Max C Doelling | Sustainable Architectural Design, Academic Research & Teaching Portfolio

Annual Cooling Energy

kWh/m2

kWh/m2

°C

log(lux)

Annual Heating Energy

AverageAir Temp. + Daylight

40

7

18

218

136

103

22

3870

s u s t a i n a b l e d e s i g n+

Max C. Doelling, Dipl.-Ing.

a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h

Entry Stairs; The Hive, Kotagiri, India. A Kundoo + M C Doelling, 2008 - 2012

Interactive Spatial Thermal ++ Daylight Visualization

Custom Software.M C Doelling 2013 - 14

2.848

10.5 6.2

2.7

2.7

8.9

4.7

6.3

2.7

2.7

2.7

22.0

2.7

2.7

4.44.5

3.3

3.74.5

3.74.5

7.04.5

3.83.1

B

5

2

6

1

4

32

1SP

6

A

B

C

C

A

35

42

s u s t a i n a b l e d e s i g n+

Selected Projects, Papers + Presentations

a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h

Project Client

Publication Venue

South Florida Wildlife Center Redevelopment Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA

The Humane Societyof the United States

The Hive, Honey and Coffee ManufactoryKotagiri, Tamil Nadu, India

The Keystone Foundation

Post SuburbiaCape Cod, MA, USA

Independent study

Space-based Thermal Metrics Mapping for Conceptual Low - Energy Architectural Design

University College London (UCL), UK.Building Simulation and Optimization 2014

Parametric Design: a Case Study in Design - Simulation Integration

Institut Nationale de l’Énergie Solaire (INES), France. Building Simulation 2013

Hybrid Daylight Models inArchitectural Design Education +

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), MA, USA. DIVA Day 2012.

+ Prototyping Daylight National University of Singapore (NUS).CAADRIA 2013.

Setting Out Plan on Contours; The Hive ............

p. 3 - 15Accepted proposal

16 - 27Built design

28 - 37

38 - 50Peer-reviewed paper

51 - 60Peer-reviewed paper

61 - 66Invited presentation +

+ Peer-reviewed paper

Background/Opposite:Aerial Perspective; South Florida Wildlife Center, Final Restructuring Phase

M y real-world thesis project helped the Humane Society to develop a phased rehabilitation plan for the South Florida

Wildlife Center (SFWC), where injured native species and the occasional domestic animal are treated, rehabilitated and then released back into the wild or adopted. The center primarily relies on core veterinary, rehabilitation staff and countless volunteers.

As a volunteer designer, I was tasked with developing a no holds barred redevelopment plan to accommodate future operational growth and inspire upcoming development drives.

The resultant pays gives special attention to the unique programme demands, site sustainability considerations, the subtropical climate’s influence on building morphology and related energy use. Tropical building rule guides, solar geometry inputs and selective performance simulation were also used to shape the architecture, building on previous typology experiences in India.

For this portfolio, I created several new drawings and reworked existing ones to tell the design story in a compact format.

Additionally, extensive multi-zone thermal and daylight simulations of the final design state were run and visualized with custom software developed by me and not available when the project was first completed. The new holistic simulations show that the intended design indeed lives up to its original performance intent previously not calculated on a whole-building level.

s o u t h f l o r i d a w i l d l i f e

p. 3 | for the Humane Society of the United StatesFt. Lauderdale, FL, USA. 2009 - 2010, 2014

c e n t e r r e d e v e l o p m e n t

animal habitats

protectedwetlands

new wildlife carecenter building

s o u t h f l o r i d a

p. 4 | Location + Original Site Impressions

The SFWC site is wedged between a public park, an industrial area and Ft. Lauderdale International Airport. The initial

task was to develop an overview of the site and its operational structure, both previously undocumented.

Snyder Park

2 Native Animal Rehabilitation Habitats

1 Current Wildlife Hospital

1

2

w i l d l i f e c e n t e r

Raptors in Flight Cage

Documenting the site revealed a scattered distribution of animal treatment and rehabilitation activities that grew over the years

in an ad-hoc fashion. In combination with detailed staff interviews, the main design challenges became clear:

• Develop detailed functional programme requirements

• Understand key needs of separate animal groups

• Re-organize the site to improve caretaking operations

• Account for future growth and improve outreach facilities

• Redevelopment must not cause operational interruptions

Opposite, top:Site and Architectural Programming,

based on staff interviews

Opposite, bottom:Adaptable Structure Sketches

Bottom, left:Existing Site Layout


p. 5 | Challenges + Functional Programming


Maintenance

Intern Apartment

Break Room / Kitchen

Offices

Animal Feed Kitchen

Animal Hospital

Domestic Animal Pens

Nursery

Wild Animal Habitats

Restrooms + Showers

Small Domestics Trailer

Material + Feed Storage


p. 6 | Phased Development


Shaped by the programme requirements, a convoluted access situation, interlocking development goals and the presence of

protected wetlands at the site’s center, a plan to in three phases erect an eventually joined, multi-use building was proposed.

The structure would in its final state form an enclosure around the domestic animal and adoption functions open to the public, seclude the private wild animal facilities to minimize human imprinting and offer new, properly distributed site positions for all key facilities.

Creating the plan was a challenge since caretaking functions should be interrupted as little as possible; only structures whose functions were addressed in each phase could be relocated, also causing intermittent repurposing of existing facilities.

Phase 1: New Animal Hospital

• Hospital & office functions in new building• Domestics adoptions moved to old hospital• Begin limiting public access to wild part• Old admin trailer now education/outreach• North wetlands site remains untouched

Phase 3: Public Functions & Adoptions

• Enclosed structure holds final functions:• Lobby, edu. room, café and exibition area• Adoptions center and thrift shop• New administration staff offices• Enclosed maintenance yard, workshops

Phase 2: New Nursery

• Nursery redeveloped at secluded site• Minimized wild animal exposure to noise• Created new functions (e.g. lab) in nursery• Maintenance takes over old nursery trailer• New domestic animal pens at site center

Maintenance

Intern Apartment

Break Room / Kitchen

Animal Feed Kitchen

Animal Hospital

Domestic Animal Pens

Wild Animal Habitats

Restrooms + ShowersSmall Domestics

Material & Feed Storage

Café

Administration (2nd floor)

Thrift Shop

Feed/Biomass Production

Agriculture Aquaponics

Seminar Room (2nd floor)

Main Lobby

Exhibition / Multi-Use

Lab

Sustainability Office (2nd floor)

Souvenir Shop

Animal Hospital Lobby

Offices

Nursery

w i l d l i f e c e n t e rs o u t h f l o r i d a

p. 7 | View from Hospital towardsAdoptions, Main Entrance + Nursery


p. 8 | Ground Floor Plan +Section / Elevation A

3.9 Work + Prep Area3.10 Baby Racoons3.11 Adolescent Racoons3.12 Baby Opossums3.13 Adolescent Opossums3.14 Work + Prep Area3.15 Baby Squirrels3.16 Adolescent Squirrels3.17 Other Animals / Work Area

4.1 Science Office

5.1 Lobby5.2 Exhibition + Multi-Purpose Room5.3 Visitor + Staff Cafeteria5.4 Souvenir Shop5.5 Storage Cafe/Shop

6.1 Storage External Facilities6.2 Storage Exhibition

7.1 Domestic Animal Habitats7.2 Adoptions Desk7.3 Examination Room7.4 Thrift Shop7.5 Animal Feed Kitchen7.6 Storage Feed Kitchen

8.1 Storage External Facilities8.2 Workshop8.3 General Storage8.4 Building Services8.5 Workshop Yard

1.1 Animal Hospital Lobby1.2 Admissions Desk + Offices1.3 General Triage1.4 Triage Wild Animals1.5 Triage Domestic Animals1.6 Triage Isolation1.7 Main Treatment Area with Wet Cell1.8 Auxiliary Treatment Room1.9 Auxiliary Treatment Room1.10 Intensive Care Unit1.11 Surgery1.12 Surgery Preparation1.13 Radiology Office1.14 Radiology1.15 Pharmacy1.16 Lab1.17 Animal Feed Kitchen1.18 Feed Kitchen Storage1.19 Cages + Equipment Storage1.20 Building Services1.21 Morgue1.22 Delivery + Disinfection Yard1.23 Isolation Ward1.24 Reptiles Ward1.25 Domestics Ward1.26 Wild Animals Ward1.27 Veterinarian’s Office 11.28 Veterinarian’s Office 21.29 Staff Office1.30 Staff Tea Kitchen1.31 Staff Break Room 2.1 Meeting + Break Room, Administrative Areas2.2 Library2.3 Server Room

3.1 Animal Feed Kitchen3.2 General Storage3.3 Treatment Area3.4 Baby Bird Room3.5 Baby Bird Incubator3.6 Work + Prep area3.7 Bird Terrace3.8 Specialised Incubator

5.1 Lobby2.5 Administration: Public Functions5.6 Education + Seminar Room

5.2 Exhibition + Multi-Purpose Room 7. Domestic Adoptions + Service Areas, Thrift Shop7.7 Adoptions Staff Break Room, Intern Apartment

8.5 Workshop + Yard8.6 Maintenance Office

2. Admin Meeting + Library2.4, 1. Main + Hospital Administration

3. Nursery 1. Animal Hospital + Lobby

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

6.1

7.2 7.5

7.1

6.2

7.6

8.1

8.2

8.3

8.4

7.37.4

8.5

3.13.2

3.4 3.5 3.6

3.7 3.8

3.10 3.11

3.12 3.13

3.15 3.16

3.8

3.17

3.3

4.1

3.8

3.9

3.14

1.1

1.2 1.3

1.51.4

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.10

1.11

1.12

1.13 1.14

1.15 1.16

1.17 1.18 1.19

1.20

1.6

1.23

1.24

1.25

1.26

1.27

1.28

1.29

1.30

1.31

2.1

2.3

1.21

2.2

1.22

Section C

Section A

Section B Section D


p. 9 | 1st Floor Plan +Section / Elevation B


1.32 Changing Rooms (male staff)1.33 Changing Rooms (female staff)1.34 Hospital Office

2.4 Main Administration2.5 Administration: Public Functions2.6 Meeting Area2.7 Office Storage

8.6 Office + Maintenance Personnel

3.18 Nursery Office3.19 Nursery Office3.20 Nursery Staff Break Room3.21 Changing Rooms (male staff)3.22 Changing Rooms (female staff)3.23 Storage

4.2 Lab: Research

5.6 Education + Seminar Room5.7 Education Lobby + Observation Deck

6.3 Education Equipment Storage

7.7 Adoptions Staff Break Room7.8 Changing Rooms (male staff)7.9 Changing Rooms (female staff)7.10 Storage

9 Veterinary Intern Apartments

Public Areas (education, domestics + adoption) Private Administrative / Service Areas Private Wild Animal Care Areas (hospital + nursery)

5.1 Lobby2.6 Administration: Meeting Area

5.2 Exhibition + Multi-Purpose Room 7. Domestic Adoptions + Service Areas, Thrift Shop7.7 Adoptions Staff Break Room, Intern Apartment

8.5 Workshop + Yard8.6 Maintenance Office

2. Admin Meeting + Library2.4, 1. Main + Hospital Administration

1.1 Animal Hospital Lobby2.5 Administration: Public Functions

1.1 Animal Hospital 1.22 Delivery + Disinfection Yard

Section B

5.6

6.3

2.5

2.7

2.6

7.87.9

7.10 9

7.7

2.4

1.321.33

1.34

8.6

9

3.21 3.22

3.23

3.19

4.2

3.20

3.18

5.7

7 Adoptions 2.1 Meeting + Break Room, Main Admin 1.16 / 19 / 20 Lab, Storage, Services

1.21 Morgue

3.1/2 Baby Racoons+ Baby Opossums

3.14 Work / Prep Area 3.17 Other Animals + Work Area

4.2 Science Lab5.1 Lobby

2.5 Admin: Public Functions

3.15 Baby Squirrels4.1 Science Office

3.2 Staff 5.7. Obs. Deck 5.6 Edu / Seminar Room5.4 / 3 Café,Souvenir Shop

1.14 Radiology1.7 Main Treatment Area1.4 Triage1.1 Hospital Lobby1.34 Hospital Admin2.4 Main Admin

8.5 Workshops +Building Services

8.6 Maintenance Offices9 Intern Apartments


p. 10 | Section / Elevation C, D + Control System / Geometry I


In order not to overwhelm the site with excess building volume and provide an envelope adapted to the new program, the

section continuously changes over the length of the building.

To retain control over this movement, a parametric system reads input curves to define the building outline, the structural grid, roof monitor positions etc. After shape definition, a secondary script divides the facade into bays of identical width sets and positions the individually shaped frames that form the building’s spine.

Care was also taken to study rationalization; despite its sweeping shape, few facade bays are truly unique; the roof elements are tessellated flat (albeit still geometrically complex) and simple infill panels compensate for gradual roof line changes before the facade units need to step up or down. Many of the frames, however, remain singular, custom elements.

diagrid height control

5m6m

4m

unique

3.63m 3.57m

3.1m 3.09m3.04m 3.03m

diagrid patterncontrol

main outline control

monitor height control

horizontalmonitor linecontrol

overhang + roofheight / pitch control

Opposite:Frame + Facade Bay Rationalization System,

Control Curves

Left:Section / Elevation C, D + Section Location Indicators


p. 11 | View towards Main Entrance


p. 12 | Performance Section +Schematic Frame Variations


The building section’s rationale is to keep the structure as thin as possible to allow for cross-ventilation, use the roof monitors

to achieve deeper daylighting in wider parts of the building and to minimize afternoon glare if the facade louvers were to be closed, especially at the east and west-facing orientations on ground level.

As already apparent from the plans, many permanent occupancy zones, e.g. offices, are floating under the roof at the second building level; since they then do not necessarily border both outside ground floor facades, the roof monitors in these cases effectively become a third side daylighting and ventilation window line through their change in location, size and orientation.

The schematic outlines of all frames are drawn on this page to give a further appreciation of the structure’s movement. At the lower left is the first frame of the nursery, which is the widest and squattest building section.

Opposite: Complete Frame SectionsBelow: Environmental Sectionthrough Main Entrance Hall


p. 13 | Conceptual Design Simulation:Daylight + Energetic Performance


S simulations for daylight (Daysim), energy use (EnergyPlus) and facade irradiation (Radiance) checked performance during

design and at the end of the conceptual ideation phase. Energy and daylight visualizations were created with my software Mr.Comfy.

Annual daylight performance, especially on the upper floor, is very good (~ 75% of occ. time illumination between 300 - 1500 lux) - in part due to the roof projection, which shields the upper facades, as visible in the irradiation image. Appropriate intensity daylight in offices reduces lighting energy use, here a sustainability goal.

Relative cooling energy demand of the 1st floor office spaces is surprisingly uniform, given the multiple orientations. This is in part due to different adjacency conditions to variedly used ground floor zones, some of which are semi-exterior and non-conditioned. However, natural ventilation with coupled mixed-mode changeover mechanical cooling reduces conditioning energy demand by ~35%.

Generally, the zoning concept of moving office spaces to the first floor and using a generous shading overhang works well, as do the roof monitors for deeper daylighting and good cross-ventilation. The original environmental design intent (also see previous page) is confirmed as feasible through the simulations; however, a final design iteration would still have room for improvements: secondary overhangs at the ground floor would again reduce cooling loads, as would e.g. a further (daylight-conscious) glazing area reduction.

Ground Floor Daylight Distribution

Annual Cumulative Facade Irradiation

Daylight 300 - 1500 lux (frequency)

Annual Cooling Energy Use

6733382 log(lux)

log(lux)

kWh/m2

% of occ. hours

0 16910

0 111

0 100

02 Annual Total Cooling Energy Use + Daylight Frequency 300 - 1500 lux

South(West) facing offices show similar cooling use patterns; the apartments require less conditioning due to lower occupancy. Seminar and nursery offices receive higher solar gains due to East/West orientation, and experience higher loads, even though daylight is well controlled on most of the floor. Abso-lute energy use values only valid for geometric sensitivity testing, mediated by ground floor adjacency conditions:

01 Annual Facade Irradiation + log of Avrg. Ground Floor Illumination (lux)

East- and west-facing facade areas and south-oriented, tilted roof sections receive highest solar gains. The roof projection successfully shields upper facade sections on all orientations, co-responsible for good 1st floor daylight performance. The ground floor is also well daylit (dot overlay), but shows partially undesirable peak intensities.

Cumulative Annual Air Changes air changes203 87085

kWh/m2 21000

FrontOffices

Seminar Room

InternApartments

NurseryOffices

Hospital +Main Administration

Conditioned zone floor adjacency

Semi-exterior/unconditioned adj.

03 Annual Cumulative Air Changes (E+ AirFlow Network natural ventilation)

Natural ventilation was used in conjunc-tion with mixed-mode changeover artifi-cial cooling; spaces with fewest internal obstructions and openings on several sides fare best, e.g. most offices. The apartments, internal storage and service spaces show comparatively reduced ventilation rates due to lower transient occupancy, which was set to directly control window operation. Overall, natural ventilation is triggered frequently enough to significantly reduce cooling energy demand.


p. 14 | View from Lobby towards Interior Yard + Multi-Use Space

Page 1 of 2

To Whom It May Concern:

Max Christian Dölling , born 01/24/82, served as an architectural design volunteer at the South Florida Wildlife Center for one year, beginning in September 2009. The South Florida Wildlife Center, founded in 1969, is one of the largest wildlife trauma hospitals and rehabilitation centers in the nation, admitting nearly 13,000 animals spanning over 255 species, annually. As a proud affiliate of the Humane Society of the United States, we serve the South Florida tri-county region of Broward, Palm Beach, and Miami-Dade. It is our mission to protect wildlife through rescue, rehabilitation, and education. The recovery habitats on our leased 4.1 acre property in Ft. Lauderdale, which house up to 875 animals at any given time, are upgraded, replaced, or added in order to keep up with a growing diversity of species and rehabilitative care demands in South Florida, which is partially a result of urban sprawl encroaching on natural habitats. Max set himself the task of creating a comprehensive case study on how the center might accomplish its growth and reorganization goals over the next few decades. In the analysis stage, he spent several days familiarizing himself with the way we work, conducting interviews with our crew, observing animal care and sketching as well as photographing the entire site. In the process, Max exhibited a wonderful ability to collaborate with our staff in order to learn of our precise requirements. Additionally, he studied the influence Florida's subtropical climate has on our activities and how to best utilize and control the combined impact of the prevailing winds, sun movement, building air flow and site topography. All those concerns were impressively addressed in the final design. Based on his initial site analysis, further literature research on animal care and rehabilitation, as well as our continuous guidance, Max envisioned a multi-phase site restructuring concept that would allow key functions to be gradually moved to more appropriate locations on our property while maintaining care operations during the entire process, a concern that is very important to us and extremely difficult to achieve. The envisioned phasing scheme and final intended functional layout show great insight into the way we work and are highly imaginative, especially as additional educational spaces are proposed to further our community outreach mission, as well as achieving the clear spatial separation of domestic and wild animals. Throughout the entire concept, comfort requirements for the well-being of the animals, as well as the staff providing all manner of care of them, were fulfilled and even greatly improved upon, as compared to the status quo.

Page 2 of 2

The phasing plan and the proposed flexible building structure to accommodate it have minimum volumetric impact and tread very lightly by not impinging on a residual patch of wetlands at the center of our site, which is undergoing a restoration presently. We were especially impressed by the clever consideration of natural environmental advantages to keep the structure as green as possible and to reduce lighting, cooling and other electrical needs, which is one of our major operational cost factors. Despite offering much more space than currently available to us, the designed building does not overwhelm the site and appears light and airy. Max used the factors of building orientation, layout and structure to their fullest effect, delivering a creative, stellar design that is as beautiful as it is functional. He presented the outstanding final product to our executive staff in September 2010 and received unanimous praise. Through the case study we were able to enhance our own understanding of the interrelationship between our care activities, the overall site organization and the possible benefits of improving our building stock. The knowledge thus gained continues to influence us to this day, for which we would like to thank Max. Working with him was a breeze, and his commitment to making the built environment a greener place, for humans and animals alike, is truly inspirational and very close to our own mission.

We wish Max all the best for his future and believe that if all of society acted in unison, as demonstrated by this project, the harmony of man and environment might someday be fully achieved.

Sincerely,

Sherry L. Schlueter Executive Director, South Florida Wildlife Center [email protected] t 954-524-7464 f 954-343-0760

South Florida Wildlife Center 3200 S.W. 4th Avenue Fort Lauderdale, FL 33315


p. 15 | Client Recommendation Letter


t h e h i v e : h o n e y + c o f f e em a n u f a c t o r y b u i l d i n g

p. 16 | for the Keystone Foundation, Kotagiri,Nilgiris, India. 2008 - 2010, 2012 (completion)

Background/Opposite:View towards the Hive, South-East facade of Built Design Variant

Jointly designed by Anupama Kundoo and me working together in Berlin, the new “Hive” building for India’s NGO they

Keystone Foundation finished construction in 2012.

Nicknamed such by Keystone’s staff, the structure’s main purpose is to contain the processing and packaging of local cliff bee honey (very tasty, very dangerous to collect) harvested by indigenous people in Southern India’s Nilgiri mountains, plus packaging and shipping of locally grown coffee.

The design was challenging due to the extremely steep slope Keystone’s campus is situated on; a form had to be found that would be constructable by a local general contractor at minimum cost, while still maintaining good design, minimizing land use impact and taking into account logistical production demands.

Environmental concerns of passive heating potential and natural lighting also played a major part in shaping the architecture; as the campus slope faces roughly North-East, capture of morning solar gains and provision of well daylit working spaces was enabled by relatively large facade apertures necessitating a concrete frame structure, which is clad with local stone on the lower floors and uses rammed earth construction on the upper building levels.

The Hive has been in use for a few years now, and Keystone are satisfied with how the design provides a good working environment. It is a very happy feeling to know that our contribution has made a difference to help preserve the region’s unique ecosystem, part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves, and aspects of its indigenous way of life.


p. 17 | Site Overview, Design Development 01

Due to rapid operational growth, the Keystone campus required a larger building to replace the original Hive structure. A

new parcel of land (upper right) was originally intended as its location, yet unforeseen permissions aspects forced a late move of the structure to be integrated into the main campus. The partial reworking meant that select aspects of the building’s intended layout were changed, however it proved a blessing in disguise to have the new structure closer to existing campus functions.

Background/Opposite:Keystone Campus Site Plan, Kotagiri, Nilgiris, India. Original Hive Building Site Location (upper right) and RedesignLocation (center) indicated (red outlines)Survey: M.Ghandi, adapted by Author

South-West View towards Meeting Hall (center), prior to New Hive Construction


p. 18 | Design Development 02

The building’s shape was developed from conceptual sketches by Anupama and volumetric 3d models created by me, which

tested many roof geometry and on-slope positioning ideas.

Using a digital site surface model helped check cutout volume, which we tried to minimize; to create a building that spans over slope sections would have increased construction difficulty and cost. For this and access reasons, a form closely following the contours was chosen, with vertically nested functions.

Early Digital Massing Study +Roof Form Exploration(Author)

Slope-spanning/”Hovering”Design Massing Sketch(Author)

Initial Programme Stacking + Distribution Sketches (A. Kundoo)

Sketch Floor Plate +Section Geometries(Author)

2.848

10.5

6.2

2.72.7 8.9

4.7 6.3

2.7

2.7

2.7

22.0

2.7

2.7

4.4

4.5

3.3

3.7

4.5

3.7

4.5

7.0

4.5

3.8

3.1

B

5

2

6

1

4321

SP

6

A

B

CC

A

3

5

4

2

Office = + 10,1m

Dispatch = + 6.4m

Coffee Floor = + 3,2m

Honey Floor = 0


p. 19 | Final Design Variant Plans 01

Test iterations led to a final design variant that precisely conforms to site contours and features main access stairs to the North-West facade, outside

of the building itself. Individual floors are vertically stacked and only partially overlap horizontally; by not extending roofs to touch the facade of the level on top, balconies are carved out which are directly accessible from each floor. In effect, a shed roof typology is formed, which equipped with roof monitor windows allows for deeper daylighting and improved ventilation.

Note that due to the late-stage site change and construction of the building by an independent general contractor, design changes were introduced in the built version, but luckily overall design intent was retained.

Honey Floor, 118 sqmon Setting Out Plan

Coffee Floor75 sqm

Dispatch + Storage120 sqm

Offices46 sqm

South-EastElevation

Lateral (a)Main Section

a

a

N

N


p. 20 | Completed Structure on New Site, Dec. 2013Note “tree courtyard” and modif ied roof detailingPhoto: Keystone Foundation


p. 21 | View of Honey Floor Work Stations, Dec. 2013 Photo: Keystone Foundation


p. 22 | Staff Member at Work, Honey FloorPhoto: Keystone Foundation


p. 23 | Dispatch Floor, December 2013Staff packaging local producePhoto: Keystone Foundation

0m 3,2m 6,4m10,1m


p. 24 | Final Design Variant Plans 02

A central feature of the conceptual and built structure is the outside staircase linking production floors. While the dumb waiter indicated in the original plans was not included after the site move, the stairs remained as an important design element; how they connect to the land in part determined floor heights and entrance positions. The axonometric drawings shown on this page were used by the general contractor to better understand and adapt the (by local standards) unusual building geometry.

North-WestElevation

Stair Plan +Section Lines

Cutout +Foundations

Wall + ColumnFoundations

ReinforcedConcrete Struct.

Rammed Earth +Stone Wall Infill

Section 1

2

3

4

5

6

1 2 3 4 5 6


p. 25 | Final Design Variant View

Comparing the original design variant with the constructed building shows that main spatial concepts were retained; In the final drawings, the

material definition of the outer walls was left open to be discussed with the contractor, who also served as structural engineer. Hence, adapting the building to use rammed earth on the upper floors proved easy and was anticipated. Fundamental changes during construction are not unheard of in India, hence I am grateful to the Keystone for sticking closely to the original vision.

Perspective View of Final Design Variant,showing four-floor configuration andfull-height NE-facade windows


p. 26 | Completed Structure on New Site, Dec. 2013Opposed views along main access stairsPhotos: Keystone Foundation

12th May, 2012

We are an environmental NGO working in the Western Ghats in India, more specifically in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. We engage with issues concerning conservation of resources and livelihoods of indigenous people and have over the years several programmes in these hills. See www.keystone-foundation.org

We have since 2000 been developing our campus in the hills and work with Anupama Kundoo as our architect for both office and residential premises. The several small units in the campus represent different aspects of our work. Since 2009-10 we have worked on expanding our facilities to help indigenous people value add and market their produce for better returns. This new building was designed by Anupama and Max Doelling, and with a few adaptations, is now complete.

This letter is to appreciate the effort taken in the design to adapt to our needs and make necessary changes quickly. The design was made keeping in mind our steep mountain terrain and cold weather. The 3 floors now have cascade effect giving us open sunny terraces and large windows facing the morning sun. This has made our working areas bright and warm saving on costs concerning lighting and heating. The spaces are large and well ventilated and have given the team working there flexibility to adapt their work spaces as per their needs. The upper floor uses rammed earth walls – like the rest of the campus buildings, and blends well both with the existing structures and the landscape. The lower floor use of local stone for cladding walls has also made the building beautiful and easy to maintain.

We now use the building to its maximum capacity and would like to appreciate the work done by the architects to design it well to enable a comfortable working environment for us.

Snehlata Nath Director, Programs

12th May, 2012

We are an environmental NGO working in the Western Ghats in India, more specifically in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. We engage with issues concerning conservation of resources and livelihoods of indigenous people and have over the years several programmes in these hills. See www.keystone-foundation.org

We have since 2000 been developing our campus in the hills and work with Anupama Kundoo as our architect for both office and residential premises. The several small units in the campus represent different aspects of our work. Since 2009-10 we have worked on expanding our facilities to help indigenous people value add and market their produce for better returns. This new building was designed by Anupama and Max Doelling, and with a few adaptations, is now complete.

This letter is to appreciate the effort taken in the design to adapt to our needs and make necessary changes quickly. The design was made keeping in mind our steep mountain terrain and cold weather. The 3 floors now have cascade effect giving us open sunny terraces and large windows facing the morning sun. This has made our working areas bright and warm saving on costs concerning lighting and heating. The spaces are large and well ventilated and have given the team working there flexibility to adapt their work spaces as per their needs. The upper floor uses rammed earth walls – like the rest of the campus buildings, and blends well both with the existing structures and the landscape. The lower floor use of local stone for cladding walls has also made the building beautiful and easy to maintain.

We now use the building to its maximum capacity and would like to appreciate the work done by the architects to design it well to enable a comfortable working environment for us.

Snehlata Nath Director, Programs


p. 27 | Acknowledgements & Recommendation Letter

I would like to thank Anupama Kundoo for giving me the chance to work on an ambitious design and granting me great influence on its intended and built

form- it was an interesting challenge that influenced my career.

The Keystone foundation deserves huge credit for accepting a challenging geometry and never giving up on the project despite at times seemingly insurmountable difficulties- Matthew and Sneh, thank you!

Kanika Puri’s contribution to keep the project on track after the site change is not forgotten; without her, I am sure even less of the intended design would have been saved or even built at all, for which she has my deep gratitude.

Finally, Keystone’s Aritra Bose took many of the pictures that made it into this portfolio- thank you for going through all that trouble!

Area of further study

p o s t s u b u r b i a

p. 28 | Independent Urban Design StudyCape Cod, MA, USA. 2008 - 2009, 2014

Cape Cod exemplifies many archetypical housing and urban development phenomena present in the US to this day, and

thus holds a special place in the collective understanding of how (sub)urban life is shaped and influences human life in return.

Due to my own history in the US (albeit in Florida, not New England) and a great interest in the intersection of natural ecosystems and man’s desire to shape the environment in ways beneficial to contemporary (and contested) modes of living, I conducted a case study that investigated the impact of suburbanization on Cape Cod, and developed a phased, participatory master plan to test ideas on how to remedy perceived (and very real) problems caused by low-density land use.

The planning narrative approaches the problem in three stages:

• analysis of suburbanization impact on land + ecosystem

• Explore conceptual urban design ideas based on analysis

• Adapt core concepts for possible real-world implementation

The planning site eventually chosen is shown in the highlight below; after mapping the peninsula, efforts were concentrated on applying what was learned at a smaller suburban scale.

Unlike the Wildlife Care Center and Hive projects, this study has a purely academic target audience, which is a big limitation; I believe, though, that it still holds up to scrutiny, mainly due to the rigor with which the initial impact data was collected and the way it influenced the phasing study.

Background/Opposite:Ecosystem + Land Use Map,Cape Cod, MA, USAData: MassGISMapping: Author


p. 29 | Mapping Ecosystem Impacts withGeographic Information System Data

Low-density residential use dominates Cape Cod, which has approached complete build-out; note that almost all dark-green

land shown on the map is protected free space. GIS-mapping of publicly available ecosystem and land use data reveals an intricate pattern of spatial hierarchies; 1/4th to larger than 1/2 acre lots are concentrated on the shore, with higher densities and multi-family housing typically located closer to inland commercial strips. This also a landscape of social stratification, visible e.g through the differentiation between private and public beaches.

Core animal habitats are highly fragmented due to development, but it is not only the animals suffering from adverse environmental impacts; many inland lakes and bays are usage-impaired due to water pollution, mainly caused by a lack of sewer systems and non-point source runoff from the significant portion of surface area now sealed on the Cape. Red symbols on the map indicate pollution sources, with drinking water wells often close nearby.

The issues of use-impairing pollution, social stratification and environmental habitat degradation - all of which negatively affect human habitation - were hence identified as major aspects to tackle in the planning case study performed on a small part of the Cape, shown in the main map to the right at the bottom center.

The site was picked because it has almost uniform housing density; as such, it exemplifies the majority of spatial patterns on Cape Cod, unfortunately including environmental impacts. Also, since it is a peninsula within a peninsula, it gives the observer an almost fractal sense of zooming in towards spatial principles that repeat on the macro as well as micro scale.

Background/Opposite:Ecosystem + Land Use Map,Cape Cod, MA, USAData: MassGISMapping: Author


p. 30 | Site Analysis Maps 01 + 02Territories + Ecosystem Interlacing

A t Cape Cod’s shoreline, a sensitive coastal ecosystem meets sprawling low-density urban growth. Forests and non-overbuilt natural open spaces are only saved when

explicitly protected from development, as also shown by the regional GIS study- In effect, man-made and natural systems are fused into one totality.

The analysis maps isolate and show this interlacing; a homogenous fabric of housing developments abuts and interrupts ecosystem features such as wetlands and barrier beaches, carving out individual territories extended into the water through private piers. Functional differentiation of the urban fabric is low, as is democratized water access. If one were to consider the site a town, and not just an agglomeration of dwellings, what operations could increase its urbanity, social inclusiveness and overall sustainability?

The question of course assumes a desire to move development along these lines, which I posit in this study but is not unrealistic considering growing sustainability awareness.

Map Legend (both)

Forest

Wetlands

Barrier Beaches

Hydrological Features

Accessor’s Parcels

Priority Natural Habitats

Empty Lots

Ambivalent Coastal Zone

1 32 4

5

6

Analysis Map 01 : Figure Ground Plan, Ecosystem, Priority Natural Habitats Analysis Map 02 : Housing + Private Piers : Territorialization50 100 150m

p. 31 | Phase 0 | Concept EngineeringExperiments in Streetscape + Land Use Volumetrics

Before confronting the intricacy of creating a plan limited by existing conditions, the conceptual phase freely tested

concepts derived from the situational and environmental impact mapping. Not all of the more far-fetched concepts made it into the final plan but are in part shown here, such as radically modifying the linear street scape or even introducing new topography.

However, several initial ideas made it into the phasing as underlying design intent; especially the introduction of de-paved play streets leading to the water and the concept of a central green boulevard “spine” were influenced by ideas developed herein, as was the introduction of mixed-use functions alongside it. Spatially, a density gradient from peninsula center to the coast, with new and larger central lot building volumes inspired by solar envelopes, was tested and featured in the final iteration.


Variant Concept Sketches1: Density Gradient Sketch, Lateral Peninsula Section (implemented as density gradient falloff in final plan)2: FIrst Site Cross Section Modification Sketch (concept not pursued due to ground water levels + scale)3: Radical “Green Band” Superstructure Sketch (not used, since extremely large blocks break local scale)Bottom: Mixed-use Solar Envelope Blocks (implemented as higher-density structures in final plan)Right: “Sinuous Band” Streetscape + New Locations of Additional Urban Functions(partially implemented)

1

2

3

Phase 1 & 2

Phase 1 negotiate for multi - use scenario

Phase 2 assembleocean lots to repurposeas urban squares

All shown urban open spacesare intentional only, unless already negotiated

50 100 150m

Map Legend (left inset)

Land UseSingle - Family Residential

Multi - Family Residential

Forest

Other (see next map for details)

Agriculture / Open Space

Urban Open (none)

Roads

1 32 4

5

6

Map Legend (background)

Urban Open (intended)

Empty Lot : reused

Empty Lot: left vacant

Urban Park (intended)

Public Beach (intended)

Ambivalent Coastal Zone

Main Boulevard

Play Streets: Pathways, reduced Traffic (intended)

Public Transport Link

Unmodified Streets

Central RedevelopmentArea Open Spaces (to be

defined architecturally)

1 32 4

5

61 32 4

5

6

p. 32 | Phase 1 + 2 | Negotiating SpaceStreetscape Activation + Water Access + Multi-Use

To function as a town, a balance of multiply usable street spaces, public access to natural amenities such as the waterfront and a mix of local functions needs to be

present, which the analysis map shows is currently not the case. In an existing fabric, it is not easy to achieve fast change; phase 1 and 2 therefore intend to carefully negotiate multi-use rezoning to the North of the peninsula and creation of public spaces for partial water access in the South. Beach access is focused in the East, as there existing lots are farther removed from the shore and impinge less on an “ambivalent zone” that would exist once greater public diffusion occurs into this once solely private realm.

In the intervention map, permeably repaved side “play” streets now lead up to ocean blocks that are assumed to have been successfully negotiated and will form public shore access anchorages; where exactly these were positioned would in reality not be so clear-cut, hence the plan only describes one possible formal outcome.


Analysis Map 03 : Land Use A, Roads, Coastal Outline Intervention Map 01 : Speculative Public Open Spaces & Streetscape Modification

Map Legend (background + left insert)



Commercial Strip

Transportation

Waste Disposal

Nurseries

Cranberry Bog


Cemetary

1 32 4

5

6

Additional Land Use (background)

Public Institutional + Cultural

Social / Educational Services

Urban Park

Ecological Infrastructure /Urban Agriculture

Multi-Use: low level commercial & multi-family residential

Community Center

Local Commercial

Urban Squares

Empty Lot : reused (white outline)

Empty Lot: vacant

Uniform Density

1 32 4

5

61 3

2 4

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61 32 4

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6

50 100 150m

Phase 3

Negotiate usages adjacent tobeach squares & inland(unless lot is already empty)

Proximity to greater quality urban open space will encourage higher density and diverse functions

p. 33 | Phase 3 | Negotiating FunctionsMulti-Use Scenarios for Beach Squares and the North Quarter

I f water access were successfully negotiated as in the previous steps, the resultant beach squares would become focal points for a variety of urban functions. The analysis

map shows that most commercial and agricultural functions are currently clustered along strip developments to the North; negotiating and inserting a mixed-use fabric would cut down motorized traffic towards these aggregations and build a community-oriented structure that offers local employment and the urban space needed to service it.

Lots adjacent to the new beach squares would be ideal candidates for further renegotiation, spurred on by a possible increase in land value due to added local amenities. Select empty lots are in this scenario reprogrammed as ecological infrastructure or even urban agriculture; the percentage of multi-family housing is increased and often coupled to local commercial zoning to allow for smarter land use along the central spine boulevard, which could terminate in the South of the peninsula with new public and cultural functions.


Analysis Map 04 : Land Use B, Roads, Coastal Outline Intervention Map 02 : Speculative Modified Land Use Pattern

Map Legend (background only)

Qualitative Density Graduation

Ecological Architecture Development Sites

Empty Lot / Ambivalent Terrain

Ecological Infrstructure /Urban Agriculture

Urban Forest / Habitat

Houses affected by Phase 1 Development

1 32 4

5

61 32 4

5

61 32 4

5

6

1 32 4

5

6

50 100 150m

Phase 4

Renaturalization

Inclusion as new “Suburb”

Typological Modification

Incorporation into City Fabric / Redensification

p. 34 | Phase 4 | Future Inclusive GrowthDensity Gradients + Typological Modif ications + Green Infrastructure

The Cape’s continuing demand for urban space will either lead to a further decimation of natural habitat or to densification; this plan follows the densification narrative. In

the conceptual stage, the idea of gradually limiting lot volumes from spine to coast was introduced and is here taken up as a qualitative mix of density falloff and solar envelop gradients that would soften the impact of higher density developments on neighboring structures. Growth and functional enrichment would also essentially turn the peninsula into a center itself, then possibly gaining surrounding communities as true suburbs.

As the analysis map again shows, urban impact through e.g. water pollution and wetland destruction is a very real concern. Wetland restoration at the interface of suburb and new center, as well as the possible remediation of the East shoreline are given as goals in the plan, as would be the formation of ecological architecture development sites to act as prototypes for the remaining space, e.g. in terms of improved on-site waste management.


Analysis Map 05 : Uniform Density, Natural Boundaries, Wetlands, Water Pollution Intervention Map 03 : Density graduation, Ecological Infrastructure, Impact Assessment

Further Symbology (background + left insert)

Uniform Density


Forest

Wetlands

Category 5 Water Pollution

Barrier Beaches

Eeelgrass Aquatic Ecosystem

p. 35 | Composite Plan, Phases 1 - 4Summary + Evaluation + Outlook


The planning state regarded as “final” in this case study shows simultaneous operations already taken place or in process of

changing the suburban fabric into the beginning of a town. Of the many strategies mentioned, these are they key ones:

• Introduce main “green” central axis / boulevard + side streets

• Negotiate + open public shore access around public squares

• Negotiate multi-use zoning in squares and North Quarter

• Develop community hub at peninsula center

• Introduce prototypical ecological architecture development sites

• Improve local waste management services to limit pollution

• Retain free lots, some as urban agriculture, some as open space

• Rebuild select wetlands and barrier beach sections

• Connect new center to “suburbs” and natural amenities

What makes the plan “realistic” in its urbanization intent is the respect for the fabric it might grow from, intervening within a negotiated framework to activate functions that would build a town. Questions in need of answering if this study were to move ahead further are what exact density is the target, what precise mix of functions is needed to service it and what architectural and technological sustainability measures, including their impact on local ecosystem capacity, could modify this ratio.

Parallels of this plan to contemporary “Smart Growth” or “New Urbanist” ideas are not coincidental; indeed walkability, individual transit reduction, local amenity creation and streetscape activation are important in these planning principles.

The greater question of how suburban America will develop into the 21st century remains open; it will certainly not stay as it is, but a move towards dense urbanization seems equally improbable. The concepts presented herein therefore stay on middle ground, hybridizing aspects of low- and high density planning.

Qualitative Density Graduation

1 32 4

5

6

1 32 4

5

6

Uniform Density


Forest / Habitat

Wetlands

Category 5 Water Pollution

Barrier Beaches

Map Legend



Commercial Strip

Transportation

Waste Disposal

Nurseries

Cranberry Bog


Cemetary

1 32 4

5

6

Public Institutional + Cultural

Social / Educational Services

Urban Park

Ecological Infrastructure /Urban Agriculture

Multi-Use: low level commercial & multi-family residential

Community Center

Local Commercial

Urban Squares

Empty Lot : reused (white outline)

Empty Lot / Ambivalent Terrain

1 32 4

5

61 3

2 4

5

61 32 4

5

6

Renaturalization

Annexation as new “Suburb”

Typological Modification

Incorporation into City Fabric / Redensification

1 32 4

5

6

p. 36 | Composite View, Phases 1 - 4Functional Massing + Natural Space


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Photosynthetically Active Radiation (MicroEinsteins)artificial shading required in summer

[lat. +15° = 55°] [Horizontal Surface] [Vertical Surface]all incl. uncertainty factor of 9% (shaded bands)

Insolation [latitude tilt] (all in W/m^2/day)

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temp. peakcooling cooling heatingheating

max/min temperaturerange

peak wind speed

Precipitation (mm) Mean Temp. (°C) Wind Speed (m/s) Humidity (%)Wind Direction (degrees)

Cape Cod Climate : Yearly Overview for ~40°lat. / -70°long.

Weather Data (incl. PAR): Waquoit Bay Station, National Estuarine Research Reserve System(3-year averages from 2005/06/07)Insolation Data: National Renewable Resource Data Center Redbook(30-year averages from 1961 - 1990)

Statistics, Analysis and Plots/Graphics: Author

3,60

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Cape Cod Climate : Monthly Overview

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March: allow max. solar gains, night insulation, protect from cold W winds, redistr. mass gains

April: allow max. solar gains, night insulation, allow some cross ventilation

May: begin limiting solar gains by (partial) shading of glazing & cross-ventilation

June: see above

July: minimize solar gains, shield thermal mass, maximum cross-ventilation

August: see above & stack ventilation

September: see above & stack ventilation

October: start allowing partial gains, start limiting night ventilation

November: allow max. solar gains, night insulation, protect from cold W winds, redistr. mass gains

December: allow max. solar gains, night insulation, protect from cold W winds, redistr. mass gains

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Cape Cod Climate : Monthly Overview

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January: allow max. solar gains, night insulation, additional heating, protect from cold W winds mechanically redistribute thermal mass indirect gains to direct gain areas

February: see above

March: allow max. solar gains, night insulation, protect from cold W winds, redistr. mass gains

April: allow max. solar gains, night insulation, allow some cross ventilation

May: begin limiting solar gains by (partial) shading of glazing & cross-ventilation

June: see above

July: minimize solar gains, shield thermal mass, maximum cross-ventilation

August: see above & stack ventilation

September: see above & stack ventilation

October: start allowing partial gains, start limiting night ventilation

November: allow max. solar gains, night insulation, protect from cold W winds, redistr. mass gains

December: allow max. solar gains, night insulation, protect from cold W winds, redistr. mass gains

S

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p. 37 | Appendix | Climate Data


Background/Opposite:Annual Hourly Map of All-Zone Average Air Temperatures (excerpt),Sample Building, Climate: Berlin

s p a c e - b a s e d t h e r m a l

p. 38 | Cognition Support for Low-EnergyConceptual Architectural Design

m e t r i c s v i s u a l i z a t i o n

• Custom software developed based on design/sim experiments

• Tested and evaluated in specialized design optimization classes

• Publication: Building Simulation & Optimization 2014, London

Based on integrated design/simulation workflow observations from interdisciplinary classes held by colleagues and me,

a new process model empirically developed from them and the insight that hybrid design/performance representations shape cognition in low-energy architectural design, I developed a spatial thermal and climate-based daylight data analysis/visualization plugin for Rhinoceros3d/Grasshopper3d, dubbed Mr.Comfy.

Instead of using charts or tabular formats, energy consumption, comfort, illuminance levels and any other available performance report variable are directly displayed through color-coded surfaces (and numeric values) where they occur – in the individual spaces of a design. Mr.Comfy bridges the gap between sustainable designers’ need to analyze data spatially but still retain numeric precision and multiple data representation modes as typically exposed through traditional graphing.

The tool’s features and user case studies are published in several project publications and invited presentations, most notably at Building Simulation and Optimization 2014 in London, at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne in Switzerland and the NYC IBPSA chapter, USA.

All publications are available in full on my visualization software website: http://mrcomfy.org/?page_id=116


p. 39 | Rhinoceros/Grasshopper3d Integrationfor Improved Design-Analysis Interaction


By color-mapping and visually reinforcing differences between zone behaviors, designers and engineers can more easily

diagnose which parts of a building use more energy and answer fine-grained analysis questions. Mr.Comfy’s features include:

• Spatial color-mapping of EnergyPlus *.csv zone report variables

• Spatial co-mapping of Daysim daylight and irradiation results

• Automatic generation of fitted or custom gradient display bounds

• Interactive hourly scheduling & custom report time ranges

• Generate average, sum report maps and discover data extremes

• Map percentages of hours that meet custom conditions

• Custom report variable creation through component instantiation

Shown to the right is a custom mapping scenario for one floor of a circular sample office building in Berlin, Germany:

01: Custom Search, Zone Highest Monthly Cooling Energy Use kWh/m2: month timecode; Schedule: 24 hrs.

02: Same as previous, but for heating energy use

03: Average of Total Daytime Zone Internal Latent Gains, kJ/m2 Illuminance Distribution, log(lux), Schedules: 8 - 20 hrs.

To analyze the interplay of internal and external gains and how they are mediated through the building fabric (e.g. glazing areas, shown dotted to the right) is a first step to understand where specific load scenarios occur- and how to reduce their severity.

Avrg. of Total Internal Lat. Gains

Log. of Avrg. Illuminance

Cooling Energy Use

Heating Energy Use

6733382 log(lux)

kJ/m2

kWh/m2

kWh/m2

3.93 9.32

8.54 28.7

2.22 22.17

01

02

03


p. 40 | Animation, Multi-Timestep Mappingfor Seasonal Performance Analysis


Illuminance 300 - 2000 lux

Zone Average Radiant Temperature

Illuminance 2000 - 100,000 lux % set hrs.

°C

0 100

0 100

14 31

Jan

Apr

Jul

Oct

Feb

May

Aug

Nov

Mar

Jun

Sep

Dec% set hrs.

The combination of several data mapping types with temporal animation can reveal a surprising amount of building

behavioural information that is not always easy to understand through traditional means; Mr.Comfy’s zone-based display makes it easier to attain an overview and focused explorations of what is happening in both thermal and daylight domains.

Through instantiating several Mr.Comfy components it is also possible to create custom metrics; the monthly overview map of the sample building’s first floor (right) simultaneously overlays mean radiant temperature display with two daylight metrics.

Black to white dots show the percentage of selected hours when zone illuminance is within 300 to 2000 lux- an acceptable range; white to red inset display sensor nodes show the frequency of overlit hours. In effect, when overlit tends towards null and illuminance is in a usable range, the contrast between metrics is diminished (white on white) and a quick daylight check possible.

A recommendation to improve the sample building’s performance would be to reduce part of the yard’s north-facing glazing area, include window shading on its south-facing part and introduce overhangs to the south office windows. Both winter heat loss and summer solar gains are problematic in this building; the high incidence of summer overlit areas indicates that there is leeway to improve thermal performance and daylight utilization, by e.g. reconsidering the window-to-wall ratio (esp. in the yard).


p. 41 | Academic Performance Mapping + Optimization of Student Designs


To explore the use of the tool in actual design scenarios, a class was held during my tenure at the TU Berlin in which

student designers mapped and optimized already energy-conscious buildings created in previous simulation-integrated studios.

Testing the tool in unconstrained use allowed for many improvements to be added on the fly, new features to be prototyped and design process observations to be made, which will influence integration model concepts in upcoming studies and classes.

Surprisingly, almost all participants managed to again improve the performance of their designs; a zone-based approach facilitated to finally gain a spatial understanding of simulation results, which is a first step to optimize further. Some of the resulting explorations are shown in the following pages.

Finally, a survey was held to exactly discover users’ thoughts about the tool and its underlying spatial mapping principles, results of which are published in a paper presented at Building Simulation and Optimization 2014, London, UCL.

Background/Opposite:Student Sophie Barker presents Mapping Case Study of Waratah Bay House,Winter 2013/2014, TU Berlin, Germany

+24,00

+20,00

+14,00

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+6,00

+0,00

4,35 9,00 3,351234

01.12.

01.06.

Exhibition

Multi-Purpose

Research Center

Exhibition

Event

Section North-South 1:200 Section North-South 1:200

Elevation Friedrichstraße 1:200

Elevation Puttkamerstraße 1:200

Section East-West 1:200 Floor plan

Light studies / Opening North and South UDI 100-2000 Lux UDI 100-2000 Lux Sommer UDI 100-2000 Lux Winter Daylight Avilability 500 Lux

10 20 30 40 50 60

OPENINGS [%]

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h/m

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NORTH

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OPENINGS [%]

605040302010

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Daylight studies for alternating contrast situations

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daylight volumetrics

(greyscale) vs.

simulation results

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ratio effect on

heating energy

use studies

00

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04 Research,

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UDI 100 - 2000 Lux D. Availability 500 Lux

100%

0%

occ. hrs.

NClimate: Berlin,

Germany


p. 42 | ROBUST Studio Design ReoptimizationDesign: C. Sitzler, L. de Pedro; Sim. Prof.: Author


A design from the simulation-integrated ROBUST studio also featured in this portfolio, students were in the mapping class

tasked with once again improving design performance aided through visualizations created with Mr.Comfy.

As the ROBUST designs were already highly energy-conscious, this served as a good proving ground to discover whether cognition can be further enhanced by new mapping technologies.

The design shown here, by Christopher Sitzler and Laura de Pedro, already performed comparatively well; its concept of using infra - lightweight concrete to form structural bays of alternating zones of dark and light was through simulations convincingly shown to work as intended; however, as discovered in the following, performance deficits remained and were discovered through mapping.

An all-zone mapping of the ROBUST design especially revealed problems on the top building floor, where staff offices are to

be located. Some concerns about this configuration had already been raised during the initial studio, but were delegated to a low priority and did not skew the overall positive energy balance of the original scheme. Re-mapping of whole-building performance, however, made the top floor problems hard to ignore:

• East/West-facing office plate glass is overdimensioned

• Discontinuous office layout increases exposed total facade area

• Shading was tested, but performance problems remained

• Summer PMV slightly uncomfortable, high cooling energy use

• High winter heating energy use due to fabric losses

• Spaces largely overlit, especially in summer, with glare risk

Based on the analysis maps, students implemented a number of geometric changes to get energy use and comfort under control:

• Merge top floor into one continuous space, facing south

• Reduce overall glazing area, offer shielded balconies, overhangs

• Improve north-facing glass U-values, add low-e coating on south

The measures improved thermal comfort, more than halved cooling energy consumption and reduced heating energy use by a projected 100 kWh/m2; daylight availability was brought from an almost entirely overlit state to more than 80% of the redesigned space being lit by daylight alone during the summer.


p. 43 | ROBUST Studio Design ReoptimizationDesign: C. Sitzler, L. de Pedro; Sim. Prof.: Author


Opposite (this and next page):Multi-Metric Mapping of ROBUST Design Top Floor Base State + OptimizationSimulations: C. Sitzler + Author; Simulation Checking, Maps: AuthorSource: Building Simulation & Optimization 2014 paper (see bibliography)


p. 44 | ‘ROBUST’ Studio Design ReoptimizationDesign: C. Sitzler, L. de Pedro; Sim. Prof.: Author


Apart from the (literally) glaring problems on the top floor, intermediate floors also had some improvement potential.

The explorations here especially focused on heating energy use reduction; cooling was checked but found to be by far the lowest energy use factor. To lower heating energy demand, students combined geometric and material tweaks:

• Change ground floor lobby glazing amount

• Add unconditioned lobby buffer space

• Reduce north-facing “picture window” area

• Improve U-Value of remaining north glazing

While not as dramatic as the top floor performance improvements, overall heating energy consumption was still lowered considerably - especially in the lobby spaces - while touching few of the south windows important for daylighting. The design’s concept to have dark and daylit spaces alternate when traversing the building on the long axis made the optimizations more straight-forward.

In the maps, combined geometric and material improvements show as greater “jumps” in scale than the linear improvements made through material changes only. Compound changes like these often occur in design and are hard to track, since zones are mutually influential; being able to locally, visually pin down performance effects of complex changes is one reason why spatial performance mapping, as found in class, is highly useful in conceptual design. Furthermore, error checking in large models becomes easier, too, since when zones behave radically different from similar ones, something tends to be amiss, and is easily visible in performance maps.

(w/nat. vent., unconditioned, ed. Note)(No nat. vent., unconditioned, ed. Note)


p. 45 | Waratah Bay House Performance MappingModeling, Simulations: S. Barker; Sim. Prof.: Author


One of the first studies performed, Sophie Barker mapped the performance of an existing structure in South Australia (near Melbourne). Due to her

lived experience in the structure, she was able to calibrate the energy model until it corresponded with her real-world subjective thermal assessments.

The visualization/analysis strategy followed several steps:

• Map seasonal air temperatures, with and without natural ventilation

• Use different occupation schedules for bedroom and living room blocks

• Use energy mapping to discover zones with highest total demand

• Peak mapping to understand when highest demand occurs

(Unconditioned, ed. Note)


p. 46 | Waratah Bay House Performance MappingModeling, Simulations: S. Barker; Sim. Prof.: Author


The analysis visualization showed many of the effects already observed in real life; during summer, the building performs adequately if unconditioned

and natural ventilation is employed- for both daytime and nighttime schedules. Only in winter there is heating energy demand, especially in the bedroom zones. As is apparent from the maps, the comparative lack of thermal solar gains in the bedroom block (which is oriented South, facing the sea) tends to cause colder nighttime air temperatures. The peak heating wattage maps show when this occurs and can be used to size on-demand heating equipment, which is slated to be included in the structure. Optimization mapping was not part of this particular case study; as the first actual test of the tool, we instead focused on first understanding what mapping can do to improve analysis.


p. 47 | Sweden Urban Housing Design Exploration Design: B. Wittik, F. Wich; Studio + Sim. Prof.: Author


B jörn Wittik’s and Franziska Wich’s design for Östersund, Sweden (Köppen climate class. Dfc), was created in the

“Performative Design” class cycle, which dealt with energy-efficient (sub)urban housing typologies; both urban layouts and modular housing types were developed and tested in their interplay, which is challenging due to unit overshadowing and the influence of housing layout on what can or cannot be achieved on an urban level. After the first class iteration, both students enrolled in the spatial mapping class to gain an even greater understanding of how their design performed.

Their overall workflow followed a rough staging regime:

• Create locally inspired minimalist housing design language

• Develop conceptual passive conditioning idea (sunspace)

• Test housing unit overshadowing & facade irradiance

• Detailed performance mapping & house typology modifications

However, the actual design process included many subvariants, experimental changes, failures, errors, recovery and renewed understanding through experiencing the above; the narrative presented here is retrospectively condensed for clarity.

The spatial language of the development is inspired by contemporary Nordic housing design and vernacular typologies. Östersund’s subarctic climate (Köppen class Dfc) requires the capture of solar gains for passive conditioning, therefore a south facade tilt and relatively large row spacing of the houses, which sit shoulder to shoulder to reduce fabric losses, were chosen and tested through irradiation simulations (right).

Opposite:01 Design Development Phasing, Final Iteration Site Plan02 Row Housing Overshadowing Distance Study03 Combined Overshadowing + Facade Tilt Irradiation Studies

01

02

03


p. 48 | Sweden Urban Housing Design Optimization Design: B. Wittik, F. Wich; Studio + Sim. Prof.: Author


The overall unit development was staged and always seen in relation to the overall urban scheme:

• Test sunspace vs. no sunspace performance

• Reduce north facade areas by tilting units

• Minimize unit size to improve surface/vol. ratio

• Tilt upper south facade to increase gains

• Balance seasonal behaviour (glazing area, shading)

The impact of building fabric changes was generally measured with the simplified metric zone air temperature; this limited approach gave students an “intuitive” metric to work with, compared to comfort indices sensitive to different variables and not always usable in unconditioned buildings, as the test geometries generally were.

In the first step (right), students through frequency and peak mapping compared unit performance with and without sunspaces; the former was found to be preferable, with a measurable increase of hours held in an acceptable air temperature range of 18 - 25°C and a reduction in severity of both minimum and maximum hourly air temperature peaks- albeit both remained severe.

Based on the tests, the sunspace typology was selected and further developed to balance seasonal performance.

Opposite:Peak, Frequency Mapping Comparison of Base Design State with andwithout Sunspace, UnconditionedVersion Floor Plans,Conceptual Rendering (lower right)




Capturing solar gains can come with a penalty during summer; in the chosen design, overheating turned out to be an issue difficult to rectify with e.g. mere fixed overhangs

due to low solar angles; correspondingly, extreme daylight overprovision also occurred.

To gain a degree of control over summer behaviour (and incidentally also reduce winter losses), students increased the outer and inner sunspace opaque mass wall area and allowed shading plus sunspace/all-house cross-ventilation, triggered by high zone air temperatures. Maxima peaks and frequency readings were improved greatly (right), as was daylight utilization, which finally exhibited fewer overlit hours.

Opposite: Final Design State with vs. without Shading + Natural Ventilation Comparison, UnconditionedBottom Right: Final vs. Base State Daylight Availability Comparison, No ShadingBelow: Conceptual Sectional Rendering + Elevation, Pre-final Design State




Comparing the base state and final design iteration average monthly air temperatures through seasonal maps (right) and a traditional line chart (below), the modification

effects already visible in the previous peak and frequency readings become more readable in their temporal localization. Both minima and maxima peaks are reduced; however it remains visible that problems with overheating in summer months continue to persist.

The class terminated at this improvement milestone, however it was clear to both students and me that more work would be necessary to bring down air temperatures to an even greater acceptability level, and in the process to investigate detailed comfort metrics.

Opposite: Base (top) vs. Final (below) Monthly Average Zone Air Temperatures, Unconditioned Bottom: Base vs. Final Design State Daily Whole-Building Average Air Temperatures, Unconditioned

p a r a m e t r i c d e s i g n :

p. 51 | Design-Driven Performance Simulation

a c a s e s t u d y i n d e s i g n -s i m u l a t i o n i n t e g r a t i o n

• Series of 7 simulation-integrated design classes (incl. studio)

• Building performance cognition and design process research

• Publications: e.g. Building Simulation 2013, eCAADe 2012, etc.

F rom 2011 to early 2014, colleagues and I at the TU Berlin researched the integration of dynamic daylight (Daysim

+ Radiance) and thermal (EnergyPlus) building performance simulation into freely structured design processes. Four different class formats with more than 100 MArch. students served as test environments, dealing with the low-energy design of office buildings, community centers, housing with its interplay of individual units and urban layout, as well as spatial performance mapping with custom developed software (Mr.Comfy). In each class, typologies were created for several climate zones and mainly geometric sensitivity tests performed, leading to building morphologies that reacted to specific climatic conditions.

The successfully completed project had three main goals:• Investigate integrated design + simulation process formats• Research morphological impact on building performance

• Develop cognition/simulation support tools to facilitate integration

From design + simulation activities, emprical observations were made and developed into a dynamic integrated design/simulation process model, which was used to create performance design guidelines in new classes and to develop custom spatial analysis software to enhance free-form performance ideation and analysis.

Results were published widely, most notably at Building Simulation 2013 at the French Institut Nationale d’Énergie Solaire and at DIVA Day 2013. See http://mrcomfy.org/?page_id=116

Background/Opposite:Students R. Georgieva + C. Castillo presenting class designs + simulationsParametric Design Class, Winter 2011/2012


p. 52 | Class Types Overview 2011 - 2014


A : Parametric Design Climates : 1, 2, 4 C : ‘Robust’ Studio Integration 5B : Performative Design 1, 3, 4

Community Center & Offices

(mechanically conditioned)

Multi - Use Exhibition & Office building

(mechanically conditioned)

1 Hollywod, FL, USAClimate.: Am (Köppen class)

2 Hashtgerd, IranClimate: BSk

3 Yazd, IranClimate: BWk

4 Östersund, SwedenClimate: Dfc

5 Berlin, GermanyClimate: Dfb

Strategies:

Geometric optimizations

Fixed materials & setpoints

Balance thermal & daylight

Geometric & material optimization

Fixed setpoints & U-Val., custom mat.

Thermal performance focus

Geometric & material optimization

Custom setpoints, mat. & behavior

Individualized performance tests

R. Canihuante,

M. El-Soudani

Office Bldg. (FL site)

O. A. Pearl,

D. Gkougkoudi

Housing units (SWE site)

B. Suazo, M. Silva

Mixed-Use Exhibition Building (Berlin site)

Housing Units & Urban Design

(passive & mechanical conditioning)

D : Performance Mapping 1 - 5

Spatial Thermal Performance Visualization

+ Optimization with Custom Software

F. Wich, B. Wittik

Housing Development (SWE site)

Comfort and energy use behaviour

discovery & optimization visualization of

new and previous class designs

Design Climate Zones


p. 53 | Combined Design + Performance Development


Performance intent is often not an integral part of design processes, despite the early ideation stage’s fundamental

influence on later energy use and occupant comfort. To counteract this disconnect, the interplay of form and performance was in our classes studied in great detail, primarily to develop a new process model and to test the conceptual use of whole-building simulation. The graphics to the right chart the combined performance and design development of two buildings of the same programme, but for different climate zones (Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, top; Hashtgerd, Iran, bottom); optimization is not linear but steadily progresses in unison with architectural decisions. As summarized in the abstract for my Building Simulation 2013 paper:

“[...] With initiatives now aiming at bringing energy simulation into the mainstream of environmental design, the applicability of state-of-the-art simulations in formally non-constrained creative production needs to be re-evaluated. To this end, a teaching experiment that includes multi-domain simulations as drivers into the early architectural design process has been conducted; Master of Architecture students create a community centre with low energy use and high daylight utilization, presented in case studies. Performance increases are achieved by making appropriate morphological choices only; form and energy are thus linked in a tectonic fashion. A novel design-simulation process model that acknowledges both creative and analytic thinking is derived and discussed in the context of on-going integration attempts.”

The developed integration model was also tested in advanced architectural design studios such as ‘Robust’ (see following).

Opposite: Combined Daylight + Thermal Building Performance Design DevelopmentCommunity Center, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA (top) + Hashtgerd, Iran (bottom)Students: I. Crego, D. Cepeda + T. Merickova, M. Potrzeba, Parametric Design ClassStudio, Simulation Prof., Simulation Validation + Performance Graphics: Author

Design

AB

DC

Intent

SC

OPE PROCESS

SC

OPE PROCESS

RE

PR

ESE N TA BIL

ITY

RE

PR

ESE N TA BIL

ITY

Building Performance Modeling in Non-simplified Architectural DesignProcedural & Cognitive Challenges in Education

Dr. Farshad Nasrollahi, GtE (Prof. C. Steffan)Dipl.-Ing. Max Dölling, DigiPro (Prof. H. Schwandt)

The 30th International Conference on Education andResearch in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe

September 12th - 14th, 2012, Prague, Czech Republic

AB

CD

N

nn

n

n

04 Multi-Domain Decision-Making & Representability

How are design decisions made in a multi-representational domain that includes parametric performance models?

Individual domain-specific types of knowledge (An etc.) are synthesized by utilizing the semiotic flexibility their multivalent representations (e.g. derived from digital models) enable, and thus continuously update global design intent (N). In return, the field of intent, newly enriched with additional cross-domain knowledge, permanently influences the originally contributing domains, forming a nonlinear knowledge flow framework that relies less on direct hybridization of design and engineering methods, but instead draws potential from the synergistic possibilities rooted in the multivalence of their respective models’ representability.

Multivalent representations encode quantitative descriptors spatially, relate form to projected performance and should be regarded as articulating one possible state of synthesis among many. The shown sections, daylight plans, radiation images and printed daylight models all partially fulfill these requirements.

Florida design conceptual section showing known thermal and daylighting behavior of overhangs / light shelves and ventilated double roof performance.

Daylight map (UDI 100 - 2000) of final design variant as multivalent representation that clearly relates performance to form.

Design Problem Interlinks(Chermayeff / Alexander)

Domains of Inquisition and Representation in Design Synthesis

“The focus of simulation is to

solve design dilemmas. [...]

The identification of three main

design stages is not neccessarily

a reproduction of the [design]

process. ” (Venancio et al.)

systems. Depending on the type of assessment, available information can be ignored (gray bullets) or used as inputs (red bullets) in the simulation model. Simplified simulations involve abstractions or even the stipulation of unknown information. The level of simplification depends on the specific dilemma and the stage of design development. A dilemma would not be pertinent if relevant design definitions, directly related to the dilemma, are unavailable. For instance, the quantification of the insulation impact on heating loads should be compromised if the geometry of the building is completely unknown.

Figure 2 Representation of designerly simulation.

The simulation of a design dilemma should adopt information that is used in the formulation of design problems. This information is strictly related to design constraints (Lawson, 2006) that can be pragmatic or abstract (Figure 2). Both types of dilemma constraints are intended to reduce the scope of the analysis. Information generated by pragmatic constraints is easier to implement in simulation models as it can be directly input in the model. The use of abstract constraints, on the other hand, is indirectly transferred to the model. This information should be processed by the designer and translated to be used in the model. Some examples of this translation process can be mentioned: ¥ Cost constraints related to a given dilemma

allows the elimination of solutions that would be too expensive. In a similar way, the definition of performance goals or design ambitions can lead to a range of acceptable solutions.

¥ An abstract conjecture, concept or design intention, such as ‘transparency’, for instance, can generate pragmatic inputs. A ‘transparent’ wall would have a high WWR (window-to-wall-ratio). Similarly, the design of shading devices according to the premise of ‘transparency’ would have to implement specific features. This

concept would, as a consequence, eliminate solutions that block the visual contact between exterior and interior spaces.

Even though the process of transforming abstract constraints into pragmatic inputs is complex to describe or fully represent, similar techniques are widely used in architectural design. Architects intuitively deal with several conjectures in order to formulate problems and identify parameters for acceptable solutions. During this process, designers can use information as ‘shortcuts’ to facilitate the translation of abstract constraints. In design practice, this information is often related to previous experiences of the architect and is rarely based on quantitative criteria. In designerly simulation, information used as a ‘shortcut’ should allow the identification of some inputs. The concern of using misleading precedents is minimized as they can improve using simulation. Two types of information are approached: ¥ Design principles: the use of guidelines can

reduce considerably the scope of analysis. Such information can be used to focus on specific design strategies.

¥ Precedent solutions: the analogy with specific features extracted from precedent solutions can be useful in the process of transforming abstract intentions into pragmatic definitions.

The process of transferring information from these sources to the model depends highly on what is intended by the designer and how the information used as a ‘shortcut’ represents the intention. Of course, the process of designerly simulation has a strong human component. This is clearly related to cognitive processes and assumptions that are an inherent part of any design activity.

EXAMPLES OF DESIGN DILEMMAS The proposed concept was used to tackle design dilemmas extracted from different case studies. In this paper, we present two examples of dilemmas that were investigated using simulation tools. The case studies presented are more influenced by pragmatic constraints, as both have high performance goals. Processes with more abstract constraints should be approached in future works.

Example 1: residence in Zwolle, the Netherlands The first case study was an ongoing design with high performance goals. The residence, located in Zwolle, the Netherlands, was intended to generate its own energy using PV panels connected to a smart grid and solar collectors for water heating. The leading architect Jamie van Lede (Origins architecten, Rotterdam) was interested in using simulation methods to support the design development. Firstly, simulation tools were used to answer general questions from the design team

Proceedings of Building Simulation 2011: 12th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, Sydney, 14-16 November.

- 525 -

R. Venancio,

A. Pedrini, A.C. van der

Linden, E. van den Ham & R. Stouffs:

Think Designerly! Using Multiple Simulation

Tools to Solve Architectural Dilemmas,

(Building Simulation ‘11)

Chermayeff & Alexander (‘63):

Design Factor Interdependencies

“An integrated process is

a dynamic field of related

design states and should not

be represented linearly.”

M. C. Doelling & F. Nasrollahi

Dynamic Field Design/Simulation

Process Integration Model

(Building Simulation’13)

Integrated Design Process Model, Development Context

Most notably, Chermayeff and Alexander already described in 1963 that design is a wicked problem with myriad interdependencies (pictured) that do not allow for truly linear or iterative processes to develop.

Experiments in integrated class formats held during the author’s research project reaffirmed this and led to the development of an adapted field process model (above), which accepts design as a non-linear, explorative activity that chiefly relies on the interplay of mutually influential knowledge states from related domains.

In the model, design intent encapsulates all knowledge domains (A, B etc.), which are mutually influential, create design synthesis through overlapping decision states and subsequently modify design intent, for the entire process to begin anew until it is frozen at a satisfactory moment or all domains are exhausted in their contribution potential.


p. 54 | Integrated Process Model Development


Integrated workflows in architectural design are amongst many factors dependent on individual project idiosyncrasies, climate

influences and learned process histories. In pursuit of capturing these dependencies, a large body of building simulation literature attempts to identify “ideal” workflows; yet the now greater diffusion of simulation into academic and professional design has invalidated many simplified and purely iterative process models, as they fail to capture the non-linear nature of design thinking- as also apparent from the discussed class examples and their ideation history.

Shown on this page are several snapshots of how the development of integration thinking has progressed, including a novel model by the author (top right, description see inset text, right). It is by now accepted that high-performance building design is a discipline in its own right, with the influence of architectural thinking on its concepts no longer underemphasized. The model is used by the author to improve pedagogy and to test if new design support technologies, such as spatial thermal metrics mapping also discussed in this portfolio, fit into fluid design process schemes.

W. J. Batty & B. Swann: Integration of Computer Based

Modelling and an Inter-Disciplinary Based Approach to Building Design [...],

(Building Simulation ‘97)

“The basic procedures

involved in the design

of a commodity are the

same whether it be

a toaster, supersonic

passenger aircraft or a

building.”


p. 55 | ‘ROBUST’ Interdisciplinary Studio


Building on previous experiences, the author and colleagues in summer 2013 participated in an interdisciplinary MArch

studio held by the department of Prof. R. Leibinger. The theme “robust” underpinned the investigation of flexible structures built out of modular, high-volume spatial elements. The program brief, adapted from the 2013 Egon Eiermann competition requirements, called for multi-use exhibition, event and administration spaces; the downtown Berlin site chosen in consultation with the author was elongated along an east-west axis and opened the main facade stretch towards the south, easing seasonal performance optimization in Berlin’s heating-dominated climate.

Students performed design-centric daylight (Daysim + Radiance) and thermal (EnergyPlus) performance simulations in class, which were introduced and guided by the author and colleagues, who also acted as design/performance consultants. The simulation scope was unique per project, however performance assessments played a major part in shaping design decisions, following a fluid didactic and design-centric process model.

Demonstrating the quality of the resultant designs, the first prize of the 2013 Egon Eiermann competition was claimed by ‘ROBUST’ studio students (right). Its main design/performance interplay was to analyze facade versions, resulting in a double-walled glass facade with interior louvers adjusted according to thermal simulations, irradiation and daylight studies.

Two successful studio results are shown next; the first used simulations to shape a design with various zones of daylight contrast while minimizing heating energy use; the second studied deep facade geometries to control seasonal irradiation, related energy use and natural light. Both designs were further optimized in the performance mapping class also found in this portfolio.

1st Prize Winner of Egon Eiermann Architectural Competition 2013

Translation of jury verdict: “The work’s great quality results from extending the concept of ‘Smart Skin’ [competition theme] to become a holistic system that shapes space. The light concrete pillars’ contribution to thermal performance is believingly described and construction concepts that allow geometric variability are investigated in detail. The interplay of transparent facade and climatically active pillars creates a convincing, flexible and powerful space”.

Source & image credits: Eternit AG. Egon Eiermann Preis 2013: Smart Skin, ein Haus der Materialforschung. Stuttgart: Karl Krämer Verlag, 2013.

Programme Sol. Protection

1st / 2nd floorEast Section + Elev.

Studio Leaders

Coop.:Structural

Design

Coop.:Author

Exhibition

Atrium

1st Prize

Design Chair

+24,00

+20,00

+14,00

+10,00

+6,00

+0,00

4,35 9,00 3,351234

01.12.

01.06.

Exhibition

Multi-Purpose

Research Center

Exhibition

Event

Section North-South 1:200 Section North-South 1:200

Elevation Friedrichstraße 1:200

Elevation Puttkamerstraße 1:200

Section East-West 1:200 Floor plan

Light studies / Opening North and South UDI 100-2000 Lux UDI 100-2000 Lux Sommer UDI 100-2000 Lux Winter Daylight Avilability 500 Lux

10 20 30 40 50 60

OPENINGS [%]

10

11

12

13

14

15

Chille

r [kW

h/m

2]

16

17 SOUTH

NORTH

114

113

112

111

110

109

108

107

106

OPENINGS [%]

605040302010

HEAT

GEN

ERAT

ION

[kW

h/m

2] SOUTH

NORTH

10 20 30 40 50 60

OPENINGS [%]

10

11

12

13

14

15

Chille

r [kW

h/m

2]

16

17 SOUTH

NORTH

114

113

112

111

110

109

108

107

106

OPENINGS [%]

605040302010

HEAT

GEN

ERAT

ION

[kW

h/m

2] SOUTH

NORTH

(Seasonal) UDI

100 - 2000 lux

& DAv 500 lux

daylight studies

for alternating

interior contrast

situations

Cross

Sections

Lateral

Section

Intended interior

daylight volumetrics

(greyscale) vs.

simulation results


p. 56 | ‘ROBUST’ Studio Class Result SampleDesign: C. Sitzler, L. de Pedro; Sim. Prof.: Author


Window to wall

ratio effect on

heating energy

use studies

00

01 Exhibition

02 Exhibition

03 Multi-

Purpose

04 Research,

Administration

01

02

03

04

00 Events

UDI 100 - 2000 Lux UDI 100 - 2k (summer) UDI 100 - 2k (winter) D. Availability 500 Lux

100%

0%

occ. hrs.

NClimate: Berlin,

Germany


p. 57 | ‘ROBUST’ Studio + Performance Mapping ResultsDesign: A. Patrick, P. Cárdenas; Sim. Prof.: Author


WiSe 13_Mr Confy_ Alan Patrick

RESULTS COMPARISON / HEATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION / ANNUAL / ALL HOURS

01: Foyer / Exhibition

02: Main Exhibition

03: Offices / Auditorium

04: Exhibition

05: Events


02: Main Exhibition


04: Exhibition

05: Events

Total HeatingEnergy Use (kWh/m²)

Metrics Display: All Year, 24 hours

0.0 15.0

Base Design Adapted Design

Results

The direct comparison of the results on the same scale shows how each individual change affects to the performance of the building. We can clearly observe how the results vary, and how much the changes affect, not only the modified zone, but also the nearby ones. After the simulation and mod-ification process we managed to reduce the energy consumption of the building in approx. 16% while maintaining its architectural appearance and intentions.

Total Heating Energy Consumption = 220518 kWhTotal Heating Energy Consumption = 258173 kWh

Adapted Design_04: Exhibition

Base Design_04: Exhibition

Adapted Design_01: Foyer / Exhibition

Base Design_01: Foyer / Exhibition

Original roof opening

Adapted roof opening



0.0 15.0

Heating + Cooling Energy RequirementEnergy Use (kW/m²)


0.0 60.0


Bathroom

Bathroom

Bathroom

1

5

4

3

2

5

4

3

2

1

A B C D E F G H I J K H

HKJIHGFEDCBA

Elev. Box

Elev. Box

Stair Box

Stair Box

Elev. Box Elev. Box

Austellung

Service Corridor

6.52

18.25

1.70 4.50 1.50 4.50 1.50 4.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 1.00

1.00

4.50

1.50

1.50

4.50

1.50

4.50

4.50

1.27

48.20 19.0067.20

1.25

5.00

0.50

5.50

0.50

5.25

1.00

19.00

1

5

4

3

2

5

4

3

Service Hallway

Stair Box

Elev. Box Elev. Box

Service Corridor

Stair Box

2

1


HKJIHGFEDCBA

Cocina Service Room

Service Room

Event - Meeting Room

Mini Austellung

Base Plan +-13.5

Bathroom

4.50

1.50

1.50

4.50

1.50

4.50

4.50

1.27

24.77

6.52

18.25

1.25

67.2019.0048.20

1.001.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.504.501.504.501.504.501.70

1.00

1

5

4

3

2

5

4

3

2

1


HKJIHGFEDCBA

Service RoomKitchenExposition Office OfficeOfficeOffice Office

Stair Box

Elev. Box

Elev. Box

43 M2 23 M2 23 M2 23 M2 23 M2

Waiting Space

Stair Box

Elev. Box Elev. Box

Service Corridor

Expo

sitio

n Ro

om

Expo

sitio

n Ro

om

1.70 4.50 1.50 4.50 1.50 4.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 1.00

1.00

4.50

1.50

1.50

4.50

1.50

4.50

4.50

1.27

48.20 19.0067.20

24.77

6.52

18.25

1.25

5.00

0.50

5.50

0.50

5.25

1.00

19.00

CafÃ©

B.Room

1

2

3

4

5

2

3

4

5

1


HKJIHGFEDCBA

PRED

IAL

LIM

IT

PREDIAL LIMITPREDIAL LIMIT PREDIAL LIMIT

291.0 M2Backjard

Exhibition Room 1

Stair Box

Elev. Box Elev. Box

Bathroom10.23 M2

8.41 M2Bathroom

Stair Box

Elev. Box

Elev. Box

61.7 M2Store 2

Receptionx M2

58.95 M2Store 1

xM2

1.00

5.25

0.50

2.65

0.20

2.65

0.50

5.00

1.25

1.70 4.50 1.50 4.50 1.50 4.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 1.00

1.00

4.50

1.50

1.50

4.50

1.50

4.50

4.50

1.27

48.20 19.0067.20

24.77

6.52

18.25

1

5

4

3

2

5

4

3

2

1


HKJIHGFEDCBA

Elev. Box

Elev. Box

Stair Box

Bathroom8.41 M2

10.23 M2Bathroom

Elev. BoxElev. Box

Stair Box

Service Corridor

Exposition Room753.3 M2

19.00

1.00

5.25

0.50

5.50

0.50

5.00

1.25

67.2019.0048.20

1.001.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.501.50 4.504.501.504.501.504.501.70

18.25

6.52

24.77

1.27

4.50

4.50

1.50

4.50

1.50

1.50

4.50

1.00

5.50

0.50

5.25

0.50

5.00

48.000.55 3.40 0.55 1.50 0.55

4.50

3.00

5.50

2.20

16.75

Robust Exhibition BuildingRobust SS 2013 Fachgebiet Prof. Leibinger Ismael Cárdenas

Hochbau ll Alan Patrick

In frame of nowadays architectural needs, it’s required that new buildings are built to last, a building that’s not able to change and adapt with time, according to the user’s needs will not be able to accomplish that purpose.The project consists on a robust envelope and strugtural grid, that works as a structuraly independent system, which doesn’t need the inner divisions (horizontal and vertical) for being able to stand, this robustness allows the building to change in program, reorganizing the non-load bearing components, according to the new requirements. The usage of monolythic materials, will ensure, that the ammount of maintenance needed by the building is very low, and the lack of insulation materials is compensated by the usage of 1+ meter wide ultra light concrete walls.The facade’s components shift according to solar radiation, incrementing thermal gains and decreasing losses in winter, while keeping a good shadowing in summer, and a good natural lighting. These components are designed as precast panels, which can also be changed through the life of the building, according to the way its enviroment changes.The inner program works as one open space where all parts of the building interact with each other through a lighting opening that cuts through all floor plans, andeach program is placed according to it’s architectural requirements, aswell as using light simulations to place them according to their individual requirements.

Performance Sketches + Annual Irradiation Distribution on Elevation

Main View of South Facade Thermal Reoptimization Map (from followup class)


RESULTS COMPARISON / HEATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION / ANNUAL / ALL HOURS


02: Main Exhibition


04: Exhibition

05: Events


02: Main Exhibition


04: Exhibition

05: Events



0.0 15.0

Base Design Adapted Design

Results

The direct comparison of the results on the same scale shows how each individual change affects to the performance of the building. We can clearly observe how the results vary, and how much the changes affect, not only the modified zone, but also the nearby ones. After the simulation and mod-ification process we managed to reduce the energy consumption of the building in approx. 16% while maintaining its architectural appearance and intentions.

Total Heating Energy Consumption = 220518 kWhTotal Heating Energy Consumption = 258173 kWh

Adapted Design_04: Exhibition

Base Design_04: Exhibition

Adapted Design_01: Foyer / Exhibition

Base Design_01: Foyer / Exhibition

Original roof opening

Adapted roof opening



0.0 15.0

Heating + Cooling Energy RequirementEnergy Use (kW/m²)


0.0 60.0

Daylight Availability, 500 lux 100%0% occ. hrs.

N


p. 58 | A. Patrick + I. Cardenas presenting, f inal crit of ‘ROBUST’ Studio


Eloy Bahamondes E.

Architect Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile M.Sc. Architektur Technische Universität Berlin

[email protected]

Letter of recommendation

To whom it may concern,

during the whole academic period of my architecture student life, I was always very attracted to two specific branches of the discipline: Parametric design and sustainability. Mostly, both branches are always seen independently, which makes these knowledge areas incomplete and hollow: parametric design was just an architecture stream defined by curved surface and complex organic forms where the main target was to achieve an impact sculpture type of architecture, and the sustainability architecture was reduced to construct with bottles.

During the academic summer term of 2011 in Berlin as a double degree program student, I got into a class which broke all these preconceptions. Parametric Design’s aim was, for first time in my academic life, not to achieve forms, but to achieve efficiency. The inputs where not geometrical, but energy efficiency related. The output was not a sculptural cool shape, but the optimized geometry instead. Of course, this didn’t happened by itself, and Max Dölling had the major responsibility of it.

It was not just the technical knowledge (which solved an issue in a couple of minutes because of understanding a problem from the root) that made him the main character of this successful class, but also his architectural understanding of the problematic involved in each of the studied cases, which always brought out solutions full of architecture and spatial features. This is a very important point, since in lots of classes related to sustainability are presented by engineers who isolate these variables, which gives architecture its particularity.

I would recommend Max to any class related to Parametric Design and energy efficiency concepts, or even a workshop, that with no doubt would have visionary projects as results.

Eloy Bahamondes E. Architect

Eloy Bahamondes E.

Architect Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile M.Sc. Architektur Technische Universität Berlin

[email protected]

Letter of recommendation

To whom it may concern,

during the whole academic period of my architecture student life, I was always very attracted to two specific branches of the discipline: Parametric design and sustainability. Mostly, both branches are always seen independently, which makes these knowledge areas incomplete and hollow: parametric design was just an architecture stream defined by curved surface and complex organic forms where the main target was to achieve an impact sculpture type of architecture, and the sustainability architecture was reduced to construct with bottles.

During the academic summer term of 2011 in Berlin as a double degree program student, I got into a class which broke all these preconceptions. Parametric Design’s aim was, for first time in my academic life, not to achieve forms, but to achieve efficiency. The inputs where not geometrical, but energy efficiency related. The output was not a sculptural cool shape, but the optimized geometry instead. Of course, this didn’t happened by itself, and Max Dölling had the major responsibility of it.

It was not just the technical knowledge (which solved an issue in a couple of minutes because of understanding a problem from the root) that made him the main character of this successful class, but also his architectural understanding of the problematic involved in each of the studied cases, which always brought out solutions full of architecture and spatial features. This is a very important point, since in lots of classes related to sustainability are presented by engineers who isolate these variables, which gives architecture its particularity.

I would recommend Max to any class related to Parametric Design and energy efficiency concepts, or even a workshop, that with no doubt would have visionary projects as results.

Eloy Bahamondes E. Architect


p. 59 | Select Student Reviews of Author’s Classes


Higher School of ArchitectureUniversity of Seville, Spain To whom it may concern:

I was Max Dölling’s student in “Parametric Design” at the TU Berlin, Germany, in the winter term of 2011/12 and I can responsibly affirm that he was a trained, committed and a dedicatedprofessor.

He had a good performance as professor, standing out extraordinary skills in performing ideas and explaining them in different languages, the interesting content of his lessons, his mathematical, architectural and disposition to work make him a valuable team player.

In addition, he has an interesting curriculum as researcher and he could include our design investigations in several international publications of design and simulation seminarwhich was presented at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

I recommend very strongly Max Dölling as researcher and professor, as he has demonstrated an excellent analytical ability and capacity to grasp and explain new success. His motivation and passion for his work, together with his intellectual capacity are the perfect combination to achieve excellent results.

I also believe he would be a good candidate for a vacancy, as he would go the extra deliver his best performance and honour the institution that gives him that chance.

Yours faithfully,

Architect - David Cepeda del ToroSeville, 16th January, 2014

David Cepeda del Toro · arquitecto0034/606206781 · [email protected]. de Kansas City 32E, 11A, 41007, Sevill

Higher School of Architecture

I was Max Dölling’s student in “Parametric Design” at the TU Berlin, Germany, in the winter term of 2011/12 and I can responsibly affirm that he was a trained, committed and a dedicated

He had a good performance as professor, standing out extraordinary skills in performing ideas and explaining them in different languages, the interesting content of his lessons, his mathematical, architectural and informatics knowledges and his upbeat character and good disposition to work make him a valuable team player.


I recommend very strongly Max Dölling as researcher and professor, as he has demonstrated an excellent analytical ability and capacity to grasp and explain new concepts necessary for success. His motivation and passion for his work, together with his intellectual capacity are the perfect combination to achieve excellent results.


David Cepeda del Toro

arquitecto @hotmail.com

Sevilla


He had a good performance as professor, standing out extraordinary skills in performing ideas and explaining them in different languages, the interesting content of his lessons, his

upbeat character and good

In addition, he has an interesting curriculum as researcher and he could include our design investigations in several international publications of design and simulation seminars, one of which was presented at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

I recommend very strongly Max Dölling as researcher and professor, as he has demonstrated concepts necessary for

success. His motivation and passion for his work, together with his intellectual capacity are the

I also believe he would be a good candidate for a vacancy, as he would go the extra mile to deliver his best performance and honour the institution that gives him that chance.

Higher School of ArchitectureUniversity of Seville, Spain To whom it may concern:

I was Max Dölling’s student in “Parametric Design” at the TU Berlin, Germany, in the winter term of 2011/12 and I can responsibly affirm that he was a trained, committed and a dedicatedprofessor.

He had a good performance as professor, standing out extraordinary skills in performing ideas and explaining them in different languages, the interesting content of his lessons, his mathematical, architectural and disposition to work make him a valuable team player.


I recommend very strongly Max Dölling as researcher and professor, as he has demonstrated an excellent analytical ability and capacity to grasp and explain new success. His motivation and passion for his work, together with his intellectual capacity are the perfect combination to achieve excellent results.


Yours faithfully,

Architect - David Cepeda del ToroSeville, 16th January, 2014

David Cepeda del Toro · arquitecto0034/606206781 · [email protected]. de Kansas City 32E, 11A, 41007, Sevill

Higher School of Architecture


He had a good performance as professor, standing out extraordinary skills in performing ideas and explaining them in different languages, the interesting content of his lessons, his mathematical, architectural and informatics knowledges and his upbeat character and good disposition to work make him a valuable team player.


I recommend very strongly Max Dölling as researcher and professor, as he has demonstrated an excellent analytical ability and capacity to grasp and explain new concepts necessary for success. His motivation and passion for his work, together with his intellectual capacity are the perfect combination to achieve excellent results.


David Cepeda del Toro

arquitecto @hotmail.com

Sevilla


He had a good performance as professor, standing out extraordinary skills in performing ideas and explaining them in different languages, the interesting content of his lessons, his

upbeat character and good

In addition, he has an interesting curriculum as researcher and he could include our design investigations in several international publications of design and simulation seminars, one of which was presented at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.

I recommend very strongly Max Dölling as researcher and professor, as he has demonstrated concepts necessary for

success. His motivation and passion for his work, together with his intellectual capacity are the

I also believe he would be a good candidate for a vacancy, as he would go the extra mile to deliver his best performance and honour the institution that gives him that chance.


p. 60 | Select Student Reviews of Author’s Classes


h y b r i d d a y l i g h t m o d e l s

p. 61 | Data-Embedded Physical Performance Models

i n a r c h . d e s i g n e d u c a t i o n + d a y l i g h t p r o t o t y p e s

• Hybrid design + performance representation research

• 3d printing of novel color-embedded iteration prototypes

• Publications: e.g. CAADRIA 2013, DIVA Day 2012, etc.

As one component of the research into design-integrated daylight and thermal building performance simulation

performed during my tenure at the TU Berlin, I made extensive use of rapid prototyping techniques to output design performance artefacts such as the daylight and irradiation models shown on the next pages, resulting from a series of simulation studios.

Models play a vital role in architectural design, but it is not always easy to reconcile projective on-screen representations of simulation data with model-centric modes of design manipulation.

The artefacts created by students under my guidance thus presented tests into how irradiation, daylight data and even thermal performance can be physically output as color-coded models easy to understand and to literally grasp, with the ultimate aim to enhance design processes. This was achieved by using the models as demonstrator objects in new classes and through them discussing performance design aspects in ongoing seminars.

The models were featured in several project publications, most notably at MIT for my 2012 DIVA Day presentation and in 2013 at the CAADRIA conference at the National University of Singapore.

See http://mrcomfy.org/?page_id=116 to access them.

Background/Opposite:UDI 100 - 2000 lux Daylight Metric-Embedded, Physically Rapid-PrototypedDaylight Model, disassembled. Design: T. Merickova, M. PotrzebaStudio, Simulation Prof. + Prototyping: Author

2

3

1

2

4

5

5

5

Florida Office Bldg; Students:

R. Canihuante, M. El-Soudany

1 Continuous shading balcony

2 Horizontal louvers

3 Large windows (comfort vent.)

4 Shielded interior courtyard

5 Short, opaque E/W facades

h y b r i d d a y l i g h t m o d e l s i n a r c h . d e s i g n

p. 62 | Off ice Building + Community Center PerformanceStudio, Simulation Prof. + Prototyping: Author

e d u c a t i o n + d a y l i g h t p r o t o t y p e s

Good climate-based daylight and thermal performance tend to be correlated in many different climate zones. The major

model type produced in our studios therefore were disassemblable daylight models that capture a design’s physical layout and how it affects all-year daylight performance of the final design state, with intermediate artefacts printed during the ideation process.

The right-hand image shows an conceptual office building design for the climate of Ft. Lauderdale, South Florida. It is the model of the final design variant, with the design performance of the first iteration shown in contrast. The daylight metrics UDI 100 - 2000 for general spaces and Daylight Availability at 300 lux for office spaces are included to show a fine-grained appreciation for different daylight demands; both UDI and DAv are above 80%, which is a good result. Cooling energy use was reduced by a projected 39 kWh/m2, which considering Florida’s tendency to penalize higher daylight utilization through increased cooling demand is astonishing. The result was achieved through careful shading design and changes in the original design’s morphology.

The bottom strip of images shows related buildings from the same and alternate climate zones: Florida, Iran (Hashtgerd), Sweden (Östersund) and once more Iran, all of which exhibited similar performance increases through smart geometric design choices. All facing facades are oriented South.

DAv20 %

UDI66 %

UDI90 %

C.103

H. 2

L. 6

C.64

L. 4DAv84 %

H. .1 DAv 300 lux,

UDI 100 - 2000 lux

Heating, cooling,

lighting energy use development

(kWh/m2)

Primary energy demand

Initial Variant

275 kWh/m2

Final Variant

170 kWh/m2

Below: I.V. de Crego, D. Cepeda + T. Merickova, M. Potrzeba + C. Castillo, R. Georgieva + E. Bahamondes, L. Vasquez

100% 0% occ. hrs.

N


p. 63 | D. Cepeda, I. Crego presenting, winter 2011/12e d u c a t i o n + p a r a m e t r i c d e s i g n

h y b r i d d a y l i g h t m o d e l s

p. 64 | Urban Performance Design Models

i n a r c h . d e s i g n e d u c a t i o n + i r r a d i a t i o n p r o t o t y p e s

In addition to the daylight models, physical irradiation models played a special part in a retooled urban + housing design

studio, as in this instance unit overshadowing, urban layout and individual unit designs closely interlocked. The resultant small-scale models, of which many were produced during a given design process, offer another mode of performance understanding and extend on what was originally written in the paper for CAADRIA 2013 published at the National University Singapore:

“The increasing use of building performance simulation in architectural design enriches digital models and derived prototyping geometries with performance data that makes them analytically powerful artefacts serving sustainable design. [...] Simulation metrics are merged with prototyping geometries to be output on a colour-capable Zprinter; the resultant hybrid artefacts simultaneously allow three-dimensional formal as well as whole-year daylight performance evaluation [and] embody a specific epistemological type that we [...] posit to be an example of multivalent representation, a formal class that aids knowledge accretion in performance-based design workflows.”

The following sheets show the performance of two housing class designs compared throughout the ideation process, and use the irradiation models as combined design and performance repositories. Both works were created in Östersund, Sweden’s climate; yet as in other classes, multiple climate zones were also used in the urban design seminars.

Background/Opposite:Annual Irradiation, Physically Rapid-Prototyped Urban Design Models. Design:D. Gkougkoudi, O.A. Pearl + T. Merickova, P. Jardzioch + O. Ritter, W. Sutcliffe+ C. Kollmeyer, R. Kölmel + N. Vitusevych, W. FischerStudio, Simulation Prof. + Prototyping: Author

Students:

T. Merickova, P. JardziochVariant A

Daylight UDI 100 - 2000, > 2000 &

< 100 lux comparison;

Heating energy use development

(kWh/m2)

Test glazing areas,

materials, U-values,

and unit overshadowing

(conditioned & passive)

Versioning: compare two site

design variants; pick “best” one.

Metrics: average irradiance,

H/C energy demand (VIPER)

H. 89 H. 34

> 2k43 %

19 %

100 - 2k38 %

27 %

100 - 2k48 %

> 2k25 %

Baseline (~A) Final Variant

> 2k42 %

H. 37 H. 1818 %

100 - 2k40 %

32 %

100 - 2k45 %

> 2k23 %

Baseline (~B) Final Variant

In parallel to systematic tests,

designs continue to develop

in a heuristic & design-driven

fashion, on multiple levels

Variant B

461 114

Summer Winter

Avrg. irradiation (exposed surfaces): kWh/m2

529 135

Summer Winter

Variant A495 117

Variant B

Inequal unit performance!

467 116

606 140 630 154Final Var.

Final Var.

“Shaping”

Students:

O. A. Pearl, D. Gkougkoudi


p. 65 | Sweden (Östersund) Housing Design Performance ComparisonDesign: O.A. Pearl, D. Gkougkoudi; T. Merickova, P. JardziochStudio, Simulation Prof. + Prototyping: Author

e d u c a t i o n + i r r a d i a t i o n p r o t o t y p e s

Students:

T. Merickova,

P. Jardzioch

Students:

O. A. Pearl, D. Gkougkoudi

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p. 66 | Sweden (Östersund) Housing Design Performance ComparisonDesign: O.A. Pearl, D. Gkougkoudi; T. Merickova, P. Jardzioch Studio + Simulation Prof.: Author

e d u c a t i o n + i r r a d i a t i o n p r o t o t y p e s

Unit perspective section Site perspective (looking East)

Unit section Site perspective (looking West)

Documents

Max C Doelling | Sustainable Architectural Design, Academic Research & Teaching Portfolio