbuf u qdkifrSm acsmuvuf oGm;0,fwm tckxd Nyefrvmao;vdkU?um;wdkufoHawGvnf; Mum;vdkU pdwfyl vdkUwJh? wpfcsuf MunfhNyD; nDav;udkawGU&if tdrfNyef vTSwfvdkuf”wJhußGefawmf vltkyfMuD;xJ twif;wdk;0ifoGm;awmh tcke ußGefawmhfab;uaysmufoGm;wJh aumifrav;&JUaygifay: rSm touf 12 eSpfavmuft&G,f cav;wpfa,muf vSJ vdkU? 'gPf&mu rNyif;ayr,fh? aNcaxmufudk xdxm;awmh emvdkUxifw,f cav;crsmatmfaeav&JU? aumifrav; uawmh aNymygw,f? pdwfrylygeJUwJU?cav;u uHaumif; w,fwJh? aNcaxmufeJeJxdwmwJh? cav;u vefUoGm;awmh wkefaewmwJh?aq;&Hkum;a&mufawmhrSmygwJh? ußGefawmf nDav;r[kwfvdkU awmfao;w,f[Jh qdkNyD; pdwfxJu awmh oufNyif;csrdyg&JU?aemufawmhrS pOf;pm;&if; tvkdvdk rsuf&nfawG pD;usvmwmudk ußGefawmfowd NyKrdygw,f? rD;ydGKifhvm;? um;vm;? um;orm;vm;?vrf;vm;?owdvm; bm;vm;?nmvm;vJ ußGefawmf rodcsifawmh? igbmvdkU oufNyif;csvdkufrdwmvJvdkU udk,fhudkudk,fNyefar; aerd w,f? ighnDav; r[kwfvdkU csvdkufwmvm;? uav;u raoedkifvdkUvm;? trSefawmh udk,fhaoG;om;r[kwfvdkU csvdkufrdwJh oufNyif;qdkwm odaeNyD;om;yg?udk,fhudkudk,f vnf; &Sufrdyg&JU/ twÅqdkwm qef;Mu,fom;&,fyg?'Duav;ae&mrSm nDav;qdk&ifaum? olUtudk ae&mrSm ußGefawmfqdk&ifaum?'grSr[kwf tckevlawGom 'Duav; tudkawG?tazawG?tarawG?bdk;bGm; awGqd k&ifaum b,fvdk oufNyif;awG csMurSmvJ?tcke q&m0efrav;uawmh cav;udkayGUxm;av&JU? ußGefawmfbmvkyfaevJ? cifAsm;wdkUawGaum bmvkyfaevJ vdkU atmfypfvkdufcsifrdyg&JU/

oli,fcsif;wpfa,mufudk *kPfNyKíatmifNiDrf; (xdefawm)

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aNymaew,f? rif;wdkUvdk ab;xdkifbkaNymawGaMumifh

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i,fi,fwkef;u araru ajymcJhw,fxrif;qDqrf; a&Tvifyef;udk

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a v , m O f a w G a y : a y g u f v m w m tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmfoGm;ygjyD/ tpueOD;rSm av,mOfawGudk eJY armif;ESif ygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSmawmh jet engine awG ay:vmjyD; wGifwGifus,fus,ftoHk;jyKvmMuyg w,f/bmvdkUwGifwGifus,fus,f oHk;&ovJqdk awm Uy d k j r e fv d k U y g y J / p r op e l l e r e J Y av,mOfudkarmif;ESif&if maximum speed u 500 km per hour ywf0ef;usif avmufyJ ysHoef;Edkifygw,f/Jet aircraft uawmh olYxuf ydkjrefygw,f/ 850-900 km per hour avmufysHoef;Ed kifygw,f/ usm;MuD; awmh ajc&mMuD;qdkwJhpum;twdkif;ygyJ/ speed ydkjref awmh qDydkukefygw,f/ qDukefusrI oufom atmif tif*sifeD,mrsm;u MudK;pm;Muygw,f/ wpfESpfxufwpfESpf BudK;pm;rIawGatmifjrifwmudk atmufyg*&yfzf rSmawGUEdkifygw,f

*&yf&JU x-axis uawmh ckESpfouú&mZfudk udk,fpm;jyKygw,f/ y-axis uawmh qDukefusrI (fuel consumption) udk udk,fpm;jyKygw,f/ azmfjyxm;wJh unit uawmh Liter/10km/

passenger jzpfygw,f/ qDukefusrI[m wpfESpf xufwpfE Sp favsmUenf; vmwmudk awGU&Sd&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 1960 ckESpfu c&D;onfwpfa,muftwGuf 10 kmtuGmta0;udk qD 0.6 liter ukefuscJU ygw,f/ ,cktcsde fr Smawmh c&D;onfwpf a,muftwGuf 10 km tuGmta0;udk qD 0.2 liter yJ ukefusygw,f/ 'ghtjyif Airbus A330ud k Volvo V70 um;trs d K ;tpm;e J Y EdIif;,SOfMunfhygw,f/

FUEL CONSUMPTION

tJ'D&nfrSef;csufawGjzpfajrmufzdkY[m cufcJr,fqdkwmrSefayr,fh “vkdvQifMuHq enf;vrf;&”qdkwJhpum;yHktwdkif; MudK;yrf;tm;xkwfvQif &nfrSef;csufudk rvGJ{uefa&muf&Sdr,fvdkY ,HkMunf&ygaMumif;

….

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txufrSmjrif&wJh *&yfzftwdkif; c&D;onfwpf a,muftwGuf 10 km tuGmta0;udk um; eJY av,mOf?qDukefusrIEdIif;,SOfwJhtcg av,mOf&JU qDpm;EIef;u um;eJY,SOf&if 26% avsmh enf;aewmudk awGY&rSmjzpfygw,f/ Calculationuawmh av,mOfrSm median load (75% full)udk tajccHxm;jyD; um;rSmawmh driver &JU load u d k y g, lw Gu fxm ; y gw, f / a cw fop f av,mOfwpfpif;u xGufay:vmwJU ql nHrI(noise) [m acwfay:tjref&xm;u xGuf ay:vmwJh qlnHrIeJY EIdif;,SOf&if xuf0ufcefY avsmhenf;ygw,f/ Advisory Council of Aeronautics Research in Europe (ACARE) u 2020 ckE Sp ftwGuf &nfrSef;csufuawmh atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygw,f/- Fuel consumption and carbondiox-ide emissions to fall by 50 per cent- Noise to fall by 50 per cent- Nitric oxide emissions to fall by 80 per centtJ'D&nfrSef;csufawGjzpfajrmufzd k Y[m cufcJ r,fqdkwmrSefayr,fh “vkdvQifMuHq enf;vrf;&”qdkwJhpum;yH ktwdki f; MudK;yrf;tm;xkwfvQif &nfr Se f;csufud k rvG J{uefa&muf & S dr,f vdkY ,HkMunf&ygaMumif; ….

Ref: Henrik Norberg , Volvo Aero and Airbus , AERO ENVIRONMENT ( A MAGAZINE ABOUT AVIATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT FROM VOLVO

a'geom;

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Naval architecture qdkwJhynm&yf[m yD;&l;awmifwef;uae pwifarG;zGm;vmw,fqdk&if tukeftHhMooifh ukefrvm;yJ/ wu,fyg/ olYwpf oufwpfudk,f oabFmwpfpD;awmifrS raqmuf cJhzl;wJh jyifopfeu©wfynm&Sif Pierre Bouguer[m olY&Jh okawoepmwrf;jzpfwJh Traité du navire, de sa construction et de ses mou-vemens (Treatise of the Ship, Its Con-struction and Movements) rSm pwif toHk;jyKcJ hygw,f/ jyifopf odyÜ Htu,f'rD&J h okawoevkyf ief;jzpfwJh urÇmMuD;&Jh t&G,f tpm;eJYyHko@mefudkodEd kif&eftwGuf vwÅDwG'f 'D*&DoHk;rsdK;eJYwdkif;wm&ef yD&l;awmifwef;rSm tajc csaepOf (1735-1744) twGif; txufygpmwrf; udkyg jyKpkcJhwmyg/ 1746 a&mufrSw&m;0if xkwf a0jzefYcsDcJ hw,fvdkYrSwfom;&ygw,f/ awmif wef;ay:rSm oabFmynmtkwfjrpfwpfckcscJUwm[m tHUzG,fwpfckuawmU trSefygyJ/

tJ'Drwdki fcifu oabFmeJYywfoufvdkY pmtkyfawG&SdcJhayr,fh Ship constructors awG twGuf tm;udk;jyKavmufzG,f&mr&SdcJhygbl;/ jyD; awmhynm&yfeJYywfoufvdkYolYavmuf Synthesis

rjzpfwJhtwGuf Pierre Bouguer &Jh Traité du

navire pmtkyf[m Naval architecture ynm &yftwGuf yxrqHk;aom enf;ynmtqefqHk; pm tkyfjzpfcJhygw,f/ &mpkESpfwpfckpmrQ oabFm wnfaqmufolwdkU twGufor®musrf;pmozG,f tm;udk;tm;xm; jyKcJh&ygw,f/odkYaMumifhrdkYvnf; Pierre Bouguer udk a&aMumif;AdokumzcifMuD; &,fvdkY (the father of naval architecture)aESmif;vlwdkY rSwfcsufjyKcJh&ygw,f/ tJvdkrSwfcsuf jyK&wJ h aemuftaMumif;&if;wpfc kuvnf;

Ko San Gyi

oabFmwpfpD;twGuf toufwrQta&;BuD;vS wJh Stability twGuf,aeU wdkif the only surviv-

ing theory jzpfwJh Metacenter qdkwJha0g[m& udkwDxGiftoHk;jyKazmfxkwfcJhvdk YygyJ/tJ'Daemuf ydkif;rSm oabFmynm[m rsm;pGmzGY HjzdK;wdk;wuf vmcJhygw,f/

Pierre Bouguer udka&aMumif;Adokum zcifBuD;vdkU*kPfjyKcJUwJUtaMumif;eJUywfoufvdkU apm'uwufp&m&SdEdkifygw,f/ bmvdkUvJqdkawmU olUtaMumif;udkarG;&yfajrjyifopfEdkifiHzGm; Naval

architects trsm;pkawmifrS olYemrnfudk rMum; cJhzl;MuvdkYygyJ/ wcsdKUu tmcDrD;'D;udk a&aMumif; ynmzcifMuD;vdkY txif&SdcJhMuygw,f/ Fluid xJ rSm t&m0w¬KwpfckepfjrKyfrI*kPfowÅd Buoyancy

law udk oabFmynm&yfrSm,loHk;cJhMuwmyg/ Newton’s Law udke,fy,ftoD;oD;u,loHk; MuovdkrsdK; jzpfygw,f/oabFmAdokumtwGuf Pierre Bouguer &Jh Traité du navire pmtkyf[m Complete set of principles that gov-

erned scientific naval architecture vdkY qdk& avmufatmif Hydrostatics, Hydrodynam-

ics, Stability wdkYudk tus,f&Sif;jyjyD; Ship

constructors awGtwGuftvGeftaxmuftul jy Kw J h oc s F mw Gu fc su fr I aw Gy g y g0i f cJhygw,f/ ,aeYacwf Naval architecture

twGuf pHjyKudk;um;pmtkyfjzpfwJh Principle of

Naval Architecture pmtkyf&Jh Format [m Traité du navire pmtkyftwdkif;&Sdaewmudku tJ 'Dpmtkyf&Jh MoZmt&Sdeft0gudkxif[yfaeygw,f/

The Roots of Naval Architecturea&aMumif;Adokumynm\Zpfjrpfudk wl;azmfjcif;

]] pufrIawmfvSefa&;aemufydkif;rSm a&aMumif;Adokumynm[mvnf; wdk;wufvmcJhrSm ,HkrSm;zG,fr&Sdyg}}

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Pierre Bouguer eJYywfoufjy D; rSwfom;zG,faemufwpfcku 1727 rSm jyifopf tu,f'rDu usif;ywJh “oabFmay:rSm &Gufwdkif udkb,fae&mrSm taumif;qHk;ae&mcsoifUovJ}} qdkwJUNydKifyGJrSm yxrae&m&&SdcJUjcif;yg/ 'kwd,ae &mudk&&SdcJUoluawmU ynm&SifawGtwGufae&m usO f ;a jrmi f ;w J htr da jrq Gp fZmve fE d ki fi Hu tjyD;wdkifxGufcGmcJhjyD; &lyaA'q&m&mxl;twGuf &k&Sm;pdefYyDwmpywfodyÜH tu,f'rDudk pa&muf wJhESpfrSm0ifjydKifcJhwJh touf(20)t&G,f ocFsm ynm&Sif Euler yJjzpfygw,f/

Naval architecture udk ProfessionalAdokumynm&yftjzpfpwif avhvmwJhpmtkyfudk 1610 uwnf;u ay:wl*DEdkifiHom;ocsFmynm&Sif vnf;jzpf? tif*sifeD,mwpfa,mufvnf;jzpfwJhJoão Baptista Lavanha &Jh rxkwfa0jzpfwJh pmtkyfvdkYqdkygw,f/ pmtkyftrnfuawmh“Livro

primeiro de arquitectura naval” (First Book of Naval Architecture) jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DpmtkyfrSm tckvdk&Sif;jycJhygw,f/ Naval Ar-

chitecture is that which with certain rules teaches the building of ships, in which one can navigate well and conveniently. tJ'Dpmtkyfudk (20) &mpka&muf rSomxkwfa0 cJh wmyg/ 1700 jynfh0ef;usifESpfrsm;a&mufrS 'Da0g[m& udk Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;rSm us,fus,fjyefYjyefY oHk;pGJvmcJhygw,f/ pufrIawmfvSefa&; aemufydkif; rSm a&aMumif;Adokumynm[mvnf; wdk;wuf vmcJUrSm,HkrSm;zG,fr&Sdyg/ Naval architectureynm&yfpwifarG;zGm;cJhyHk? a0g[m&ay:aygufvmyHk udktMurf;zsif;wifjyjyD;aemuf 'Dynm&yf&JUatmuf rSm qifhyGm;aewJha0g[m&t"dyÜm,fawGudk uGJuGJ jym;jym;em;vnfEdkifatmifazmfjyvdkufygw,f/

“oabFmay:rSm &Gufwdkifudk b,fae&mrSm taumif;qHk;

ae&mcsoifUovJ}} qdkwJUNydKifyGJrSm yxrae&m&&SdcJUjcif;yg

Ship design and construction: The tech-nology of creating the ship, from concep-tion to fabrication. ('DZdkif;eJY wnfaqmufrIwdkY[mcGJjcm;vdkYr&ygbl;/ oabFmwpfpD;&kyfvHk;ay: jyD; a&csonftxd tjyefjyeftvSefvSefqufpyf nSdEdIif; aqmif&GufMu&ygw,f/)Ship theory: The science explaining the physical behavior of a ship, through the use of fundamental mathematics or em-pirically derived data. (txufu'DZdkif;eJY wnfaqmufrIenf;ynmawGtwGuf oabFmoDtdk &D[m rnfrQta&;ygaMumif; od&SdEdkifygw,f/)Naval architecture: The branch of engi-neering concerned with the application of ship theory within the design and con-struction process, with the purpose of pre-dicting the characteristics and perform-ance of the ship before it is built. (ynm&yf oabmudkawGYEdkifjyD; vufawGYwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;cGifeJYroufqdkifawmhyg/ odkYaomf oabFm eJYywfoufwJhynm&yftm;vHk;udk aygif;pyfxm; wJhe,fy,ftjzpfawGY&ygr,f/ oabFmwnf aqmufwJhtcsdefrSm ¤if;oabFmeJYywfoufwJh t csuftvuftm;vHk;? &vm'ftm;vHk;udk cefYrSef; tajzxkwfjyD;jzpfae&ygr,f/ cl;jyD;cwfjyD;jynfhpHk jyD;jzpfae&ygr,f/ pwifwnfaqmufjyDqdkonfESifh rnfonfhtaMumif;t&m? rnfonfhtpdwftydkif; twGufudkrQ wGufcsufrIrsm;udkjyKvkyfp&mrvdktyf awmhaMumif;&Sif;&Sif; vif;vif;od&SdEdkifygw,f/)

Ko San Gyi

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ußGefawmfwdkUNrefrmedkifiH[m NrpfawGaygrsm;wJh edkifiHawGxJu wpfedkifiHNzpfygw,f/vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm uwnf;u NrefrmvlrsdK;awG[m 'DNrpfawGudk toHk;NyKNyD; toufarG; cJhMuygw,f/ NrpfwGif;oGm; a&aMumif;ydkUaqmifa&; vkyfief;[mvnf; 'DNrpfawGay:rSm taNccHNyD; zGifhNzdK;wdk;wuf vmcJhygw,f/ c&D;oGm;vkyfief;? ukefpnf o,faqmifa&;vkyfief;awG[mvnf; 'DNrpfawGay:rSm taNccHNyD; wdk;wufvmygw,f/ NrefrmedkifiH&JU NrpfwGif;oGm;vmedkifwJh tuGmta0;[m 12800 uDvdkrDwm cefU&SdNyD; t"du tm;Nzifh {&m0wD eJU csif;wGif;NrpfawG [medkifiH&JU ta&;ygwJh NrpfawG Nzpfwnf&Sdaeygw,f/

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33

Silence

ußGefawmfwdkUNrefrmedkifiH[m NrpfawGaygrsm;wJh edkifiHawGxJu wpfedkifiHNzpfygw,f/vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm uwnf;u NrefrmvlrsdK;awG[m 'DNrpfawGudk toHk;NyKNyD; toufarG; cJhMuygw,f/ NrpfwGif;oGm; a&aMumif;ydkUaqmifa&; vkyfief;[mvnf; 'DNrpfawGay:rSm taNccHNyD; zGifhNzdK;wdk;wuf vmcJhygw,f/ c&D;oGm;vkyfief;? ukefpnf o,faqmifa&;vkyfief;awG[mvnf; 'DNrpfawGay:rSm taNccHNyD; wdk;wufvmygw,f/ NrefrmedkifiH&JU NrpfwGif;oGm;vmedkifwJh tuGmta0;[m 12800 uDvdkrDwm cefU&SdNyD; t"du tm;Nzifh {&m0wD eJU csif;wGif;NrpfawG [medkifiH&JU ta&;ygwJh NrpfawG Nzpfwnf&Sdaeygw,f/

{&m0wD NrpfwGif; c&D;onfeJUukefpnfo,faqmifrI vkyfief;awG[m 19 &mpkukefupcJhygw,f/yxrqHk; NrpfwGif;oGm;ukrÜPDIrrawaddy Flontilla [m 1865 ckESpfrSm pwifwnfaxmif cJhygw,f/1930 rSm tJ'D ukrÜPDydkif c&D;onfwif oabFm 10 pif;cefU &SdcJhNyD; wpfESpfudk c&D;onf 9 odef; avmufudk o,faqmifay;edkifcJhygw,f/ 'kwd, urÇmppf umvrSm taNctae trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh ukrÜPDysufqD;ovdk NzpfcJhNyD; oabFm ta&twGufvnf; ododomom enf;vm;cJhygw,f/ 1962 ckESpf ta&muf wHcg;ydwf pD;yGm;a&; aMumifh ukr®PD &kyfodrf;cJh&NyD; {&m0wDNrpfwGif; oabFm ukrÜPD wcsdKUvnf;uG,faysmufcJh&ygw,f/

1980 ywf0ef;usif avmufwGif NrpfwGif;oGm; c&D;oGm; vkyfief; awGvnf; Nyefvnf wdk;wufvmw,fvdkU qdkvdkU&ygw,f/ Orient Express Trains & Cruise? Barani Cruise Travel

Group pwJh ukrÜPDawG&if;ESD; NrSyfESH vmwmudk awGU&ygw,f/ tckvuf&Sd tcsdef &&SdwJh pm&if;awGt& {&m0wD NrpfwGif;rSm oabFmaygif; 50 eD;yg;avmuf oGm;vm aeygw,f/ ,ckvuf&SdNrefrmedkifiHrSm oGm;vmaewJh c&D;onfwif oabFm wcsdKU atmufu Z,m;(1)rSm wifNyxm;ygw,f/ vuf&SdaNy;qGJaewJh oabFmawGudk Munfhvdkuf&if c&D;onf ta&twGuf 150 xuf txufr&Sdao;ovdkspeed tm;Nzifhvnf; a&rdkif 12 rdkifxuf ydkNrefwJh oabFm r&Sdao;wmudk awGU&rSmyg/ bmudk Nyae ovJqdk&if tem*wf NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawG[m c&D;onfta&twGuf rsm;NyD;? speed ydkNrefwJh oabFmawG aqmufzkdh txl;vdktyfaew,fqdkwmudk ygyJ/

Z,m; (1) - {&m0wD NrpfwGif;aNy;qGJaeaom oabFm tcsdKU{/f main dimensions rsm;

NrefrmedkifiH{/f NrpfwGif;oGm; tNrefc&D;onfwif oabFm 'DZdkif;ESifh ywfoufaom designer wpfa,mufodoifhonfh tcsufrsm;

Silence

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{&m0wD Nrpf&JU oabFm oGm;vmedkifwJh navigational length [m 2000 uDvdkrDwm? csif;wGif;Nrpf [m 837 uDvdkrDwm&Sdygw,f/ atmufu yHk (1) rSm Nrefrm edkifiHwGif; c&D;onfwifoGmvmcJhwJh a&vrf;? um;vrf;?rD;&xm;vrf;awGtvkduf 2003-2004 ckeSpftxd udk wifNyxm;ygw,f/

yHk (1) -ESpftvdkuf c&D;onf yrmPeSifh a&vrf;?ukefvrf; taNctae

&xm;vrf; eJU um;vrf; c&D;[m vuf&Sd tcsdefrSm a&vrf;c&D;xuf rsm;aewmudk awGU&rSmyg? 'g[mbmudkNyaevJqdkawmh NrpfwGif;oGm; a&;vrf; c&D;onf ydkUaqmifa&; vkyfief;MuD;wpfckvkH; trsm;MuD; NrSifhwifzkdh vdktyfaew,f qdkwmygyJ/

1/ tNrefoGm; oabFmtNrefoGm; oabFmqdkwmudk &Sif;NybdkU vdkr,fxifygw,f/ IMO (1) &JU criteria t&

tNrefoGm; oabFm qdkwmudk atmufu azmfNrLvmeJU Nyqdkygw,f/

V qdkwm volume displacement (m3) Nzpfygw,f/ tJ'D parameter &JU txuf&SdwJh oabFmudk tNrefoGm; oabFmvdkU rSwf,l&rSmNzpfygw,f/ tNrefoGm; oabFmawG[m oabFmyHkpH? trsdK;tpm;? pwmawGay: rlwnfNyD; uGJNym;Ncm;em;rIawG &Sdygw,f/ tMurf;zsOf;tm;Nzifh tNrefoGm; oabFmawGudk atmufygtwdkif; cGJNcm; MunfhfvdkYygw,f yHk(2)/

'gawG[m tMurf;zsOf; azmfNycsufomNzpfNyD; tNcm;yHkpHrsdK;pHkvnf; &Sdedkifao;ygw,f/ tNrefoGm; oabFmawG&JU orkdif;aMumif;udk awmh 'Dae&mrSm razmfNyawmhygbl;? t"du azmfNycsifwmuawmh tNref oGm; oabFmawG&JU c&D;onfwif u@ rSm ta&;ygyHkudkyg/ wu,fawmh 16 &mpkavmufu pNyD; tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFmawG[m urÇmay:u ekdifiH toD;oD;rSm pwif acwfpm;vmw,fvdkU qdkygw,f/19 &mpk eJU 20 &mpk twGif;rSm awmh oabFmwnfaqmufa&; vkyfief;awG[m w[kefwdk; Nrif hwufvmcJhNyD; tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFmvkyfief;awG[mvnf; ododomom wdk;wufvmcJhygw,f/

0.1667V 3.7Vmax

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yHk(2)- yHkpHrsdK;pHkNzifh tNrefoGm; oabFm trsdK;rsdK;

1990 eJU 1997 ckESpf twGif;rSmqdk&if tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm yrmP[m tNcm;oabFmawGxuf 43 % awmif wkd;wufvmcJhygw,f (2)/tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFmwdk;wufvmrIeJU twl? pD;eif;wJh c&D;onf ta&twGuf[mvnf; 50% txd wdk;wufvmygw,f/ 1990 rS ,ckvuf&Sd tcdsef txd urÇmay:rSm aqmufvkyfcJhwJh tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm trsdK;tpm;eJU 4if;wdkU&JU yrmP udk atmufrSmazmfNyxm;ygw,f(3)/

yHk(3)- (1990-2007) txd wnfaqmufcJhaom tNrefoGm; oabFm trsdK;rdsK;

c&D;onf wif oabFmawG&JU c&D;onfwifaqmifedkifrI tvdkuf pm&if;udk Munfh&ifvnf; 50 rS 200? 200 rS 350 wGif;wifaqmifwJh oabFmyrmP[m ododomom uGm[rIr&Sdwmudk awGU&rSm Nzpfygw,f/ 350 OD;a&eJU txuf wifaqmifedkifwJh oabFmaqmufvkyfrI yrmPuawmh 10 % avmufom &Sdw,fvdkU rSwfwrf;rsm; t&awGU&Sd&ygw,f/ 4if;yrmPawGudkvnf; atmufuyHkrSm wifNyxm; ygw,f(3)/

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yHk(4)- c&D;ta&;twGuftvdkuf 2007 txd wnfaqmufcJhaom tNrefoGm;oabFmrsm;

txufrSm azmfNycJhwJh oabFm trdsK;tpm; awGeJU 4if;wdkU&JU aqmufvkyfrI yrmPudk MunfhNcif;tm;Nzifh tMurfzsOf; aNymedki fwmuawmh tNrefoGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm

aqmufvkyfr,fqdk&if monohull? catamaran ferry eJU hydrofoil oabFm trsdK;tpm;awGudk t"dua&G;cs,foifhNyD;? c&D;onfwifaqmifrI yrmPtm;Nzifh 100 - 250 Mum; avmufudk a&G;cs,f oifhygw,f/ 'Dvdk trsdK;tpm;awG[m urÇmrSm aqmufvkyfrItrsm;qHk;NzpfNyD;? atmifNrifpGm aNy;qGJedkifrI taumif;qHk; Nzpfw,fqdkwm udk awGU&rSmyg/

2/ Nrefrm ekdifiH NrpfwGif;oGm; tNrefoabFmrsm; twGuf external design problemsNrefrmedkifiH&Sd NrpfawGrSm armif;ESif;rnfh tNrefoGm;oabFmawGtwGuf 'DZdkif;vkyf&mrSm xnfhoGif;

pOf;pm;&r,fhtcsuf wcsdKUudkwifNycsifygw,f/ wu,fawmh NrefrmedkifiH&Sd NrpfawGrSm a&pl;t&rf;udk edrhf aewmudk awGU&rSmyg/ edk0ifbmveJUarvawG twGif;rSmqdk&if {&m0wD Nrpf&JU a&pl;[m ododomom udk usqif;wwfNyD; navigational length [m vnf; 10% avmuftxd usqif;wwfygw,f/

atmufuZ,m;rSm {&m0wDNrpf&JU &efukefeJU rEÅav;tMum; aEG&moDtedrfhqHk; a&pl;udk azmfNyxm;yg w,f(4)/

Z,m;(2) - {&m0wD Nrpf{/f a&pl;uefUowfcsuf taNctae

wu,fawmh tJavmufedrfhaewJh a&teuf rSm (FnL>0.6) avmuf&SdwJh oabFmwpfpif; armif;zkhd qdkwm ship design ynm&yf twGuf pdefac:rIMuD; wpfckvdkU aNym&ifrrSm;ygbl;/ tJ'DvdktaNctaerSm tNrefoGm;oabFmwpfpif; armif;r,fqdk&if wave barrier aMumifh wave formation eJU wave resis-

tance [m ododomom wufvmNyD;vdkcsifwJh speed udk&zkdUqdkwm rvG,fwJh udpövnf; Nzpfygw,f/atmufuyHkrSmawmh a&wdrfwJh NrpfawGrSm resistance aNymif;vJrIudk Nyxm;ygw,f/

h/T-∞ [m a&teuf tuefUtowfr&SdwJh ae&mrSm NzpfaewJh resistance NzpfNyD; usefwJh

ESpfckuawmh a&wdrfwJh taNctaerSm Nzpfay:aewJh resistance curve Nzpfygw,f/

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hyHkrSmodomapwmuawmh a&wdrfrSm qdk&if resistance [m ododomom MuD;udkrsm;aewmudkyg/ wpfcsdKUspeed awGrSmqdk&if resistance hump awGudk Nzpfay:apygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefawGrSmqdk&if rvkdtyfbJ engine power awGudk ESpfq avmufokH;&wwfygw,f(5)/

yHk(5)- shallow water wGif resistance curve aNymif;vJrI Nzpfay:aeyHk

'hgtNyif speed eJU a& teufwdrfrI aMumifh growing effect eJU trim [mvnf; ododomom wdk;vmrSmygbJ/ wu,fawmh a&teuf[m oabFm&JU resistance? lifting force eJU trim moment

awGudk ododomomudk oufa&mufaew,fqdkwm awGU&rSmyg/ 'ghtNyif critical speed udk a&mufvmwmeJU speed aMumifh oabFm&JU acgif;ydkif;rSm pressure wufvmNyD;? aemufydkif; bufrSm pressure u usvmygw,f/ 4if;pressure aMumihf trim at stern udk wdk;apNyD;? resistance udk vnf;wufapwmNzpfygw,f/ 'ghtNyif interaction between hull and propeller udkvnf; aNymif;vJ apygw,f/ a&wdrfNrpfaMumif;awG&JU critial speed udkawmh atmufyg equation eJU wdkif;wm ekdif ygw,f/

g- gravitational force (9.81 m/s2), h – water depth (m).

Critical speed rSm vdSKif;[m omrefxuf ydkMuD;NyD; power t&rf;oHk;&um vkdtyfwJh speed uvnf; a&mufzkdhcufcJygw,f/ critical speed ukd ausmfNzpfNyD; supercritical speed region udk

a&mufcgeD;rSmvJ speed aMumifh oabFm tay: oufa&mufaewJh hydrodynamic forces awG[maNymif;vJvmygw,f/ 'gaMumifh supercritical zone rSm armif;rJUoabFmawG[m oifhawmfwJh hull

lines awGeJU oifhawmfwJh principal dimensions? installed power awGvdktyfygw,f/

critv gh

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a&wdrfawGrSmarmif;ESifrJU oabFmawG&JU speed zone awGudk atmufrSmazmfNyxm;ygw,f/'D diagram

[m Nrpf& JUa&pl;teuf h eUJ oabFm&JUtvsSm; L ay: rlwnfNyD; ? aqmufvkyfr,fh oabFm&JU length

froude number udk azmfNyxm;Ncif;Nzpfygw,f/ tNrefoGm; NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmwdkif;twGuf 'D dia-

gram ay:rlwnfNyD; rdrdaqmufvkyfrnfh oabFm speed udk a&G;cs,f&rSmNzpfygw,f(6)/

yHk(6)- Speed zones: I – subcritical; II– supercritical; III – unfavorable super-

critical

wpfcsdefwnf; rSmbJodoifhwmu a&teufudkvkdufNyD; speed uefUowfcsufukdyg/ oabFmarmif; olaum? designer uyg vdkufem&rnfh speed udk atmufu equation eJU azmfNyxm;ygw,f/ a& teufudkvdkufNyD; 4if; speed xufausmf rarmif;oifhovkd? design vnf;rvkyfoifhygbl;/

yxrqHk; taeeJU a&wdrfwJh NrpfawGrSm high speed ship wpfpif;udk design vkyfr,fqdk&if pOf;pm; &rSmuawmh a&Murf;NyifeJU oabFm Keel Mum; tuGm;ta0;yJ Nzpfygw,f/The relative under keel clearance of the vessel is defined as:

where Ē - minimum under-keel clearance of the vessel in operation (m) Ē0 - under keel clearance of the vessel when stopping (m).

E=1.0 qdk&if under-keel clearance of the vessel in operation [m depth of water while stopping eJU nDaerSNzpfNyD;?E=0 qdk&ifawmh oabFm[m Murf;NyifeJUxdaew,fvdkUqdkygw,f/ de-signer wpfa,muf[m twwfedkifqHk; under keel clearance udkrsm;rsm;xm;zkdhvkdtyfygw,f/

lim 0.55v gh

E0

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tJ'gaMumifh NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawG&JUa&pl;udk pOfpm;r,fqdk&if t"dutm;Nzifh atmufygOya'o udk vkdufem&yghr,f/

- qdkwm Nrpf&JU limitation water depth Nzpfygw,f/ NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawG&JU Freeboard height eJU superstructure height

[mvnf;armif; ESifr,fh ae&may:rlwnfNyD; pOf;pm;&r,fh tcsufwpfcktNzpf yg0ifygw,f/ 4if; pa-

rameter awG[m a&vrf;aMumif;rSm&SdwJh wHwm;awG&JU tNrifh? NrpfawG tay:uoG,fwef;xm;wJh vsSyfppf MudK;awG tay:rlwnfNyD; xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&r,fh tcsufawGtNzpfyg0ifygw,f/ 'hgtNyif NrpfusOf;awG&JU tus,fudk vdkufNyD;awmhvnf; oabFm&JUt"du parameter wpfckNzpfwJh breadth (B)

[mvnf; uefUowfcsuf wpfcktaeeJU yg0ifygw,f? 'gudkvnf; designer u udk,fhaqmufr,fh a&vrf;aMumif; taNc taeay: rlwnfNyD; pOf;pm; oifhygw,f/atmufuyHkrSmoHwm;wpfck&JU tNrihfeJU tus,fudk vdkufNyD;pOf;pm;&r,fh parameter awGudkNyxm; ygw,f/

yHk(7)- oHwm;wpfcktm; oabFm vGyfvyfpGm armif;ESif;edkif&ef

oabFmwpfpif; wHwm;wpfpif;udk Nzpf&mrSm design point of view rSm tpOfaNypGm Nzwfoef;edkif&ef atmufygtwdkif; qHk;Nzwf&rSmNzpfygw,f/

vSdKif;xaewJh NrpftwGif; rSm qdk&if

- qdkwm vdSKif;&JU tNrifh (meter) Nzpfygw,f/

limT h

limh

( )м с сН h Н Т Н

0.12B

с

Bh

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'ghtNyif rdrd armif;ESifrJh NrpfaMumif;eJU? ywf0efusifudkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; zkdhvdkygw,f?qdkvdkwmu a&;pDEIef; yrmP? a&pDaMumif;eJUtwl opfwkH;pwnfh rmausmwJh t&mawGarsmygvmrI? &moDOwktvdkuf avwdkufeSef; taNctae? vdSKif;yrmP? 0J*,uf wdkU&JU taNctaepwnfh tcsufawG udk designer wpfa,muf[m xnfhoGif;pOf;pm; zkdUtxl;vdktyfygw,f/

3/ NrpfwGif;tNrefoGm; oabFmrsm;twGuf internal design problems

a&wdrfoGm; tNrefoGm; oabFmawG&JU t"du Nyomemuawmh vdktyfwJh speed udk r&Ncif;ygbJ/ vkdtyfwJh speed udk &zkdhtwGuf vdktyfwJh hull form trsdK;tpm;? parameter awG udk *&kwpdkuf a&G;cs,fzkdUvdktyfygw,f/ Oyrmtm;Nzifh monohull wpfpif;udk pOf;pm;r,fqdk&if udk,fxnf&JU aemuf ykdif; transom stern udkt"duxm; design vkyfzkdUvdkygw,f/ transom plate udk tenf;i,f 3-4 'D*&D avmufapmif;Ncif;tm;Nzifh resistance udk 15% avmufavsSmhus apygw,f/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ growing effect udkvnf; xnfhoGif;pOfpm;oifhygw,f/ optimize NzpfwJh design wpfck&zdkUtwGuf compromise vkyfoifhwmawG[m designer tay:rSm rlwnfaeygw,f/

Hull form yHkpHudka&G;cs,fwJh tcsdefrSmvnf; construction point of view uvnf; pOfpm;NyD; a&G;cs,foifhygw,f/ NrpfwGif;oabFmawGtwGuf twwfedkifqHk; light weight udkavsSmhcs edkif zdkUvnf;vdkygw,f/ construction material udkayghedkiforQ ayghatmifpOf;pm;NyD; ship displacement udk avsmhcsedkiforQavsSmhcs&ygr,f/ NrpfwGif;oGm; oabFmawGtwGuf freeboard height [mrsm;zdkh rvkdovdk? superstructure udkvnf; twwfedkifqHk; ayghatmifpOf;pm;oifhyg w,f/

rnfhonfh design rqdk external design eJU udkufnDzdkU qdk&ifvdktyfwJh experiment vkyfudk vkyfoifhygw,f/ first step t& tmvHk;eJUudkufnDrI&SdwJh hull form wpfck&vmNyD qdkay r,fhvnf; model aqmufum test tank udk toHk;NyKNyD;vdktyfwJh experiment awGvkyfudkvkyf oifhygw,f/ b,favmufNynfhpH kwJhFormula awGNzpfNzpf test tank result avmuf rSefuefrI r&SdNcif;aMumifhNzpfygw,f/

aemufxyfta&;MuD;wJh tcsufuawmh propeller a&G;cs,frI tydkif;yg/ t&rf;udk a&teuf wdrfwJhae&mawGrSm design vkyf&awmhr,f qdk&if designer wpfa,muf[m b,fvdk propeller

rsdK;udka&G;rvJ qdkwmygbJ/ propeller wpfckvHk; a&xJrSm&SdaerS omvsSif effective tNynfh&rSmyg/ wu,fvdkU a&teuf 1.5 rDwm avmuf&SdwJh NrpfqdkygpdkU/ &Sd&r,fh propeller diameter [m (0.6-0.7)T yg/ tJ'gqdk&if oabFma&pl;eJU waterbed tuGmta0;[m propeller wpfck effective Nzpfzkdh twGuf vHkavmufrI&Sdekdifyghrvm;/ 'hgtNyif t&rf;udk speed NrefvmwJh tcsdefrSm oabFm[m tenf;i,f aemufudkxdkifvmr,fqdk&if vdktyfwJh force udk&zkdh wyfqifxm;wJh propeller u effective Nzpfzkdh vdkygw,f/ &dk;&dk; blade propeller awG roHk;bJ water jet propeller awG oHk;r,fqdk&if 'DNyomemu aNz&Sif;edkifoavmuf&Sdygw,f/

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'gayr,fhvnf; water jet propeller wpfck[m ol&JU effective powertNynfh&zkdUqdk&iftenf;qHk; 20 knots avmuf&Sdzkdhvkdygw,f/ qdkvdk wmu wpfem&Drkdif 20 ausmf armif; aewJh tcsdefrSom effective NzpfrSmNzpfNyD; olUxufavsSmhenf;wJh speed rSmqdk&if vdkoavmuf effective rNzpfNyefygbl;/txufrSm aNymcJhovdkyJ designer wpfa,muf[m optimum designwpfckudk&zkdh compromise vkyfzkdUvJ vdktyfygw,f/ xyfNyD; wifNycsifwmuawmh 'DvdkrsdK;omrefxuf rwlwJh condition awGrSm propeller [mvnf;t&rf; ta&;MuD;wJh ae&muyg0ifygw,f/'gaMumifh propeller udkvnf; oD;oefU design vkyfNyD; propeller test awGrSm prf;oyfNyD;rSom oHk;oifhygw,f/

aemufxyf a&wdrftNrefoGm;oabFm aqmufvkyf&mrSm r&SdrNzpf xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&r,f htcsuf awGuawmh External wave impact of high-speed vessels on environment Nzpfygw,f/ speed

NrefvmwmeJUtrsS oabFmuaevdSKif;awG xGufvmygw,f/tJ'D ship-generated waves awGaMumifh ab;emrSm oGm;vmaewJh oabFmtao;awG? avSawG? barges awG? udk arSmuf apNyD;? Nrpfurf;eH&HawG? a&umwmawGudk ysufpD;apygw,f/ 'gUtNyif t&rf;MuD;rm;wJh ship-generated waves aMumifh urf;aNcrSmxdkifaewJh vlawGudkyg aoapedkifwJhtxd Nzpfwwfygw,f/tJ'D waves awG[m oabFm&JU en-

ergy aMumifhNzpfvmwmNzpfNyD; ¤if;udkatmufygtwdkif; wGufcsufedkif ygw,f/

where R - total energy of wave, Vs- wave height, - wavelength, - density of water and g - gravitational force. teD;pyfqHk; 4if; energy udk atmufygtwdkif; wGufcsufedkifygw,f/

where - wave period.Mathematically Munfhr,fqdk&if 4if; energy [m propulsion power eJU oufqdkif

rI&Sdygw,f/ qkdvdkwmu

R -total resistance of high speed ships, Vs - ship speed, - propulsive efficiency.

tJ'Dawmh design process twGif;rSm designer [m designed speed rSmyJ power udk enf;edkiforQenf;atmif vkyfoifhygw,f/ power enf;avav? energy udkvnf; avsSmhcsEdkifav Nzpfygw,f/ 'hgtNyif design process twGif; model test udk toHk;NyKNyD;Nzpfap? experimental re-sults awGuNzpfapoabFmuxGufwJh vdSKif;udkwdkif;wm oifh ygw,f/

2hwE g8

2 2E 1960hw

RVsPs

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qdkvdkwm u designed speed wpfckrSm &SdaewJh oabFmu xGufvmwJh vSdKif;udk 10 rDwm?20 rDwm? 30 rDwm ponfNzifh trSwfrsm;xm;NyD; vdSKif;tNrifheJUvdSKif; speed udkwdkif;wmoifhygw,f/ rdrd design vkyfr,fh oabFm trsdK;tpm;? armif;r,fh ae&m a'oudk vkdufNyD;? 4if; vdSKif;tNrifhudk wGufcsufNyD;? cri-

teria wpfck taeeJU design process rSmxnfhoGif; pOf;pm; &ygr,f/ oabFmuxGufr,fh vdSKif;tNrifhonf 4if;oabFm Nzpfoef;oGm;onfh ae&mrS 20 rDwmtuGmwGif 0.3 rDwmtNrifhxuf rMuD;oifhygbl;/

ed*Hk;txufrSm azmfNycJhwmawGuawmh NrefrmedkifiH&JU NrpfwGif;oGm; c&D;onfwif oabFm

wnfaqmufa&; twGuf b,fvdk oabFmrdsK;awG vkdtyfaew,f qdkwmeJU 4if; oabFmawG aqmufr,fqdk&if vdktyfr,fh design criteria awGNzpfygw,f/ wu,fawmh oabFmwpfpif;udk designvkyfw,fqdkwm vG,fulwJhudpö r[kwfygbl;/ txufrSm azmfNycJhwmawG[m tenf;i,fomNzpfNyD; aemufxyf trsm;MuD; xnfhoGif;pOfpm;bdkU vkdtyfygw,f/

Silence

usrf;udk;pm&if;1. IMO High-Speed Craft Code (1995). London.2. Logachev S.I., Chugunov V.V. (2001) The shipbuilding of the world: current state and prospects razvitiya.-SPb.: Shipbuilding. (Мировое судостроение).3. Yin Htun, Ye Thet Htun, Phyo Zaw Hein(2008) Design problems of high speed passenger ships in Union of Myanmar, Super FAST’ 2008, July 2-4, 2008, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.4. Than. C (2004) ; Symposium and Publication on Maritime & Waterways Kuala Lumpur,October, Malaysia.5. Pechenok.A.B.(2006) Mathematical modeling for flow of ship hull at shallow wa-ter.Moscow.6. Basin.A.M, Velednitskiy.I.O, Lyahovitskiy.A.G. (1976) Ship Hydrodynamics in shallow water, sudostroenie, L, 320p. (Гидродинамика судов на мелководье).

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“ wpf eJY wpf aygif;&if b,favmuf&vJ”“ ... ”ußGefawmhf &Jh tHhMoMunfh ... yg;pyfta[mif;om; ...“ig ar;aew,fav ... wpf eJY wpf aygif;&if b,favmuf&vJ ... vdkY ... ”

tm;vkH;&Jh a0g ueJ&,foHawG ... ußGefawmhrsufeSmwpfckvkH; xlylNyD; rsufvkH;awGa00g;vmw,f...twef;om;awGudk vSnfhMunfhvdkufawmh tm;vkH;u ußGefawmf eJY q&m udkyJpdkufMunfh aeMuw,f ... olwdkYtMunfhawGu t&,f&qkH;jyufvkH;wpfck rsufpda&SUrSm awGYae&ovdk ...

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vG,ftdwfudkqGJ,l ... twef;udkausmcdkif;NyD; ußGefawmf tajy;wydkif;xGufvmcJhw,f ... q&m &Jh rmefrJoH? ausmif;om;wpfcsKdU &Jh rMum;wMum; avSmifoHawG aemufrSmusefcJhw,f ...

ußGefawmhfrsuf0ef;rSm ... rsuf&nfawG pD;usaeNyD ... /

**************

“rif; ... ”ußGefawmfvSnfhMunfhvdkufawmh rsufrSef txl Mum;xJu rsufvkH;wpfpkH? AD,uferfav; “cGef;”“ig wdkYtm;vkH;twlwlygyJ“rif;”aemufxyfa&mufvmwJh toH0J0Jav; ... w½kwfausmif;om; “0l”tJ'DaemufrSm ußGefawmfhjrefrmoli,fcsif;wpk ... tm;vkH;ußGefawmhfab;rSm ...... wdwfqdwf ...

ußGefawmfwdkYtm;vkH;odxm;NyD;om; ... 'DEdkifiHrSm vlenf;pkuvGJvdkY b,folrS t*Fvdyfpm? t*Fvdyf pum; udkrokH;Mubl; qdkwm/ twef;xJrSm &SdorQ vlawGtm;vkH; ... q&m a&m ausmif;om;awG twGufygt*Fvdyfpum;qdkwm b,fvdkrSud k tokH;ruswJh t&mwpfck /rdcifpum;eJY oif,lae &wJh Zmwdom;awGtwGuf bmtcuftcJrS r&Sd ayr,fh ußGefawmfwdkYvdk EdkifiHjcm; ausmif;om;awG twGuf bmompum; qdkwm t&rf;odomwJht[efYtwm;aygh .../

cPtwGif;jzpfysufoGm;ayr,fh ußGefawmhtm½kHrSm 'DaeYtjzpftysufu wpfoufpmpGJaeawmhrSm ...

q&m u oDtdk&D udk&Sif;jyNyD; Oyrm ykpäm wpfyk'f wGufjyoGm;w,f ... *Pef;awGtultnDeJY ykpämudk ajc&mjyefaumufvdkY &ayr,fh ... oDtdk&D taMumif; acgif;xJrSm wpfvkH;rS rusefcJhbl; .../

“ uJ ... ar;cGef;&Sd&if ar;Muyg ... ”“ jrefrmausmif;om;awG ar;cGef;ar;yg ... rar;bJ xdkifaeMuwm em;vnfvdkYvm; ... vkH;0rodvdkuf vdkYvm; ...”

ceJYwJhwJh toH qdkwmodayr,fh ußGefawmfwdkYwpk NidrfaevdkufMuw,f ... MuKHcJh&wmrsm;vdkY rqef; awmhbl;av ...

“pmoifcsdefrSm aocsmvdkufem;raxmifvdkY ar;p&m r&Sdwmrsm;vm; ... ”tJ'Dpum;tqkH;rSmawmh ußGefawmfwdkY tcsif;csif; rsufpypfvdkufrdMuw,f ... ußGefawmf rwfwwf&yf vdkufNyD; oifykef;qD vrf;avQmuf xGufvmvdkuf w,f ... apmapmuußGefawmf em;rvnfvdkufwJh ae&mawGud kvufeJ YaxmufjyNyD;twwfEd ki fqk H ; pum;oHudkyDatmif *½kpdkufvdkY ar;cGef;awG ar; vdkufygw,f ...

q&mu ußGefawmhav,lavodrf;udk *½kpdkuf em;axmifNyD; ußGefawmhwpfa,mufxJudk aemuf wpfacguf&Sif;jyw,f ... cufwmu 'Dwpfcgvnf; ußGefawmfolYavoHudk rzrf;rdjyefbl; ... aMumif Munf haewJ h ußGefawmf hud kem;vnfwJ hq&mu tJ'Dae&mav;udkyJ xyfajymjyw,f ... ußGefawmh rsufvkH;awG awmufy rvmwJhaemuf q&mu twef;om;awGzufudkvSnfhNyD; wpfckckajymvdkuf w,f ...ausmif;om;tcsKdUqDu rckd;rcefY&,foH tcsKdU xGufvmw,f ...q&mu acgif;wpfcsufcgvdkufNyD; ... “wpf eJY wpf aygif;&if b,favmuf&vJ” wJh ...qdkvdkwmuawmh uMuD;cacG; jyefoifygawmh -qdkwJhoabmyJaygh ...

“cGef;” &Jhpum;udkMum;rS ußGefawmfowdjyef0if vmw,f ...“'DoDtdk&Du 'kwd,eSpfwef;rSm oifcJhNyD;om;”wJh ... ußGefawmfwdkYu master oif½dk;twGufvm wufaewJholawGav ...

**************

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'óeduaA' tcsdef ...

xkH;pHtwdkif;yJ ... q&mr&Jhpum;awGu&m;a& vTwf ... ußGefawmfwdkYu oifykef;udkai;Munfh? a&;oGm;orQ vdkuful;? wlwmawGvnf;&Sd? rjrif &vdkY ab;uoli,fcsif;qDtMunfhrSm zsufypfvdkuf wmvnf;&Sd ...olwdk Yausmif;om;awGuawmh zkef;eJY*drf;aqmhwJh oleJY?umwGef;qGJaewJholeJY ...ausmif;ol udkpae wJholeJY ...

ausmif;utjyefvrf;rSm “cGef;” eJYtwlwl jyefcJh w,f ...“igh udk'DaeYoifwJh pmtkyfiSm;ygOD;” qdkawmh“ig'DaeY vufcsmrvdkufjzpfbl;? ighEdkifiHrSmwkef;u oifwmeJYtwlwlyJrdkYvdkY ... ighrSmtJ'Dwkef;u pmtkyf ygcJhawmh AD,uferfvdkjyefzwf½kHyJ ... “rif;” em;r vnfvdkYvm;? um;(vf)ruf(pf) udk “rif;” odr,f xifaewm ... ”“'DaeYoifoGm;wm um;(vf)ruf(pf)(Karl Marx) taMumif;vm;”“olY&Jh tpGef;xGufwefzdk;oDtdk&D av ...”

“ [if ... 'gqdkigodwmaygh? 'gayr,fh um;(vf)ruf(pf) qdkwJhtoHudk olxGufoGm;wm ighem;xJrSm rzrf;rdbl; ... ”“tJ'D oDtdk&D qdk&ifem;vnfvm;?odoavmufajym jyMunfhav ... ”“um;(vf)ruf(pf)u t&if;&SifawGacgif;ykHjzwfwJh taMumif;udk oufaojyoGm;wJh oDtdk&Dav ...

'Dxuftao;pdwfawmh rodbl; ... ”“'gqdk rif;odxm;wm philosophy r[kwfbl;?history udkodxm;wm ... 'DaeYoifoGm;wmu tJ'D oDtdk&Dudk vufawGhe,fy,ftwGuf apply vkyfjy edkifzdkh ol b,fuaepOf;pm;rdw,f?b,fvdkcsOf;uyf jyoGm;w,f qdkwmawG? olY&Jh idea udk ajymoGm; wm ... ”“ rif; wdkYqDrSma&m tJ'Dtwdkif;oifovm;”

“oifwmaygh? 'gaMumifhigvdkufra&;wmaygh/ rif;vnf;odr,fxifaewm? pmtkyfawG rzwfbl; vm; ...”“zwfygw,f? 'gayr,fh 'DvdkpmtkyfrsKd;awGu tvG,fwul&SmvdkYr&bl;”“t&iftywfu oifoGm;wmu uGefjzL;&Syf &Jh thinking awGav ... tJ'gvnf; igoifzl;w,f? aemufwywfus&ifawmh b,folvmrvJrodbl;”

“cGef;” uawmh ayghayghyg;yg; ajymaew,f ...

ußGefawmh pdwfxJrSmawmh touf&SL&wmr0 awmh ovdkyJ ... “ig 'D AD,uferf aumifavmufrS rod& aumif;vm; ... ” qdkwJh pdwfeJh udk,fhudk,fudk jyef &Sufaerdwm ...

tcef; jyefa&mufawmh vG,ftdwf udkypfcsNyD; internet xJrSm Karl Marx pmvkH; ½kdufxnfhNyD; &Smw,f ... awGYorQ web page tukef vdkufzwf w,f? oli,fcsif;awG a&mufvmwJhtxd ...

“bmawG 'Davmufawmifzwfae&ovJ ”“(Karl Marx) taMumif; 'DaeYoifoGm;wm em;rvnfvdkY ... ”“ [if ... 'DaeYoifoGm;wm (Karl Marx) vm;? igvnf;bmoifoGm;rSef; rodvdkufbl;?pum;vkH; awGu t&rf;cufw,f? rMuKHzl;wJhtopfawG csnfhyJ ...”“[kwfygh? “cGef;”uawmh oifzl;w,f ajymw,f? tJ'Dpmtkyf vnf; ,lcJhw,f wJh? AD,uferf vdk a&;xm;wm qdkawmh olYtwGufvG,fwmaygh”

“ig 'D AD,uferfaumifavmufrS rod&aumif;vm; ... ”

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“[kwfvm;? jrefrmvdka&;xm;wmvnf; &Sdr,f xifw,f? &SmMunfh&atmifav”“b,frSm a&;xm;vdkYvJ? oDtdk&Dydkif;awGa&m pkH&Jh vm;”“MEF udk rif;rodao;bl;vm;? Myanmar Engineer Forum av ... engineering ynm udk pdwf0ifpm;wJhvl? avhvmvdkufpm;wJhvl?vkyf ief;cGifxJuvlawG tJ'DrSm trsm;MuD;? rif;odcsif wm awGvnf; pkHrSmaygh ... ”

ußGefawmfvdkcsifaewm tJ'gyJ ...

ußGefawmfhtwGuf txda&mufqkH; vdktyfcsuf? 'Dvdk informationawGudkom rdcifbmompum;eJY vG,fvifhwul &SmazG Edkifr,f qdk&if b,fEdkifiHuausmif;om; udk ußGefawmfwdkY c,ar;jref; aep&m vdkOD;rSmvJ .../

**************

zdk&rfav;eJY tvG,fwul tom;usoGm;ygw,f? toif;0ifawGu azmfa&GMuw,f? a&;xm;orQ xJrSm vdkufzwfMunfhawmh wpfa,muf tay: wpfa,muf t&rf;ulnDMuwm awGY&w,f? wpfa,mufrod wpfa,mufu 0ifajz&Sif; ay;oGm;MuwJh ar;cGef;awG trsm;MuD;yJ ...

MEF rSm oli,fcsif;topfawGvnf; &vmw,f? olwdkYvnf; ußGefawmhvdk EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSm EdkifiHjcm; bmompum; eJY ynmoif,laeMuolawG ...

“rif; MuKH&wm awmfao;wmaygh ... igjzpfzl;wm odcsifvm; ”“ajymjyav”“zero udk integrate vkyf&if b,favmuf&vJ”“constant &wmaygh”“t[J ... b,fwkef;uoifzl;wmvJ”

“first year wkef;uaygh? rif;urajzvdkufbl;vm;? arhoGm;vdkYvm;”“bmvdkY arh&rSmvJ?'gavmufawmh aumif;aumif; MuD;odwmaygh? tJ'Dvdk tar;cH&wkef;u ig wpf a,mufxJr[kwfbl;? igwdkYjrefrmausmif;om;awG 5a,mufavmuf&Sdr,f? q&m ar;vdkufwm u pum;MuHKvdkYyg? oifcef;pmeJYrqdkifbl;? olwpfckck ar;vdkufw,fqdkwmodw,f? “okn? okn” vdkY ajymaewmudkvnf;odw,f? 'gayr,fh bmudkar; aerSef;rodbl;? integrate qdkwJhpum;vkH;tpm;

olwdkYbmompum;eJY ar;wm? rif; odwJhtwdkif; okn qdk&ifudk *½kpdkuf p&mutrsm;om;? igwdkY uvnf; integrate vkyfcdkif;rSef; rodbl;? oifykef;ay:rSm *Pef;eJY a&;jyvdkuf&ifawmh 'dkif;ueJajzcs vdkufrSmaygh ...”

“ tJ'Dawmh bmjzpfoGm;ao;vJ”“t[J ... ajymawmhygbl;?&Suf

p&m MuD; ... pum;vkH;topfawG xyfod&wm aygh uGm ...”

'gayr,fh jrefrmausmif;om;awG nHhw,fvdkYawmh b,folrSvufrcHMubl; ...?aemu fwp f a,mu fu o l Y & J hu k d, f aw G Yu d k 'Dvdkajymjyw,f ...?

“igwdkYqDrSm pmar;yGJajzykHu rif;odwJhtwdkif; wpfa,mufcsif;a&SUxGufNyD; q&mhpm;yGJrSm rJuswJh ar;cGef;udkajz&wm? q&mcGif hjyK&ifjyKoavmuf udk,fhtajzrrSefrcsif; xyfumxyfum jyefajz cGifh&Sdw,f ...”“igha&SUrSmajzoGm;wm olwdkYvlrsKd; ausmif;om; wpfa,muf ... 2acgufwdwdjyefajzaewm?atmif rSwf ray;ao;bl;? q&mu 5rdepfpDtcsdefay;NyD; jyefpOf;pm;cGifhay;w,f?”

'Dvdk information awG udkomrdcifbmompum;eJY vG,fvifhwul&SmazGEdkif r,fqdk&if b,fEdkifiHu

ausmif;om;udk ußGefawmf wdkY c,ar;jref;aep&m

vdkOD;rSmvJ .../

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“ightvSnfhrSm ar;cGef;3ck ar;zdkYusw,f? yxr? 'kwd, ar;cGef;awG olauseyfatmifajzEdkifw,f? aemufqkH;wpfcGef; ar;awmh owday;w,f? tck ar;r,fhar;cGef;ucufw,f - wJh? pOf;pm;r,f qdk &if5rdepfab;rSmxGufNyD;pOf;pm;cGifh&Sdw,f - aygh? ar;cGef;udkMum;NyD;wJhtcsdef tJ'Doabmw&m;udk igu aumif;aumif;oabmaygufxm;NyD;om; qdkawmh pOf;pm;csdefr,lbJ csufcsif;jyefajzay; vdkufEdkifw,f ...”

“tJ'Dtajzudk q&mb,favmufawmif oabmus oGm;vJ qdkawmh rsufeSmusufudkarmhMunfh? vuf eSpfzufvkH;rdk;ay:ajr§mufNyD; auseyfoHBuD;eJY &,f w,f ... NyD;awmhrS ighykckH;udkvmykwfNyD; “aumif; vdkufwJhOD;aESmuf” vdkYcsD;usL;w,f ... ”“igwdk Yjzwfoef;cJhwJ h ynma&;uolwdk Yxifxm; oavmufedrfhwmrSwfvdkYuGm ... concept rdoGm;NyD qdk&if ajzzdkY bmcufOD;rSmvJ ... ”

zdk&rfxJrSmu ynmwif&SmvdkY&wmr[kwfbJ tjcm; okw? &o ydkif;awGyg qnf;yl;cGifh&apygw,f? BudKufwm,l½kHyJ? ukd,fhrSm&Sdwm? ukd,fodwm xJu vnf; csefxm;ay;r,fqdk&if aemufvltwGuf tqifajyapwmaygh ..../

**************aemufydkif; engineering rSmu computer, internet qdkwmawG rygrjzpfta&;ygaeNyDav ...

ußGefawmfwdkY jrefrmausmif;om;awGacwfeJYrsufajc rjywfbJ trDvdkufzdkYqdk&if tJ'Dtpdwftydkif;awGeJY rxdawGYvd k Yud kr&ygbl;? ußGefawmhtwGufawmh a&iwfwkef;a&wGif;xJusovdkygyJ ... ußGefawmf pdwft0ifpm;qkH;u computer yg? software, hardware ydkif;awGa&m? application ydkif;a&m? programming ydkif;a&m 0goemygwJhtjyif 'D zdk&rfxJrSm web designing ydkif;? networkingydkif;awG? hacking ydkif;awGudkyg avhvmcGifh &oGm;w,f .../

engineering eJY ywfouforQ ar*sm? rdkifem bmom&yf awG? qufEG,faeorQ A[kokwawG? pmwrf;? pmapmif? aqmif;yg;awG tm;vkH;u tcrJh ... tvG,fwul&,ltokH;cs½kHygyJ .../ tcsKdU tcaMu;aiGeJY 0,f,l&wJh software awG? oDcsif;? ½kyf&SifawGtm;vkH; udk vuf0,f&SdaeolawGu jrefrmtcsif;csif; udk,fcsif;pmpdwfeJY rQa0ay; Muw,f? tm;vkH;udk wpfae&mxJrSm pkpnf;ay; xm;ovdk jzpfaevdkh ußGefawmfwdkYtwGufuawmh &wemodkufBuD;ygyJ ? NyD;awmh engineer avmu &Jh wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifwJh tawGYtMuKHawG? vkyfief;cGif eJY tcGifhtvrf;awG ...

tJ'Dae&mav;tcsKdUudk oGm;a&mufzwf½Ird&if;uDr.kNOw eJYawGYcJh&wmyg ...?

“System wpfckjzpfvmzdkY input, processing, output awGvdktyfwm odxm;&r,f? b,favmuf ½IyfaxG;aewJh system yJjzpfjzpf tJ'Dtcsuf(3)ckeJYyJ zGJYpnf;xm;w,f?system &Jh principle awGjzpfMuwJh integrity(pHEIef; udkufnDrI)? complexity (½IyfaxG;rI)? organization (zJG Ypnf;wnfaqmufyH k) awG taMumif; avhvmMunfhMu&atmif ... ”

“Mathematical model qdkwm tajccHtusqkH; system awGxJuwpfckaygh ... b,fvdk designyJjzpfjzpf Mathematical model uae qyGm; wnfaqmufwJh tpOftvm t&rf;udkxGef;um; aecJhNyD ... wnfaqmufzdkY ('grSr[kwf) pl;prf; avhvmzd k Y &nf&G,fxm;wJh 0w¬KwpfcktwGuf vufawGYydkif;? oDtdk&Dydkif;awGuae yHhydk;ay;EdkifzdkY? 'grSr[kwf wu,fhvufawGY ay:aygufrvm ao;cif prf;oyfrI trsKd;rsKd;jyKzdkY mathematical

model awGu tokH;0ifaew,f ... ”

“system eJY sub-system awG taMumif;ajymMu ygpdkY ... system udk human body vdkYoabmxm; vdkufr,fqdk&if sub-system qdkwm vufawG? ajcaxmuf awG? OD;aESmufawG ... vdkY oabmxm;

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vdkufvdkY&w,f?systemBuD;wpfckudk sub-system

aygif;rsm;pGmaygif;pkNyD; wnfaqmufxm;wmyg...”

ußGefawmf ywf0ef;usifudkw'*Farh oGm;avmuf atmifaysmfoGm;w,f?NyD;awmh jrefrmtif*sifeD,m zdk&rf udkt&rf;cspfoGm;w,f? ußGefawmfausmif;rSm oifae&wm tJ'gawGaygh .../ tcufawGYaecJh&orQ jrefrmvdk tckzwfcGifh&aeNyDav ...

**************

ußGefawmf Dr.kNOw udk ausauseyfeyfMuD; “q&m” vdkYac:vdkufw,f ... olYtaMumif;udk PM awGuwqifh ar;jzpfw,f .../

vGefcJ hwJh q,fpkeSpf(2)ckavmufwkef;u jrefrm jynf? &efukefpufrIwuúodkvfrSm q&mtjzpfeJh tvkyfvkyfcJhwJhtaMumif;? tckawmh jrefrmjynf jyifyrSm tvkyfvkyfaewJhtaMumif;?jrefrmjynfvkyf ief;cGif eJY jynfyvkyfief;cGif taMumif;? vlrsKd;awG? "avhp½kdufawGtaMumif;? NyD;awmh ... jynfya&muf ynmqnf;yl;olrsm;eJY ywfoufNyD; olYt,ltq? olYtjrifawG ...“jrefrmausmif;om;awGudk nHhw,fvdkY wpfcgrS rawG;zl;bl; ... 'gayr,fh xdk;azmufxGufEdkif avmufatmif awmfw,fvdkYvnf; rajym&Jbl; ...

trsm;pk[m - pnf;urf;aumif;w,f? BudK;pm; &r,fhtcsdefrSm t&rf;BudK;pm;w,f? a&SUuwpfck vkyfjyvdkuf&ifvdkufvkyfEdkifw,f? wpfckyJ?qef;opf wJh pdwful; pdwfoef;ykdif;rSm tm;enf;w,f/olwdkY awG;vdkuf&if abmifxJurxGufbl; ... olrsm;eJY rwlwJh engineer aumif;jzpfzdkY pdwful;topfawG xkwfEdkifzdkYvdkw,f”

tJ'Dpum;awGu ußGefawmfwdk Ytwef;rSm q&m tBudrfBudrfajymzl;wJhpum;awG ... olYtjrifeJY q&mh tjrif xyfwlusaeovdk ußGefawmfvnf; tJ'D tcsuf awGudk vufcHygw,f .../

“MEF udk b,fvdka&mufvm&ovJ vdkYar;awmh ac:wJhol&SdvdkYa&mufvmwmaygh ... om; vdk cspf& wJh wynfhwpfa,mufu 'D site &Jhvdyfpmay;NyD; zdwfw,fav ... 'DrSma&;aewJholtrsm;pku vli,f awG qdkawmh vkyfief;cGifxJu vlwpfa,muf a,muf&Jh xdef;odrf;ay;wmrsKd; olujzpfapcsif w,f? ightwGuf u software vdkcsif&if zdk&rf awG r&Sm;ygbl;? windows topftqef;awG? aiGay;0,f&wJh toolsawG? plug-in awG ... tJ'g awGvnf; ighvufwurf;rSm &Edkifygw,f ... igh twGuf 'Dzdk&rfu jyef&wmu jrefrmhtaiGYtouf wpfckxJyg ... jrefrmoDcsif;?jrefrm"mwfykH?jrefrmpm ta&;tom;? jrefrmvlrsKd; awGeJY xdawGYcGifh ...

'gyJvdkcsifw,f? tJ'gu ightwGuf 'Dzdk&rfuae jyefvdkcsifwJh tav;txm;qkH;t&m aygh ... ”

ußGefawmfwdkY&Jh 'kwd,eSpfpmar;yGJawG eD;vmcJhNyD ...

tJ'Dpmar;yGJtwGuf ußGefawmfwdkY group xJu ausmif;om;awG assignment wpfckudk &ifqdkif& w,f ...? oabFmwpfpD;&Jh ukefusp&dwfudkwGufay; &rSm ... oabmw&m;a&m? wGufykHwGufenf;a&m wlayr,fh wpfa,mufudk oabFm t&G,ftpm; wpfrsKd;pD? trsKd;tpm;wpfckpD ... tJ'gudk &ufowÅ wpfywftwGuf wpfqifhcsif;pD wifjyay;&r,f .../

ppcsif;&ufawGrSm ußGe fawmfrvd kufEd ki fbl;? udef;aoawG? Assume ,l&r,fhae&mawG?edIif;,SOf NyD;a&G;xkwf&r,fh ae&mawG ... pdwf"mwfawmif uscsif&Jh .../

Dr.kNOw udkyJ PM ydkYNyD;vSrf;ar;&awmhw,f? oluwpfckcsif;aocsm &Sif;jyay;w,f?

“jrefrmvdkbmomjyefa&;ay;ae&wm rvG,fvdkY pmtkyfxJu oufqdkifwJhpmrsufeSmawGudk scan

zwfNyD;ydkYay;r,f” wJh ... olwifay;wJh English vdkpm&GufawGaMumifh ykpämudk ußGefawmfwdkYtm;vkH; em;vnfcGifh&cJhw,f ...

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'gayr,fh engineer ykpämwpfyk'fqdkwmodwJh twdkif; ... tajz udkufnd§MunfhwJhtcsdefrSmvGJwmyJ?ußGefawmfwdkY wifay;wJh tajzpm&GufawGudk q&m u wpfcsufMunfhvdkufwmeJY rSm;w,fvdkY csufcsif; ajymw,f .../ b,fae&mudk jyefppfzdkYqdkwmyg twdtus ajymekdifw,f? olajymwJhae&mrSmvnf; ußGefawmfwdkY wu,frSm;cJhMuw,f/ rSm;vdkYjyefjyef wGuf&wm &ufowÅ(7)ygwf eD;yg; ... tBudrfa& 20 eD;yg; &SdvmcsdefrSm ... ußGefawmf pdwfr&Snfcsif awmhbl; ...

'D calculator udkBudrfzefrsm;pGmeSdyf? &vmwmudk a&;cs&wJhpm&GufawG tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm qkwfjzJ cJh& ... tJ'Dvrf;udk tzefzefavQmufaerSmvm; ...

OmPfudkvTmokH;NyD; tJ'D yrmPudkavQmhcsrvm; .../

ußGefawmf0goemygvGef;vdkY aeYawG? nawG rSm; avmufatmif avhvmcJh&wJh programming [m 'Dae&mrSmtH0ifcGifus jzpfaecJhw,f ...

ußGefawmfhywf0ef;usifrSmu visual basic, .Net, C++ ... bmyJvdkvdk jrefrmvdka&;xm;NyD;om; pmtkyfawGtqifoifh ... ausmif;tm;&uf wpf&uf rSm nrtdyfbJ vb program wpfck xdkifa&;ypf vdkuf w,f ... input, output awGcsdefudkufzdkY t&ifpDeD,mausmif;om;awG&Jh tajzawG&SdNyD;om;/

Dr.kNOw udk PM ydkYNyD; ppfaq;ay;zdkY ajymMunfh vdkufw,f ... aemufnrSm PM jyefa&mufvm w,f ...

“rif;u wu,fawmfwJh jrefrmyJ” wJh .../

tJ'D assignment udk ußGefawmfwdkY tm;vkH; taumif; qkH;trSwfawGeJY ausmfjzwfEdkifcJhMuw,f av .../

**************

prototype trsKd;rsKd;u result awGudk outputawG tjzpfxkwfay;r,fh program wpfck

zefwD;jyEdkifzdkY ...

tJ'Dpmar;yGJtNyD; ausmif;ydwf&ufrSm MEF u topicwdkif;udkpdwfBudKufarTaESmuf?programmingeJYywfoufwJh tips awG?Tutorials awG?e-books awG tm;vkH;udkzwf½Iavhvm ... tcsdefawGukefwm jrefovdk ußGefawmf&Jh todynmuvnf; t&ifu xufwdk;wufvmcJhw,f ...

ußGefawmh supervisor u prototype tjzpf pmwrf;a[mif;tcsKdUay;vmw,f? aemufqkH;eSpf project twGuf erlemMunfhvdkY&atmifyg? oDtdk&D ydkif; zwfzdkY pmtkyfemrnfawG trsm;MuD;ay;vdkuf w,f? pmMunfhwdkufuiSm;vmcJhtNyD; pmtkyfykHMuD; Mum;rSm ußGefawmfxdkifaerdw,f .../

pmwrf;a[mif;awGudk wpf&Gufcsif;vSef? bmrSef; rodao;wJh udef;*Pef;awG? b,fuvmrSef;rod wJh Z,m;awG? *&yfawG ... aemufpmwrf;wpfapmif udk qufzwf?wlwlyJ?bmrSef;rodwJh calculations awG ... bmeJYoGm;wlaevJ qdkawmh eSpfukefcgeD; wGufcJh&wJh assignment vdk ...

tdk ... acgif;xJrSm “vif; ” ueJ ...?'Dproject udkvnf; tJ'Dwkef;uvkd ajz&Sif;ay;vdkufvdkY &w,f av ... vkHavmufwJh confidence tjynfh &Sdae NyD;om; ...Input data tvkHtavmufxnfhay;vdkuf½kHeJY 'D prototype trsKd;rsKd;u result awGudk outputawG tjzpfxkwfay;r,fh program wpfck zefwD;jyEdkifzdkY ...

Dr. kNOw qDudk PM ydkYNyD;ar;Munfhvdkufw,f/ußGefawmh prototype pmwrf;a[mif;awG taMumif;? tJ'DtxJuußGefawmfar;p&m&SdvmcJh&if

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ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifrvm;? ußGefawmfu jrefrmpum;eJY odcsifwmyg ... supervisor udkar;&if pum;vkH; topfawGeJY acgif;rl;&OD;r,f .../

Dr.kNOw uajymw,f?“ig 'gawGwGufNyD;vc& aewm” wJh ... “ar;csifwmrsm;&SdcJh&if tcsdefra&G; yg” wJh ...

0goem eJY ,SOfvmcJh&if b,folrqdktyifyef; cHEdkifwm obm0? ußGefawmfh aeYawG? nawG tm;vkH;udk tJ'D program project twGufykHatm xm;vdkufw,f?uGefjyLwma&SUrSm em&DeJYtrQ ...aumfzDcGufaygif;rsm;pGm ...pyspfoD;cdkifaygif;rsm;pGm ...

Dr. kNOw eJY tjyeftvSef pm awGydkY? tar;tajzvkyfMu&if; a&SUvlawG&J h pdwful;awGudk ajc&mcHrdw,f ...

b, fv d kt& G, ftpm ;q d k &i f b,foHjym;udka&G;&r,f? oHjym; trsKd;tpm;awG tvdkuf uGmjcm; wJh oHtrsKd;tpm;? txltyg;?size udkvdkufNyD; b,fae&mrSm beam xm;&r,f? tJ'D beam &Jh ykHpHtaetxm; rsKd;pkH? T-beam awG? I-beam awG ... b,fae&m rSm bmudka&G;&r,f qdkwJh standard awG .../

Equation trsKd;rsKd; ...

L,B,t awGb,fae&mrSmta&;ygwm?coefficientsawGtpkH? vufwef;azmfjrLvmawG? assume awG?neglectawG... stability ½Iaxmifh?pD;yGm;a&; tukef tus ½Iaxmifh? vdktyfrI ½Iaxmifh? tuefYtowf (limit) ½Iaxmifh ...

½kyfvkH;ay:vmwJhtqifh - laptop av;,loGm;NyD; ußGefawmfh supervisor qDta&muf ...

pdwf0ifwpm; rsufvkH;awG[m auseyfrI&oGm;wJh rsufvkH;awGtjzpfajymif;oGm;w,f ...

“'Dvdk program rsKd;wpfckudk oifaxmufultjzpf &vmzdkY q&mwdkYBudK;pm;cJhzl;w,f? q&mwdkYXmeu ynm&SifawG&,f? oDtdk&DXmeu ynm&SifawG&,f? uGefjyLwmXmeu ynm&SifawG&,f vlawG trsm;MuD; okH;NyD; veJYcsDNyD; vkyfcJh&wJh programrsKd;udk wynfhu wpfa,mufxnf; vkyfjyEdkifwm rcsD;usL;bJraeEdkifbl;? tJ'DvdkvkyfjyEdkifwm EdkifiH &yfjcm;uvmwJh jrefrmausmif;om;wpfa,muf jzpfaewm ydkNyD;tHhtm;oifhapw,f”

“wynfhwdkY jrefrmausmif;om;awG[m todynm a e m u f u d k v d k u f a e M u N y D ; q&mwdkYvlrsKd; ausmif;om; awG uawmh bGJYvufrSwf&Jhaemuf udkyJ vd kufaeMuw,f? olwd k Yvnf; wpfcsdefrSm 'grsKd;awGvkyfjyEdkifzdkY arQmfvifhw,f ... ”

Supervisor &Jh tjyKH;rSm ußGef awmfyifyef;cJhorQawG t&nfaysmf qif;oGm;Muw,f ... oljyifcsif wmawG udkajymjyw,f? aemuf

xy f v k y fv d k Y & ao;wmaw G ? v k y foi f h wmav;awGudkvnf; xyfajym jyw,f ...

ausmif;utjyef naeudk auseyfjcif;rsm;pGmeJY jzwfoef;EdkifcJhw,fav .../

**************

Final Defend qdkwJhtcsdefudk a&mufvmcJhw,f ...ußGefawmfwdkY oli,fcsif;wpk tm;vkH;tqifoifh ...

Poster awG uyf? projector awG tqifoifh? ajymoGm;&r,fhpum;vkH;awGpDpOfNyD;om; ...

wynfhwdkYjrefrmausmif;om; awG[m todynmaemufudk vdkufaeMuNyD; q&mwdkYvlrsKd; ausmif;om; awG uawmh bGJYvufrSwf&JhaemufudkyJ

vdkufaeMuw,f?

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q&m?q&mrawGpkHpkHnDnD?“wpfeJYwpfaygif; b,f avmufvJ” vdkYar;cJhwJh q&ma&myJ? b,folrS0wf rvmwJh t0ga&mifukwftusDF eJYqdkawmh vlMum; xJrSm ay:vGifaew,f ...

ußGefawmholi,fcsif;awG wpfa,mufNyD; wpf a,muf olwdkY&Jhpmwrf;eJYywfoufNyD; ajymjy oGm;? ar;orQar;cGef;awGudk ajz&Sif;oGm;Muw,f ...

ußGefawmhtvSnfh -toifhpDxm;NyD;om; pum;vk H;awG u&m;u a&vTwfovd kajymcsvd kufw,f? projectortultnDeJ Y ußGefawmh program av;u 0Hh0HhMuGm;MuGm; ...?

ar;vmMuwJh ar;cGef;awGu ußGefawmhtwGuf odyfrcufcJawmhbl;? Dr.kNOw udk ußGefawmf udk,fwdkifar;zl;NyD; olu ußGefawmhpdwfxJrSmpGJae avmufwJhtxd auseyfatmif jrefrmvdkajzay; NyD;om; .../

“ 'D program udk igwdkYbmompum;eJY okH;Edkif ovdk? English vdkvnf; okH;ekdifwm rif;jyoGm; w,f? rif;wdkY Zmwdbmompum;eJYaum okH;ekdif ygovm;” - qdkwJhar;cGef;rsKd; qdk&if vufawGYajz jyvdkuf&wm t&rf;udk auseyfp&m ...

“ rif; okH;oGm;wJh programming language awGudkawmh ig em;rvnfbl;? 'gayr,fh rule awG? standard awGeJY wu,fud kufnDNyD; wu,fudk wGufxkwfEdkifr,fqdkwm b,fvdkodEdkif rvJ” qdkwJhar;cGef;udk usawmh supervisor u 0ifajzay;oGm;w,f ...

“ußGefawmf aoaocsmcsm ppfaq;ay;cJhNyD;om;yg? ol trSm;awG? vdktyfcsufawG tm;vkH;jyifqifay; NyD;oGm;ygNyD? tck wifjyxm;wJh version rSm bm vGJacsmfrIrS r&Sdap&ygbl; ... ”&J&ifhwJh tmrcHpum;awGu ußGefawmh&ifudk aEG;apygw,f .../

“wpf eJY wpf aygif; b,favmufvJ” vdkYar;cJhwJh q&mrwfwyfx&yfwm jrifvdkufw,f? olar;wJh ar;cGef;u -

“rif; 'D project twGuf b,ftcsdefuwnf;u pNyD;jyifqifcJhovJ? oDtdk&Dydkif;eJYywfoufNyD; rif;&Jh supervisor qDutultnD&cJhovm;” wJh? ykHrSefdefend rSm ar;avhr&SdwJhar;cGef;rsKd; ...“ußGefawmf 'DeSpfeSpfpydkif;rSm pNyD;taumiftxnf azmfcJhwmyg? supervisor u trsm;MuD;ulnDcJh ayr,f h t" du uß Ge f awm hu d ku lnDc J hwm jrefrmtif*sifeD,mzdk&rfu rdwfaqGwpfOD;jzpfyg w,f?ußGefawmf olYudk ar;cGef;awG trsm;MuD; ar;cJh&ygw,ff” vdkY ajzay;vdkufw,f ...

cef;rxJu q&mawGtm;vkH; ußGefawmh projectudkpdwf0ifpm;aeMuwm 0rf;omp&mjrif&w,f? ar;c Ge f ;ar;p&m r& S dawm hygbl ; - vd k Y tcef;tem;rSL;uaMunmvdkufNyD;wJh tcgrSmawmh tm;vkH;qDu vufckyfoHawG xGufay:vm Mu w,f ... tJ'DyDwdudk ußGefawmfbmeJYrsm;vJEdkif rSmvJ ...

tp DtpO fawGtm;vk H ; Ny D ;qk H ; ? obmywd& J h tqifhtwnfjyKrItNyD; tydwfrdefYcGef;ajymw,f ...

“jrefrmausmif;om;awG&Jh pmoifeSpf atmifjrifpGm NyD;qkH;oGm;ygNyD ... ausmif;om; tm;vkH;twGuf *kPf,l &r,fh aeYjzpfovdk ußGefawmfwdkYq&mrsm; &Jh oifMum;rIbufuvnf; rarQmfvifhxm;wJh atmifjrifrIrsKd; awG jrifawGYcJh&ygw,f .../ ausmif;uoifMum;ay;wJh ynm&yfawGtay: OmPfuGefYjrL;NyD; program wpfck udk,fydkif zefwD;jyoGm;Ed kifwJh ausmif;om;av;twGufu awmh ußGefawmfwd k YtjrJ*kPf,lae&rSm jzpfyg w,f .../ bmaMumifhvJqdk&if 'Dvdk project rsKd;[m ausmif;&J hord kif;aMumif;wpfavQmufrSm yxrqkH;ay:aygufcJhwJh project jzpfaevdkYygyJ ...

q&mrsm;pGm? ynm&Sifrsm;pGm yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrS ay:xGufvmr,fh&vm'frsKd;udkEdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om; wpfa,mufu zefwD;jyvdkufwm wu,fhudk

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r,kHEdkifp&mvdkY ajymEdkifygw,f?ol[m ußGefawmfwdkY ausmif;&Jh *kPfudkaqmifEdkif½kHwifrubJ olYEdkifiH&Jh *kPfudkygaqmifoGm;Edkifw,fvdkYajymcsifygw,f... ”

ußGefawmfh&Jh 0rf;ajrmufrIudk bmeJYrsm;vJEdkifOD; rSmvJ .../ 'g ußGefawmf apmifhpm;cJh&wJhaeY ...ußGefawmftdyfrufxm;cJh&wJh tcsdefumvav; yg .../

**************

ußGefawmfwdkYtm;vkH;&Jh tqifhawGu excellence...

yG J NyD;wJ htxdrf;trSwftjzpf ausmif;om;awG tm;vkH; pDwef;&yf? cef;rxJrSm&SdorQ q&mMuD;awG u wpfa,mufcsif; vufqGJekwfquf .... tm;vkH; taysmfudk,fpD? udk,fvkyfEdkifcJhorQ twGuf *kPf,l 0rf;ajrmufrIu tm;vkH;qDrSm twdkif;om; ...

½kwfw&uf ußGefawmhrsufvkH;a&SUrSm ...t0ga&mif ukwftusFDwpfxnf ... jyKH;aewJh eIwfcrf;wpfpkH ...q&mu vufqGJEIwfquf½kHwifrubJ ußGefawmh udk qGJzufvdkufw,f ...“*kPf,lygw,f” ...

yDowJh jrefrmpum;wpfcGef; ... ußGefawmhrsufvkH; awG 0dkif;puf? w'*F qGHYt ...

q&mu jyKH;aeqJ ...“odyfawmfygw,f? atmifjrifygap”pum;tqkH; q&mußGefawmhfudkausmfoGm;w,f ...

ußGefawmfhrSm tHhMowMuD; ...

“*kPf,lygw,f” ...yDowJh jrefrmpum;wpfcGef; ... ußGefawmh

rsufvkH;awG 0dkif;puf? w'*F qGHYt ...

tcrf;tem;tNyD; q&mhudk ußGefawmfvdkuf&Smw,f? b,frSmrS&SmrawGY ... wjcm;q&mawGvnf; tvQKd? tvQKd jyefukefMuNyD ... aemufqkH;ußGefawmfvnf; jyefvmcJhw,f ...

ußGefawmf Mum;vdkuf&wJh jrefrmpum; eSpfcGef; &Jh ya[Vdudk tajznd§ay;zdkY a&mufvmwmuawmh w½kwfav; “0l”“rif; twGuf q&m pma&;ay;vdkufw,f ... ” wJh ½kH;okH; A4 pm&Gufay:rSm print xkwfxm;wJhpm ...

txJrSmu ykHeSdyfpmvkH;0dkif;0dkif;av;awG ...

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wpfaumifxJ iSufArtist : Chit tee

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SteeringArtist : nge

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