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:vle,ttAorE KA II4TUryUUTU tA @AnrypAmAPc.raxrop CseraHrr
6ocrr,rxou Xy,loxrrxx IIerr, p flcr p y x oe
-dHEc cEnoAo,tIHA KAMEHHUA e r3Blrr rpaHfi(Hre ua 6t,lrapun. 'fo
ce Haurrpa nIoroc,tagrts' ceBepot3Toq'o or rpaA Hrrur, rra oro,ro
r3 *a, ,,arou,ro o" ,.p*" r"r*"-sal(, B 14. rex o6aue, J,o naAaHero
ta 6rarapnn noA Typurrre,To e 8,1[3aro sts BlrArrx-cKoro
AecnorcrBo, B.lApxaBara na Mrrxas,r lultu,nran H no-Krc[o tta hsaH
AlexcaHA.spx HaaH cpaurlrupl. I{tpxrara' Koqro e 6r,ra nocgereua
rra 60ropo,:,,,{a, ce lraMspa Bcarroro ce"10 Ha n.rouaJ,a, Ha erHa
rr3,f'rHara Haa p. Tttrrox norrtKa. Ta e lreeeporrroIra'1Ka no
pa3\rep' 3a erHa KpacroB'rHa UrpKBa-uHpoxa 6,20u:t,rra 7,50 r,
ar",tno.npHTBopa H ancnAara,
-Ho MHOrO t{HrepecHa u ,lo6pe nponopurroHHpaHae. Croporo
nor-.leAHaro' Tn e no-cKopo or rlrna Ha cso60,]Hl.rq, orKo"rKoro Ha
BnrrcaHHq Xptct, rtft xaro orfl3TOK HqI{a \{eXAypaltnq, a
llex.U,ypaIHn?a oT 3anaA He ca OTBOpeHI Xb], Haoca _ Te Cna-Aar
Krilr npltrBopa
-
B rcfo3arra,lHoro e nor{ecreHa crla6ara 3a fop'rrfi erax Ha
rrp'r-80pa' a B ceBepo3anaaHoro rrlra HHurH. I{rpxaara o6a,Je e
lrHOfO {3Ter,,reHa Ha BHCoqrr8a(oro,ro 9 lr) x saroea uaJr(Hre k
pasrrepn He .u,eiicrsysar noArr.rcKaulo sa
nocerure,rl.I,I:-K't'oqHTe{Ho HHTepecHH ca lBere Ky'r,n' KoHTo
yBerqa'ar BTopHrr erax Ha npHTBopa { Kotroce H3AHrar no-BlrcoKo or
Kynora. or npoxo,la i\rex,u,y rrx, T. e. or BTOp(q erax Ha
nplrr-Bopa, e Hva,to Bpara Krru ArpBeHlq BtHueH npHTBop, xoiiro
,1HqH ficHo Ha voAena a pruereHa xrHTopllTe, lt3nucaHu B rlrpKaara.
Or ctunq npoxor rranrK npo3opeu tne!,a B [aocaHa rllp*Bara.
[-{rpxaara e npa,fe'a f.ras'o or Jl.}fe' Ka\rbK, rra Mecra c
nap'{era ryxnH, HOHa BHCOqHHa Ha topHtir npat Ha BbHrIrHaTaBpaTa,
crpafaTa e onacaHa C TpH pela Tyxxrr.c ryx,rx ca rpa!,eHH apKllre,
KoHxara Ha ancrr.S,ara lr naH,raHTHBITe. Ha rrecta, oco6eso
nobt.rHTe Ha ctparara lr 3a Hanpagara Ha cBo,qoBere, e yflorpe6en
,{r,rar 6xrop. ,il,aa norca
l
li!tllrtiji
-:t:f-
w
-
or AlpBelr rpeArr 3arsrar 3fiAoaere na ctpaAara. flo;1
ryx,reHrrl sr,6uar xopHlrr e o6rxa-,'ltJ'l ABOeH peA OT
xapaKTepHHTe 3a TbplloBCKaTa apXllTeKTypa l.4nHeHlI naHllqKI Il
lIeTh-prrnltcTHHuH, xoHTo ca 3ana3eHrr rt ao ,lHec npH TpHGfFolHaTa
ancHAa H Ha 3anaAHaTa Qa-caAa. KynonlT Hrlra Kpbrb.1, npo6Hr or
oce! npo3opeqa 6apa6aa, H3AHrlrar flaA K!'6nqHaocHoBa. fJxHeHIt
naHllqK]r ca yKpacrBa.lH ll apx[BoJITHTe Ha npo3opeqHr.{Te apKH Ha
K}'-n o,1a 3.
3a acexH,xotTo e 3ano3lar c6c crapo6b,!rapcKara apxHTeKTypa
BeAuara 6uar e oux pe-anqa xapaKTepHH 3a Her qeprH, KoHro ca
Ha,1rtte n !,o,rHa KalreHnqa. flaaHtr Ha Haocaor rHna Ha cso6oAnHq
Kpbcr e nraHa ua Ce. To,top n Eo6oueao, ti{arKara Eoqlrcxa
q6pKBa,qapKBara B CanapeBa 6aHn, Ca. I-lerrp n Huxonoa n u'bpKBara
rra PaxogHrtxHq rraHacrHp{.TpucrpaHHara ancxAa ue navepnnr npH
noqrH BcHqKH u'bpKBH na Tpanesuqas. ,I|eere xy,rrrHa npltTBopa,
TaKa H3HeHa,[,BaqH 3a HsKoll lorOcraBcKH apxrrTeKTIJ ocBeH B
r{ecTHoTo apxrt-TeKTypHo HacJreAcTBo, ce cpeqaT a llt,peara
6rrrapcrca Abpxasa B npecJaBcKara aprlr-TeKrypa
-
ubpKBflre B narxelina n rra rraHacrHpa Ha Aapa.qaxa e flpecnaad,
a npe: Bro-para 6annapcKa A'bpxaBa ,].Be qernplr6rllHx Kv.rrH
cB.t,p3aHH c npoxoA no\tex.l)'cn, elll,lano llaBepHO I
nonleuteHHeTo AOJ'IeneHo OT 3ana,l IO nptlTBopa Ha Il1,piiBaTa Ce.
.10-rr]-qeHll-tr B Tr,puoooT. HaHcrlrHa LrerHpilcxarHr.rre noKpHBrr
Ha Ky,'tHTe e !,oaHa I(alrerrnqac lta"'IKflTe nttpaMHAKII B br,nHTe
Hr{aT torHqecKrt BH,!,, Ho Hne ilc 3uaeN KaK Toqfio ca
6lr"lttrroKplrrrr nogo6Hrre Kynrr y Hac, rrfi xaro rroKpfirxero Ha
Hhro e,fHa or rrx lie e 3ana3eno.lo AHec. faHseHure naHHqKlI H
qerHp]L'IllcTHHU}l, xapaKTepHI caulo 3a Tr,pnoacxara apxlr-TeKTypa,
yKpacrrBar rre calro BcHqKrr tltpKtsn or 13. n 14. ger, Ho Aop[
creHrrre Ha q6pK-eara Ca. [nnrNrlp B TrpHoBo8, crpoeHa npeA].r
ocBo6o)KAeHuero rra Er,rrapua or BH3aH-rlrircxa e,racr, T!fi Karo
npH neiiHoro ocBeutaBane (a ll86 r.) e 6auro o6qeerro BrcraHHerorra
.{ceu N flerrp. Apx. C. Hena.qoenve c npano e fan npHrrep or
Hece6rpcxa Kbqa 3a tpe..x,Hre Ha AbpBeHoTo npe!J,BepHe Ha
rl'bpKBaTa. !.'rpoeHo npeAABep{e ca INtaJ'lr..r, KaKro 3Hae\tCa.
LIsaH a Mece:urpHr, 3eiueHcxata qapKBa, a no-K6cHo ur,pKBara Ha
floraHoscrHs rra-rracrupl0. Ha.runtr, no xoiiro ca yKpaceHrr
rpeAnre Ha npHTBopa s
.il,o,rHa l(alrenNrra e er-ponTi{o nroA Ha crapara c,laBtHcKa
rpaAl,trtxq Ha A6pBeHHr rpaAex. f]oAo6HH rpeAr! rr\iare caNro a
Hece6rp, a u eXepaana, I(onpnaquua, fleosilue
-
HaBcqKr,r,e a crapure 6ur-rapcKH KbuIu xso6n,rcrayoar npHN{epH.
I{t,pxsara e 6t,ra no,rypa:pyllreHa H nonpaBqlra larflKoJXo n!Trr,
AoKaro e 1958 r. Ioroc.laBcxurIT HHcrlrryr 3a 3aulura Ha
naNterHHlrRTeila;{y,'rrypara He n3BbprxH rpHx,'ruBa apxrrrexrypHa
pecraBpaqHl ua naverHHrall, xaro
o4234
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nraHHa (tpkaaTano npoo. f. Eouxo.8A q
ce e ptKoBoA[n or noAeJtt-tTe, 13n]lcarl I pbueTe Ha KTlrroplTc
lra ulpKaara. Ilprr roaacreHoflHctrre ca 6utw, yKpeneHrr n
noqrrcreHll.]'uac ragn ubpKea e:larKo no3nara, BbnpeKtl q B
npHTBopa ir e xsnHcaH,,]lecnor Mfi-xaHr'I. , cuH na qap iluxax,r",
KoftTo uap 6u rrorr,l 1a 6r,,1e calro Muxat-r [IIurur,ras.fhpel nTr
rfl e cnorreuara or cpr6cxN yqeHH lr nbreuecrBeHHur. E.c.HH or rRx,
Mrrln-qeBlq, a ilo lrero
'r J.pyrx12, r{3,\oxaarlrin or rpeuHo qereHe Ha Haannca Xr-fr
autpe"a
lr3nxcBerrero c ntuero Ha.Mrrxarr,T A6oroetiq (1458), lioiiro
KparKo Bper\re e 6n,r ctynpaatr-reJ'r Ha AecroTilua E,'reHa,
BtoBriua Ha cpG6cKuR !,ecnor Jlaaap. M. BanrpoaHvls nlper ro
-
cBlp3Ba c Mlrxau,r lllrrrurras. V Hac npoQ. fI. Hxxosrr 3a npbs
nrt o6tpxa BrrHMaHtre HgH8llnllca ao Aecnor .MHxaua, Karo crulo
npeAfionaraue, qe roBa e caMfiflf .ltHxaxa lllrr-uruaH. B xrnrara
crr,,Crapo6ulrapcKara xrBonflc"H. MaepolrrHoelslAaea roqno qerene
xTaJrKyBaHe Ha HaAnHca Ao AecnoT Mnxax,r, KoroTo cMrTa 3a clrH Ha
Mxxaxa lllnuryas rrnpaau xparrK nperre: Ha creuonncHre. C Hero cc
conH!,aprl3npa u npoQ. A. Eypuool8.IIpea 1950 r. cpt6cxHnr yqen B.
neTXoBHv, xoiiro B no-paHo e nlrcan 3a naverHHXa, BKJlo,r-sa
,llorxa KaueHru,a s ceor ,,flperasl'l7, xato cqnra, rJe Aecnor
,,MBxaHt e caMocroelBnaaeTen Ha BlrAuHcKara o6,1acrn urpxBara e or
XIV g.". flerxoenq or6eergga H relrnep-Hara rexHuxa Ha creuonuchre.
llpes crqara ro;lrrHa r3.re3e crarlrrTa Ha M. I P. ,t!o6nH-xonHvls,
Koxro pa3rrexAaxa 3a nprB nbr Ilrouorpa$ltlHo cTeHonlrcfiTe. l'e
rrr rtarHpaxa orKpafl Ha 14. H Haqaaoro Ha 15. sex x 6rxa cxaoHr*t
.u.a npeAnonoxar Kaxro MfiaHceaHq,qe B Haln}lca craBa AyNa sa
]llrxaH,r A6orosHq
-
Aure,4oerq. Bcru.tuocr, KaKTo ca}ttt Ka3-sar, Te ocraBflT
Brnpoca ,,orKprrr"r0. B e,qua .r,ocra o6crofiua crarnq llanrrcala
no loBoaHa rqxuara, rcrocxaBcKara rrcropHqKa iU. leutli20, riaro
pa3rnexAa lcropnqecKlTe AoKy.rlefiTtl tl AaHrll, cTllra Ao ll3BoAa
Ha MaapoAttuoa n 6yp,lroa H TBap;lo no.lAbpxa cTaHoBrr-luero,
qeAoptr crelontrcnre,la ca or xpar ta l{. uex,BubpKBara rre }toxeAa
6ble tr3ngcalr;rpyr Aecnor Mnxaln, ocBeil cHHa Ha Muxan,r
lllNu.Iirax. Tn loxa:oa, qe.,lo oanaqero clriloA TypqHTe, Aonsa
KaltettilUa He e BJItl3ala B rpanHqHTe ua cpt6cxara ,I6pxaBa H B
HH-xofi cnyqafr ne 6t rror.na,la ce cB6pxe c Mrrxala A6orosuq.
Heirsoro craHoBHqe Br3trpilerraH Apyr cp!6cxn lrcropHx
-
E. OepHaHunq2l. Orroraga:oAHec Hfixoii He e ngca,{ Hr.trllo
3autpxBara ocBeH aKaA. K. Mrrqree2l, xot'rro roaoprr 3a
apxnreKTypara ir, a HeriHnre crerro-nHcx 3acnyxasaT aa cTaHaT
,locToqHHe Ha Haullq qHTaleJr.
Bcuuxn ar,tpeurHrr creHlr Ha ubpKgara, lopn n re3tt B Kyn]rre,
ca H3nucaHfi. ocrarrxrr orxllBonxc e HMa.,'ro ll B.]BeTe HHrlr]r
HaA BpartrTe Ita 3aflaAHaTa BtHtuHa creua. I(yno.lrr e 6lracpyreH B
1923 r. u or HeroBHTe creflonlrcr He e ocraHa,lo rrxulo. B
ancl,qara e 3ana3eftaEoropolnua Ha rpoH c .J,erero Hcyc,
gao6lxoaena or ABa apxaHre,la B
'luneparopcKp jlpexl.
floa ueq, orAeJIeHa c oplraNreHTa.,'IHa rBlrua, Hi\rarre
cbBcerlr Heo6HxrroeeHHa pe.raKL(flq lrafloxaoxenne ra xeprBara
(Ile,r rcxoc).B Haoca na qbpxaara creuonlcHTe ca pa3npeAeneHn B
Tplr perxcrlpa: AonHHrr
-
H3n6.r.
rex c rplrrypx fia cBeTurr B uqn prcr, ropHHTe 1sa -
roo6pasRBaulH cueHH or XpncroanrxrBor, Karo l-o,'lelrxre
u6pKoBHH npa3HHuff ca npe.lntuHo B cBoAoBere, a cuenure or
Crpa-cTHara ceAltHqa
-
BaB BTopHr perlrcTrp.CueHure B TperrrR perncrt'p ca
Haii-nocrpa,la,ru. Or noBeqero ca ocraHa.'Ilr cauo rppar-IteHu. B
apxara Hail aficilAara ca 3ana3eHx rre,q,arlroHr{ c o6pa:lt Ha
cBerqH, ABa or KoHToca Ha xeHl. Ha u:roqHara creHa B 6errara llra
ocraHKH or Aa,ttrarnKa, lroxe 6x or o6paalra npopoK. B lrrroqHara
qacr or cBo:a Ha roxHoro palro e cbtipaHeHa ]ralKa qacr ot
pox-Aecrao XprcroBo, xoero npo,f6r'rxaga lr BJroHera Ha roxnara
creua.B 3anatHara qacr Hac!ull{r cBoA e 6t,ro CpereHxero.
flo,rogxrrara,'rroHer H toxHara qacr Ha cBo.la B ganaAHoropaMo ca
6u,rn :aerH oT Kplu{elrre Xpucroao
-
B ,'rroHera urra Qparrrenrx or $rrypara uao6'rpHar HaJ'rrBo
aHre,r c yBHTr plue. B ,tpyrara nor'toBHHa or roHeTa tr ceBepnara
qacr HacBoaa e 6Hro Nsnucaso llpeo6paxeHue, Kaxro rroxe Aa ce
3aK,'rloqil or ABeTe Qurypa xanaJHarl, arocro,'lrr
-
eJ,Ha B Jonera x ,lpyra -
B Ao,'ruara ,rqBa qacr Ha cBoAa. B ceaepxttrJltoHer, axo ce
cb,lr no Quryprrre Ha eoirHHuI Br'rrBo l,t
ocTaHKItreoTtr3o6paxeHueroua npa-Boarb,letl nPt'Altet (capxo$ar
ttxH cy6ne,l,afleyu) aArcHo e 6uno uro6pa:eHo floceqeHlreroHa
xeHnre ltxpoHocKH lra rpo6a x,rH Cr,:a xa flnaar. To:n perrrcrrp,
xofiro :aatputaa npHocHoBara Ha cBo;toBere e or,{eJlcH or J,o.lHHfi
c KopHtr3 or prrcyBalrH 6e,trr naalretlr, :ar-Ropexil B
c6pueBn,r,Hlr no.'rera
-
opHalteHT, noriro ce cpeqa tr Ha Tpaueanqa (urpxea jtit8), o
ur,pxoara npn AceHooa Kpcnocr Ha caqoro rrrcro, a u B,tpytn
6a.nxaucxn nanerHtruHor [r'pBara noroBuHa H cpeAara Ha l,l. rex231
KaKTo ilHarAllararaneHTa npea ancHaara.BropNrr norc 3anoqaa c
6,naroaculeHlrero, or :,Bere crpagx Ha orrapa.CaelsarCpeqaraHa
Mapur n Earcaeera, Blaxpecenuero Ila,rla3ap, Tairrrara Bet{epr,
BJ.ur3alrero e frep1'-caanv, Ite,lyorara sa IO.fa, Vcnenne
Eoropo,trruilo, Csa,rqHc or Kplcra rr On,rargaHe.Ha.1 rrurata ra
npocKorcr.fnqra HMaue rreaa.ruo' c 6r,ocra Ha enHcKon. B nrpeur
perx-crbp, aKo rparHelt or o":lrapa Ha ror, ue arJ,tHrr Cnrreolr
Crr,rnulrx, fpnroprrir 6oroc;roo,Eoropog.nqa
Cxoponoc,ryu:ure!'rHrua, Feoprrr jluacoprrxc, Doropo;Nua Eaeyca,
HaxotTo.lBal\ra KTHTopH
'r eLHo leTe no.tHactT Mo.:l,c.la Ha ubpKBaTa, Ipyrfi,lBaila
KTITop]t _
lron8cII, cBerlrurlTe Mapuxa tt He.1eae, ca. cB. J'reqHTe,'rg
Ko3lra rr,4,artrx, Kogcragrng xEaeua, ca. Hnxo,ra, lloarr
Kptcrlrrc;r lr Xpxcroc flarrroxparop Ha rpoH.Ha xsroqrrara creHa
rony HMa xunraunrr lra 6naa .:lpanepxq c qeprrr K qepBeuH KeHapHtl
opHatreHTrr oT T]tna H3BecTe[ Hrr oT ul,pKB[Te ra Tpanesrrqa,
oco6euo r(rpKBa ]Is ll.Ha orxocNre Ha Bparara KtM lraoca ca
HapHcyBaHH no eAtlH xplcr or no qerupfi uBqra:
Iti
ilit;iil
I
i
i
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qepHo, cBeTna oxpa, TlnHa oxpa il Ka+sBo, c )KeJlaHIteTo ila cc
tlMHrtlpa pa3pt3aHa abcKaH HliHuHarHreT ii xrrr
-
Hcyc Xpxcroc no6c.lH'B npnroopa CBo,Iqero c 3aelo H3[rr'Io OT
cUeHH ll3 xtlBoTa Ha EOTOpOAu{a. Te sanOqsarHaI Bxo.lnaTa Bpara lt
o6ttxa,rqr llaAsCIIO--B IlenpeK'bcHaT Qpla. Cera ca 3ana3eHH
OrXerp-rrHeAapoBere Ha I4oaxult n AHa, 3aoptu.aHero Ha Hoanuin u
AHa, 6naroaeqeHne Ha Hoa-xH[r, E,raroseueH]Ie ]la Ana, Cpeutara IpK
3narHure Bpara, Poxaecleo Eoropoa1tutro,MH,rsaHe Ha vaJKara
Eoropoanua, Eraroc,rosHsra Ha rpHMara cBeueuHuI{ t't
B'sseaeHxeEoropoAnvno B xPallta.Ha usroqHara creHa HaA Bparara e
H3nHcaHa Eoropo;1r.rua OaHrarpux B 6tocr, orparega cruHpoKa
oplraMeHTa,lHa paMKa. B napBHq pefHcTlp, aKo ce rplfHe or BpaTara
3a HaocaHa.qrcHo, BHlKAatrle cB, npoKonufr, flanre.ryeilroH I.i
Ep:uonafi, Teoaop Tnpou I TeoaopCrparr,rar Ha KoHe, J,ecnor Muxar,r
It )KeHa i\ty, ca. ,ilnrturlp ct,uro Ha KoH, 3ocHM N MapxlErnnercxa
u Apxaure,l Mnxaun BaB BoeHHH ,u,pexlt.fopH}lar erax Ha npHTBopa
Bc6u{Hocr npeAcraBrl'Ba J.Be cB6p3aHH napaKJtilcqera:
-
Io}K-Horo nocBereHo Ha ce. flerxa, ceBepHoro-rta ca. HHxoaa. Btg
scqxa or J,Bere Ky"'IH calr3nHcaHH cueHlr oT xrrTHtTa Ha CbOTBeTHHt
Csereu. B apKlipaHara HItua Ha.l npo3optleroxbl{ Haoca e 6u,ra
uapucyaaHa BepotrHo ce. llerxa
-
JHqar r'ra$opnar r KptcrltT B ,ltcHarapbKa. ocraHanaTa xuBonHc
Ha H3ToqHaTa cTeHa e c'bBceN yHHUIoiKeua. B ryurute xnao'nilcra e
6x,ra a vernpu perlrcrtpa, Ho or Hait-ropHltq He e 3ana3eHo noqrn
HHU{o. Or ;xH-THero Ha cB.llerKa B rolKHara Ky.JIa Brr)K,r,arre B
Tperuq perucrtpi PqgaHe :r{ecara Ha cse-THuara H M'lqeHueto c
6oAeue2{, cB. Ilerxa B Ka3aH, no.l xofrro,x,BaMa naJIaq}!
no.r,K,'ra)KAaror6Hs, cB. flerxa paaroeapt .tpHuoiiHHX ce rorBlt aa
q orBeAe Ha cr{!pr. BlBBTOpHq perrrcTbp ce BHx!,a cBeTHIlara Ha
K,raAa 6eg ,l,a ca tcHll noApo6HocTHTe, c,'Ie,u, ToBaABallta Maxe c
nonar[, KoHTo ]\to)Ke 6u :apnnar cB, neTxa B fljlra c Bap, Ho He
ltoxe ,x,a ccpa3nxql HHruo noBe{e, Orcnqanero rraBara Ha cB. nerKa
II HeirHoro florpe6eune. BAnciroor npo3opeua Ha 3anaaHara crena
3anoqBar cueHnre or xHTltero Ha cs. Hnrona: Tpnrerto:vtqera or
AuApuaxlln B TIMHHrla H cg. HHxora cnllpa nleqa Ha naraqa. B rpernR
pertt-cr6p e cueHara,B KoflTo cg. HHxora c'u6apn n,u,o",rtre B
xparta n Prxononarasero IIa cBc-Teua 3a cBeuteHHK H 3a enucxon. Bte
oropHn perncrlp Ha ceBepHara cteua: Cs. Huxortace rBrrBa Ha c6H Ha
r{uneparop Koucraurltit, Ha H3ToI{Hara
-
Vxpornoauero Ha 6ypnran ocraHKH or Apyra cr{eHa. B napBuq
perncrl,p
-
cB. Haxo.ra Ir3Be}KAa noMqerara or rb:\t-Hguara. B ntpenn
perncrtp Karo ce 3anoqHe or rcxHara creHa, ca u3nHcaHH BoenHttre
l1IO
cgeru.H Hecrop n "rlyn, cenefrHa xrnropcKa xoMno3r.tuHs, cs.
EarltNrufi, cn. CreSau Hoan
H eInH tlrogax aToHeu, B Ma,rxaTa HHua Ha ceBepHaTa cTeHa -
cs. Po,\taH, B cBoAa Ha ceBe-pol.t3ToqHara HHua Xp[croc
,,no-crap ot Auure", a Ha orKoca BAqcHo
-
enncxon. HaIxrHTopcKara Koltno3lrl,Ht ca uso6pa:eHn n 6ocr
rpxirra rcHoutr c rttrleHHqecKH KpbcroBe,Tpl.tBGpxH ua[Kll H
H3ToqHr{ Kocrro}m. BeporrHo AHaHufi, Aeapufi N Mncaxa ltau
Manyx;t,Casen n Hclrart,r.
Ttfi xaro crarrrra ua M. n P. Jlto6xHxoeltq, Koqro Aocra
noApo6Ho pa3rnexAa rlKoHo-rpaSunra Ha creHonnc[Te2n e neqatana
npeglr lg roAnHH, B TeqeHHe Ha KoHTo 6qxa noqlr-cTeHH H H3Aa.IeHU
:ltHOrO CpeAHOBeTOgHU 6a,tXaHCXII CTeHOnHCrr, UIe OT6ene)KHM TyK
rraBHOToBa, xoero e Heo6xoAtttro 3a non!,4BaHe ua nxoHorpaQcKrTe
AaHHH !t yrortHqBaHe .{arH-poBXaTa Ha IIaMerHfiKa.Txntr Ha
.Me,rucrroca
-
floxnosenne Ha xeprBara, ryK e H3K,rroqnre,ruo nurepeceH.
flpxno-BHr{t\rareJ'rHo BrnexaaHe B n6pEara EoqHcxa xHBonHc u,(e
Brr.n,htt, qe Ha onTapHHt npe-cTOn Ca nOCTaBeHH AHCKOC6T H nOTHpl'T
e,nHH ilo Apyr Ir B IHCKOCa nexn Ua,rxXRr Xptl-croc raKa, ue 6rr
rpa6oaro xpaKara lry Aa ca Bbpxy norripa, KaKTo B !,o.lHa
l(arreuNua.lloAo6Ho e pa3noJroxeHuero Ha,u,Bara claa B ubpKBara npN
AceHoaa xpenoct26,.Ho n3o-6paxeHrero Ha Xpncroc e pa3pyureHo. He
no-rraaxo HHTepecHE ca s Ao,IHa I(arreHuua,nBaNrara q6pKoBHlr
oTul.r, KoHro npHcTanBaT 6,larocaaaflirxri,6e:ia Hocrr B ptue
o6uuai-HHTe cBHT6ul. EA[HcrgeHnqr naMerHnK, KlAero ule rI{ Blrarrr{
raxa, e Eoropoarrla flegt,tu-xa e flpuopeHgr (1307). Toea noxagsa,
ue n:o6paxeHuero e r:l,o"rHa I(arrenuua Hilra cBoureKOpeHH B
i\tecrHaTa Tpaaurll]s, qIHTo ]\tex^q]rHHh 3BeHa He ca HH
n03llaTr.l. EApure xplcrooerra $eaorure, pas6lrn y ffoaH 3,raroycr
Ha oraeJlHH tr,rt,t, asoitHl.rte K,'IaBH, nncKlorttreIra
olro$opxre, Hanoiltuqr nanrerHurrure or 13. oex,oco6eno Cono,{aau,
a ir caunrrr rxn HaBacu,rnil Be,rnxn e 6rus1,x !,o
conoqaHcxuq28.I-logeqero cueHH B u6pxBara ca cbcraBeHr..r
no-xapaKTepHHTe sa s,{saHrrrilcKoro n3KycrBoHa KolrutrHoscxara
enoxa crpofx r{ ,'raKoHxqHH rrxoHoiparpcxtr cxeltrr. VqacrHgrture
ca cBe-reHH ,no ITHHHMyT\r
-
no ABa yqeuHKa ete Ba:xpeceuliero I{a.Ilasap u BntraaHeto s
flepy-caJnNr, rr,'ln H:o6pa:euu s c6ltrrt rpyntr. flapa,re,'IIt Ha
no-ro.rsMara ttacr or re3H cqeH[ IqeHanreprrrr rJraBHo R Co, Bpauu
n l(ocryp x a 6onxa, a 3a IIflKor{ or rax II s Cs. Hnxo,ra
snpHrencKlrr Bapourgc.
-
III
Mexay cueHrre or rperHn per[crap, e]HHcrBeHo poxrtecrgoro aaBa
Bb3MoxHocr aa Hrr(o116eaexxlr orxocgo lrxouorpaentra.'Oano""n",
,"n-n" aua"ur" He e ,rcen, sautoro o6paarrra Mapxa e HanrJrHo
pa3pyrreH or
'lqeara qacr ua'cqe'ara e ocra*a,la cavo caaouen ;oKyI'Ie,ra,
xBaHara KpaKara Ha Ma.lxHF Xpncroc 3a,r,a l{e pxra. lope
BArcHo,.4Hqll ceaHa_arnr PlocxQ H noa Hero -
oBua, xoqro so6e ,Hcra or erHo ApbBrre. flrcuara qacr Ha
pox-aecrBoro B ,,lroHera Ha rcxHara crena, u:o6pa:agaua
Eaaroaeqeurrero Ha oBqapHTe, e npe_BrpHara B xaHpoBa crreHa' TyK
HMaMe xaiaKrepHoro 3a KanaAoxnficxxru nrnilr"nun p... \,ileJItHe Ha
J,Bere cue'n. Tpq6ga Aa ce or6eauxx, ve a l(apue AXantH,,
,r.r";;;;';;.;;"orreaeHx30, xoero o3lraqaBa, ,{e
-14. BeK Bb3r(pecrBa crapara uxoxorpaQrn "rffffJ
-t
Hl"jr""tj: e' qe oBqaptr-caxpau3r,3ana3x,r
^.."rr.n ryHur(a lr BeHe(a or *rro"*u,,y*
!1""1]t ua TafiHara Beqepr c anocro,,rHre oKoro rlr.lara lraca,
Karo npeAgure ca B rpb6,no3nara or Eganre,:nero JVe b a flaprrcxara
ABopuoBa 6n6axotexa32 (li.^;";i .-u
"0"*.,xaxro 3Haeu, ocgeH s Cs. Hnxnra Ao Cxonxe, Haauoso x
lfcaqa n "
Cu. Hn*o.ir-"'nprr"n(l2ss;lr, xr.rero ocBeH TOBa, Hralre
no,u,o6eu KonopHTeH pr.rrrrf, a H Ha noKpHBa Ha crpa-rara 3ai1
Xpncroc u{e Bx,r,Hilr crqHr aKaHToB ,,u*por"p"ii,., xoriro crutecrs
yru- n "
Ur^-noao, x xofiro HanoMHr sa yxpacara na ptxonncx. Cxeltara
pa3BHBa B cMHcL4a ua llapu.cxoro eBaHre,[He M 5 rrna.3acrrneg s
Dosga u 3eveH _ "'norn oo ion"-.] ri*"p ""orcpeqHHt xpai x IO,1a
Kant cpelara xa :\racara. lII,o ce ornacn Ao Ha,{HHa, no xoiiro e
nrrn-T{paH rtpaMopbr Ha uacara ryx, r baaroc,roBHffTa Ha
cseuleHgqHte3r B npHTBopa, Ka}iro|I a npn3e]llHl.lfl perlcrtp Ha
ancHAara, tofr ce cpeula He caMo a ConovauN, Ho tr B creHonHcHnax
or I3. gex s Ca. Huxoaa s Me,rHux, a I s flarMoc35 ,t ro BlB
BaBeAegtre Eoropoau,{Ho gxpaMa, Koero rMa ctrrlara cxeMa Karo n
!o,:Ha Kauexu[a, 3aroBa He juoxe aa 6iae apry-MeHT 3a no.KtcHa
AarxpoBxa. B llpe4areacrooro ra IOAa gofiuxqnre ca o6aeqenn B
c6Bpe_rleHHH nJIereHH pll3Hr.iull, xaKBaro tocx x Teogop Crparx,tar
B rrpHTBopa. Tps6ga la or_6eaexxlr, ,le roqHo raKHBa pH3H'uH c
qep'H *rr*n**n na 6na rpoH u:'a s nlrn xruFoarora n PaanRrHe
Xoucroso a 6oexa,
"'" " H.f..,,, Kocryp, 3eueu u Apyr[ naMerHH.
I]i'^it--l-" l*n" o"p"^"" Ha 14. eex. nop" u'nu*,.oro Ha BeKa
ro3. rrn pu3*ur* cair"]""jj"*.t B creHonxculre N:o6paxexun, mri
xaro re ca Hafi.pasnpocrpaneurr a 12. uHsxarcqttteago lrHTepecHo e
VcneHgero Eoropo.qnqHo. Herogara cxe\ra c BcuqKu anocro-,tlr{
or,d'rcllo, a.a8aila enHc(onH ]I ner a[re.4]t .- BrrBo, Aocxopo
6eute noqtn neno3lrara, 12
axo He ce cltqra Cs. 40-ntqexHurl e TrpHoao3T, xaaero
anocro.rrHTe ca clqo BAscHo, a B.rrsBocefa ca 3ana3eHx ABaMa
enncKonn lr erHH aHte,l BaB BoeHttH Apexu. C H3AaBaHero Ha
cre-Honxcnre or l(ocryp o6ave, exxgalre cluara cxeua
-
c ner aHre.rra H ABaMa en[ckonaor eAnara crpana H anocro,'rrre
or apyrara B ABa naNrerHnKa or l2-13 sex38 N ro xe a norpe-6aluoro
uecrBne, a HuellHo B caMoro Vcneuue. ToqHNqr 6poii Ha aHrernre
no6a3Ba, qecuenara e cbcraBelra no onpeAeneH Texcr, B xoliro e 6uaa
nocoqesa rqxnara qgc.rreHocr.Moxe 6n fl B IIbpBaTa EogHcxa
xllBonilc crleHaTa aa e r{jlrana cbulaTa cxeila, HO TOEa HeMOxe Aa
ce rBbp,J,u c6c otrypHocr. Ta:u cxervra IIle flaNtepHN g l.l. gex e
flporaroua n Cne-ra lopa H Cs. HHxoaa Kxprrux o l(ocrypao. E,rtlrrx
napaae,'Ilt 3a noKpgBKara Ha cMlpr-HOTO nOXe,IaBaT CTeHOnHCXTe Or
1259 r. A 6OnUar0, KIAeTO ITOTHBIT e Cbu.lufi H To KBaa.paTHo
pa3nonoxeH Il KaaeTo ue BH,Ll.llr H crulaTa AplxKa Ha KaaHJIHHuaTa
npH rIaBaTa HaEoropoAuua. HartHarflqr cnxpatoBx,tHo vaprra$ no,r,
Eoropo,lHua ule Har\lepHu s Eaqxogox Xuqaal.Flrrn xrrr fo,rrora,
xoiiro 11'x e c'br{eraH c flopyrauuero, Hr{ J,aBa:pyt HHrepeceH
Aerari.q
-TptHerrHrr Beueq Ha Xprrcroc, c Kofrro roli e yrenvaH H B
npu,'rencKua Cn. Hnxo,la, Ca.Hnxona OpSaHoc o ConyH, BaroneJ, N
Crapo HaropuunHo{2. Tyr rpa6oa ,qa'or6erexnlr,rre rope Ha xarlra
,rHcar Qparuenru or Snrypara Ha Cxvos, xoilto Hocx
xprcra.Hsx,.Tnqelrtre or JraKorrrr3va, xapaKTepeH 3a noseqero
cqeHH, npaBH On;raxaaireto, rr./t,eTo rnaBHHTe yqacTHHur'1,
TflxHoTo pa3no,,loxeHHe, pa3nptcBaHeTo Ha HepycaJltlrrcK]tTe)KeHn
HacrpaHt-t, lo,lrotcxrrrr Kpacr BnrBo (raro a flpH"'len) rr
rraqeull-tTe arrre,'rH,cbulo rrABar or su:aHruricroto x3ryctsors.
Carrro.re HauHrrr rraiicrop e yBeJ'rxqnn 6pon rra)KeHHTe,
paslroo6pa:r.r rexHlre croiixtr rr )KecroBC u or oSHtIfia,r]rara
norpe6aaua cueHae cb3rax eana HaHcrrrHa apavarHqHa Koun03lrunq.
IIo,roxeHrero_rra Maprrr,rtrtoau-u Iio-cuQ ApNlrareiicxN, a r
croiixltre rIa HqKolt or xeHhre H attteJ'lHTe ue Br.r.u,Hlr B
Haqar,roroHa BeKa n B TBopqecrBoro rra.llsxalr,,r lt Eerlrxl.tiilr,
tro rau BcrcKn ca cK) flceHK o*oro ,rroro,noJ1o)t(eHo Ha Haarpo6HHq
KallaK.Pelltqara or neAaJHoHH no anclrAHara apxa qecro ce cpeua B
,r3n[canHTe or Mtxat,r lrEgrnxrrri uapKBx, Hanplluep Ce. KalrrreHr
s Oxpx:, Ho xa Tpane:ltt1a rII e Hrlrato B nrpBara)KHBonHc rra
ubpxria M 8 (12. aex)45.B AolHsn perficrr,p, sa or6eaqgsarre, ra
Il!ptio rqcro e Cttueott CrtrnsflK BArcHo or o,rl-rapa. Harrcrrua
va,lKo rai\rerHruu ulI npe,i,"'Iarar cbulara nKoHonpaQun Ha
cBcrcua, 1oroBa ca naK Co. Bpavlr s l(ocryp rr Cs. Hrrora o
flpulen{6, xtaero roii e Ha cbtt1oro }tqcro
t,;I
I3
-
B XaAero qe BHAHM KaKTO 6olaro yKPaCeHlIfl C aKaHT Xanl,lTe,r H
OrpaaKara' TaKa '| nox-
pH?Hr c rHoftHH paHH aeceH KpaK, xofiro BHcH orcrpaHH. Caer Hero
Br'IlBo e EoropoAuuaCroponocayurnreJlHHua Ha fi3ToqHara creHa,
Kotro no rnn otroBaps Ha MH'rocrnsara 6o-ropoAr.rqa". Ts Arpxn
4erero Hcyc,xoeTo e c Kaca p[3Ka H roJr]r xoreHe Ha A'tCEara
cRprl(a, Tnn KofiTo ge ce cpeqa qecto tt xofito HanoilHf, 3a
HTarilarlcKllre naAoHu' Tpr6saAa or6enexHM, qe noAo6Ho
H3o6pa)+(eHHe Ha EoropoAnlla HI\la Ha ceBepRhq npHonrapetlcrra6 s
Cs. CoQxn a Oxpua. To noKa3Ba,qe uafrcrop-rr qe ce e nprabpxsr'l B
ltcrHz Tpa'AHuHfl, Ha Kotro ule ce Atrxar H rBe Apylx raxrtoa
xao6paxetlxt
-
r BoropoAn{a 'rle-
BHuxa B flpuspen (1307) n Ha 6pou:oann pereQ r fl,'ros,l,llscxxq
lvtysefia8' Koero e MHoro6augxo !,o Ao.qHoxarireHxuxoro- Ho u
E.neyca, r' e. SoropoAllua, xoqTo HocI.I Ha3BaHuero,,iluaocrxga,,Ha
ctceAHaTa cTeHa H Ha KO'TO KTUTOpHTe noAFacqT [IOAe./la Ha
qtpKBaTa,caulo He orroBapt na nxoHorpaQcxufl cu rl-tn. Hso6HaHero
ua EoropoAnuHl o6parx-ecr'utolrecTHa
'{epra -
HeKa cH cnoMHHr{ 3a creHonHcnre or ll. eex a Ce. CoQur f, Oxpu4
trBoAoqa, Mexay Aaere Eoropoaltuu e ri3nHcaH Ca. leopru
.[,aacopnrrc' cBerelr noqtrran BKnxaaacxnre octpoaHre, xoitro ryx
Hoctt HKoHorpaQcxxre ueprn na leoprn Kana'lorr.rii-cxlr. flpn cs.
KoHcraHrNs r E,resa rpq6Ba Aa or6erexulr, I{e BeHqeTO Ha
Kpbcra,ocBelt DConoqauH n lleu,cecpeula cbqo H s Cs. HHxora a
flpx,ren' Tav Apexara H xopoHara HaCe. EaeHa60 ca 6,rttgxx Ao
AoaHoxaltesKuIKHTe u carlo qeprl{Te xcryAe}luq roH Ha,lHueroaa
HauJara EaeHa ot.rtx'{agar ABere uao6paxeHnr. Tpn6oa la ot5caexnrt
cbtt\o'qe ABercE.rerru, a H cB. HeAerq npH rlac Hocnr caulnTe
xr'la\ln!,'t' H qe KopoHHTe H\I ca e,nHaKBIl craax *a
AecnorkUara
-
xeHa Ha !,ecnOT Mtxana, lt3nxcaHa B npHTBopa tta Aontla
Kave-*nuu. l.l"rnp"te,,E" orcrpaun Ha Kp6cra, KoHro B Cs. Hxxo,'Ia
ca H3''tlcaHII oKo,'Io pa3-qrrpHaann Kp6cT Ha npo3opeqHHf oTKoc, B
cTeHonrictrTe npH 6epeu,le, KolITo ,qaTnpaT oTnri""ru no"'toBHHa ua
14. sersl ca Ha caltHTe parrefia Ha Kpbcra I pbqere IIa
KottctattrlttlIr E.reHa. Carrrnnr Haunn, nO XOiiro e HapHcyBan
KpacT'r'T, oT llqKO,lKO pa3IHtIHlt TOIIa Ha Ka-
OqBo H oxpa, xapaKTepeH3aAo;rHa Kartegrua (raxra e tt
foarotcrHqt KpbcT H pa:utrfrua-,tfiTe xprcToBe Ha oTXocHTe Ha
BpaTaTa u neiixara s Tat'tHara neuepr) qc BHarlNl H npl{Kprcra
:wexAy KottcraHrfin u Enesa a 6oqHa'B npHraopa rrex:y o6pasrr B
llEjl pbCT Hafi.rtgoro nPllB,,'IllqaT BHnllaHl{eTo rpllTc
l(oHllrlnso6paxeHIn Ha BoeHH]{ CCeTUN: TeoAop'frlpon tt Tco,lop
crparrr,IaT lla 3anl,lllara cTellarr Ce.,llBvNrlp
-
Ira coRepIIaTa. [latrCrtttta, ]lexJy 3ana3ellltrc lta
6a;rxautlrc cTellOitHc]lIOCeta 8f,M3 no-paHHIl KoHHrl tr36paxeHnt
Ha BoeHHS CBeTUI.I I n6pRIlR perncT]p
(cr, flpoxonnfi e lle,lnsx e 86B BropH nonc), no KaKro PeA[rla
KanaAoxxiicrr
.t"HonHcu52,BHaKoHoTXoHToAopHuleg'AHMKaTonpHHacpeAyBaHeIIaBoeHHhcBeTqHHaqepBeHH6elegpUxag
I
- JtyKOE(,, qe HaMepHM H3O6pa3eH B pr{eTe Ha cB. CTeSaH HOSH a
;IesonHcHTe Ha ca. Hx-KOna op+aHoc a co,ryH83. E!,Ha crearfitosa
HKoHKa or 12. eex c ro3n cpxer HarrepeHa BHoeropoA, ,qBe MHnHarropn
B eBarrrer'rHero or I(apaxxcap, KaKTo H eaHa rpauxa Mo3aHqHa[KoHa
or Kpan Ha 13. eex noxaseard{, ue roea xeo6paxeHre He juo'xe Aa
6tae H3non3ysaHoKaTO apryj\{eHT 3a no-KbcHa aaTHpoBKa.3Haelr, qe
r\roulnre Ha flapacreea Entrgarcxa H,rlr ce. nerxa TrpHoecxa, KaKTo
e H3BecrHay Hac, ca 6r,'lx npeHeceHu n Ttpuoao no Hapex!,aHe lra
qap haau Acerr II, I qe HrreHHo ABop-uoBara [apKBa ua l{apeseu ce e
Hapxqara Cg. flerxadi. flplr rooa noJ,rox
-
ca Sxll,eltTllpalltl c IIar'IKIt 6eart *aprlrlxtl, llo.loKaTo
npll caeTutlTe T!'3tI qepTll(lKll ca no-cTaBeHlI cl,c 3aIlax' C],c
cllIyPIll p,l,Kil' ].}'K IlaitcTop]'T e BIlll:laBa.q tt c
o6rtttc,lR.n scqKarrasXa. LI:trllilcltltr.TO r
nO-C.fl(']ttflT:lpHO, IIo-\la.lKO Ilallllt'l)ll(), tt0 tt etllexttr
e lpyf' -VCelltace x IBll tT !1o:e.1.l,lrrrept'cHlt ca J,pcxxre lla
KTllropHtr. 3auoro ce c86p38ar c:lpcxllr(1 Il B JpyrH llalllli
llEa,txattcxltflaItcTIIltllIl}lnoIlt,SsaT\laTepllS.lIlTcBl,pxyIlilllltIol.Ill...lIloBl'KoBlIoot].ttx.ro.'l'axa
xpokxara lta.lpexara lla *-rilTopa' lieloatlu 6prr tl ctttla Ily' c
pil3Kpoellll llo'lll llIlrrcKo riocTaBefl KOtatr e H3BSCTHa OrUe oT
Kpatl tta 12. ut'x, o't cltllolltlcllTe s Kocrrp,c,,rcA ToBa or
KTttropcKHtl o6pa: r rtanacrHpa TpecKaBcu ltpu flptt"'tclt' a
IIo'Ktcllo cc cptuaqecro s 6aurxar,"^r,r" nua,"""rrU*:
O-rpHg,3t'rtett, ,lol,lotlcKOTO eBatlle"lxe' Kalortttto tlAp?t.
O6rrqxre lla xTllToPKara, trlulepgqKara k tt 'lccttorttuara ue
Bh,'llrr cbu{o B 3errcH y:rqepnra Ha Aoq, g KaaorlrHo' D KapaH lt
np' 7r flpll petruua apxeoJorltqecKli llaxoAKtlu !paruxeao nptt
'fr'plroeo' B llplr-'ren' a tt e Pyrttnlrll?i' ca otxptlttl
noAo5Hll
06KuII:3a6llrttanony}IeceqKollycqeTaruuiirorurtporixpaitel.xpacttlcbccK.r,no(elltIHKarlbHll'flaxyrracueHa}leplll\lHKpofiraTa:laApexaTallaK,I.llTopKaTacoco6euoxapaKTepIllITc3atrauHTe
){eHcKtl o5r'IeK'ra Bllcflq}l lla rtp6a ,,plxalltll"' KOIITO
\lO)*icU '1a BUAllrl oue llarr.rara B Farr6cprcxara KareApata rl
cJreA roBa Y,'1on B 3ertcH lt rrleTe KTuropKrt s Ka''lo-rlrHo?5.
Orrroso npr.r .[,on h Helgara ;lblllcpt u{e l{a\l!'prt\l aoa"rtr,
xoiiro noKpllBa l'laBaTalr BpaTa xa KTttTOpKaTa noA rxat!(aTa'
BropHlr Boa'I' stlctlq oT uanKaTa ce cpeula a Ka-,oro,,,o
"
Ea,ra utpxea "
Kap3ntu -
rBa nallerHHXa '
Kb'fero ll uarlKilTe Ha KTllropKllrer\t2r f or'If{rto a*oA"iuO.
6,1ilgxa e e brqo yKpacara flo ptKasrlre lla Kluropl(}lre s
Ka;lorlltttllr !.o,nua l(arreHltua, a 3aocrpEattre ult xpaitula ule
cpeullell o I(apaa77'Apexara Ha Aecnor MNxaNa' MtKap H no-pa3Ko$Ha'
e cbBce\l 6"rrt:ra no rpotixa 'r'o ra:nu, o*no, KoscraHtHH e
t{errgueeaHreJIHeTo Ha Hgarr Alexcau'trt'p' 3a or5e"rl:Batle
cacru1o raKa AByr,raBilTe oPnl( Do ape-\ara rty' a H Ha paKaBa Ha
HeroBara )KcHa' flo paKa'BilTe na uap MltxaHJ Acex ca 6u,rn l3utlrN
eanor'qaBn opxll' KaKTo Htr noKa3Ba HeroBorouso6paxeHlre B
I{6pKBara Ca. ,tpxaHrellH a Kocry-p78' .(ocxopo no 'lpexIITe'
aepoflrHo HaKTtlfopH,
BnpETBOpaHau'bpxBtNbl3naTpanesuuateca"llqe,lHeAsOfJaBlltlaByIJ'IaBIl
op,'ltl'Ocses ria Tpane3Hua cpeu,aM .lByrnaB; op'lN e
Hoan-A''Iexcatl'lposoro egattre'tlle80 -0o,.pPxaTa ,Ia,0".no,
Korrcrarm.H' o6ysxure Il B1,3f'laBlIIIuaTa IIoil KpaKal.a Ha
l,IBall AreK.caHAap; Ha qacrra or capxoQ{f IIauePeH Ha I{apeeeq a
Ttpitoeo' a u C'r'p6xr AByr'lasllopnu ca 6Hru rI3nHcaHH npe;'30-Te
aoa"n"
"'
i3 ""n
no 'Jpe'\ara IIa Kpa'l PaaocJragsr'
rr:o6paecrr BrB B!HLUlfifl flpfiTrol) Ila UaPKaara Cl.
boropOAxUa a C'ryAentt{a. ffcnO e,,le AByrJla8trrT opc,t o3lta'raBa
flplrila;UlexllocT Kl,It UapcKoTo cc:rteticrgo. Kptcrtt ---
cKtlII-.r.Lp B AqcHaTa paKa lra;(rcrroT Mllxarr,'l floKa3aa, rre
Toii e BJraaeTeI n lrac.lealtlK lta 6aulx-lltn cg npeCTOn. B
Heatt-AAexcallApOBOTo caallre,'llle TaK!B cKHnT'6p' ocBeH callllt
HBaIIr\Jle*caFA6p Hocil calto npecro,lollScrcatlHK'br- Haau llln
uruan8', p,oxato BcHqxll ocraHa'InclilroBe ll 3e1.Rt na uapft HocqT
cKlrnTlp 6ea xpr,cr. 6rlcepnHre Btlcy,lKH (npeneHlynur)npeA ynrrre
Ha Aecnor Mnxau.n cbulo ca uapcrH rtlcurHlHss^j(laXrrlr 4a
o16e,lexltlt,qe Hainllcl'T,s.O AecnOT MnXallI , xOliro Aarnpa
lleOCnopH\Io na-r{eTyrrKa x xOitro cera e B ABa peAA, e ilrtaJl
OuleABa pela'oT Kol{TO ca OCTaHa"'IH Carlo xo-pn30HTSr'lHHTe qepTH
B Ita3rl.'lKaTa. B.'IqBO OT AecnOTHUaTa ItatnllqlT e tlllan OUc Tpx
peAacneA HNr .|,tcflo... 6219 Ha lipas Ha BTopHt ce rlerc AIUIH' B'
f]erxosx't e'lflHcrBeH e ycnt'tj1a npoqere Ha Bpellero8t, qe
lecnoTHuara e A'buepti Ha Aecnor llerrp' B HauaTa
ncropllfla,ru""ran,lecnor flerrp, 3eT Ha HBaH ,Acen II8.. He 6lxrte
rtot,tx o6aqe Aa TBbp;lllr{, qeilauaTa Aecnorlllla e lll\leHuo
IlHyqKa Ha Haar Aceu, Bl,npextl qc He c cbBce\t H3KJIloqeHO'r\loxe
6lr, lrlreHilo roBa noKa3Ba AByrraBIltr ope"'I Ha Hetlutrn ptxas II
tl){eHHo roBa Aa cacbAl!pxa.4!t ,lo.4lltlTe pe,loBe B"[qSO Or tteg.
Kaxglt !aHHH olllc e HIqa']O B 1t'\ BCe naK e Tpya]loaa c; taAae.
Crarnrra Ha M. feult,lsd noKa3Ba Hea63\ro)tcroctra 103tt
natt(Tliltx !.a 6bjlecBlp3aH C ApytHro, ocBetl cl,c cxHa Ha
Mrrxau't I-Llttultan, KaKro tl cItsTa.\a ]laapo.tltttoorr
Dyprroes?.'3ltael{, qe MHXal,i llltturrtan e 6r,l oxettes 3a
Ana
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He;.la, ,tlulepqra xa Mtl-nyrxn, oure oxo,ro 12928s r. Tori
uapyla or l323,qo 1330 r', r' e !o c\!'bprra cx' 3Haqtt'llanaJlHo
B13i\loxllo e lletl3Becrell 3a llac IlbpBopo':lci{ cllll Ha
-trltlxaN'r lllNrurtau 1a e 6tt"toKoro 30 roAHuelt, Beqe xeHeH npII
Ilap]'Ballero ]la 6aua cjt' a la e yrlptn tt'Ilt 3a6ersannpegu 1330
r., Karo npaBara tlaA npecror'Ia e noJiytitlJl no-rla'lKilnr lty
6par Haau Cre$an',[,ecnorcrara rHTJ'Ia ce e AaBana Ila 6,'IH3Kll
cpo,ltlttuII na IIapR8e: 3er' cHH' 6par tl xaxto tta'rr'lexAa e
6H,ra corp:aHa c B,'laAeellero IIa ila;leHa o6"Iacr
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Iccno'Iar' Hvesso KaTO Bra-IeTe, Ha O6,,ractra, a He KaTo
nenocpeAcTBe|t KTHIOp Ila UbpKBaTa e H306pa3eH fecnoT llIt-xarr,r r
.ilo,rHa Karrenllua. Tooa oattauaea, qe aKo u'lpKBara 6x 6tna
IlocrpoeHa creA c]llpr-ra Ha 6aula uy, KaKBaTO Bb3IIOXHOCT M.
feqr,l He ;r3KJ'IioqBa' ro roga 6l{ cTaHaJlo nile,l.IlHsau
A,,lexcaH!.!p Aa e,r,aJI Br.lttHcxara 06racr l{a cilHa ctl LIsart
Cpaqltrlxp' T' e' Ilo-pailoor 1360 ro.lnHa!0.CnOpeA HaC Accno'r
}llixaHn trlc e II3Oilpa3eli s .ilo,rHa KalteHrlUa a Haqa"!oTo tla
6aullllloroc}IuapyBaHelITo3aqoToHocli3HautITeI|auapcKaB,lacT*KplcTa-cKIInTlptInpeneHAy.l9I8
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KoirTo nptl3 L']liloro,nllulHoro clt (apyBalle e raxa 6'rxsro
cBap3aH c ltaixa ctt'
leHqKorlaBTopllrocIlgTaT3alta,toleteH0l.HoHgaHCretpaHettao6paaeHHaT-88}lAaIleAHh,,u*"tn
npti*u"e Ha 6au,a cll Karo Hefos clyllpaBHtene?' Crtqtaule ce'
qe re3t{ rloHerH caor 1323 ruAttua, r. e. npeAll llaJloxeHara or
no!'lllrilqecKlt cTo6paxeHI.ra xeHxt6a sa Mx-
xarrn lllrrurltau 3a Teo/opa fla,reo,lor,3allloro 3llaerl' qc
TolaBa Ana"HeAa H Aeuara itca 6n;n 3arotleHtl HtlK.t,J,e a
rrpe.le'lHTe ua ctpattata0S' flpll !'a'r'eHoro cbcrosHHe Ha
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uapyBaliero tta 6aula ctt' xofiro He elrrra,l'cHHoBe or Teolopa
fla,reolor H e llcKa'4 Aa cll ocKryptl HScreJ'HllK or cBosra KptB'B
trrpaara roAlil{a lla uapyBaHeTo cH,,\{uxatt.rt lllHUrtau e BoA}i"I
llenpeKac[aTH gofrsx rt
"ru, n,, ,u elHa ro;Lltlla 6x ycnl''t ra Iopt'qa 7-8 slt!'a
nol.|etx Htttcl e']lla rloHera Ile e Ila-
vepena .r.o jlHec or uapysa,lHtl eAHa roiLllHa feopru Teprep
ll'3ttavrr, uaii-nepoqrHo e, KaK'ro xa3xlle',:'ecnor llsxaul 'la e
nbpBopoaeH cliH IIa
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B'1a'fe-Ter Ha Bl,lHHcKara o6aacr 6para ua Mttxart'r
lllttrurtau
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VsaH CrerlaH. flo-xr'ctto ce cfio:leHaBa tl ]lpyl ct{H Ha
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cH oKo'lo 1341 roArrna '['optl tt xua' Aecnor.\lrrxatr,r lre ue
lla
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ga 6au-ia crt'Tptrre 6yxox 3ana3eHH or urlero lla fecnornu'ara
roRoptlr' tle rr He ce e xagga'ta E'rena'a rro>xe 6u l,IpuHa
t,ln l,pyro noAo6HO l{rte. B. flerxoen,l nltLue95, qe J.o
a'buept{qKaTa Ila rJlaB-ll['l KTttrop e tt\laJIo ttaAnlc
.,B,rsxocaaa" Oopltara roBopu scHo 3a 6t'rrapcra
peAax-ulunorr,"ro,cpt6cxoro6x6H'roB-vxocaea'floae'{etoHallnHctlBtlbpKBaracaHanilcaHrHa
rptuKl{ e3hK, H3ll!'lHeHs o6aqe c llHofo lpeulKH' H"tn no-toqso Te
ca Hanrtcalltl
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lo Aecnor trlltxaN,r H xeHa:rty, 6oropoaxua Cxoponoc"ryulKTe"IHHua'
Ao"llll.'lrrlrajlnrrc npfl flaHroxparopa, HaI,ntlcHTe ua co'
MapltHa' ce- HeAe'tg' cs KoHcraHrfiH ltE,teHa, cs. Ko:lra
rr.narrRH, CS. Hnxo,la tt Hoau Kpr'crtlTe"l ca Ila 6tlrapcxtl'
nHcaHI OTclu{ara pbKa Karo rpbqK}ITe. Oaxllr, qe cg HeAe'1q He e
Ha3oBaHa c rptuKoro ct( tlrlcIr.rplrarlt, qcl{o IOXa38a craBqHcKara
npnHat'qextlocr ua rtalicropa' Kaxto ris xa:ga 20
E. Kouesaes, e3rtx1'T Ha re3lr HaanHcrr noKa3Ba
3ana.lHo.6a,'rrapcKH .IHaJleKT, a car{HTe Har-
Irl.tcH Hr\rar rpaSnuecxa 6,rrrgocr c ,,1-lecrnseqa" ya Vsan
A,rexcaulr,p (1337), xoftro cruroe ot 3ana.fsa 6r.rrapun. Toaa Hr
Iatsa e;llta lonb.rHl{Ter'IHa onoprra roqKa 3a,larupogKaralta
nauerHlrKa Karo rroTBr,pxAaBa ornoBo .{aTara }{a creHon}rcr{Te, r.
e. 20-rc roAllgrrrl"ttt ttaii-rilttlro B'topara qerBtpr sa l.l. gcx
H noilara la 6bjk yroqHeHo rqxfioro trqcro aHarllaTa cpeIIloBeKoBHa
)t{t{aonIlc.
CteHonrrcllre s /l,onrta Kailexrrua ca e.11il{ HaHcrHHa xy6aB
nalrerHr{x na Cpe;Hoeexoauara)+
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gylecur ca o6a'{e r-bnK}lre Ha :pexxrc' Te ce Axn'rlt yMe'lo
oKo'o Qoplture Ha rttoro'9e xaftcroptr no3HaBa resx Qoprtu"r{qH or
llaqtlHa no xokro o6sHsa n'rara oxo'ro rftt-rypara, He nlecra' Ho
p",r*o,
"t"*u'" B rbuKHTe ca no-cl{nHK H Ma"llKo rrr g'nr''r6asar'
Prrxo cpeurarte cxe-\tarrI3yBaHIt 1l reonterpll3yBaHtt rr,ltKll
(Hanp' no Kopel\la Ha ce' leoprttH.rrfi xHMarHq Ha Xpucroc
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ptut'" "''Bo-poAnuu
E'revca untl n ancn4ara)' Aoraro sKOgTypa Ha ApexaTa nnu
uo"o^ut' lI38eCTHa TBapJ'ocT lI cKJIOItIIOCT KbM
reoNleTpn3auHq'Kolro HanollHq KoYgttHoscxara ;xfiBonltc' caNlara
raKalI H raHKttTe ca
npeAa'xellll c xapaK-
Teprara3aMaficropaltcxora'Bra3Ilr(eKoraHtrlaBeqelleqoHoBo'Heulo'Koeroce3apaxAanpe:
BTopara noJoBlIHa tla l3' eex tt xoero pa:ur'Qsa flpH T H'
fla'reo'rorogcxfi
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ii-a" npon""ua rr g neli:axrrre rra Ao.nHor
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3atralHa Etarapnr. IIe ro cpeulllerr u B HFKon pr-KonHcr( or roBa
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KpaK xa Xpxcrocor B,rt-t3aHero e fieplca.rlrrr.ApxNrerryprrnnr
.leKop B cl,ulnHcKara ubpKBa c 3ana3eH s 6,raroeeu-(enHe,
floceuleHtretoHa }lapllr npx E..'trtcaeera lr TaiiHara Be'{epfl, uo
B crleHttre or Xxsora Ha Eoropo,luqa snpHTBopa roil e rrHoro 6orar.
XapaxrepHH 3a Hero ca Br{coKHre crpofiHt Ko.rouKn,
KoHTorro!,trbpxar ]rtanxu noprnrt]r. Te ca o6HxnoseHo no ,qBc
3aeAHo lr B rraoca, Kaaero e pttcyBanr,laBHHrr :!{aiicrop,
HrrHr}rpar }rpasop. Maiicroptr o6lrua crulo apKnpaHrrre BparI rr
npo-sopuu. flepcneKTlrRara r]-r( e KaKTo o6lrrHosefio B
n3TorrHo-xptlcrHqHcKara xnBonilc06parHa, 6eg ra e npoBc!,eHa
rrana!'Irro noc,{eAoBare.nuo. Crpa:Nre ca locra n3:.bJxeHl{Ha
BHcorll{Ha, 6e: J,a orroeaprr c!Bceu Ha nponopqllrre ua crpoiiHure
Quryprr. Maiicroptr06HXHoBeHo rr ouBerrBa B cHBo lt,rH
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npfirBopa apxHreKJ'para e qBlo pucyBala or,tpyra ptxa. Tyx crpalure
ca cltBH,6exosrr rr oxpoBrr, lro ]taKap qe rexllrrr:raiicrolr
nporBtBa cra6ocr Kb\r apxHTeKTypltHrrleTail,'l ll
oTpyllsa;1Bara
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no-rpy6o.no-onpocTcllo, apxltTeKTYIr!iltTe o,'IeilcilTil ca
no-TpoltaRlt II e,Iej\teftTapilIl, tto il no-6.rH:xttAo
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Ko}trypr,T c no.o6o6ulerr rr cxe-lrarn3npaH. I{ocrooerc ca
pa3npeAeneHrr Ha eAHHHlr nerrra, a rr,HKr{Te na rpexHTe ca
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Ha cUerruTe ca HaJ'IoxH,trH ToBa..4xo cc cr,lrr no qrr,rara
)KnBonlrc o6aqe 6rrxrre Ka3aJ'rrr, qe ryK no KaproHHTe, rr.tlx
rroxc 6lno ocHoBHHTe cKHt(rr ua rr'raBr{rrr rraiicrop e Koxoprrpar
HeroB nououlH}tx. B
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Ha lraiicropa or Haoca. Tr ce lya-crByBa oue no-rcrro nprr npaBtrTe
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cB. ncrKa. He:asttcki\ro or roBa, or Koq p6Ka e H3.rrs3!Jr aa.leH
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lraii-lra,rxsre Aerafi,'tlr, t\roAe,'ltrpoBxara He e
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rreprHTe Ha ,rHuara H 3araraaro6eva Ha $nryprrre.Mnoxecteo
npe!,lerrr H Jerarint-l B cre]ronxcilTe ca B3erfi or crBpeuenHara
rra rraiictopaAeftcrBHTenrrocr, xaro pH3HHurrre Ha eoiiuHte,
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pca,'il,tcTltrIHrrr{ ,{{ecT 24
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rlt cpeAa.Cauxr-e-uroHorpaQcxn cxelrtt Ha noBeqero xot{no3lrl{Hx,
npnctrqH, KaKTo Ka3axMe, Ha BH-ganruficxoro H3KycrBo or
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cBeAeH Ao Mnnnirrylt, Hanarar eaHa no-crerllara H onpocreHa
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6esyuacreH $oH, 6e3 Bpr3Ka c $urypure Ha npeAHHflnaaH. Herosusr
cunyer notsrapr B o6o6qeHI rltHLrH cHJIyera Ha rnaBHara rpyna Hnll
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creHaBHaoca, Te ro rloATHKBar K6nt o6orarq-BaHe Ha HKOHOrpaocKara
cxerra It aaBaT npocTop Ha HefoBara TBopqecKa QaHra:xr H axycKrn
e-qnHucrHr{Hxre o6pa:urr. Taxa rofr pa3BllBa 6,taroseuleHr.reto Ha
oBqapnre B ro,1flMaxaHpoBa crleHa, Konro llanortHn
er'IHHI'lcrnqecKlrre lrogafixu c oBqHTe H
'ry.Ilero, KoHTo 3o6aT
,{ltcraTa Ha apaBqeraTa li oBqapg-Aofq cbc 3anpeTHarH p6KaBH.
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H38HTH K,qoHH li 6orarll xuvypu or ,tt{cra. Bea-poTo Ha oBqapr,
rpe6eHa, fefafa Il fbplleTo Ha apyaHq, aonaJlBar Konno3Huutra.
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3aAHHr{ nr'Iatl, K6AeTO BA'CHo3aA X6r'rMa, aHre,llT e nporetHan
p6lle K6rr rpHLra AyuH.OrqacrH Karo xaHpoBa cqeHa e pa3Blrro Ir
On,'raxBaHero ua Xpucroc Ha ceBepuara creHa.Oxono rraoro
Ha;ulJirseua ce e c66pa,:a qt,qa rbrrla onr''IaKBaqKH
-,,ilepyca,rnncKH xeHH".Ho ryx ctqecrBeHoro e
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nerHa Ha ;(pe.xrrre Ha rrailxara, xenara 3aJ, Hef,, fioclls H
anocro,l I)loaH, seJreHtr-KaBOXlJ'rraTa Ir!pTBa nJ'r6T Ha Xprrcroc
e B qeHlbpa Ha [o]lno3{u}Iqra. Orqagngre xecroBeHa aHrerlrre u
)KeHrre ce cranfiT B 3ereHrrlrara Ha uacrHHeHHTe x6"'ruone c xaQrsu
ceHxr,rt,ii xaro ApexHTe H!r, 3e,teHIrKaBtt nnn csao6exoBtt, noqrll
ce cJ'IttBar c Qoua. Hsyltnre"rHoe paauoo6paauero Ha croiiKrt [I
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H3Br.rr[Te rrp6oae na froaru H ftocnQ, Kaaero ycTpel{3T ce
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:rtafrxara lI xeHaTa cbc cBHTo oT M'bKa nHqe 3aa Hefi,c.{oxH,Ia
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Ha ]naftcTopa.BclllKlt ,rurrxtr, npeArrern x $HrypH Bo,ltr lt6M
Jluuero Ha ltatixara, AonptHo Ao 6y3araHa cKanHq r\{!pTBeu
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H U3BHTIITe rlp6OOe, lt CK!'IOIIOBeTe Ha Xb,'Irla, H allle,'IbT,
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lraiiquHara cxpt6. V,sa!.a He HaTexH To3tl ueHTbp, noacH,leH
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HaBcfiKb.le,'rHrlara ila cBerrlt{re ca lr3]pacKaHrr rr H3pa3'br
ccry6rr, 3a or6e"'rnseaHe e, qe noBeqero cBerutt B uq,[ pacr ll
rlo-cneufiarHo o6pa:tr Ha Bce',lbp)*(HTe,rr{ la ceBepuara creHa It
l{erHprlre lt:o6paxeuHr ua Eoropo!,Hua ca plIcyBaHH noHKOHH rrril
nOlre no ua6rloHr 3a HXOHr.l. or rnx Hair-:o6pe 3ana3eHa e
Boropoalua c tereTolra plqe B anclraara. Tn Hya vyJ.Ho x,v6aeo
'n t[e lta ]\tJa5,o rlo:\{Itqe c }le tt, 'lexo H3,f
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rlpn6ntllxeHu or]IJ. Kollro l.le.nar cepllo3Ho HneqaJ'rHo. fleqa,r
atxa
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Ha o6,re-
rdr'rKaT3 rra TpoHa lr cflKau npe,!,qyBcTByBa TbxHaTa yrlacT Ila
pox6ara ctt. Ha6pr'vxauo crreroro Ha,r,erero hcyc r{ oqr{Te My rvar
ccprro3eri H }rar'rKo rextK norrej,. CrpaHuo c rooalu3paxeHHe
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ytrlil. llBaTa apxaH-le,'la BCTp2]tr.t oT TpoHa ca 3ar,'leJ,arnr
3ar\rr!c,reuo 8:cTeTo. Ilrnara xorrtto:lrqns e IIponllTac HAeqTa 3a
xpl{croBara xeprBa, 3a liero8ara i\Iilcllq Ha 3elt.flTa.Eoropoattua
Cxoponocnyurrre"IHrrtla, Koqro, KaKTo Ka3a-x\re, orroBapfi no rHn
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H HexHO e npnxBana"Ila rle}KAynoKa3a,leUa H cpe,5,HHt nptcT
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n crrsxara Ha uailqilHata cl{ pbKa rt c o6r,pua"r Jrrue Kau ttes.
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pa3rogop rlex;ly IlailKara lt neiiltara pox6a Plt:-KeTa t{
e,rreqero fla AeleTo Ir [J'raTa c KeHapH n :pe6Hrt oprra\teHTlI
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,.,ulrutocrHga" e HapeqeHa rvK TaKa, calio 3auloro nplrerta .{apa
}la ABaMara K'lll' oa26
ropH, HO B no3aTa Ha MaftI{a'ra n 6aarocaaenuloTo aeTe HRI\ra
tHTl.rMHocTTa Ha npeAHulHoToxao6paxeHre. Te ca ryx
,,ruKr'rocrlBH rocnorapu", xonto 6.narocxaoHHo npnet{ar
c}tupeHHs.lap lra cBoHTe BepHonoLaHHHul.l.Muoro xlr6aao e i,Inuero
Ha Xpncroc ,,no-crap or arrHTe" B cBoAqero lla ceBepHara HHua
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napaKJIHC B aOpHHn npHTBop. oqure galruc,'reHo ll rra,lKo
yr\ropeHorneAaTHflK6ae 3aa 3pH-re,rq. B rrrx rrua n03HaHHe, T6ra,
noAl{epraHa or rt,r6oxara xopli30HTarHa rrHKa Ha qer'roroll HqxaxBa
BceonpoqaBaua qoBeqHocr.Tporare,rra e ApyrapcKara nperpb,qKa Ha
ABalrara KoHHHqlt Teoaop Crparuaar H TeoaopTrrpoH
-
csKauJ !,Barlta BoiiHH-n06parhrrH or Hapo.r,HHq enoc ca
c,re3,1t{ B rlrarKara uapKBa.Calrata xolrnogH(Hq Ha o6pasnre e
rrHoro HHTepecHa c !Bara pa3Berr n,'rau{a, KoHTo qofpaHHqaBaT oT
CTpaHH.ll xo,rxo lrauolrHq loHoruara KoHHITK cB. .Ltnrxrrp Ha
aqxorra
-
trrpgolrbqeHHx cs. Cre-$aH or 6onrrcxrrre creHonrrcr!
h ero, c DcrqKilTe cx oco6enocrH creHonHcltre s AorrHa KalreHuqa
Hrr ce npeAcraBrr xarona:\terHrK,Drtoiiro otAe,runte e"Ie\relrrlt H
xapaKTepnI rleprttcac]ceraHl no cblrlfin HaqNH,6rrxlre xasa,ltr
;lopn B cr,uloro clorHourenxe xaro s Eoflfia.I,l ryx Ha:rurpaue
r.rKoHorpaQcKlrre c.\er{}t Ha sHsaHtHfrcxoro rr3KycrBo or
Ko}rHnHoBcKHrncplro;1, AonbnHenlr c noJ,po6Hocrn or
Kana.r,oxuricxara, Cxprriicxa u,'tu fla"recrxucxa ttxo-HorpaQlrq,
Korro BcpoflTHo ca 6H"rtr c6xpaHeH]r B rlecrHara rpa,J,rru[rn. I,{
ryr u1e enarlre.lHa.laKOHltrtHocT Il c;l'l,pxaHoc1 B Ko\rI03HuHr,
cTofiKH tl )xecToBe H cbueBpel\{eHI{oe,lHo pa3qynBare Ha craplrre
pa\rKn, e:Ho o,t,yxoreopqBaHe H oqoBeqqBaHe ra l(olrHlrHos-cKoro
t{3KycrBo, Koero tr,tBa no Barperrclt nbr, e,f,Ha,ro6os
cJ,noHpelerrto Kau e,rt.tH}IcrHrI-nlrte o6pasun H Kbj\t
xH3HeHht,x,erafi,:I II BepHocr Klrr xHBora, crnrau{H ao peaJru3trr
Bnorpo6Hoctlrreee. Ko,ropurrr, c,trtpxaH H caureBpeMeHHo no-6orar,
c ynorpe6ara Ha Ao-rr6JlrHT,'ilrH TOHOBe H Telrileprra TeXHHKa
CAulO CB',rsp3Ba.IBaTa na\reTHrrKa. cBbp3Ba rH Ir,,rl3Becrro
noHnxeHIIe lla [roHy]reHTa!'IHocrra"1oo, xoero e B nprKa
3aBHcurlocr or oAyxo-TBOpqBaHeTO, OT OrtO8eqaBaileTO ll
pa3.flillxBaIITo
-
cr'IIteHT]t, lrocequ RoBoTo, pa3x[qHoor KouHlitoBcKara
xttBonilc, KoHTo ca rtbpBltre npogBtl ]ta ea{H HoB t{HTepec Ktt\t
)t
-
HeHt{eTo, B Arn6OXHg Il CJIOXeH Mt'rP Ha U3O6pa3eHHTe CBeTql{' B
AO6pOTaTa g
yqacTHeTo'cTpy'ulxofnorneJ'HTeHM'a',(B)KHBI,!TeHHAHBuAyan[3[paHI,|JIllIIaHaKT[TopHTe.Taxa
AoasoraueHHuKHTe cTeHonHcH ce HapexAaT BCpeA naMeTHI{llHTe' n,loA
Ha MecTHaraTpaAHUHr, Hafi-qerustT oT Koltro e 6oqna Lr KonTO
BepoflTHo uMaT Bp63Ka c H3KycTBoTo HaTtpuoncXnr qapcKH ABop.. TOea
Hfi noKa3BaT KaKTo cTenonscfire s Cg. 40 M6qeHHUH, TaKaH
(pparMegTsre B Hfro11 UIpKBH Ha Tpane:uqal0l. 3aqoTo, XaKTo 3HaeM,
B T9AHHHTe c,1eAnaAaHero Ha IIapHrpaA B pruere Ha Kp6croHoctrHre,
MecrHHTe (eHrpoBe fl croJtllqll Ha oKo.4'HXTe ArpxaBH Ca Te3H,
KOHTO pa3BHBaT H3TyCTBOTO H B KOt'rTo Ce cl3AaBar- HoBuTe
oopMH.Tora, xoero ule BSAHM B IlapflrpaA CneA ocBo6oxAeHHeTo My,
oTrJtaCr.ITe oT KoeTo Ca oqeBt{AHHe Heaxoao,r. e. resx nobn
qeprlt,Kolrro xaPaKTeps3upar naneonoroBcKara xHBonHc'
Heca.u,ocrurHarn orlre B Ao,'IHa Kauesuqa. Hefissre 3orpaQ[ pa6ortr
B Ayxa Ha crapara rpa-AHIlr1B H HOBOTO, KOeTO BHacffT Ce e pa3Bltn6
Ha MeCTHa n6qBa. MexAy li3nHCBaHeTO Ha EOqHaH AonHa I(anreuuqa ca
H3MHHaJIH noBeqe or 60 roAsHll H e rpy,4uo Aa ce roBopll 3a eAHo
are-rr{e B CnHCln Ha 3orpaQcKa 3aApyta. llpn rora AoaHa KauesuUa,
KaTO HaucTgsa npoBgH-[Ha,teg naMeTHHK, HtMa Abr6OKaTa H C,'tOXHa
nCHXOnOrHqeCKa XapaKTepHCTUKa Ha 6OqH'cKHTe o6pa3H, Ho 3a cMerxa na
roBa H To HantJIBo ecrecTBeHor TyK e no-pa3BHTo BHHNlaHIleroXtn
6UtOgUte gIeMeHTH. H ace naX He CaMO TpaAHUHqTa
-
pyCnOTO, TeqeHHeTO, Ha KoeTonpHHaarexar aBaTa nalteTH!lKa e eAHo
u caulo.Aoxaro o6HosaeHHero B flareo,rorogcxara xnBonfic B foJItMa
creneH 3actlra BbHurHureH3pa3HH CpeaCTBa: pa3npeaenHTe,'IHa
cHcTeMa, nKoHorpaocKH o6pa3uH, neil3ax,KoMno-36qltf,
-
u [peACTaBnqBa eAHo BptIr1age xtM xyAoxecTBeHoro pa36l.rpaHe Ha
e,lpHilcr1lq'HaTa engxa, HOBOTO KOeTO BttXAaIte B 6OtHa V AOnHa
KalleUuqa, cB6p3aHO HaI{cTIlHa H ce.[Ha MHOTO xapaxTepHa npoMqHa a
TexHnqecKHTe cpeAcrBa
-
ynoTpe6ara Ha re:!InepHaTeXHHKa, Ce O6ptqa Kby xHBonHCTa Ha
l\{HHaJTOTO npeAHMHO OT Apyra 1'IeAHa TOqKa
-qncToqOBeUKa, 6sXUe ragaAX Xyt{aHHCT1;qHa. AxO nOgsagaxlle
nO.AO6pe ]KHROnnCTa Ha CUMeO'HOBaTa CTO,IHUa, MOXe 6fl x1txlte Aa
HaltepllM KOpeHxTe Ha TOBa qB,'IeHHe, n3BopHTe OT XOHTOqepnH Ta3n
TpaaHql{tr. Hoaoto, Koero ce npotBsBa B 6oqHa H ,U'onHa KarteHaua,
toaa eeAHH HoB xyltaHu36M, xotlTo, KaKTo npH Ayqo H AxoTo 3anoqBa B
crapHre $opllH, 3a AaB.:ree D Trx HoEO AyXOBHO C6,[bp)xaHHe H Aa
noaroTBII TexHHt Kpafi.
EHsJI HOTPAOCKH EEJIEXKU
l. A. 6yPMO8, llcropna Hx Fanrapus npe3 BpeMero Ha fUnuuanoBux,
I'CVhAA, XLIII,Co0ur 1946-47, cB. I, crp.26-27,cs.Il,crp.47; M.
lEUt4Tr, Orol-lpxne y Aouroj Ka-MeHHur{, l,lcropucKH r,racHflK,
3-4, Beorpal 1951, crp. 87-93.
2. 6. EOlllKOBI4Tr -
Ee.reurxu ca nyroBanba.Co.Boropoluua y AoHboj
Kauesnun,Crapr-Hap, Eeorpar 1933-34, crp.277,280; G. MILLET,
L'ancien art serbe. Les egllses,Paris 1919, ctp,72; C. HEHAAOBHTT,
Pecraypaurja .q,osroxaMeHnqKe upKBe, 36oprurcsauruire cnoMeHHKa
Kynrype, Kn. x, 6eorpa! 1959, crp. 5l-67.
3. C. HEHAAOBHT, unr. cbrr., crp. 54, o6p. 2, 3, 10.4. H.
MABPOAI,IHOB, Crapo6a.rrapcKoro r{3rycrBo XI-XIll n., CoQue 1966,
crp. 18,
2l-22, o6p, 10, 17, 8t; C'bUIHq, E.{noropa6uara H KpacroBlAHara
u'bpraa no 6bn-rapcKr{re 3eMH ao Kpar Ha XIV n., CoSnn 1931, cTp.
58-62, o6p. 69, 7l; K. MI4flTEB,Apxurerrypara B cpeAHoBeKoBHa
Brarapua, CoSur 1965, o6p. 207,215.
5. H. MABPOAI4HOB, Eanoropa6sara qaprBa, o6p. 15, 31, 32, 33,
60, 67.6. H. MABPO,4I,IHOB, Crapo6'sarapcKoro rr3KycrBo, CoQur
1959, crp. 192-193, 168-i707. H. MABPOAHHOB, CrapoSlnrapcKoro
H3KycrBo XI-XIII o., crp. 92-93; 6. hfHA-
TOB, Ktu B'bnpoca 3a 6'bnrapcKa apxHTeKTypHa LrKoJra B'bB
B[3aHrHf,cKH crtrn, Apxeo-,orHn V, CoSfle 1963, KH.3, crp.60,
o6p.5,6,8; rBapae B63MoxHo e.{Be Kynu aa eEMara n ubpK8a N 2 a
tlepaeu
-
K. MI,lflTEB, Apxnrerrypara a cpeaHoBeKoBHa6Tarapnn, o6p.
196.
8. H. MABPOAI4HOB, Crapo6urrapcxoro H3r(ycrBo XI-Xlll n., o6p.
68.9. C. HEHAAOBLITT, unr. crq., crP. 63-64, o6p. 17.
-
10. K. MhtTEB, Apxrrexrypara..., crp. 106, 194; ft. hgeHOS,
Crapuxcnn urpr(B, BIOrosana,qna 6r,,rrapaa, hEAA III, CoQrn 1912,
ce. I, crp, 59'
ll. C. HEHAIOBI4TT, Pe&ypauuja ,[,onmraueHltq(e upKBe'12. M.
Ml4,lnqEBhTr, Manacrupn y cp6nJu, I'aacuux XXI, rn. lV, Eeorpaa
1867, crp. 26.13. M. BA,]TPOBnT], tlpnuea6e y3 q,laHaK J.
Muurroerha, Ctapnnap, IV, Eeorpar 1887
xH. 4, crP. 105-107.14. n. HI{KOB. klcroptn Ha EHJlHHcKoro
KHqxecrRo ao 1323 r., lCyklOO, XVIII, 8, CoQan
1922, crp. 90 c,r. C'blIII'lfI, O5pasr Ha BHAtTHcKHc xsgg
Mrxas'r lUruuas r Ha ce-MencrBoro rty, I4Bl4n YI, CoQar 1924' crp'
77-89'
15. H. MABPO!,I4HOB, Crapo6t,lrapcKara xHBonnc' CoQnr 1946' crp.
166-169.16. A. 6yPMOB, uur. ca'r., ca. I, crp. 26-27, za6' 145; ca.
II, crp' 9, 3a6' 34'1 7. B, nETKOBl4Tl, npefrea upKBeHnx cnoMeHsKa
Kpos noBecHuuy cpncKor Hapola, Beorpaa
1950, crp. 141-143, o6P. 377-388.18. M.
hOpoBI4h.-Jlby6l4HKOBt4t, P. IIbyEl4HKOBklTr, I{pxaa y AoHboi
Kaueuruu, cra-
prnap H. C. I, beorpaa 1950, crp. 53-85.19. flar rau, crp. 8320.
M. fE[t4l, Oro uprne y ,4otnoj KaMeHruH.21. 6. OEPJAHIII,'ITr,
Aecnorr y BusaHrnjr'r n jyxnocaoseHcKtrM 3eM,lbaMa' Beorpaa
crp. 149--150.22. K. MklflTEB, uut.
nHrax', 3allvap, 6P.cr,q., crp. i85-188; Crartera Ha
P./lto6nHxoenv a cnncaxne ,Pas-l, roa. IV, 1964, ne su 6erue
aocrlnHa'
29. Hanp. BaaroeeuleHfie, BTsxpeceuue ua ,l'lasap, Cpeutara na
MapHr I Eancaaera a 6ossrHrr EraroBeuleHne, Taflnara oevepr, Cnueon
Crr"cnHHX n npfl,ren u c'bulnre a Kocryp.
-S. PELEKANIDES, Kastoria I, Thessalonique 1953, ra6a. 14,
l6g,17,94.30. G. MILLET, Recherches sur l'iconographie de
I'Evangile au XIV. , XVe et XVIc
sidcles, Paris 1916, crp. 128-129, o6p. 81.31. fiar rau, crp.
12932. B. JIA3APEB, I,Icropur Bn3atruflcnon xuBorrucn II, Mocxaa
1g48, ra6r. 146.33. G. MILLET-A. FROLOW, La peinture du Moyen Age
en yougoslavie III, paris
1961, ra6a.23e; CB. PAAOJtlnh, Crapo cpncro c,trjxapcrBo,
Eeorpaa t966, crp. 100;AC, BACl4Jll4EB, l,loanorcxnre creHosnca,
Corpnn, 1953, o6p. 40; V. pETfiOVle, Lapeinture serbe du Moyen-Age
II, Beograd, 1934, ra6a. CLXIX; G. MILLET, Monumentsde l'Athos,
Paris 1927, ra6a. 872.
3-1. M. r P. JIbyBLIHKOBLITT, unr. cbrr,, crp. 56; B. 6VPhTr,
Cooohasn, ra6a. I35. A. ORLANDOS, J Moni Theologou tis Patmou,
Byzantine Art
-
an Europeanart, Athens 1966, o6p. 46.
36. OTTO BIHALY-MERIN, Fresken und Ikonen, Miinchen 1958, ra6r.
2l; S. pELEKANIDES, Kastoria, r. 21,27, 37, 55; hB.
AKPAEOBA-XAHAOBA, EoqncrarauTprna, CoQnr, 1960, o6p. 11, l2; ,rI.
MABPO/'II4HOBA, I{rproara a 3eueu, Corprr1966, o6p. 19, 40.
37. A. GRABAR, La peinture religieuse en Bulgarie. paris 1928,
crp. gg, o6p. lg.
23. B. AI4MOB, Paaronxure ua Tpane:uua e Tr,ptoao, I4EAA V'
CoQna 1915, o6p. 934' 6'n. MABPOAT'IHOBA, O:ranru or creuonxcx B
q'bpxBara npu Aceuooa rpenocr. hsa.ua I,I-ra ga n3o6pa3trrengh
Hsrycraa X, CoQna, 1967' crp. 72,76' o6p. 7 ; 3. JAH[, Opua'MeHrH
Qpecaxa, 6eorpa.r 1961, o6p. 307' 312' 334, 108-ll0'
24. M. u P. JlbyEI"lHKOBl4Tr, uKr. crv., crp' 80'25. M. n P.
'lbyEktHKOBhTr, uur. crq., passim'
26. fl. MABPOAhHOBA, Ocranxr or creHonucu' ' ', crp' 6627. n.
MH,'lbKOBI,lTr-flEnEK, Aeaoro Ha 3ofpaQsre Mnxaj,ro H Eyrnxn.i,
Cxonje
crp. 230, o6p. 135.28. B. byPl4'H, Conohauu, Eeorpar 1963,
S. PELEKANIDES,nal.. $1,b.
38. S. peleXnNlDES, Kastoria, ra6r. 159, 160; D. TALBOT-RICE,
ByzantintscheKunst, Miinchen 1964, o6p. 276-277.
41. CB. PAAOJtlhh, Crapo cpncKo cnrKapcrso, ra6a. 53.42. v.
PETKovld, Peinture serbe Il, tabl. LVI;A. XyNGopoulos, I
toihographies tou
agiou Nlkolaou Orphanou Thessalonikis, Athenes ig65, ra6,r.
5J,52; fl. Ml.l,rlbKoBllh-nEnEK, {eroro ua 3orpaQure, o6p. 125.
43. G. MILLET, Recherches, crp. 493 cr., 51tr-516; c.MILLET-A,
FROLOW, peinture3l en Yougoslavie III, ra6a. 26r.
r38. S. PELEKANIDES, Kastoria, ra6n. t|,'hb,70.f*. us.
AKpAsoBA.xAHAoBA, uur. cril o6p.{ raor. ftb.\e-
-
{4. n. MI'lJlbKOBt4Tr-nEnEK' unr' clbc" ra6t' IX' LXII' CIX'
o6p' 101'ii. iit- ttt,
"cp. 15; B' AI4MOB' unr' caq" ctp' 134-!35' o6p' 90'
S6. S. peLeXeNIDES, Kastoria' ra6;r' llb'47. H. KOHAAKOB,
I'Ironorparpua Eorouarepn' Cn6 1911' crp' 132-133' 43-48 ;-"
;. iltbKoslar,'nrnrx, vvuaHre'qxHte MoTHBH 80 Bu3aHrncKara
yMerHocr sa Baaxa'
"o'. "."poo*"or xa Eoropoanua fleaarouurrrca.,- 36opttux
(Apxeoa. lrysefl), Cronie
tgSg, crp. 15-18, o6p. 12,21 a: B. GyPtlh, tlpxea csere coQuje y
oxpnay' Eeo'rpal, 1963, crP. V'
48. n. M[4JIbKOBh.h-nEIIEK, Vuuanre'rnnte r"roruaH' o6p' 22; K'
MhtTEB'-6poH3oBbrf,pereQcH3o6paxeHreMEorovarepnHsfl"Iosauscxaroily3et'seminariumKondakovia-num
V, Pragha 1932, crp' 39-45' ra6'r' II2'
49. l!1. n P. JfbyEl'lHKOBI4Tr, urr' ctv', crp' 56; J'
}IYSLIVEC' Svaty Jlii ve
vycho-'-'aott.rtanrkemum6ni,Byzantinoslavica'V'Pragha1934'crp'322-372'50.
G. MILLE T-A. FROLOW, wrr, clq ' ra6"r' 291'51. E. EAKAJTOBA, 3a
ssxou rnno'lorfiqaH oco6esocrn Ha cretlotlrcnre npl Eepenae'
hle'
Ha H-ra sa Hso6paaarernr H3KycrBa VIII' CoQrn 1965' crp'
193-220'52. G. de JERPHANION, Les iilises rupestres de Cappadoce'
Paris 1925 r.a6n' l25t'
G. VIOLON, En Cappadoce, ies dglisei rupestres de Goreme' Jardin
des arts' Nr 135'Paris 1966, o6P. na crP' 30'
53.K'LASSITHIoTAKIS'DyoekklisiesstoNomoHanion,Deltiontischristianikisar.chdologikls
eterias, per A, t' B, Athenes' 1962' ra6l' 161' KbAero ue BHAHM H
ulxpo'KHTe ,reuTu Ha caBaxa nla B'usxpecenue Jlasapeao' ra6a'
7'
54. S. PELEKANIDES, Kastoria, ra6n'21t,27u: 'rl'
MABPOAT4HOBA'lltpraara a3erreH'06p"{0
55. Jl. MABPOAT'IHOBA, I-lrproara s 3eMeH, o6p' 38'
56. C. PAAOJT{hh, Crapo cpncKo ctrrapcroo' crp' 125'57, A.
BACI4III4EB, l{'rpxon n *,u,ua'npu us 3anaaHa 6'ulrapnr' Pa:xonxl H
npoy'lsannr
lV'
CoQan 1950, crP. 68, o6P' 20'58. V. PETKOVIC, Peintur; serbe ll,
ra6r. XLVI; D' TALBoT'RICE The church of Ha-
ghia Sophia at Treblzond, Edinburgh' 1968' o6p' 68'59. A.
CRABAR, L'empereur dans l'art byzantin' Paris 1936' crp' 51-53'
ra6lr' Vll1'
&t32
60. B. AhMOB, Paaronrnre na Tpanesnua, o6p. 109, 1106; K.
WEITZMANN, ByzantineMlniature and Icon Paintlng in the Eleventh
century, Proceedlng of the XIIIth inter'natlonal Congress of Byz.
studies, Oxford 1966, ra6r. 21.
61, n. MABPOAhHOBA, l{rproara npn AceHoBa rpenocr, crp. 74.62.
Il. AKPA6OBA-X(AH,(OBA, rar. ctv, o6p. 16, 17.63. V, PETKOVIC,
Peinture serbe II, o6p. 20; A. GRABAR, La pelnture, ctp. 287 ;
K. MI4flTEB, lleurepHa qT proa Ca. Mapuna, fHM VI, 1936, crp.
289; A, XYNGOPOU'LOS, uur. c'rv., o6p. 159.
61. M. CEAOBA, KavenHle flKoHKn ,q,peBHero HorropoAa, Coo.
Apxeoaornr 3, Mocxea 1965,crp.264, o6p.3; A.6AHK, Les monuments de
la peinture Byzantine du XIIIcs., danrles collectlons de I'URSS,
L'art Byzantin du XIIIe sidcle, Beograd 1967, crp. 93 o6p. 3,
4.
65. H. MABPO,[,I4HOB, Crapo6rarapcroro H3KycrEo XI-XIII n., crp.
72,76-77,83.66. M. n P. JIbyEI4HKOBHTT, unr. crv., crp. 78-79.67.
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Aecnorn y Bnsanrrrju, crp. 9-26.g0. n. HI4KOB, uar. c6rr., crp. 85;
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u nalternnlllt Ha Kynrypara, CoSne' 1966, rn. 2, crp.6-13;
C'btUttfl, Marepuanu H rexHHKa. . . crp. 7-8'
34
