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Measuring Freedom On the Operationalisation of the Capability Approach. Sebastian Silva-Leander. QEH, Oxford28 May 2008. Introduction. Is it possible to move beyond functionings in the measurement of capabilities? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Measuring FreedomOn the Operationalisation of the Capability Approach
Sebastian Silva-Leander
QEH, Oxford 28 May 2008
Introduction
• Is it possible to move beyond functionings in the measurement of capabilities?
– Can it operate the transition from axiomatic discussion to operational framework?
– Deconstruct the evolving concept of “capability” into its different components.
– Identify conceptual hurdles that have prevented the operationalisation of the capability approach.
– Put it back together in a way that avoids some of the pitfalls.
Caveats
• Synthesis and overview rather than a new theory
• Stretches across several disciplines
• Comprehensive and didactic rather than technical
Structure
• Part I: What are we trying to Measure?• Mapping• Deconstruction• Reconstruction
• Part II: How are we going to Measure it?• Autonomy• Agency• Techniques
• Part II: Measuring it!• Poverty• Development
1.1. Mapping: A.K. Sen
• Origins of neoclassical economics virtually indistinguishable from moral philosophy (utility, maximisation, pareto-optimality)
• Utilitarianism (and economics) as the culmination of the “naturalist” project in moral philosophy[1]
• Predictability: is the condition for applying scientific methodology2]
• But: The elimination of the Free will means the elimination of morality[3]: Hobbesian man, maximisation
rules income goods
characteristics
capabilities
midfare
functionings wellbeing
Opportunity Agency Objectives
Inputs Outputs
Inputs and outputs are no longer equivalent
1.1. Mapping: Choice
Laws Income Goods Capabilities Functionings Wellbeing
External Internal
Positive
Negative
Human Development
Rawls
Basic Needs
Libertarian
SWB
Neoclassical Nussbaum
Sen
Utilitarian
Cohen
Harsanyi
1.1. Mapping: Literature
1.2. Deconstruction: Justice vs. Freedom
• Qualified priority of liberty avoids the extremes of moral intrusion and moral skepticism…
• But leaves open the question of trade-offs between justice and freedom:
• List: Nussbaum vs. Sen• Context-dependence: role of public reason and discussion.
• Mismatch between the positive language of capability (i.e. choice) and the normative language of freedom
• Conceptual overlap: Concepts of functionings and capabilities cut across agency freedom, well-being freedom, etc.
1.2. Deconstruction: Reason vs. Preference
• Things that people value, and have reason to value…• Adaptive preferences, misinformation, perversion…
• Functionings vs. Capabilities: some functionings, e.g. health involve substantive freedoms.
• Refined functionings• Bad health: NHS vs. drug addiction
• Functional interdependence: some capabilities (e.g. rational choice) may be dependent on the prior acheivement of certain functionings (e.g. literacy):
• Content Independence of choice // Paternalism• Dignity and the distinctness of Reason
1.2. Deconstruction: Wellbeing vs. Agency
• Role of public action?• Discussion on China vs. India (largely instrumental role of
democracy)
• Effective vs. Control Freedom• Malaria free environment: confuses power and freedom
(Cohen).• The central issue for freedom is not coincidence with my
preferences, but control, i.e. democracy (robust).
What (s)he has reason to value
What (s)he wantsWhat (s)he can do
10.Agency Freedom
2.Effective Freedom
3.Regulation / Law
4. Social Norms/ Custom
9.Autonomy(Positive Internal Freedom)
5.Self-Respect(negative internal freedom)
8.Virtue
7. immorality
6. Self-Restraint
1. External Freedom
Natural
Social
Values
Desires
Opportunity: Preferences:
Right:
11. commitment
12. Entitlements
Actual preferences Potential preferences
1.3. Reconstruction: Re-mapping
1.3. Reconstruction: Formalising
• Opportunity– Against indirect utility:– Cardinal:
• Preference– Relevance of Preferences:– Reverse:
yxXyx ~:,INS
xyxyxXyx ,:)(,,SM BABA
yxxPyXyx :such that ,PRF
xAAxPaAaXxZA ~: if ,DOM
1.3. Reconstruction: Formalising
• Right– Unreasonable Pref.:– Reasonable Pref.:
• Agency– Autonomy as IC:– Process:
AB BBAABAZBA maxmax iff ,,
yxxXyx , :,RPR
)(max)(max),(),(
:)(,),(,
BABA
PXPBA
jijAICi
ji
),(),(:, and ,PP jBiAiPjXBAji
Structure
• Part I: What are we trying to Measure?• Mapping• Deconstruction• Reconstruction
• Part II: How are we going to Measure it?• Autonomy• Agency• Techniques
• Part II: Measuring it!• Poverty• Development
2.1. Autonomy: Impossibility
• Potentials: capability “production function” is informationally demanding (environmental, social, personal, mental, etc.)
• Haverman and Bershadker’s (2001) “self-reliant poverty”, Burchardt (2006) time and income poverty
• Dynamics, first-second choices (e.g. going to college)
• Counterfactuals: “hypothetical situations which never occurred and might never occur” (Brandolini and D’Alessio 1998, p.12).
• Ignores the information contained in choice• Latent functionings (structural equation modelling)• HDI: Netherland vs. US (Dowrick, Dunlop and Quiggin 2003cxix)
• Spontaneity: The power to create novel options ex-nihilo• ‘Fasting’ is qualitatively different from ‘dieting’: it is a novel option that is
not adequately captured by the “maximum” attainable option of eating.• The range of potential options is not finite (originality)
2.1.Autonomy: Reason, Moral Worth
• Autonomy as purposeful self-restriction“You must bind me very tight, standing me up against the step of the mast
and lashed to the mast itself so that I cannot stir from the spot. And if I beg and command you to release me, you must tighten and add to my bonds.” (Homer, The Odyssey, p.161)
• Opportunity is important because there is an agent who utilises it to pursue valuable objectives
• Value is now an integral part of the assessment (this is Sen’s revolution)
• Move away from the expansionist approach• Missionaries of Charity’s vow of poverty • Sustainable development or Swedish welfare system
COMMODI
TIES
Environmental characteristics
Personal Characteristics
FUNCTI
ONI
NGS
Autonomy Choice VALUABLE OBJECTIVES
COUNTER
FACTUALS
External Freedom
Internal ExternalExternal
Choice Cycle 1 Choice Cycle 2
2.2. Agency: Assessing Autonomy
• Value: Contextual dependence• (1) the expertise-based method,
• (2) the empirical or statistical method
• (3) the participatory method and
• (4) the rights-based method,
• Subjectivity: Inter-individual comparability• Adaptation: Idiosyncratic, time, social, value (survey
techniques, SWB literature)
• Intentionality: is not externally observable
2.2. Agency: Public Action
• Institutionalisation: laws, institutions render ephemeral acts permanent
• Political Freedom: translates individual will into collective will
• Juridical law can be considered as self-imposed (ie. Autonomous)
• Process: intentionality not necessary• Consent• Process of inter-rational validation • procedural superset.
Auto-nomy
Individual Aesthetic
EthicalCognitive
Achievements
Individual Liberty
Choice Action
Political Freedom
Private Sphere Public Sphere
LEGISLATION
I N S
T I
T U
T I
O N
S
P O L I C I E S
Choice Cycle 1 Choice Cycle 2, 3, etc.
Action Person 3
Action Person 2
(Art, Science, Politics)
Structure
• Part I: What are we trying to Measure?• Mapping• Deconstruction• Reconstruction
• Part II: How are we going to Measure it?• Autonomy• Agency• Techniques
• Part II: Measuring it!• Poverty• Development
3.1. Poverty: multi-spatial
• 6 dimensions, 2 evaluative spaces:• dimensions flexible (survey specific, info. value), evaluative
spaces fixed (functionings, agency)• Intra-dimension corr.> inter-dimension• Functionings coor. with income; agency corr with “power to
change”
• Formal test: compare agency/functioning poverty profiles (ordered probit/logit)
• Generalised Hausman: Ho “no difference in coefficients”• Across spaces (income/change): rejected 1%• Within spaces (multidim): rejected, but often of the same sign• Within dim. (agency/funct.): except mobility and employment• Across dim. (robustness): accept except education/mobility
3.1. Poverty: Adaptive Preferences
• FGT more sensitive to adaptive pref.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Age
ncy
Functionings
correctedindexfgtmaxfgt2fgtavgcountavgcountmed
3.1.Poverty: Stochastic Dominance
Vasanta
Lily
Vidyarani
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Man
n-W
Hitn
ey T
est
Scor
e
Dominance Order
1st order dom m/x2nd order dom m/x3rd order dom m/xno dominace m/xno dominance x/m1st order dom x/m3rd order dom x/m2nd order dom x/m
Dominated (non-poor)
Undominated (indeterminate)
Dominating (poor)
Union rep. individual
Intersect. rep.
Intersect distrib.
Union distrib.
Dominated Dominating
3.2.Development: as Freedom?
• Opportunity: GDP• Aggregate quantity of opportunity (may need to be adjusted, e.g.
Israel, Maldives)• GDP may be endogenous to collective decision (e.g. Scandinavian
countries).
• Process: Political Freedom• Not a dimension • GDP may be endogenous to collective decision (e.g. Scandinavian
countries).
• Objective: MDGs• Pros: rights based, weighed, • Cons: computationally heavy• Measuring effort: social spending, relative achievement.
3.2. Development: Single Indicator
• Comparisons of income distributions• Intuitive interpretation: probability that someones income in A > in B• Pros: valid across time/countries, conceptual counterpart of income,
but not correlated with income, • Cons: not universally accepted, collective decision to sacrifice
welfare of some memebers of the community (US social consensus)• But: empirically capture information contained in HDI/MDGs.
• Truncation by political freedom• If fully democratic, the full distribution counts: even the income of Bill
Gates is theoretically at the disposal of the community, if they decided to redistribute it for other purposes.
• If undemocratic, the incomes of the rulers are not accessible for the masses.
3.2. Development: Rankinggdpcens gdpprob
concordance 69% 68%
size of correction (small) (-0.3) (-6.4)
concordance (large) 73% 60%
size of correction (large (-21.2) (-29.8)
Top 10 Bottom 10 Winners (comp/ GDP)
Losers (comp/GDP)
Winners (comp/HDI)
Losers (comp/HDI)
Luxemburg Mali Solomon Islands Colombia Botswana Kazakhstan
Austria Central African Republic Benin China South Africa China
Belgium Chad
Sao Tome and Principe Guinea Namibia Lebanon
Denmark Mozambique Guyana Turkmenistan Djibouti Tajikistan
Japan Guinea-Bissau Cape Verde Lebanon Solomon Islands Vietnam
Norway Burundi Samoa Angola Gabon Turkmenistan
Finland Ethiopia Bangladesh Equatorial Guinea Benin Libya
Germany Burkina Faso Latvia Gabon Mauritius Cuba
Canada Niger Jamaica Brazil St. Lucia Qatar
Iceland Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Saudi Arabia Oman Barbados
Correlations
Truncated Income Dist.
GDP 0.9363*
gini -0.5189*
polfree -0.5683*
hdi -0.8809*
“But how do those, Socrates, who are trained to the art of ruling which you seem to me to consider as happiness, differ from those who undergo hardships from necessity, since they will have (though it be with their own consent) to endure hunger, and thirst, and cold, and want of sleep, and suffer all other inconveniences of the same kind? For I, for my own part, do not know what difference it makes to a man who is scourged on the same skin, whether it be voluntary or involuntary, or, in short, to one who suffers with the same body in all such points, whether he suffer with his consent or against it, except that folly is to be attributed to him who endures troubles voluntarily.” (Xenophon Memorabilia, 17-18, p.390)