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---------Chapter 1 - Introduction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry today is in the front rank of India’s science-based industries
with wide ranging capabilities in the complex field of drug manufacture and technology. A highly
organized sector, the Indian Pharma Industry is estimated to be worth $ 4.5 billion, growing at about
8 to 9 percent annually. It ranks very high in the third world, in terms of technology, quality and
range of medicines manufactured. From simple headache pills to sophisticated antibiotics and
complex cardiac compounds, almost every type of medicine is now made indigenously.
Playing a key role in promoting and sustaining development in the vital field of medicines, Indian
Pharma Industry boasts of quality producers and many units approved by regulatory authorities in
USA and UK. International companies associated with this sector have stimulated, assisted and
spearheaded this dynamic development in the past 53 years and helped to put India on the
pharmaceutical map of the world.
The pharmaceutical industry in India meets around 70% of the country's demand for bulk drugs,
drug intermediates, pharmaceutical formulations, chemicals, tablets, capsules, orals and injectibles.
There are about 250 large units and about 8000 Small Scale Units, which form the core of the
pharmaceutical industry in India (including 5 Central Public Sector Units). These units produce the
complete range of pharmaceutical formulations, i.e., medicines ready for consumption by patients
and about 350 bulk drugs, i.e., chemicals having therapeutic value and used for production of
pharmaceutical formulations.
1
ADVANTAGE INDIA
1.
Competent workforce: India has a pool of personnel with high managerial and technical
competence as also skilled workforce. It has an educated work force and English is commonly
used. Professional services are easily available.
2. Cost-effective chemical synthesis: Its track record of development, particularly in the area of
improved cost-beneficial chemical synthesis for various drug molecules is excellent. It provides a
wide variety of bulk drugs and exports sophisticated bulk drugs.
3. Legal & Financial Framework: India has a 53 year old democracyand hence has a solid legal
framework and strong financial markets. There is already an established international industry and
business community.
4. Information & Technology: It has a good network of world-class educational institutions and
established strengths in Information Technology.
5. Globalizations: The country is committed to a free market economy and globalization. Above all,
it has a 70 million middle class market, which is continuously growing.
6. Consolidation: For the first time in many years, the international pharmaceutical industry is
finding great opportunities in India. The process of consolidation, which has become a generalized
2
phenomenon in the world pharmaceutical industry, has started taking place in India.
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
• Cost Competitiveness
• Well Developed Industry with Strong Manufacturing Base
• Access to pool of highly trained scientists, both in India and abroad.
• Strong marketing and distribution network
• Rich Biodiversity
• Competencies in Chemistry and process development.
Weaknesses
• Low investments in innovative R&D and lack of resources to compete with
MNCs for New Drug Discovery Research and to commercialize molecules on a
worldwide basis.
• Lack of strong linkages between industry and academia.
• Low medical expenditure and healthcare spend in the country
• Production of spurious and low quality drugs tarnishes the image of industry at
home and abroad.
• Shortage of medicines containing psychotropic substances. There are 4000 such
brands of medicines that fall under the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985.Under a clause of this Act, the retailer has to sign
the consignment note provided by the stockist. The police check this note
regularly to prevent these medicines getting diverted to the drug mafia and they
can arrest the retailer if the signatures are under suspect. To protest against this
clause, the retailers have stopped stocking these medicines, some of which is life
3
saving.
Opportunities
• Significant export potential.
• Licensing deals with MNCs for NCEs and NDDS.
• Marketing alliances to sell MNC products in domestic market.
• Contract manufacturing arrangements with MNCs
• Potential for developing India as a centre for international clinical trials
• Niche player in global pharmaceutical R&D.
• Supply of generic drugs to developed markets.
Threats
• Product patent regime poses serious challenge to domestic industry unless it
invests in research and development
• R&D efforts of Indian pharmaceutical companies hampered by lack of enabling
regulatory requirement. For instance, restrictions on animal testing outdated
patent office.
• Drug Price Control Order puts unrealistic ceilings on product prices and
profitability and prevents pharmaceutical companies from generating investible
surplus.
• Lowering of tariff protection
• The new MRP based excise duty regime threatens the existence of many small
scale pharma units, especially in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra,
that were involved in contract manufacturing for the larger, established players.
These companies are now shifting their manufacturing from these states to states like J&K
that enjoy tax holidays.
4
Identified Problem
The economy worldwide is facing severe recession and the current recession is very severe and
prolonged one after second world war. The share market all along the world is down to a significant
level compared to the levels it was before the current world wide recession. There is pressure on all
the industry due to liquidity crunch. The stock prices are reduced to an extent more than 50% over
past 12 months. Raising capital required for the business expansion has almost stopped with share
market crash. The working capital required for the operations dried up as banks are not willing to
lend as the banks are risk awesome and future of the economy is blink.
Need For Study
The capital market returns are negative since Jan 2008. The market capitalization of several firms
are beaten down to as much as more than 50%. There is continued down trend in the market and
returns are uncertain and investment in the capital market are at greater risk which was never seen
post word war II.
There is need for investors to asses the risk associated with there investments under current market
scenario, and to decide on continued investing and to take fresh investment decisions or reallocate
there current portfolio.
Objectives and Scope
The objectives of the present studies are to find out past performance of top Indian pharmaceutical
companies. To identify and group them in to stable and performers and under performers. The
objective assessment is carried out through ratio analysis for the period of 2004 to 2008.
Deliverables
Identifying performers and under performers among the top Indian pharmaceutical companies and classifying them for investment decisions.
5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 2 – Literature Survey---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A ratio: Is the mathematical relationship between two quantities in the form of a fraction or
percentage.
Ratio analysis: is essentially concerned with the calculation of relationships which after proper
identification and interpretation may provide information about the operations and state of affairs of
a business enterprise.
The analysis is used to provide indicators of past performance in terms of critical success factors of
a business. This assistance in decision-making reduces reliance on guesswork and intuition and
establishes a basis for sound judgement.
Types of Ratios
A: Liquidity Ratios
Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its short-term financial obligations when and
as they fall due.
The main concern of liquidity ratio is to measure the ability of the firms to meet their short-
term maturing obligations. Failure to do this will result in the total failure of the business, as it
would be forced into liquidation.
6
Current Ratio
The Current Ratio expresses the relationship between the firm’s current assets and its current
liabilities.
Current assets normally includes cash, marketable securities, accounts receivable and inventories.
Current liabilities consist of accounts payable, short term notes payable, short-term loans, current
maturities of long term debt, accrued income taxes and other accrued expenses (wages).
The rule of thumb says that the current ratio should be at least 2, that is the current assets should
meet current liabilities at least twice.
Quick Ratio
Measures assets that are quickly converted into cash and they are compared with current liabilities.
This ratio realizes that some of current assets are not easily convertible to cash e.g. inventories.
The quick ratio, also referred to as acid test ratio, examines the ability of the business to cover its
short-term obligations from its “quick” assets only (i.e. it ignores stock). The quick ratio is
calculated as follows
Clearly this ratio will be lower than the current ratio, but the difference between the two (the gap)
will indicate the extent to which current assets consist of stock.
B: Asset Management/Activity Ratios
If a business does not use its assets effectively, investors in the business would rather take their
money and place it somewhere else. In order for the assets to be used effectively, the business needs
a high turnover.
7
Unless the business continues to generate high turnover, assets will be idle as it is impossible to buy
and sell fixed assets continuously as turnover changes. Activity ratios are therefore used to assess
how active various assets are in the business.
Average Collection Period
The average collection period measures the quality of debtors since it indicates the speed of their
collection.
The shorter the average collection period, the better the quality of debtors, as a short
collection period implies the prompt payment by debtors.
The average collection period should be compared against the firm’s credit terms and policy
to judge its credit and collection efficiency.
An excessively long collection period implies a very liberal and inefficient credit and
collection performance.
The delay in collection of cash impairs the firm’s liquidity. On the other hand, too low a collection
period is not necessarily favourable, rather it may indicate a very restrictive credit and collection
policy which may curtail sales and hence adversely affect profit.
Inventory Turnover
This ratio measures the stock in relation to turnover in order to determine how often the stock turns
over in the business.
It indicates the efficiency of the firm in selling its product. It is calculated by dividing he cost of
goods sold by the average inventory.
8
Total Assets Turnover
Asset turnover is the relationship between sales and assets
The firm should manage its assets efficiently to maximise sales.
The total asset turnover indicates the efficiency with which the firm uses all its assets to
generate sales.
It is calculated by dividing the firm’s sales by its total assets.
Generally, the higher the firm’s total asset turnover, the more efficiently its assets have been
utilised.
Fixed Asset Turnover
The fixed assets turnover ratio measures the efficiency with which the firm has been using its fixed
assets to generate sales.
It is calculated by dividing the firm’s sales by its net fixed assets as follows:
Generally, high fixed assets turnovers are preferred since they indicate a better efficiency in
fixed assets utilisation.
C: Financial Leverage (Gearing) Ratios
9
The ratios indicate the degree to which the activities of a firm are supported by creditors’
funds as opposed to owners.
The relationship of owner’s equity to borrowed funds is an important indicator of financial
strength.
The debt requires fixed interest payments and repayment of the loan and legal action can be
taken if any amounts due are not paid at the appointed time. A relatively high proportion of funds
contributed by the owners indicates a cushion (surplus) which shields creditors against possible
losses from default in payment.
The greater the proportion of equity funds, the greater the degree of financial strength. Financial
leverage will be to the advantage of the ordinary shareholders as long as the rate of earnings on
capital employed is greater than the rate payable on borrowed funds.
The following ratios can be used to identify the financial strength and risk of the business.
Equity Ratio
The equity ratio is calculated as follows:
A high equity ratio reflects a strong financial structure of the company. A relatively low
equity ratio reflects a more speculative situation because of the effect of high leverage and the
greater possibility of financial difficulty arising from excessive debt burden.
Debt Ratio
This is the measure of financial strength that reflects the proportion of capital which has been funded
by debt, including preference shares.
This ratio is calculated as follows:
10
With higher debt ratio (low equity ratio), a very small cushion has developed thus not giving
creditors the security they require. The company would therefore find it relatively difficult to raise
additional financial support from external sources if it wished to take that route. The higher the debt
ratio the more difficult it becomes for the firm to raise debt.
Debt to Equity ratio
This ratio indicates the extent to which debt is covered by shareholders’ funds. It reflects the relative
position of the equity holders and the lenders and indicates the company’s policy on the mix of
capital funds. The debt to equity ratio is calculated as follows:
Times Interest Earned Ratio
This ratio measure the extent to which earnings can decline without causing financial losses to the
firm and creating an inability to meet the interest cost.
The times interest earned shows how many times the business can pay its interest bills from
profit earned.
Present and prospective loan creditors such as bondholders, are vitally interested to know
how adequate the interest payments on their loans are covered by the earnings available for such
payments.
Owners, managers and directors are also interested in the ability of the business to service
the fixed interest charges on outstanding debt.
The ratio is calculated as follows:
11
D: Profitability Ratios
Profitability is the ability of a business to earn profit over a period of time. Without profit, there is
no cash and therefore profitability must be seen as a critical success factors.
A company should earn profits to survive and grow over a long period of time.
Profits are essential, but it would be wrong to assume that every action initiated by
management of a company should be aimed at maximizing profits, irrespective of social
consequences.
Profitability is a result of a larger number of policies and decisions. The profitability ratios show the
combined effects of liquidity, asset management (activity) and debt management (gearing) on
operating results. The overall measure of success of a business is the profitability which results from
the effective use of its resources.
Gross Profit Margin
Normally the gross profit has to rise proportionately with sales.
It can also be useful to compare the gross profit margin across similar businesses although
there will often be good reasons for any disparity.
Net Profit Margin
This is a widely used measure of performance and is comparable across companies in similar
industries. The fact that a business works on a very low margin need not cause alarm because there
are some sectors in the industry that work on a basis of high turnover and low margins, for examples
supermarkets and motorcar dealers.
12
What is more important in any trend is the margin and whether it compares well with similar
businesses.
Return on Investment (ROI)
Income is earned by using the assets of a business productively. The more efficient the production,
the more profitable the business. The rate of return on total assets indicates the degree of efficiency
with which management has used the assets of the enterprise during an accounting period. This is an
important ratio for all readers of financial statements.
Investors have placed funds with the managers of the business. The managers used the funds to
purchase assets which will be used to generate returns. If the return is not better than the investors
can achieve elsewhere, they will instruct the managers to sell the assets and they will invest
elsewhere. The managers lose their jobs and the business liquidates.
Return on Equity (ROE)
This ratio shows the profit attributable to the amount invested by the owners of the business. It also
shows potential investors into the business what they might hope to receive as a return. The
stockholders’ equity includes share capital, share premium, distributable and non-distributable
reserves. The ratio is calculated as follows:
Earning Per Share (EPS)
Whatever income remains in the business after all prior claims, other than owners claims (i.e.
13
ordinary dividends) have been paid, will belong to the ordinary shareholders who can then make a
decision as to how much of this income they wish to remove from the business in the form of a
dividend, and how much they wish to retain in the business. The shareholders are particularly
interested in knowing how much has been earned during the financial year on each of the shares
held by them. For this reason, an earning per share figure must be calculated. Clearly then, the
earning per share calculation will be:
E: Market Value Ratios
These ratios indicate the relationship of the firm’s share price to dividends and earnings. Note that
when we refer to the share price, we are talking about the Market value and not the Nominal value
as indicated by the par value.
For this reason, it is difficult to perform these ratios on unlisted companies as the market price for
their shares is not freely available. One would first have to value the shares of the business before
calculating the ratios. Market value ratios are strong indicators of what investors think of the firm’s
past performance and future prospects.
Dividend Yield Ratio
The dividend yield ratio indicates the return that investors are obtaining on their investment in the
form of dividends. This yield is usually fairly low as the investors are also receiving capital growth
on their investment in the form of an increased share price. It is interesting to note that there is
strong correlation between dividend yields and market prices. Invariably, the higher the dividend,
the higher the market value of the share. The dividend yield ratio compares the dividend per share
against the price of the share and is calculated as:
14
Notice a healthy increase in the yield from 2000 to 2002. The main reason for this is that the
dividend per share increased while at the same time, the price of a share dropped.
This is fairly unusual because share prices usually increase when dividends increase. However there
could be number of reasons why this has happened, either due to the economy or to
mismanagement, leading to a loss of faith in the stock market or in this particular stock.
Normally a very high dividend yield signals potential financial difficulties and possible dividend
payout cut. The dividend per share is merely the total dividend divided by the number of shares
issued. The price per share is the market price of the share at the end of the financial year.
Price/Earning Ratio (P/E ratio)
P/E ratio is a useful indicator of what premium or discount investors are prepared to pay or
receive for the investment.
The higher the price in relation to earnings, the higher the P/E ratio which indicates the
higher the premium an investor is prepared to pay for the share. This occurs because the investor is
extremely confident of the potential growth and earnings of the share.
The price-earning ratio is calculated as follows:
1. High P/E generally reflects lower risk and/or higher growth prospects for earnings.
15
2. The above ratio shows that the shares were traded at a much higher premium in 2000 than
were in 2002. In 2000 the price was 26.8 times higher than earnings while in 2002, the price was
only 12 times higher.
Dividend Cover
This ratio measures the extent of earnings that are being paid out in the form of dividends,
i.e. how many times the dividends paid are covered by earnings (similar to times interest earned
ratio discussed above).
A higher cover would indicate that a larger percentage of earnings are being retained and re-
invested in the business while a lower dividend cover would indicate the converse.
Dividend pay-out ratio
This ratio looks at the dividend payment in relation to net income and can be calculated as follows:
Note: Even though the dividend yield has increased, the dividend payout ratio has reduced, showing
that a lower proportion of earnings were paid out as dividend. The ratio has only reduced slightly,
however, from 50.7% in 2000 to 49.4% in 2002. Generally, the low growth companies have higher
dividends payouts and high growth companies have lower dividend payouts.
16
17
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 3 – Methodology---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Type of Project:
The current study is of descriptive and would have secondary data collection from various sources
especially from the annual reports of top Indian pharmaceutical companies.
Tools for data analysis:
Computation of various finical ratios such as profitability, liquidity, efficiency, gearing, investment
using standers known formulas and techniques and plotting the rations to find the spread among the
companies studied to identify those who have ratios which are well with in acceptable range for
better performance and those who would require improvements in the ratios.
18
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 4 – Data Analysis and Interpretations---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIQUIDITY RATIO:
Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its short-term financial obligations when and as they
fall due. The main concern of liquidity ratio is to measure the ability of the firms to meet their short-
term maturing obligations. Failure to do this will result in the total failure of the business, as it
would be forced into liquidation.
Financial Ratio Formula Measurements
Current RatioCurrent Assets / Current liabilities
A measure of short-term liquidity. Indicates the ability of entity to meet its short-term debts from its current assets
Quick RatioCurrent Assets less inventory / Current liabilities
A more rigorous measure of short-term liquidity. Indicates the ability of the entity to meet unexpected demands from liquid current asses
19
Table 1 : Current ratio analysis
Company Name Current Ratio 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 1.12 1.38 1.34 1.92 1.32Cipla 1.44 1.55 1.87 1.96 1.86GSK 1.03 0.75 0.60 0.57 0.45DRL 1.84 1.20 1.31 1.35 1.16Ranbaxy 0.97 1.11 1.24 1.28 1.06Divis 2.20 2.33 1.84 2.48 2.13Lupin 1.19 1.33 1.41 1.69 1.88Piramal 1.19 1.11 1.06 1.33 1.13Glenmark 2.11 3.43 2.64 2.42 2.29Cadila 1.04 0.50 0.61 0.56 0.74Biocon 1.37 0.98 1.25 1.68 0.74Avantis 1.10 1.65 1.32 0.92 1.17Pfizer 1.14 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.78Matrix 1.30 0.96 1.05 1.16 1.26Aztra 1.63 0.70 1.21 0.85 0.94Torrent 1.07 1.14 1.31 1.60 1.19Wyetn 1.52 0.68 1.05 0.65 0.57Aurobindo 3.22 2.74 2.53 2.74 2.70Novatis 1.18 0.96 0.79 1.25 0.83Wockhardt 1.06 0.80 1.04 1.13 1.39Dishman 1.90 2.70 2.54 1.70 2.15IPCA 2.27 2.38 1.95 1.59 1.69FDC 1.47 1.56 1.66 1.82 1.12Abbot 0.51 0.79 0.97 1.36 1.26Merck 1.15 1.13 1.11 0.76 1.04
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Sun P
harm
aCipl
aGSK DRL
Ranba
xyDivi
s
Lupin
Piramal
Glenm
ark
Cadila
Biocon
Avanti
s
Pfizer
Matr
ixAztr
a
Torre
nt
Wye
tn
Aurob
indo
Novati
s
Woc
khar
dt
Dishm
an
IPCA
FDCAbb
ot
Mer
ck
Current Ratio 2004 Current Ratio 2005 Current Ratio 2006 Current Ratio 2007 Current Ratio 2008
20
Quick Ratio 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 0.51 0.77 0.68 0.98 0.97Cipla 0.67 0.69 0.92 1.03 1.05GSK 0.40 0.29 0.21 0.15 0.13DRL 1.22 0.72 0.76 0.96 0.70Ranbaxy 0.40 0.53 0.60 0.65 0.55Divis 0.99 1.00 0.69 1.12 0.96Lupin 0.60 0.67 0.76 0.94 0.95Piramal 0.59 0.39 0.49 0.70 0.63Glenmark 1.32 2.48 1.78 1.60 1.58Cadila 0.56 0.18 0.28 0.24 0.34Biocon 0.80 0.69 0.83 1.09 0.34Avantis 0.54 0.86 0.59 0.32 0.36Pfizer 0.52 0.46 0.44 0.39 0.36Matrix 0.56 0.43 0.54 0.60 0.55Aztra 0.60 0.34 0.72 0.52 0.66Torrent 0.37 0.37 0.56 0.78 0.66Wyetn 0.63 0.28 0.65 0.28 0.28Aurobindo 2.10 1.60 1.55 1.48 1.49Novatis 0.71 0.40 0.33 0.50 0.32Wockhardt 0.65 0.49 0.58 0.62 0.79Dishman 0.87 1.35 1.23 0.94 1.04IPCA 1.11 1.15 0.86 0.71 0.87FDC 0.71 0.79 0.59 0.54 0.29Abbot 0.27 0.31 0.39 0.48 0.55Merck 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.34 0.51
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Sun P
harm
aCipl
aGSK DRL
Ranba
xyDivi
s
Lupin
Piramal
Glenm
ark
Cadila
Biocon
Avanti
s
Pfizer
Matr
ixAztr
a
Torre
nt
Wye
tn
Aurob
indo
Novati
s
Woc
khar
dt
Dishm
an
IPCA
FDCAbb
ot
Mer
ck
Quick Ratio 2004 Quick Ratio 2005 Quick Ratio 2006 Quick Ratio 2007 Quick Ratio 2008
21
Inventory Turnover 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 3.12 3.68 3.91 4.11 4.51Cipla 2.18 2.00 2.04 2.26 2.45GSK 3.52 3.58 3.85 3.59 4.04DRL 3.24 2.78 2.53 3.40 3.00Ranbaxy 2.63 2.26 2.25 2.30 2.51Divis 2.06 1.71 1.31 1.91 2.03Lupin 3.56 3.34 3.56 3.35 2.84Piramal 3.98 3.02 3.61 4.24 4.45Glenmark 2.19 2.30 2.07 1.92 2.24Cadila 3.99 3.32 3.39 2.56 2.73Biocon 3.90 5.96 4.62 3.80 2.73Avantis 4.70 4.30 3.80 3.60 3.24Pfizer 3.45 4.26 4.21 3.81 3.86Matrix 2.73 2.43 2.72 2.39 2.29Aztra 2.19 3.52 4.75 4.42 5.93Torrent 2.67 2.00 2.36 2.70 2.99Wyetn 2.57 2.69 3.01 2.98 3.83Aurobindo 3.78 2.72 3.01 2.83 2.73Novatis 5.78 4.52 5.22 4.58 4.49Wockhardt 4.52 4.87 3.57 3.06 2.91Dishman 1.73 1.61 1.86 2.11 2.14IPCA 2.77 2.65 2.79 2.64 2.79FDC 3.59 3.87 3.09 2.96 3.45Abbot 9.13 7.65 7.22 5.68 5.58Merck 5.14 5.80 5.61 5.28 5.05
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Sun P
harm
aCipl
aGSK DRL
Ranba
xyDivi
s
Lupin
Piramal
Glenm
ark
Cadila
Biocon
Avanti
s
Pfizer
Matr
ixAztr
a
Torre
nt
Wye
tn
Aurob
indo
Novati
s
Woc
khar
dt
Dishm
an
IPCA
FDCAbb
ot
Mer
ck
Inventory Turnover 2004 Inventory Turnover 2005 Inventory Turnover 2006
Inventory Turnover 2007 Inventory Turnover 2008
22
Average Collection Period 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 47.34 68.23 49.26 45.47 115.11Cipla 93.01 88.19 98.92 101.97 114.11GSK 20.69 18.17 13.97 11.97 7.54DRL 93.94 95.77 97.96 94.06 88.91Ranbaxy 43.93 71.72 76.54 82.22 71.93Divis 87.58 94.39 95.95 81.73 71.48Lupin 65.86 72.07 74.47 79.34 79.19Piramal 43.20 33.48 45.00 49.11 54.84Glenmark 125.24 125.35 176.02 172.45 151.80Cadila 52.27 33.76 50.64 53.96 56.63Biocon 79.33 92.66 103.22 110.37 56.63Avantis 28.06 42.97 21.16 25.99 21.76Pfizer 40.00 43.17 44.10 33.76 21.64Matrix 57.58 73.93 85.74 94.03 124.43Aztra 39.32 40.88 48.07 56.32 55.89Torrent 32.97 41.24 57.55 64.66 73.72Wyetn 34.70 21.44 25.06 22.61 23.57Aurobindo 126.49 145.52 142.34 110.00 118.80Novatis 47.47 28.76 24.46 25.73 23.61Wockhardt 71.54 58.62 65.35 78.71 92.15Dishman 107.15 138.46 116.12 137.84 105.14IPCA 74.34 77.11 66.09 66.07 84.00FDC 36.32 48.04 19.01 16.79 13.79Abbot 14.23 13.43 15.04 16.06 16.10Merck 58.03 45.83 48.46 23.99 31.65
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
160.00
180.00
200.00
Sun
Pha
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Cip
la
GS
K
DR
L
Ran
baxy
Div
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Lup
in
Pir
amal
Gle
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Cad
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Bio
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Ava
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Pfi
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Mat
rix
Azt
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Tor
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Aur
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Nov
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Dis
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IPC
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FD
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Abb
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Average Collection Period 2004 Average Collection Period 2005 Average Collection Period 2006
Average Collection Period 2007 Average Collection Period 2008
23
Total Asset Turnover 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 1.47 1.43 1.76 1.76 1.57Cipla 1.19 1.15 1.09 1.09 1.03GSK 2.76 3.33 4.19 4.19 4.78DRL 1.40 0.19 1.33 1.33 1.40Ranbaxy 2.07 1.52 1.30 1.30 1.40Divis 0.98 0.92 0.80 0.80 1.08Lupin 1.24 1.11 1.28 1.28 1.35Piramal 1.65 1.51 1.30 1.30 1.44Glenmark 1.05 0.85 0.85 0.85 1.13Cadila 1.14 1.18 1.21 1.21 1.28Biocon 1.52 1.49 1.33 1.33 1.28Avantis 2.13 2.10 2.25 2.25 2.40Pfizer 2.45 2.65 2.64 2.64 4.34Matrix 1.32 1.04 1.12 1.12 0.66Aztra 1.84 2.29 2.52 2.52 2.65Torrent 1.35 1.21 1.09 1.09 1.18Wyetn 1.65 1.73 1.74 1.74 2.93Aurobindo 1.06 0.80 0.84 0.84 1.06Novatis 3.39 3.85 5.06 5.06 5.04Wockhardt 1.68 1.62 1.45 1.45 1.14Dishman 0.72 0.67 0.76 0.76 0.78IPCA 1.41 1.17 1.16 1.16 1.23FDC 1.75 1.69 1.75 1.75 1.68Abbot 5.46 5.13 4.61 4.61 3.41Merck 2.08 2.86 2.91 2.91 3.26
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Sun P
harm
aCipl
aGSK DRL
Ranba
xyDivi
s
Lupin
Piramal
Glenm
ark
Cadila
Biocon
Avanti
s
Pfizer
Matr
ixAztr
a
Torre
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Wye
tn
Aurob
indo
Novati
s
Woc
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Dishm
an
IPCA
FDCAbb
ot
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Total Asset Turnover 2004 Total Asset Turnover 2005 Total Asset Turnover 2006
Total Asset Turnover 2007 Total Asset Turnover 2008
24
Debt Ratio 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 1.77 3.38 3.01 2.77 2.05Cipla 0.91 0.84 0.84 0.97 1.02GSK 1.59 2.05 2.30 2.89 3.62DRL 1.73 0.28 1.98 1.98 2.03Ranbaxy 1.23 1.02 1.16 1.64 1.73Divis 0.81 0.82 0.97 0.91 0.96Lupin 0.87 0.89 1.19 1.11 1.07Piramal 0.90 0.89 1.08 1.08 1.10Glenmark 0.98 1.18 1.54 1.47 1.25Cadila 0.95 1.00 1.08 1.01 1.28Biocon 1.75 1.71 1.68 0.95 1.28Avantis 1.03 1.21 1.35 1.62 1.78Pfizer 1.43 1.57 1.47 1.76 2.76Matrix 0.87 1.04 1.34 1.35 1.11Aztra 0.97 1.23 1.38 1.22 1.39Torrent 0.88 1.28 0.98 0.97 1.13Wyetn 1.45 1.83 1.54 2.07 2.24Aurobindo 1.15 1.21 1.23 1.53 1.31Novatis 1.70 2.15 2.99 3.25 3.78Wockhardt 1.76 2.63 2.25 1.63 1.54Dishman 0.92 0.99 1.48 1.33 1.46IPCA 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.91 1.01FDC 1.25 1.16 1.37 1.21 1.32Abbot 2.02 2.09 2.03 1.37 1.05Merck 1.26 1.83 2.10 3.73 3.89
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
Sun P
harm
aCipl
aGSK DRL
Ranba
xyDivi
s
Lupin
Piramal
Glenm
ark
Cadila
Biocon
Avanti
s
Pfizer
Matr
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a
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Aurob
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Novati
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Dishm
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IPCA
FDCAbb
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Debt Ratio 2004 Debt Ratio 2005 Debt Ratio 2006 Debt Ratio 2007 Debt Ratio 2008
25
Debt-to-Equity 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 1.06 2.36 1.92 1.29 0.76Cipla 0.58 0.57 0.73 0.71 0.78GSK 0.53 0.48 0.42 0.52 0.53DRL 0.83 0.83 1.06 0.79 0.81Ranbaxy 0.48 0.44 0.85 1.71 1.63Divis 0.90 0.86 0.97 1.00 0.83Lupin 1.03 1.14 1.68 1.38 1.22Piramal 1.13 0.95 0.81 1.03 1.00Glenmark 1.04 2.11 2.78 2.42 1.14Cadila 1.12 0.62 0.69 0.35 0.90Biocon 0.85 0.75 0.82 0.84 0.90Avantis 0.60 0.77 0.67 0.58 0.70Pfizer 0.55 0.53 0.45 0.52 0.65Matrix 1.22 0.55 0.74 0.83 1.03Aztra 0.51 0.25 0.59 0.28 0.45Torrent 0.56 1.07 1.07 1.11 1.04Wyetn 0.72 0.51 0.57 0.52 0.49Aurobindo 1.55 1.74 1.90 2.66 2.00Novatis 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.79 0.71Wockhardt 1.16 1.84 1.59 1.30 1.35Dishman 2.06 1.41 2.36 1.63 1.34IPCA 1.09 1.24 1.07 0.95 1.06FDC 0.75 0.71 0.79 0.78 0.74Abbot 0.36 0.58 0.62 0.58 0.41Merck 0.58 0.68 0.70 0.78 0.84
0.00
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2.00
2.50
3.00
Sun P
harm
aCipl
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Lupin
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Biocon
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Debt-to-Equity 2004 Debt-to-Equity 2005 Debt-to-Equity 2006 Debt-to-Equity 2007 Debt-to-Equity 2008
26
Gross Profit Margin 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 48.39% 44.67% 45.03% 44.20% 46.76%Cipla 35.64% 37.75% 38.88% 39.08% 37.49%GSK 39.50% 46.26% 51.68% 52.45% 53.88%DRL 50.92% 46.28% 47.48% 58.98% 47.15%Ranbaxy 53.23% 48.66% 47.21% 47.46% 49.76%Divis 37.97% 39.11% 40.35% 44.75% 48.20%Lupin 35.11% 29.51% 34.39% 38.14% 38.06%Piramal 45.89% 45.20% 44.52% 43.03% 43.55%Glenmark 52.11% 51.22% 50.30% 52.23% 56.50%Cadila 43.98% 44.77% 45.23% 47.05% 49.67%Biocon 37.84% 36.69% 32.32% 36.18% 49.67%Avantis 40.49% 43.12% 40.36% 39.69% 38.35%Pfizer 43.57% 47.41% 44.00% 49.44% 64.04%Matrix 41.95% 37.70% 37.62% 34.98% -5.06%Aztra 42.04% 48.92% 48.57% 47.39% 53.44%Torrent 46.11% 44.41% 44.53% 45.48% 48.56%Wyetn 42.56% 44.10% 53.12% 55.15% 55.71%Aurobindo 24.51% 19.25% 19.91% 24.19% 26.50%Novatis 43.67% 42.81% 45.12% 47.95% 49.39%Wockhardt 44.69% 50.88% 46.61% 43.38% 42.96%Dishman 38.50% 37.58% 34.61% 34.10% 32.29%IPCA 38.09% 37.26% 34.20% 37.91% 37.81%FDC 42.44% 37.35% 41.91% 36.42% 36.38%Abbot 46.89% 36.92% 29.79% 27.88% 28.93%Merck 35.03% 43.03% 43.04% 54.91% 48.25%
-10.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Sun
Pha
rma
Cip
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GS
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DR
L
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Div
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Lup
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Pir
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Bio
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Mat
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IPC
A
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Abb
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ck
Gross Profit Margin 2004 Gross Profit Margin 2005 Gross Profit Margin 2006
Gross Profit Margin 2007 Gross Profit Margin 2008
27
Operating Profit Margin 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 30.09% 25.82% 26.67% 26.46% 32.03%Cipla 21.16% 21.94% 22.77% 22.55% 19.88%GSK 23.42% 32.09% 38.57% 41.26% 44.74%DRL 18.06% 3.97% 14.13% 35.34% 17.00%Ranbaxy 24.31% 15.63% 5.44% 11.88% 17.34%Divis 27.01% 27.36% 27.92% 32.76% 36.60%Lupin 17.26% 10.00% 15.68% 19.93% 20.87%Piramal 17.85% 15.30% 16.00% 15.56% 20.36%Glenmark 16.69% 19.82% 17.76% 23.92% 33.64%Cadila 15.97% 14.85% 15.98% 16.45% 17.66%Biocon 28.62% 28.27% 22.73% 19.99% 17.66%Avantis 21.05% 29.41% 27.18% 26.34% 22.92%Pfizer 9.39% 14.10% 17.16% 22.73% 44.70%
Matrix 28.65% 25.42% 25.94% 15.51%-
34.54%Aztra 20.59% 24.63% 27.93% 26.24% 31.45%Torrent 19.05% 12.39% 13.21% 15.68% 19.27%Wyetn 22.64% 20.47% 30.23% 36.68% 34.55%Aurobindo 16.08% 7.44% 10.49% 14.78% 16.45%Novatis 19.43% 19.48% 24.40% 22.50% 24.53%Wockhardt 21.18% 29.25% 27.25% 22.63% 22.86%Dishman 24.18% 23.32% 23.03% 22.38% 21.58%IPCA 17.27% 15.74% 12.21% 17.85% 17.26%FDC 26.39% 19.88% 22.48% 18.04% 15.97%Abbot 26.96% 16.25% 15.28% 14.98% 13.04%Merck 18.56% 28.04% 28.43% 40.35% 28.22%
-40.00%
-30.00%
-20.00%
-10.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
Sun
Pha
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Cip
la
GS
K
DR
L
Ran
baxy
Div
is
Lup
in
Pir
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Bio
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Mat
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Operating Profit Margin 2004 Gross Profit Margin 2005 Gross Profit Margin 2006
Gross Profit Margin 2007 Gross Profit Margin 2008
28
Net Profit Margin 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 26.54% 24.38% 25.21% 25.98% 30.88%Cipla 15.91% 17.08% 19.06% 18.39% 16.36%GSK 14.46% 21.86% 28.58% 30.50% 32.94%DRL 16.63% 4.50% 10.51% 29.37% 13.60%Ranbaxy 20.03% 12.81% 5.33% 8.99% 12.22%Divis 17.99% 17.09% 17.38% 26.50% 32.91%Lupin 8.37% 7.27% 10.83% 13.66% 15.43%Piramal 15.60% 11.22% 12.24% 11.18% 15.30%Glenmark 11.20% 12.14% 11.63% 15.57% 27.56%Cadila 11.53% 11.32% 12.60% 12.86% 12.97%Biocon 23.69% 25.77% 18.58% 17.66% 12.97%Avantis 14.26% 19.30% 17.97% 17.84% 14.77%Pfizer 5.77% 9.06% 11.05% 15.14% 33.81%
Matrix 21.17% 19.56% 21.37% 12.41%-
43.85%Aztra 13.13% 14.51% 18.55% 17.07% 20.27%Torrent 13.63% 10.14% 9.47% 12.25% 16.05%Wyetn 18.72% 18.98% 24.74% 30.15% 23.82%Aurobindo 10.11% 3.05% 5.09% 11.07% 11.78%Novatis 17.86% 10.98% 16.58% 14.00% 15.32%Wockhardt 18.05% 23.77% 22.87% 18.36% 15.78%Dishman 13.78% 17.62% 19.08% 19.63% 16.08%IPCA 11.89% 10.77% 8.33% 12.33% 12.14%FDC 21.95% 15.38% 18.50% 14.12% 13.20%Abbot 20.08% 11.04% 10.39% 10.06% 8.55%Merck 12.27% 18.76% 19.18% 33.05% 19.44%
-50.00%
-40.00%
-30.00%
-20.00%
-10.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
Sun
Pha
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Cip
la
GS
K
DR
L
Ran
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Div
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Pir
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Net Profit Margin 2004 Net Profit Margin 2005 Net Profit Margin 2006
Net Profit Margin 2007 Net Profit Margin 2008
29
Return on Total Assets (ROA) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 39.10% 34.96% 44.27% 50.28% 48.56%Cipla 18.94% 19.61% 20.71% 19.35% 16.91%GSK 39.95% 72.74% 119.68% 133.39% 157.52%DRL 23.21% 0.85% 13.93% 50.00% 19.07%Ranbaxy 41.46% 19.44% 6.91% 11.15% 17.10%Divis 17.71% 15.68% 13.82% 25.06% 35.54%Lupin 10.36% 8.10% 13.90% 18.84% 20.79%Piramal 25.80% 16.90% 15.91% 13.98% 22.09%Glenmark 11.76% 10.38% 9.92% 14.81% 31.27%Cadila 13.17% 13.37% 15.27% 15.54% 16.58%Biocon 36.08% 38.38% 24.74% 14.38% 16.58%Avantis 30.36% 40.61% 40.35% 44.99% 35.47%Pfizer 14.13% 24.06% 29.13% 44.97% 146.64%Matrix 27.98% 20.27% 23.88% 11.13% -28.78%Aztra 24.23% 33.23% 46.84% 41.79% 53.74%Torrent 18.41% 12.26% 10.34% 14.77% 18.89%Wyetn 30.86% 32.93% 43.08% 74.01% 69.78%Aurobindo 10.73% 2.43% 4.28% 11.91% 12.51%Novatis 60.48% 42.26% 83.91% 67.90% 77.30%Wockhardt 30.29% 38.58% 33.25% 20.92% 17.99%Dishman 9.86% 11.77% 14.56% 14.50% 12.53%IPCA 16.81% 12.55% 9.64% 15.33% 14.88%FDC 38.39% 25.92% 32.42% 23.18% 22.17%Abbot 109.54% 56.56% 47.91% 40.50% 29.15%Merck 25.51% 53.67% 55.72% 131.80% 63.33%
-50.00%
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100.00%
150.00%
200.00%
Sun P
harm
aCipl
aGSK DRL
Ranba
xyDivi
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Lupin
Piramal
Glenm
ark
Cadila
Biocon
Avanti
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FDCAbb
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Return on Total Assets (ROA) 2004 Return on Total Assets (ROA) 2005 Return on Total Assets (ROA) 2006
Return on Total Assets (ROA) 2007 Return on Total Assets (ROA) 2008
30
Return on Equity (ROE) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 30.14% 27.35% 32.26% 26.04% 24.22%Cipla 24.47% 26.52% 30.78% 20.70% 19.20%GSK 25.30% 35.64% 52.31% 46.43% 43.65%DRL 13.84% 3.41% 9.92% 27.14% 10.28%Ranbaxy 34.17% 20.14% 8.51% 16.01% 23.52%Divis 27.99% 23.48% 20.56% 35.41% 40.63%Lupin 22.04% 17.08% 28.33% 33.44% 33.66%Piramal 55.35% 31.15% 17.65% 17.85% 29.93%Glenmark 17.87% 22.14% 21.11% 30.40% 37.83%Cadila 24.41% 21.39% 22.52% 23.20% 22.11%Biocon 23.08% 24.92% 16.65% 16.84% 22.11%Avantis 32.40% 36.75% 30.79% 28.59% 20.32%Pfizer 9.92% 15.89% 19.85% 25.57% 53.23%
Matrix 70.11% 20.87% 20.98% 10.18%-
43.07%Aztra 25.07% 26.96% 33.85% 34.39% 38.58%Torrent 20.82% 15.52% 17.21% 24.33% 26.57%Wyetn 21.51% 18.20% 28.29% 36.05% 31.50%Aurobindo 17.37% 4.23% 8.09% 24.33% 23.36%Novatis 36.37% 20.09% 28.63% 21.38% 20.51%Wockhardt 28.17% 33.96% 29.62% 22.33% 20.84%Dishman 30.34% 20.83% 27.00% 23.11% 13.58%IPCA 29.03% 23.40% 16.81% 25.01% 23.28%FDC 32.87% 22.87% 24.10% 19.41% 17.39%Abbot 54.83% 27.34% 23.79% 29.62% 27.96%Merck 20.20% 29.33% 26.54% 35.37% 16.27%
-60.00%
-40.00%
-20.00%
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
Sun
Pha
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Cip
la
GS
K
DR
L
Ran
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Div
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Lup
in
Pir
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Return on Equity (ROE) 2004 Return on Equity (ROE) 2005 Return on Equity (ROE) 2006
Return on Equity (ROE) 2007 Return on Equity (ROE) 2008
dc
31
Adjusted Earnings per Share 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 55.889 32.589 50.880 65.949 98.407 Cipla 51.157 68.262 101.324 42.971 46.277 GSK 22.676 37.728 58.587 65.494 70.132 DRL 74.022 18.481 58.527 141.359 58.798 Ranbaxy 42.719 27.152 10.863 20.178 31.997 Divis 50.047 51.942 54.657 148.675 275.089 Lupin 50.047 21.293 45.441 36.979 54.016 Piramal 59.134 44.737 40.933 45.103 72.792 Glenmark 35.443 26.762 28.345 56.997 156.425 Cadila 41.943 41.847 52.803 32.596 37.102 Biocon 24.932 34.616 26.700 31.672 100.670 Avantis 42.579 64.464 67.768 73.513 61.003 Pfizer 10.826 19.223 25.044 37.681 115.700 Matrix 101.317 43.492 59.349 32.313 (94.709)Aztra 49.160 51.520 86.120 97.480 122.920 Torrent 30.232 25.005 15.559 26.701 36.760 Wyetn 24.177 19.428 30.559 40.726 35.823 Aurobindo 51.777 13.127 27.503 84.792 106.094 Novatis 58.210 35.757 60.488 51.990 57.566 Wockhardt 36.736 38.670 43.640 39.028 39.084 Dishman 18.272 21.318 33.372 42.867 38.507 IPCA 64.024 31.604 25.952 48.624 56.373 FDC 68.135 28.195 36.243 33.413 33.855 Abbot 67.559 38.724 38.272 47.291 45.219 Merck 23.511 43.173 46.922 82.444 40.819
(150.000)
(100.000)
(50.000)
0.000
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
Sun
Pha
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ckAdjusted Earnings per Share 2004 Adjusted Earnings per Share 2005 Adjusted Earnings per Share 2006
Adjusted Earnings per Share 2007 Adjusted Earnings per Share 2008
32
Price/Earnings Ratio 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sun Pharma 23.32 28.63 33.60 31.18 24.98Cipla 22.93 18.74 32.32 27.46 23.77GSK 26.76 19.06 24.84 17.12 14.88DRL 26.33 79.99 48.57 10.30 20.11Ranbaxy 22.00 36.65 79.60 34.88 27.41Divis 29.02 19.18 34.32 20.68 23.07Lupin 29.02 25.69 24.51 16.39 9.23Piramal Glenmark 20.27 52.91 55.58 53.62 31.26Cadila 21.66 22.21 18.02 20.66 13.66Biocon 38.83 23.55 33.37 30.70 8.55Avantis 16.82 19.18 28.47 16.75 12.54Pfizer 42.98 38.05 46.12 21.29 5.92Matrix 13.48 18.01 23.73 27.08 Aztra 31.29 21.14Torrent 10.78 17.70 27.91 14.66 7.66Wyetn 11.18 12.74Aurobindo 14.87 44.33 48.24 16.01 5.49Novatis Wockhardt 21.52 19.03 23.20 20.39 13.63Dishman 29.62 29.61 28.83 24.74 36.00IPCA 10.16 9.50 13.52 12.38 10.95FDC 15.88 16.06 13.48 9.30 8.31Abbot Merck 8.17
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
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70.00
80.00
90.00
Sun P
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Price/Earnings Ratio 2004 Price/Earnings Ratio 2005 Price/Earnings Ratio 2006
Price/Earnings Ratio 2007 Price/Earnings Ratio 2008
33
34
PROFITABILITY RATIO:Financial Ratio Formula Measurements
Return on Total Assets
Operating profit before income tax + interest expense/ Average total assets
Measures rate of return earned through operating total assets provided by both creditors and owners
Return on ordinary shareholders’ equity
Operating profit & extraordinary items after income tax minus Preference dividends / Average ordinary shareholders’ equity
Measures rate of return earned on assets provided by owners
Gross Profit Margin
Gross Profit / Net SalesProfitability of trading and mark-up
Profit MarginOperating profit after income tax / Net Sales Revenue
Measures net profitability of each rupees of sales
35
MARKET BASED FINANCIAL RATIO:
Financial Ratio Formula Measurements
Earnings per share
Operating profits after income tax less Preference dividends / Weighted average number of ordinary shares issued
Measures profit earned on each ordinary share
Price-earnings ratio
Market price per ordinary share / Earnings per ordinary share
Measures the amount investors are paying for a rupees of earnings
Earning YieldEarnings per ordinary share / Market price per ordinary share
Measures the return to an investor purchasing shares at the current market price.
Dividend YieldAnnual dividend per ordinary share / Market price per ordinary share
Measures the rate of return to shareholders based on current market price.
Dividend PayoutTotal dividend per ordinary share / Market price per ordinary share
Measures the percentage of profits paid out to ordinary shareholders
Net Asset Backing (NTA)
Ordinary shareholders’ equity / No of ordinary shares
Measure the assets backing per share
36
LIQUIDITY RATIO:
Financial Ratio Formula Measurements
Current RatioCurrent Assets / Current liabilities
A measure of short-term liquidity. Indicates the ability of entity to meet its short-term debts from its current assets
Quick RatioCurrent Assets less inventory / Current liabilities
A more rigorous measure of short-term liquidity. Indicates the ability of the entity to meet unexpected demands from liquid current asses
37
ASSET MANAGEMENT/UTILISATION/ACTIVITY RATIOS :
Financial Ratio Formula Measurements
Receivables turnover
Net sales revenue / Average receivables balance
Measures the effectiveness of collections; used to evaluate whether receivables balance is excessive
Average collection period
Average receivables balance x 365 / Net sales revenue
Measures the average number of days taken by an entity to collect its receivables
Inventory turnover
Cost of goods sold / Average inventory balance
Indicates the liquidity of inventory. Measures the number of times inventory was sold on the average during the period
Total Asset turnover ratio
Net sales revenue / Average total assets
Measures the effectiveness of an entity in using its assets during the period.
Turnover of Fixed Assets
Net Sales / Fixed Assets
Measure the efficiency of the usage of fixed assets in generating sales
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GEARING/FINANCIAL STABILITY RATIO:
Financial Ratio Formula Measurements
Debt ratioTotal Liabilities / Total assets
Measures percentage of assets provided by creditors and extent of using gearing
Equity ratio or Proprietary ratio
Total shareholders’ equity / Total assets
Measures percentage of assets provided by shareholders and the extent of using gearing
Capitalization ratio
Total assets / Total shareholders’ equity
The reciprocal of the equity ratio and thus measures the same thing
Times interest earned
Operating profit before income tax + Interest expense / Interest expense + Interest capitalized
Measures the ability of the entity to meet its interest payments out of current profits.
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CASH SUFFICIENCY RATIO:
Financial Ratio Formula Measurements
Cash flow adequacy
Cash from operations / Long-term debt paid + Assets acquired + Dividends paid
Measures the entity’s ability to cover its main cash requirements
Long-term debt repayment
Long-term debt repayments / Cash from operations
Measures the entity’s ability to cover its long-term debt out of cash from operations
Dividend paymentDividends paid / Cash from operations
Measures the entity’s ability to cover its dividend payment
ReinvestmentNon-current asset payments / Cash from operations
Measures the entity’s ability to pay for its non-current assets out of cash from operations
Debt coverageTotal long-term debt / Cash from operations
Measures the payback period for coverage of long-term debt.
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CASH FLOW EFFICIENCY RATIO:
Financial Ratio Formula Measurements
Cash flow to sales
Cash from operations / Net sales revenue
Measures ability to convert sales revenue into cash flows
Operation index
Cash from operations / Operating profit after income tax
An index measuring the relationship between profit from operations and operating cash flows
Cash flow return on assets
Cash from operation + Tax paid + Interest paid / Average total assets
Measures the operating cash flow return on assets before interest and tax
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Chapter 7 -- Conclusions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Among the companies studied the quick ratio was at comfortable level for all the companies except Glenmark (1.58, Aurobindo 1.48) for the year 2008 show that the Indian pharmaceutical companies are better solvent.
The asset to turnover ratio of GloxoSmithklin (4,.78), Pfizer (4.3), Novatis (5.04), are the top 3 three and have better asset utilization compared to Dishman (0.78), matrix (0.66), Cipla (1.03), Aurobindo (1.06), Divis (1.08) and these companies could improve the financials by better asset utilization.
Dept to equity ratio of Aurobino (2.0), Ranbaxy (1.63) are highly leveraged and those of Abbot (0.41), Wyeth (0.49), Aztra (0.45) GloxoSmithkline (0.53) are least leveraged.
The net profit margin of Sun pharmaceuticals (30.88%), GloxoSmithkline (32.94%), and Divis (32.91%) are most profitability ratio and those of Matrix (-43.85%), Abbot (8.55%), Ranbaxy (12.2%), Aurobindo (11.78%), IPCA (12.14%) have low profit margin in the operation.
The retun on equty is higher for Pfizer (53.2%), Divis (40.63%), GloxoSmithkline (43.65%) are giving high return on equity and those of Matrix (-43.07%), Dr. Reddy’s (10.28%), Dishman (13.58%) are much lower.
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Reference
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1. Prof. C. Jeevanadam, Sardar Vallabhbhai Institute of Textile Management, Coimbatore, Notes on Financial Statements, Short Term Programme on Financial Management at Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam on 05.01.2005.
2. Principles of Accounting, Dr. Vinayagam, P. C. Mani, K. L. Nagarajan, Kalyani Publications, New Delhi, 2002.
3. Financial Management, Dr. R. S. Kulsherestha, Kalyani Publications, New Delhi,2002
4. Dr. B. K. Behra, Class notes on Costing and Management,IIT-Delhi,2003
5. Corporate Finance: Theory and Practice By S. R. Vishwanath
6. The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry – An Overview of Internal Efficienciesusing Data Envelopment Analysis - Haritha Saranga1 and B.V. Phani
7. Annual reports of Indian pharmaceutical companies and consolidated balance sheets published as a part of Annual reports.
8. Scrip report on Indian Pharmaceutical Industry.
9. Research reports published by various agencies and brokerage houses on Indian Pharmaceutical Industries.
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