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Medical Annotations." Ne quid nimis."

THE RECENT RAILWAY ACCIDENTS.

A VERY large number of persons must daily travel by railsince they have no other means of getting from place to placerapidly and economically. It is generally assumed by thesewayfarers that it is only necessary to take into account thitime and cost of the journey ; that, somehow and somewherethere exists an agreement compelling railway companies t(

convey passengers with reasonable regard to safety. This L

so entirely a fallacy that Bradshaw, the omniscient and inscrutable, should vindicate his position as the guide, philosopher, and friend of railway travellers by affording a table forcalculating the risk which is run according to the directiorand length of the journey.

It appears that Government has so arranged matters as tcpermit the railway companies, if it so pleases them, to followout a series of interesting, but dangerous, experimental researches, with the object of ascertaining the minimum amouniof care required in conveying passengers. And the directors

appear, from the only records by which we can judge, to availthemselves to the full of this privilege. If in the course oione of these experiments a number of human beings should bemashed to pulp, such a result affords material for future

guidance. It may be unfortunate for the damaged passengers,but directors must think of the interests they represent.We should be sorry to judge harshly of such conscientiouspersons, but are at a loss to find any other standard than thatof the results by which to estimate the principles which guidethem. Looking back through the succession of railway acci-dents that have occurred of late years, we are impressed bythe consistency with which the experimental investigations havebeen carried out. At one time the officials were more andmore overworked until the very extreme of what they couldendure was ascertained ; such demonstration being affordedby the occurrence of a few accidents. Then the rapidity insequence of trains, and the admissible extent of irregul..rityin the time of arrival and departure, were investigated, andpushed to the occurrence of frequent collisions and of manydeaths. The extreme capabilities of boilers had next to betested, until a few drivers were boiled by the bursting of over-taxed engines. And so on through a long series of experiments,each involving danger to life and limb. So far as the publicis concerned, there is not even the satisfaction of knowing thatthe risk is past when the experiment is concluded ; for theinvestigations have reference only to the line, and not to thosewho travel by it. It is the money which the company maysave, and not the lives which passengers may lose, that is

taken into account. It may be credulously thought by veryinnocent persons that the appointed government inspectorshave some controlling power, that the House of Commons

might do something to prevent such cold-blooded destruction,that the highest power in the realm could come to the help ofher people, in daily danger of the most horrible of deaths.But the results afford no ground for any such faith. The

Queen, in truth, did make a noble appeal on behalf of hersubjects, but there was not the least attention vouchsafed toit. The Houses of Lords and Commons are packed withrepresentatives of the "railway interest,*’ and the whole

system of government inspection and of parliamentary com-mittees in reference to railway accidents is a gigantic sham, ,,

as those in authority very well know. It is perfectly truethat official investigations are made into the causes of railwayaccidents, but it is also perfectly true that there is no powerwhatever to enforce observance of the means recommendedio-r preventing the recurrence of precisely similar mishaps, It

is, therefore, of little use throwing out practical suggestions,from whatever quarter they emanate.

So far as regards the accidents which have recently occurredfrom removal of portions of the line, it is clear that the realblame is to be attached to the system, and that the heaping ofcoals of wrath on inspectors and gangers and plate-layers issimply to do exactly what directors wish. Thus public atten-tion is occupied until some new source of excitement opens,and the scape-goats, if they bear their burdens without mur-muring, are not much the worse eventually. The man whobecame bothered as to the time when trains were due, and hadnot even a watch to guide him, was not the sort of workmanto trust with the awful responsibility which he had to under-take. But this is no reason why the blame should be castupon him. If the directors chose to make their boilers of

sheet-tin, it would be the height of folly to credit the metalwith the blame when the burst came.For the repairing of the permanent way, there is only one

method of insuring an approximation to safety in the circum-stances under which the work is at present performed. It is

simply to prevent any engine passing either of the proximatestations until the line is reported safe. This might be effectedby simply attaching to the adjoining telegraph-wire the neces-sary means for effecting electro-magnetic communication withthe station-masters. Such an apparatus can be applied in afew minutes. On the American lines every train is furnishedwith the simple instrument, so that the guard can immediatelycommunicate with the nearest station in case of accident. It

might be that such a regulation would "interrupt traffic," ifdirectors chose to sanction, as in the Staplehurst case, a verybusy time of the day being chosen for taking up the rails; butwhether a slight delay should be put in the scale against therisk of killing and mangling a human freight is open to con-siderable doubt. Besides, so far as delay is concerned, thetravelling public is by this time pretty well used to it.

THE DEADLY MARCH FROM MHOW.

IT is at least satisfactory to find that a prompt investigationhas taken place of the circumstances under which a detach-ment of the Royal Artillery suffered terribly from cholera inits march from Mhow, as briefly noticed in THE LANCET of

last week. A long official correspondence is published in theIndian journals-a series of lengthy letters, conveying mutualrecriminations, as will always happen on such occasions whenevery official is anxious to shift the responsibility upon othershoulders. Col. Phayre, Quartermaster-General of the BombayArmy, states that General Green, commanding the Mhowdivision, telegraphed to him on April 7th that the detachmentwould be ready to proceed on the 12th instant. Not a wordwas said in this telegram about cholera being on the line ofmarch. A reply was forwarded ordering the march. On the

16th, Col. Phayre received a letter from Gen. Green respectingthe march of some deserters, another matter altogether, inwhich this passage occurs:—" I would deprecate the menbeing sent up at all at this time of the year if it can possiblybe avoided; for cholera is on the road ; great heat has set in..."This letter arrived by po,,4t, taking six days en route. On its

receipt, Col. Phayre replied by telegram, acquiescing in theGeneral’s views regarding the expediency of delaying themovement of the deserters, and adding, "as regards the artil-lery ordered to move down, the same objection seems equallyto apply to their immediate march. Deputy Inspector-Generalshould be consulted upon this point." This telegram was de-spatched on the 17th ; but the battery of artillery had leftMhow on the 12uh, and long before the message arrived it hadbeen decimated by cholera.The neglect cf General Green in failing to report the condi-

tion of the route in time to avoid the terrible disaster is suffi-

ciently proved by this official statement, the exactness ofwhich is not denied. In consequence the Governor in Conneil

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has approved of a resolution censuring General Green- But itappears that General Green last year remonstrated against i

marching troops across the Nerbudda valley after the hot ftweather set in, and that he has on several occasions deprecatedthe practice, generally receiving no reply to such communica-tions, but being informed in one such instance that "the re-quirements of the service must not be stopped on account ofvague cholera report?." " He accordingly "did not conceivethat discretionary power had been left to him in this matter."The strength of this excuse may be judged of by the fact thatno exercise of discretionary power was really required ; therewas ample time in which to report the circumstances fully tohead-quarters, and relieve himself of responsibility in the.matter. But even if this had not been the case, it is scarcelyconceivable that an officer could be found willing to expose adetachment of troops to certain peril rather than incur thepossible risk of himself receiving a reprimand.But although General Green is the only person who receives i

a censure, what is to be said of the conduct of those who in ythe first instance ordered the march of a detachment in such a

region during the month of April ? It is not credible that anyofficer of experience would be ignorant of the danger incurred

i

by such a movement in the very hottest part of the hot sea-son. At such times, even if cholera be not always at hand, I,fever lies constantly in ambush among the jungles of the

valley, and the requirements of the service should be pressingindeed to authorize the exposure of men to such an atmosphere.That there was no such need on this occasion is evident fromthe remark of Sir Charles Van-Straubenzee: "No inconve-nience would have resulted had the men been detained untilJune, when the weather becomes much cooler." The story,indeed, altogether gives a melancholy picture of life offered upupon the altar of red tape. We do not know whether the adviceof the principal medical officer at Mhow was sought by GeneralGreen. From the few words upon this point in Colonel Phayre’stelegram, it would seem that the medical officer is possessed ofcertain, powers ; but it is at the same time difficult to under-

stand, if this be the case, why General Green, who certainlyexperienced some anxiety with regard to the march, shouldnot have sought the counsel and support of the Inspector ofHospitals in his difficulty. It is perfectly certain, however,that the medical department of the army is not provided withthe full amount of authority which it should possess, or sucha catastrophe as this would not have taken place.

It is satisfactory to turn from these details to the report ofLieutenant Stevenson, the young officer who commanded thedetachment. He gives a gratifying account of the noble couragedisplayed by the members of the ’battery under the terribleordeal which they encountered. The heat," he says, "wasgreater than the oldest soldier amongst us had ever felt orimagined. Throughout the march to Bulwara a scorchingwind was blowing." He calls especial attention to the servicesof Drs. Mathieson and Simpson, and Hospital-Stewards O’Neillancl Cordeiro, who never wearied in their exertions for thebenefit t of the sick." We are glad to be able to add that theGovernor in Council makes mention of these services, whichhe desires to recognise. " It would be still more gratifyingif we could note that the promotion which the Governor re-commends should reward, at the first opportunity, the non-commissioned officers of the battery, was also advised to beconferred upon the medical officers who performed their dutyso nobly whilst themselves suffering from an attack of the dis-case with which they contended.

MEDICAL TRIALS.

MENDERS of the medical profession have, during the lastWeek, been visiting in courts of law. It is an expensiverecreation, Not excepting the case of Dr. Webber, whichstands first on our tist, we doubt if any good practical result

will follow from the loss of time and the expense thereby sus-tained. Dr. Webber seems to have become very much em-broiled -with his neighbours. Whether there be any justgrounds for the disagreements which have long existed betweenthem it is not for us to determine. The Doctor is not for-tunate in his efforts on behalf of either the public morals orthe public health. If we mistake not, his remonstrances inreference to the former, which some time since he consideredas being endangered by the alleged ilistribl1.tion of medical

pamphlets, were not more graciously received than this morerecent interference on behalf of the latter. In both cases

hasty letter-writing seems to have occasioned the unpleasant-ness that followed, and in both that unpleasantness mighthave been obviated by the exercise of a sound discretion. Dr.Webber seems to have been made the object of popular dis-satisfaction, and on more than one occasion to have sought theprotection of the law. In the present instance he has done sowith success, but we fear has thereby purchased fifty pounds’worth of additional discomfort. Could we offer counsel insuch a matter, we would venture to suggest the interferenceof mutual friends, be they clerical or magisterial, to smoothdown the unfortunate differences, rendering a charming

locality notorious, and certainly in no way contributing to thehappiness or prosperity of any of the parties they involve.

The case of Edmunds c. Thompson, to our mind, oughtnever to have found its way into a court of law. The

quarrel out of which the action arose was most unseemly.Surely a difference of this nature might have been settled

! without; the expense and publicity of an action at law.We allude to this case inasmuch as the columns of this

journal were the means of giving publicity to the proceed-ings out of which the action originated. Our columnsare the property of the profession. We were desirous thatin a generous spirit there should have been a mutual con-

cession, and so the misunderstanding have terminated. The

course that has been adopted has cost money which mighthave been more profitably and pleasantly employed. Thesooner

" the parties to the suit" resume their friendly relationsthe better for both. They can then compare notes as to themoney out of pocket, and contrast the interior of WestminsterHall with the prospect seen from the bay-window of a certainroom in Greenwich, wherein the matter might have been ar-i rwngeil with greater satisfaction to all concerned.

The case of Harrison v. Grady was an action brought torecover claims for medical attendance. The pleas set forth aseparate maintenance on part of wife, and no contract on partof husband. The parties were living separately. The Judgei left to the jury two questions : Did the plaintiff agree to look, to the wife for the payment of his bill, and not to the hus-’ band, knowing all the facts of their position?-and, secondly,had the defendant’s wife a sufficient income to maintain her-self, and to pay her doctor ? *? His Lordship intimated that,according to the answers of the jury to these questions, hewould give either side liberty to move the superior Court toenter the verdict for him. This case is a,n exemplification ofthe difficulties met with in practice : the doubtful finding of acourt of law on a point of law; the immediate expenses ofprotracted litigation; the recovery of £64 5s., and payment

of taxed costs. Add to these those little expenses as between

!, attorney and client, of which the law takes no official notice,but which, if our experience speaks correctly, generally inter-twine a good deal of cypress in the vietor’s wreath.

THE CAMP AT WIMBLEDON.

PREPARATIONS are in active progress for the approachingencampment of volunteers and annual meeting of the NationalRifle Association at Wimbledon. On Saturday, July 8th, themen will go under canvas, and the shooting will commence onthe following Monday. It is expected that on this occasion

, the camp will be more extended than has hitherto been the

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case, the competitors for the prizes finding great advantage inliving on the spot, and volunteers generally being glad to availthemselves of a couple of weeks’ picnic in a most picturesqueneighbonrhood.

Certain rumours are afloat respecting the arrangements forthe medical care of the camp which we trust may not be con-firmed. Hitherto, as our readers are aware, a member of thevolunteer medical staff—Dr.Westmacott—has taken charge ofthe hospital marquee, and attended to the various casualtieswhich have occurred. In this duty he has been assisted fromtime to time by other volunteer surgeons who have willinglyplaced their services at the disposal of the National RineAssociation. By this arrangement there has been no difficultyin securing the most efficient attention to sufferers. On the

present occasion, however, it is said that a surgeon-major andtwo assistant-surgeons of the army medical staff are to beappointed to perform the duties which have hitherto devolvedupon volunteers. We trust that it is not too late to ask theCouncil to reconsider this determination, if it really has beenarrived at. The meeting is essentially a meeting of volunteertroops. It is called together for purposes strictly in connexionwith the great volunteer movement; and to substitute medicalofficers of another service for those who hold commissions inthe volunteer army is to east a slur upon the latter, which iscertainly undeserved, and to which they will be unlikely tosubmit. It should be remembered that the medical officersstand on ground totally different from that occupied by theexecutive officers of the volunteer army. Whilst the latter arealmost without exception amateurs, studying by degrees aprofession the details of which are only perfectly apprehendedby long experience, the surgeons simply bring to bear uponthe service knowledge which they have spent their lives inacquiring, and which it is their every-day business to employ.:No argument, therefore, drawn from the occasional employ-ment of executive officers, either in commanding volunteers orin superintending certain matters requiring sound professionalknowledge, bears in the least degree upon the medical depart-ment.

There is no doubt of its being very desirable that the de-tachment of regular troops which is annually engaged at Wim-bledon should be provided with medical assistance from itsown branch of the service. The volunteer surgeons have notthe slightest wish to infringe upon occupation which properlybelongs to others; but we have much mistaken their characterif they yield without remonstrance to a scheme which, sup-posing there be any intention of carrying it out, virtually dis-poses of them as effective members of the force, and classesthem amongst those supernumerary officers who are alreadytoo abundant, and who may, for aught we know, be orna-mental, but are certainly not useful.

SURGERY IN JAMAICA.

WE have received a long and able letter from Dr. Anderson,one of the surgeons concerned in the case of Richard Bailey,on which we commented lately. This letter is so minute andelaborate that we cannot attempt to print it in our columns.It discusses all the details of the case, and analyzes the evi-dence given, and even the presumed motives of those surgeonswho gave their decisions in court. As the case is one which has

evidently caused a considerable degree of excitement in thepublic mind, and has given rise to much angry discussion, wewould avoid recapitulating the grounds upon which we arrivedat our conclusion. Viewed by the further light, however, whichDr. Anderson throws upon it, we may say that our first opinionis in all respects confirmed. We consider that the verdict ofthe jury was essentially a righteous one, and that it was justi-fied in all particulars by the facts of the case. The former

arbitrary displacement of the medical officers of the hospitalhas obviously been attended by disastrous results. We ear-

nestly hope that the affairs of the hospital may be placed on amore satisfactory footing, and that the differences which havearisen may be composed by the intervention of friends of bothparties, and the mutual adoption of a conciliatory policy. The

public press of Jamaica has taken a great interest in the mat-ter ; and, although writing with a warmth which is to be re-gretted, it has shown an earnest desire for the welfare of theinstitution, and a good understanding even of the technicalquestions at issue. We trust that it will now show equalearnestness in devising means for placing the administrationof the hospital on a perfectly satisfactory and independentbasis, removing it from party influence on either side, andsecuring for it the ablest scientific services.

THE MEDICAL SERVICE OF INDIA.

THE following memorandum issued from the India Officeputs a satisfactory interpretation upon the doubtful term inthe last Indian Warrant, "service in India." " Oddly enough,even this interpretation is not absolutely clear. We take it,however, to mean that every officer is entitled to four years’leave in thirty years’ service, and that, consequently, leave ofabsence, up to four years, counts as service :—

" India Office, London, 24th March." To His Excellency the Right Hon. the Governor General of

India in Council.

"Sir,—The military letter from your Government, dated21st January, No. 36, submits two questions with regard tothe retirement of medical officers, arising out of the latealterations with respect to the medical service. With regardto the first, it appears to you that all service on the full payof the appointment in the case of inspectors and deputyinspectors-general of hospitals, should reckon towards thefive years’ service in those grades qualifying for the additionalpension ; and that the aggregate period of " service in India,"noted in paragraph 35 of my despatch dated 7th Novemberlast, No. 36, is to include the periods of leave hitherto allowedto reckon under the new furlough rules as service for pension.

" 2. This is quite in accordance with the intentions of herMajesty’s Government.

"3. With regard to the second point, you apprehend thatthe six months’ leave on medical certificate, referred to inparagraph 38 of my despatch, applies only to the tenure of theappointments of inspector-general and deputy inspector-general, and not to the time of pension under paragraph 35.

"4. This view is also quite correct ; the tenure of appoint-ment referred to being that which is to entitle officers of thesegrades to the additional pensions after five years’ active employ-ment in India. "I have. &c.,

"C. WOOD."

THE GRESHAM PROFESSORSHIP OF MEDICINE.

By the death of Dr. Southey, this appointment has becomevacant. It may be doubted whether the continuance of suchan office, however ably filled, realizes the good effects whichthe illustrious founder anticipated. As, however, the vacancymust be supplied, it is well that a gentleman should be appointedwho can fulfil the duties in a satisfactory manner. Dr. FrederickHeadland is a candidate for the office. His talents and aic-

quirements entitle him in every respect to the consideration ofthe corporation of London, in whose hands the appointmentrests. Dr. Headland is well known by his valuable standardwork on the Action of Medicines," and is a highly-accom-plished classical scholar. His appointment to the office wouldgive satisfaction both to the profession and the public

TUBS FOR THE FEMALE WHALE.

THE aecretary of the " Female Medical Society" hasforwarded to us an epistolary defence of the objects of thatSociety. We regret to find a medical practitioner associatedwith this foolish enterprise. He ba,se3 the argument in itsfavour on the defects in the existing education of midwifes.If this were solely a school for midwives, and a good school,we should ba dispos&J to think more favourably of it. But it

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is not that, nor is it so entitled. It is called the " FemaleMedical Society," and, if we mistake not, sometimes also the"Female Medical College." "’ Now we have no objection tosee women aspire to a complete medical education, if theysoberly think the medical career at all suited to their sex ortheir prospects and position in life : points on which we en-tirely differ from those who do entertain such an opinion. Butwe have a great objection to whitewashed medical shams, andthis is one of the most egregious we have met with. We

should, on the other hand, applaud any efforts to improvethe information of the practical midwives trained at our lying-in charities.

THE MEDICAL ACT AMENDMENT BILL.

WE may state with confidence that it is not the intentionof the Government to assume any responsibility in respectof this Bill during the present session. It is understood that

opposition to it will arise from various quarters, and especiallyin connexion with the exclusion of the Bachelorship of Surgeryof the University of London from the Register, and with thestated rights of certain of the colonial universities. It is not

probable that sufficient progress could have been made withthe opposed Bill to afford a prospect of legislation this year,and we can only hope that next year the difficulties anticipatedmay be satisfactorily smoothed away. The present positionof affairs is in the highest degree unsatisfactory, since the

Register affords little protection either to the public or theprofession. ____

A RETIRING COUNCILLOR.

IT is with regret we learn that an injudicious friend of Mr.Quain has forwarded a sort of circular canvassing letter, urgingthe re-election of that retiring Councillor. This step mayhave been taken without his knowledge; but we feel bound tocharacterize it as most injudicious and highly undesirable as aprecedent. Its effect must be the opposite of what is intended,for it can hardly fail to annihilate any chances which mighthave been possessed by the gentleman in whose interest it iswritten. Such a letter certainly could not aid in enlighteningthe profession on the subject of which it treats, while thegeneral adoption of such means of aiding an election to theCouncil would be greatly to be deprecated. We feel assuredthat this proceeding will be generally disapproved and re-gretted.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE.

THE Chair of Midwifery at University College, and the office iof Obstetric Physician at University College Hospital, whichwe believe goes with the Professorship, are now vacant by theresignation of Dr. Murphy. We understand that Dr. GrailyHewitt is a candidate, and no more distinguished physician or ’,more able lecturer could be desired by any institution. Dr.Hewitt has, by the combination of great industry and researchwith natural ability, succeeded in establishing himself, at anunusually early period of life, as a standard literary authorityon the subject of diseases of women and children, and on ob-stetric subjects generally; and, whether as a skilful practicalobstetrician, an accomplished lecturer, or a colleague of themost amiable personal qualities, it would be difficult to find anyone who combines more excellent qualifications for the post.

MR. ADAMS, OF DUBLIX, AT THE SURGICAL SOCIETYOF PARIS.—This eminent surgeon lately repaired to Paris andpresented in person, at the meeting of the 14th inst. of theSurgical Society, his work on rheumatic diseases of joints.The president informed the members of the presence of theIrish surgeon, and took occasion to pass the most courteousand touching eulogium on our countryman. Mr. Adams madea very appropriate answer, and nothing could be more satis-factory than this interchange of courtesies.

Correspondence."Audi alteram partem."

INJUSTICE OF THE VACCINATION ACT.To the Editor of THE LANCET.

SIR,—The remark in a paragraph in your last week’s number,in reference to the hasty smuggling of a Bill through Parliament for the purpose of compelling private medical practitionersto give certificates of successful vaccination to district regis-trars, induces me to offer an observation or two upon the sub-

ject. In the first place I would notice that the Act in ques-tion is a complete failure, as well as an unjust one. To provethis latter statement : I have been in practice more than twentyyears, and since the expiration of the year in which the aboveAct was introduced, I have ceased to charge my private patientsfrom 3s. 6d. to 7s. 6d. for vaccination, in consequence of thefrequent annoyances I experienced in being told by a parentthat Mr. So-and-so had his child vaccinated on the parish ac-count, or gratuitously, and that he should expect the same.And I believe I am right when I say the law entitles all, fromthe lowest to the highest, to receive vaccination gratuitously;nay, I think a special clause was introduced to prevent thisparochial relief interfering with the vote of its recipients at ourgeneral and other parliamentary elections. After ceasing tocharge for private patients for vaccination, I then, as a publicvaccinator, charged the parish for the same, at Is. 6d. percase, until the guardians ceased to contract with me and abrother practitioner, because, ctftei- obeying their orders to re-vaccinate in our district where small-pox was raging, we wouldnot compound with them at the rate of 9d. instead of Is. 6d.

per case, the latter of which sums the Poor-law Commissionersadvised them to pay us, and which we ultimately received,together with a polite intimation that our contracts would notbe renewed. So that I now receive no remuneration for vac-cination, but perform the operation in self-defence, merely toprevent, as far as I can, the intrusion of other vaceinators.

Now I would ask whether Sir George Grey contemplatescompelling medical men in my position to visit a gratuitouslyvaccinated child on a certain day, however inconvenient, forthe purpose of escaping his 40s. fine, while, in addition, I amto be mulcted, through the private pique of guardians, of thelegal fee for a certificate with which I am to be compelled tofurnish the registrars ? Is this the proper way of invitingthe co-operation of medical men to carry out an importantobject ?While upon this subject, I may add that the guardians

already alluded to have mulcted me of about £127, chieflyin consequence of my not submitting to a deduction from mysalary of four or five shillings for cod-liver oil, purchasedthrough their orders by their own relieving officer from a drug-gist of the town, at a time when the guardians of the adjoin-ing union were providing their poor with it, the same beingallowed, too, by the auditor who audits the accounts of bothdistricts. The new law of limitation in reference to poor-lawdebts being statute-run at the end of a year has enabled theguardians to injure me to the above amount; and they are nowproviding their poor not only with cod-liver oil, but quinine&c. into the bargain.

I hope Sir George Grey will consider the labourer as worthyof his hire, and that, if certificates of vaccination are to becompulsory, and qualified medical men be expected to givethem, they will be paid for the same. Do the other twoliberal professions transact as much business for nothing as.the medical .?

I enclose my card, and remain, Sir, yours &c.,June, 1865. JUSTITIA.

LARYNGOSCOPY.To tl1e Editor of THE LANCET.

SIR,—I have recently been reading, with much pleasure,Dr. M’Kenzie’s interesting treatise on Laryngoscopy. I feelsome hesitation in adding anything my small experience oflaryngoscopy may suggest to that of so close an observer asDr. M ’Kenzie, but neither he nor any other writer I have seen

I’on the subject seems to have used glycerine on the mirror to