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lsquolsquoI want a Boyrsquo the I want a Boyrsquo the preconception folklore preconception folklore
By Langhit Kurar (March 2011)
OUTLINEOUTLINE
Urban myths and preconceptionsDisadvantage and Diversity
- Religious and cultural implicationShettlesrsquo (theory)Evidence-based medicine
- lsquoYour child is what you eatrsquo- lsquoBe the bossrsquo
Urban Myths and Urban Myths and Preconceptions Preconceptions
ETC
MYTH BOY GIRLlsquoYour child is
what you eatrsquo - India
red meat salty food
soya
sweets fish vegetables
lsquoJoy of sexrsquo sleep on LHS love standing
up
missionary position woman orgasms
firstlsquoIts all in the
timingrsquo- China
womans head facing
north quarter
moon odd days
full moon even days
lsquoKeeping coolrsquo- India
high stress warmed testicles
relaxed cooled
testicleslsquoBe the bossrsquo
- Africa male-
dominated relationship
female-dominated relationship
lsquoHairstylersquo straight across
duck-tailed
Religious and Cultural Religious and Cultural ImplicationImplication
Sex selection big business In India abortion of girls on the rise Common amongst wealthy-access to USS 103 (BG) in some states (NBS)(1)
Land inheritance lsquodowryrsquo customs common themes
Illegal to disclose sex of unborn or abort based on gender-practice on increase
lsquoPay Rs 5000 today and save Rs 5 lakhs tomorrowrsquo
-Advertisement
Religious and Cultural Religious and Cultural ImplicationImplication
Missing women of China One-child policy (1979) correlates with gender-based birth rate
disparity 30 million more men than women (2020) predicted (NBS) Underreporting female live births diseases affecting female mortality
illegal sex-related abortion infanticide and child abandonment(2)
Shettlesrsquo (Theory)Shettlesrsquo (Theory)
First reputed child conception idea to determine babyrsquos sex
lsquoHow to Choose the Sex of Your Babyrsquo- publ1970 claims gt75 effectiveness (3)
Basic Concept (timing of intercourse) raquo X-bearing Sperm- Slower and larger than their Y-bearing counterparts- More resilient longer-lived
raquo Y-bearing Sperm- Faster and smaller than their X-bearing counterparts- More fragile short-lived
lsquolsquoYour child is what you eatrsquoYour child is what you eatrsquo
244 female mice fed high saturated fat content produced 60 male offspring vs 274 controls producing 48 male offspring (Plt00001)(5)+(6)
Trivers-Willard hypothesis (1973) (4) raquo Triversrsquo trivial assumptions1)Parental condition associated with offspring condition2)Differences in offspring condition will persist into adulthood3)Being in condition affects mating success of one sex more than the other
lsquoGood conditionrsquo hypothesis or lsquoAdaptiversquo theory
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo
Maternal dominance hypothesis (1996) (7) Maternal dominance
serum testosteronechance of male fetus
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo Faecal testosterone is elevated in
high-ranking female ibexes (lt005) and associated with more male offspring vs subordinate females (8M vs 5M)(8)
Ova development in follicular fluid high in testosterone is more likely to be fertilised by Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa(9)
Recent trial (2010) reported median testosterone levels higher in follicles that resulted in male embryos (3212 ngml) than female embryos (2398 ngml)(10)
Study
N (embryos)
Follicular testosteroneminndashmax (nM)
Median follicular testosteroneof subsequent embryos (nM)
Significance (P)
Male Female(9) 171 11-977 12260 9075 0032(10) 140 13ndash893 11136 8313 006
(11)
Conclusion Conclusion Controversial DebateSocial implications Little scientific evidenceShettles Theory Maternal Condition and
Dominance
REFERENCESREFERENCES1) Current status of abortion in India Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
httpwwwaiimsacinaiimseventsGynaewebsitema_finalsitereport1_1_1htm Retrieved 20111703 2) Johansson S Nygren O (1991) The missing girls of China a new demographic account Population and
Development Review (Population Council) 17 (1) 35ndash51 3) ldquoThe Shettles Method of Sex Selectionrdquo Robin Elise Weiss LCCE Aboutcom Guide
httppregnancyaboutcomodgenderselectionashettlesmethodhtm Retrieved 20111703 4) Trivers RLWillard D (1973) ldquoNatural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspringrdquo Science
179 90ndash925) Alexenko APMao J Ellersieck MRDavis AMWhyte JJ (2007) ldquoThe contrasting effects of ad libitum and
restricted feeding of a diet very high in saturated fats on sex ratio and metabolic hormones in micerdquo Biology of Reproduction 77599ndash604
6) Cameron EZLemons PRBateman PWBennett NC (2008) ldquoExperimental alteration of litter sex ratios in a mammalrdquo Proc Royal Soc of London Series B 275 323ndash327
7) Grant VJIrwin RJ (2005) ldquoFollicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryosrdquo Journ of Experimental Zoology 303A1120ndash1125
8) Shargal DShore LRoteri NTerkel AZorovsky YShemesh MSteinberger Y (2008) ldquoFecal testosterone is elevated in high ranking female ibexes (Capra nubiana) and associated with increased aggression and a preponderance of male offspringrdquo Theriogenology 69 673ndash680
9) Grant VJIrwin RJStandley NTShelling ANChamley LW (2008) ldquoSex of bovine embryos may be related to mothersrsquo preovulatory follicular testosteronerdquo Biol of Reproduction 78 812ndash815
10) Garcia-Herreros MBermejo-Alvarez PRizos DGutierrez-Adan AFahey AGLonergan P (2010) ldquoIntrafollicular testosterone concentration and sex ratio in individually cultured bovine embryosrdquo Reproduction Fertility and Development 22 533ndash538
11) Dama MS Singh NM Rajender S (2011) ldquoHigh Fat Diet Prevents Over-Crowding Induced Decrease of Sex Ratio in Micerdquo PLoS ONE 6(1) e16296
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
OUTLINEOUTLINE
Urban myths and preconceptionsDisadvantage and Diversity
- Religious and cultural implicationShettlesrsquo (theory)Evidence-based medicine
- lsquoYour child is what you eatrsquo- lsquoBe the bossrsquo
Urban Myths and Urban Myths and Preconceptions Preconceptions
ETC
MYTH BOY GIRLlsquoYour child is
what you eatrsquo - India
red meat salty food
soya
sweets fish vegetables
lsquoJoy of sexrsquo sleep on LHS love standing
up
missionary position woman orgasms
firstlsquoIts all in the
timingrsquo- China
womans head facing
north quarter
moon odd days
full moon even days
lsquoKeeping coolrsquo- India
high stress warmed testicles
relaxed cooled
testicleslsquoBe the bossrsquo
- Africa male-
dominated relationship
female-dominated relationship
lsquoHairstylersquo straight across
duck-tailed
Religious and Cultural Religious and Cultural ImplicationImplication
Sex selection big business In India abortion of girls on the rise Common amongst wealthy-access to USS 103 (BG) in some states (NBS)(1)
Land inheritance lsquodowryrsquo customs common themes
Illegal to disclose sex of unborn or abort based on gender-practice on increase
lsquoPay Rs 5000 today and save Rs 5 lakhs tomorrowrsquo
-Advertisement
Religious and Cultural Religious and Cultural ImplicationImplication
Missing women of China One-child policy (1979) correlates with gender-based birth rate
disparity 30 million more men than women (2020) predicted (NBS) Underreporting female live births diseases affecting female mortality
illegal sex-related abortion infanticide and child abandonment(2)
Shettlesrsquo (Theory)Shettlesrsquo (Theory)
First reputed child conception idea to determine babyrsquos sex
lsquoHow to Choose the Sex of Your Babyrsquo- publ1970 claims gt75 effectiveness (3)
Basic Concept (timing of intercourse) raquo X-bearing Sperm- Slower and larger than their Y-bearing counterparts- More resilient longer-lived
raquo Y-bearing Sperm- Faster and smaller than their X-bearing counterparts- More fragile short-lived
lsquolsquoYour child is what you eatrsquoYour child is what you eatrsquo
244 female mice fed high saturated fat content produced 60 male offspring vs 274 controls producing 48 male offspring (Plt00001)(5)+(6)
Trivers-Willard hypothesis (1973) (4) raquo Triversrsquo trivial assumptions1)Parental condition associated with offspring condition2)Differences in offspring condition will persist into adulthood3)Being in condition affects mating success of one sex more than the other
lsquoGood conditionrsquo hypothesis or lsquoAdaptiversquo theory
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo
Maternal dominance hypothesis (1996) (7) Maternal dominance
serum testosteronechance of male fetus
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo Faecal testosterone is elevated in
high-ranking female ibexes (lt005) and associated with more male offspring vs subordinate females (8M vs 5M)(8)
Ova development in follicular fluid high in testosterone is more likely to be fertilised by Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa(9)
Recent trial (2010) reported median testosterone levels higher in follicles that resulted in male embryos (3212 ngml) than female embryos (2398 ngml)(10)
Study
N (embryos)
Follicular testosteroneminndashmax (nM)
Median follicular testosteroneof subsequent embryos (nM)
Significance (P)
Male Female(9) 171 11-977 12260 9075 0032(10) 140 13ndash893 11136 8313 006
(11)
Conclusion Conclusion Controversial DebateSocial implications Little scientific evidenceShettles Theory Maternal Condition and
Dominance
REFERENCESREFERENCES1) Current status of abortion in India Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
httpwwwaiimsacinaiimseventsGynaewebsitema_finalsitereport1_1_1htm Retrieved 20111703 2) Johansson S Nygren O (1991) The missing girls of China a new demographic account Population and
Development Review (Population Council) 17 (1) 35ndash51 3) ldquoThe Shettles Method of Sex Selectionrdquo Robin Elise Weiss LCCE Aboutcom Guide
httppregnancyaboutcomodgenderselectionashettlesmethodhtm Retrieved 20111703 4) Trivers RLWillard D (1973) ldquoNatural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspringrdquo Science
179 90ndash925) Alexenko APMao J Ellersieck MRDavis AMWhyte JJ (2007) ldquoThe contrasting effects of ad libitum and
restricted feeding of a diet very high in saturated fats on sex ratio and metabolic hormones in micerdquo Biology of Reproduction 77599ndash604
6) Cameron EZLemons PRBateman PWBennett NC (2008) ldquoExperimental alteration of litter sex ratios in a mammalrdquo Proc Royal Soc of London Series B 275 323ndash327
7) Grant VJIrwin RJ (2005) ldquoFollicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryosrdquo Journ of Experimental Zoology 303A1120ndash1125
8) Shargal DShore LRoteri NTerkel AZorovsky YShemesh MSteinberger Y (2008) ldquoFecal testosterone is elevated in high ranking female ibexes (Capra nubiana) and associated with increased aggression and a preponderance of male offspringrdquo Theriogenology 69 673ndash680
9) Grant VJIrwin RJStandley NTShelling ANChamley LW (2008) ldquoSex of bovine embryos may be related to mothersrsquo preovulatory follicular testosteronerdquo Biol of Reproduction 78 812ndash815
10) Garcia-Herreros MBermejo-Alvarez PRizos DGutierrez-Adan AFahey AGLonergan P (2010) ldquoIntrafollicular testosterone concentration and sex ratio in individually cultured bovine embryosrdquo Reproduction Fertility and Development 22 533ndash538
11) Dama MS Singh NM Rajender S (2011) ldquoHigh Fat Diet Prevents Over-Crowding Induced Decrease of Sex Ratio in Micerdquo PLoS ONE 6(1) e16296
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
Urban Myths and Urban Myths and Preconceptions Preconceptions
ETC
MYTH BOY GIRLlsquoYour child is
what you eatrsquo - India
red meat salty food
soya
sweets fish vegetables
lsquoJoy of sexrsquo sleep on LHS love standing
up
missionary position woman orgasms
firstlsquoIts all in the
timingrsquo- China
womans head facing
north quarter
moon odd days
full moon even days
lsquoKeeping coolrsquo- India
high stress warmed testicles
relaxed cooled
testicleslsquoBe the bossrsquo
- Africa male-
dominated relationship
female-dominated relationship
lsquoHairstylersquo straight across
duck-tailed
Religious and Cultural Religious and Cultural ImplicationImplication
Sex selection big business In India abortion of girls on the rise Common amongst wealthy-access to USS 103 (BG) in some states (NBS)(1)
Land inheritance lsquodowryrsquo customs common themes
Illegal to disclose sex of unborn or abort based on gender-practice on increase
lsquoPay Rs 5000 today and save Rs 5 lakhs tomorrowrsquo
-Advertisement
Religious and Cultural Religious and Cultural ImplicationImplication
Missing women of China One-child policy (1979) correlates with gender-based birth rate
disparity 30 million more men than women (2020) predicted (NBS) Underreporting female live births diseases affecting female mortality
illegal sex-related abortion infanticide and child abandonment(2)
Shettlesrsquo (Theory)Shettlesrsquo (Theory)
First reputed child conception idea to determine babyrsquos sex
lsquoHow to Choose the Sex of Your Babyrsquo- publ1970 claims gt75 effectiveness (3)
Basic Concept (timing of intercourse) raquo X-bearing Sperm- Slower and larger than their Y-bearing counterparts- More resilient longer-lived
raquo Y-bearing Sperm- Faster and smaller than their X-bearing counterparts- More fragile short-lived
lsquolsquoYour child is what you eatrsquoYour child is what you eatrsquo
244 female mice fed high saturated fat content produced 60 male offspring vs 274 controls producing 48 male offspring (Plt00001)(5)+(6)
Trivers-Willard hypothesis (1973) (4) raquo Triversrsquo trivial assumptions1)Parental condition associated with offspring condition2)Differences in offspring condition will persist into adulthood3)Being in condition affects mating success of one sex more than the other
lsquoGood conditionrsquo hypothesis or lsquoAdaptiversquo theory
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo
Maternal dominance hypothesis (1996) (7) Maternal dominance
serum testosteronechance of male fetus
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo Faecal testosterone is elevated in
high-ranking female ibexes (lt005) and associated with more male offspring vs subordinate females (8M vs 5M)(8)
Ova development in follicular fluid high in testosterone is more likely to be fertilised by Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa(9)
Recent trial (2010) reported median testosterone levels higher in follicles that resulted in male embryos (3212 ngml) than female embryos (2398 ngml)(10)
Study
N (embryos)
Follicular testosteroneminndashmax (nM)
Median follicular testosteroneof subsequent embryos (nM)
Significance (P)
Male Female(9) 171 11-977 12260 9075 0032(10) 140 13ndash893 11136 8313 006
(11)
Conclusion Conclusion Controversial DebateSocial implications Little scientific evidenceShettles Theory Maternal Condition and
Dominance
REFERENCESREFERENCES1) Current status of abortion in India Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
httpwwwaiimsacinaiimseventsGynaewebsitema_finalsitereport1_1_1htm Retrieved 20111703 2) Johansson S Nygren O (1991) The missing girls of China a new demographic account Population and
Development Review (Population Council) 17 (1) 35ndash51 3) ldquoThe Shettles Method of Sex Selectionrdquo Robin Elise Weiss LCCE Aboutcom Guide
httppregnancyaboutcomodgenderselectionashettlesmethodhtm Retrieved 20111703 4) Trivers RLWillard D (1973) ldquoNatural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspringrdquo Science
179 90ndash925) Alexenko APMao J Ellersieck MRDavis AMWhyte JJ (2007) ldquoThe contrasting effects of ad libitum and
restricted feeding of a diet very high in saturated fats on sex ratio and metabolic hormones in micerdquo Biology of Reproduction 77599ndash604
6) Cameron EZLemons PRBateman PWBennett NC (2008) ldquoExperimental alteration of litter sex ratios in a mammalrdquo Proc Royal Soc of London Series B 275 323ndash327
7) Grant VJIrwin RJ (2005) ldquoFollicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryosrdquo Journ of Experimental Zoology 303A1120ndash1125
8) Shargal DShore LRoteri NTerkel AZorovsky YShemesh MSteinberger Y (2008) ldquoFecal testosterone is elevated in high ranking female ibexes (Capra nubiana) and associated with increased aggression and a preponderance of male offspringrdquo Theriogenology 69 673ndash680
9) Grant VJIrwin RJStandley NTShelling ANChamley LW (2008) ldquoSex of bovine embryos may be related to mothersrsquo preovulatory follicular testosteronerdquo Biol of Reproduction 78 812ndash815
10) Garcia-Herreros MBermejo-Alvarez PRizos DGutierrez-Adan AFahey AGLonergan P (2010) ldquoIntrafollicular testosterone concentration and sex ratio in individually cultured bovine embryosrdquo Reproduction Fertility and Development 22 533ndash538
11) Dama MS Singh NM Rajender S (2011) ldquoHigh Fat Diet Prevents Over-Crowding Induced Decrease of Sex Ratio in Micerdquo PLoS ONE 6(1) e16296
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
Religious and Cultural Religious and Cultural ImplicationImplication
Sex selection big business In India abortion of girls on the rise Common amongst wealthy-access to USS 103 (BG) in some states (NBS)(1)
Land inheritance lsquodowryrsquo customs common themes
Illegal to disclose sex of unborn or abort based on gender-practice on increase
lsquoPay Rs 5000 today and save Rs 5 lakhs tomorrowrsquo
-Advertisement
Religious and Cultural Religious and Cultural ImplicationImplication
Missing women of China One-child policy (1979) correlates with gender-based birth rate
disparity 30 million more men than women (2020) predicted (NBS) Underreporting female live births diseases affecting female mortality
illegal sex-related abortion infanticide and child abandonment(2)
Shettlesrsquo (Theory)Shettlesrsquo (Theory)
First reputed child conception idea to determine babyrsquos sex
lsquoHow to Choose the Sex of Your Babyrsquo- publ1970 claims gt75 effectiveness (3)
Basic Concept (timing of intercourse) raquo X-bearing Sperm- Slower and larger than their Y-bearing counterparts- More resilient longer-lived
raquo Y-bearing Sperm- Faster and smaller than their X-bearing counterparts- More fragile short-lived
lsquolsquoYour child is what you eatrsquoYour child is what you eatrsquo
244 female mice fed high saturated fat content produced 60 male offspring vs 274 controls producing 48 male offspring (Plt00001)(5)+(6)
Trivers-Willard hypothesis (1973) (4) raquo Triversrsquo trivial assumptions1)Parental condition associated with offspring condition2)Differences in offspring condition will persist into adulthood3)Being in condition affects mating success of one sex more than the other
lsquoGood conditionrsquo hypothesis or lsquoAdaptiversquo theory
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo
Maternal dominance hypothesis (1996) (7) Maternal dominance
serum testosteronechance of male fetus
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo Faecal testosterone is elevated in
high-ranking female ibexes (lt005) and associated with more male offspring vs subordinate females (8M vs 5M)(8)
Ova development in follicular fluid high in testosterone is more likely to be fertilised by Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa(9)
Recent trial (2010) reported median testosterone levels higher in follicles that resulted in male embryos (3212 ngml) than female embryos (2398 ngml)(10)
Study
N (embryos)
Follicular testosteroneminndashmax (nM)
Median follicular testosteroneof subsequent embryos (nM)
Significance (P)
Male Female(9) 171 11-977 12260 9075 0032(10) 140 13ndash893 11136 8313 006
(11)
Conclusion Conclusion Controversial DebateSocial implications Little scientific evidenceShettles Theory Maternal Condition and
Dominance
REFERENCESREFERENCES1) Current status of abortion in India Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
httpwwwaiimsacinaiimseventsGynaewebsitema_finalsitereport1_1_1htm Retrieved 20111703 2) Johansson S Nygren O (1991) The missing girls of China a new demographic account Population and
Development Review (Population Council) 17 (1) 35ndash51 3) ldquoThe Shettles Method of Sex Selectionrdquo Robin Elise Weiss LCCE Aboutcom Guide
httppregnancyaboutcomodgenderselectionashettlesmethodhtm Retrieved 20111703 4) Trivers RLWillard D (1973) ldquoNatural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspringrdquo Science
179 90ndash925) Alexenko APMao J Ellersieck MRDavis AMWhyte JJ (2007) ldquoThe contrasting effects of ad libitum and
restricted feeding of a diet very high in saturated fats on sex ratio and metabolic hormones in micerdquo Biology of Reproduction 77599ndash604
6) Cameron EZLemons PRBateman PWBennett NC (2008) ldquoExperimental alteration of litter sex ratios in a mammalrdquo Proc Royal Soc of London Series B 275 323ndash327
7) Grant VJIrwin RJ (2005) ldquoFollicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryosrdquo Journ of Experimental Zoology 303A1120ndash1125
8) Shargal DShore LRoteri NTerkel AZorovsky YShemesh MSteinberger Y (2008) ldquoFecal testosterone is elevated in high ranking female ibexes (Capra nubiana) and associated with increased aggression and a preponderance of male offspringrdquo Theriogenology 69 673ndash680
9) Grant VJIrwin RJStandley NTShelling ANChamley LW (2008) ldquoSex of bovine embryos may be related to mothersrsquo preovulatory follicular testosteronerdquo Biol of Reproduction 78 812ndash815
10) Garcia-Herreros MBermejo-Alvarez PRizos DGutierrez-Adan AFahey AGLonergan P (2010) ldquoIntrafollicular testosterone concentration and sex ratio in individually cultured bovine embryosrdquo Reproduction Fertility and Development 22 533ndash538
11) Dama MS Singh NM Rajender S (2011) ldquoHigh Fat Diet Prevents Over-Crowding Induced Decrease of Sex Ratio in Micerdquo PLoS ONE 6(1) e16296
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
Religious and Cultural Religious and Cultural ImplicationImplication
Missing women of China One-child policy (1979) correlates with gender-based birth rate
disparity 30 million more men than women (2020) predicted (NBS) Underreporting female live births diseases affecting female mortality
illegal sex-related abortion infanticide and child abandonment(2)
Shettlesrsquo (Theory)Shettlesrsquo (Theory)
First reputed child conception idea to determine babyrsquos sex
lsquoHow to Choose the Sex of Your Babyrsquo- publ1970 claims gt75 effectiveness (3)
Basic Concept (timing of intercourse) raquo X-bearing Sperm- Slower and larger than their Y-bearing counterparts- More resilient longer-lived
raquo Y-bearing Sperm- Faster and smaller than their X-bearing counterparts- More fragile short-lived
lsquolsquoYour child is what you eatrsquoYour child is what you eatrsquo
244 female mice fed high saturated fat content produced 60 male offspring vs 274 controls producing 48 male offspring (Plt00001)(5)+(6)
Trivers-Willard hypothesis (1973) (4) raquo Triversrsquo trivial assumptions1)Parental condition associated with offspring condition2)Differences in offspring condition will persist into adulthood3)Being in condition affects mating success of one sex more than the other
lsquoGood conditionrsquo hypothesis or lsquoAdaptiversquo theory
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo
Maternal dominance hypothesis (1996) (7) Maternal dominance
serum testosteronechance of male fetus
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo Faecal testosterone is elevated in
high-ranking female ibexes (lt005) and associated with more male offspring vs subordinate females (8M vs 5M)(8)
Ova development in follicular fluid high in testosterone is more likely to be fertilised by Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa(9)
Recent trial (2010) reported median testosterone levels higher in follicles that resulted in male embryos (3212 ngml) than female embryos (2398 ngml)(10)
Study
N (embryos)
Follicular testosteroneminndashmax (nM)
Median follicular testosteroneof subsequent embryos (nM)
Significance (P)
Male Female(9) 171 11-977 12260 9075 0032(10) 140 13ndash893 11136 8313 006
(11)
Conclusion Conclusion Controversial DebateSocial implications Little scientific evidenceShettles Theory Maternal Condition and
Dominance
REFERENCESREFERENCES1) Current status of abortion in India Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
httpwwwaiimsacinaiimseventsGynaewebsitema_finalsitereport1_1_1htm Retrieved 20111703 2) Johansson S Nygren O (1991) The missing girls of China a new demographic account Population and
Development Review (Population Council) 17 (1) 35ndash51 3) ldquoThe Shettles Method of Sex Selectionrdquo Robin Elise Weiss LCCE Aboutcom Guide
httppregnancyaboutcomodgenderselectionashettlesmethodhtm Retrieved 20111703 4) Trivers RLWillard D (1973) ldquoNatural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspringrdquo Science
179 90ndash925) Alexenko APMao J Ellersieck MRDavis AMWhyte JJ (2007) ldquoThe contrasting effects of ad libitum and
restricted feeding of a diet very high in saturated fats on sex ratio and metabolic hormones in micerdquo Biology of Reproduction 77599ndash604
6) Cameron EZLemons PRBateman PWBennett NC (2008) ldquoExperimental alteration of litter sex ratios in a mammalrdquo Proc Royal Soc of London Series B 275 323ndash327
7) Grant VJIrwin RJ (2005) ldquoFollicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryosrdquo Journ of Experimental Zoology 303A1120ndash1125
8) Shargal DShore LRoteri NTerkel AZorovsky YShemesh MSteinberger Y (2008) ldquoFecal testosterone is elevated in high ranking female ibexes (Capra nubiana) and associated with increased aggression and a preponderance of male offspringrdquo Theriogenology 69 673ndash680
9) Grant VJIrwin RJStandley NTShelling ANChamley LW (2008) ldquoSex of bovine embryos may be related to mothersrsquo preovulatory follicular testosteronerdquo Biol of Reproduction 78 812ndash815
10) Garcia-Herreros MBermejo-Alvarez PRizos DGutierrez-Adan AFahey AGLonergan P (2010) ldquoIntrafollicular testosterone concentration and sex ratio in individually cultured bovine embryosrdquo Reproduction Fertility and Development 22 533ndash538
11) Dama MS Singh NM Rajender S (2011) ldquoHigh Fat Diet Prevents Over-Crowding Induced Decrease of Sex Ratio in Micerdquo PLoS ONE 6(1) e16296
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
Shettlesrsquo (Theory)Shettlesrsquo (Theory)
First reputed child conception idea to determine babyrsquos sex
lsquoHow to Choose the Sex of Your Babyrsquo- publ1970 claims gt75 effectiveness (3)
Basic Concept (timing of intercourse) raquo X-bearing Sperm- Slower and larger than their Y-bearing counterparts- More resilient longer-lived
raquo Y-bearing Sperm- Faster and smaller than their X-bearing counterparts- More fragile short-lived
lsquolsquoYour child is what you eatrsquoYour child is what you eatrsquo
244 female mice fed high saturated fat content produced 60 male offspring vs 274 controls producing 48 male offspring (Plt00001)(5)+(6)
Trivers-Willard hypothesis (1973) (4) raquo Triversrsquo trivial assumptions1)Parental condition associated with offspring condition2)Differences in offspring condition will persist into adulthood3)Being in condition affects mating success of one sex more than the other
lsquoGood conditionrsquo hypothesis or lsquoAdaptiversquo theory
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo
Maternal dominance hypothesis (1996) (7) Maternal dominance
serum testosteronechance of male fetus
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo Faecal testosterone is elevated in
high-ranking female ibexes (lt005) and associated with more male offspring vs subordinate females (8M vs 5M)(8)
Ova development in follicular fluid high in testosterone is more likely to be fertilised by Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa(9)
Recent trial (2010) reported median testosterone levels higher in follicles that resulted in male embryos (3212 ngml) than female embryos (2398 ngml)(10)
Study
N (embryos)
Follicular testosteroneminndashmax (nM)
Median follicular testosteroneof subsequent embryos (nM)
Significance (P)
Male Female(9) 171 11-977 12260 9075 0032(10) 140 13ndash893 11136 8313 006
(11)
Conclusion Conclusion Controversial DebateSocial implications Little scientific evidenceShettles Theory Maternal Condition and
Dominance
REFERENCESREFERENCES1) Current status of abortion in India Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
httpwwwaiimsacinaiimseventsGynaewebsitema_finalsitereport1_1_1htm Retrieved 20111703 2) Johansson S Nygren O (1991) The missing girls of China a new demographic account Population and
Development Review (Population Council) 17 (1) 35ndash51 3) ldquoThe Shettles Method of Sex Selectionrdquo Robin Elise Weiss LCCE Aboutcom Guide
httppregnancyaboutcomodgenderselectionashettlesmethodhtm Retrieved 20111703 4) Trivers RLWillard D (1973) ldquoNatural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspringrdquo Science
179 90ndash925) Alexenko APMao J Ellersieck MRDavis AMWhyte JJ (2007) ldquoThe contrasting effects of ad libitum and
restricted feeding of a diet very high in saturated fats on sex ratio and metabolic hormones in micerdquo Biology of Reproduction 77599ndash604
6) Cameron EZLemons PRBateman PWBennett NC (2008) ldquoExperimental alteration of litter sex ratios in a mammalrdquo Proc Royal Soc of London Series B 275 323ndash327
7) Grant VJIrwin RJ (2005) ldquoFollicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryosrdquo Journ of Experimental Zoology 303A1120ndash1125
8) Shargal DShore LRoteri NTerkel AZorovsky YShemesh MSteinberger Y (2008) ldquoFecal testosterone is elevated in high ranking female ibexes (Capra nubiana) and associated with increased aggression and a preponderance of male offspringrdquo Theriogenology 69 673ndash680
9) Grant VJIrwin RJStandley NTShelling ANChamley LW (2008) ldquoSex of bovine embryos may be related to mothersrsquo preovulatory follicular testosteronerdquo Biol of Reproduction 78 812ndash815
10) Garcia-Herreros MBermejo-Alvarez PRizos DGutierrez-Adan AFahey AGLonergan P (2010) ldquoIntrafollicular testosterone concentration and sex ratio in individually cultured bovine embryosrdquo Reproduction Fertility and Development 22 533ndash538
11) Dama MS Singh NM Rajender S (2011) ldquoHigh Fat Diet Prevents Over-Crowding Induced Decrease of Sex Ratio in Micerdquo PLoS ONE 6(1) e16296
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
lsquolsquoYour child is what you eatrsquoYour child is what you eatrsquo
244 female mice fed high saturated fat content produced 60 male offspring vs 274 controls producing 48 male offspring (Plt00001)(5)+(6)
Trivers-Willard hypothesis (1973) (4) raquo Triversrsquo trivial assumptions1)Parental condition associated with offspring condition2)Differences in offspring condition will persist into adulthood3)Being in condition affects mating success of one sex more than the other
lsquoGood conditionrsquo hypothesis or lsquoAdaptiversquo theory
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo
Maternal dominance hypothesis (1996) (7) Maternal dominance
serum testosteronechance of male fetus
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo Faecal testosterone is elevated in
high-ranking female ibexes (lt005) and associated with more male offspring vs subordinate females (8M vs 5M)(8)
Ova development in follicular fluid high in testosterone is more likely to be fertilised by Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa(9)
Recent trial (2010) reported median testosterone levels higher in follicles that resulted in male embryos (3212 ngml) than female embryos (2398 ngml)(10)
Study
N (embryos)
Follicular testosteroneminndashmax (nM)
Median follicular testosteroneof subsequent embryos (nM)
Significance (P)
Male Female(9) 171 11-977 12260 9075 0032(10) 140 13ndash893 11136 8313 006
(11)
Conclusion Conclusion Controversial DebateSocial implications Little scientific evidenceShettles Theory Maternal Condition and
Dominance
REFERENCESREFERENCES1) Current status of abortion in India Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
httpwwwaiimsacinaiimseventsGynaewebsitema_finalsitereport1_1_1htm Retrieved 20111703 2) Johansson S Nygren O (1991) The missing girls of China a new demographic account Population and
Development Review (Population Council) 17 (1) 35ndash51 3) ldquoThe Shettles Method of Sex Selectionrdquo Robin Elise Weiss LCCE Aboutcom Guide
httppregnancyaboutcomodgenderselectionashettlesmethodhtm Retrieved 20111703 4) Trivers RLWillard D (1973) ldquoNatural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspringrdquo Science
179 90ndash925) Alexenko APMao J Ellersieck MRDavis AMWhyte JJ (2007) ldquoThe contrasting effects of ad libitum and
restricted feeding of a diet very high in saturated fats on sex ratio and metabolic hormones in micerdquo Biology of Reproduction 77599ndash604
6) Cameron EZLemons PRBateman PWBennett NC (2008) ldquoExperimental alteration of litter sex ratios in a mammalrdquo Proc Royal Soc of London Series B 275 323ndash327
7) Grant VJIrwin RJ (2005) ldquoFollicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryosrdquo Journ of Experimental Zoology 303A1120ndash1125
8) Shargal DShore LRoteri NTerkel AZorovsky YShemesh MSteinberger Y (2008) ldquoFecal testosterone is elevated in high ranking female ibexes (Capra nubiana) and associated with increased aggression and a preponderance of male offspringrdquo Theriogenology 69 673ndash680
9) Grant VJIrwin RJStandley NTShelling ANChamley LW (2008) ldquoSex of bovine embryos may be related to mothersrsquo preovulatory follicular testosteronerdquo Biol of Reproduction 78 812ndash815
10) Garcia-Herreros MBermejo-Alvarez PRizos DGutierrez-Adan AFahey AGLonergan P (2010) ldquoIntrafollicular testosterone concentration and sex ratio in individually cultured bovine embryosrdquo Reproduction Fertility and Development 22 533ndash538
11) Dama MS Singh NM Rajender S (2011) ldquoHigh Fat Diet Prevents Over-Crowding Induced Decrease of Sex Ratio in Micerdquo PLoS ONE 6(1) e16296
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo
Maternal dominance hypothesis (1996) (7) Maternal dominance
serum testosteronechance of male fetus
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo Faecal testosterone is elevated in
high-ranking female ibexes (lt005) and associated with more male offspring vs subordinate females (8M vs 5M)(8)
Ova development in follicular fluid high in testosterone is more likely to be fertilised by Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa(9)
Recent trial (2010) reported median testosterone levels higher in follicles that resulted in male embryos (3212 ngml) than female embryos (2398 ngml)(10)
Study
N (embryos)
Follicular testosteroneminndashmax (nM)
Median follicular testosteroneof subsequent embryos (nM)
Significance (P)
Male Female(9) 171 11-977 12260 9075 0032(10) 140 13ndash893 11136 8313 006
(11)
Conclusion Conclusion Controversial DebateSocial implications Little scientific evidenceShettles Theory Maternal Condition and
Dominance
REFERENCESREFERENCES1) Current status of abortion in India Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
httpwwwaiimsacinaiimseventsGynaewebsitema_finalsitereport1_1_1htm Retrieved 20111703 2) Johansson S Nygren O (1991) The missing girls of China a new demographic account Population and
Development Review (Population Council) 17 (1) 35ndash51 3) ldquoThe Shettles Method of Sex Selectionrdquo Robin Elise Weiss LCCE Aboutcom Guide
httppregnancyaboutcomodgenderselectionashettlesmethodhtm Retrieved 20111703 4) Trivers RLWillard D (1973) ldquoNatural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspringrdquo Science
179 90ndash925) Alexenko APMao J Ellersieck MRDavis AMWhyte JJ (2007) ldquoThe contrasting effects of ad libitum and
restricted feeding of a diet very high in saturated fats on sex ratio and metabolic hormones in micerdquo Biology of Reproduction 77599ndash604
6) Cameron EZLemons PRBateman PWBennett NC (2008) ldquoExperimental alteration of litter sex ratios in a mammalrdquo Proc Royal Soc of London Series B 275 323ndash327
7) Grant VJIrwin RJ (2005) ldquoFollicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryosrdquo Journ of Experimental Zoology 303A1120ndash1125
8) Shargal DShore LRoteri NTerkel AZorovsky YShemesh MSteinberger Y (2008) ldquoFecal testosterone is elevated in high ranking female ibexes (Capra nubiana) and associated with increased aggression and a preponderance of male offspringrdquo Theriogenology 69 673ndash680
9) Grant VJIrwin RJStandley NTShelling ANChamley LW (2008) ldquoSex of bovine embryos may be related to mothersrsquo preovulatory follicular testosteronerdquo Biol of Reproduction 78 812ndash815
10) Garcia-Herreros MBermejo-Alvarez PRizos DGutierrez-Adan AFahey AGLonergan P (2010) ldquoIntrafollicular testosterone concentration and sex ratio in individually cultured bovine embryosrdquo Reproduction Fertility and Development 22 533ndash538
11) Dama MS Singh NM Rajender S (2011) ldquoHigh Fat Diet Prevents Over-Crowding Induced Decrease of Sex Ratio in Micerdquo PLoS ONE 6(1) e16296
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
lsquolsquoBe the bossrsquoBe the bossrsquo Faecal testosterone is elevated in
high-ranking female ibexes (lt005) and associated with more male offspring vs subordinate females (8M vs 5M)(8)
Ova development in follicular fluid high in testosterone is more likely to be fertilised by Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa(9)
Recent trial (2010) reported median testosterone levels higher in follicles that resulted in male embryos (3212 ngml) than female embryos (2398 ngml)(10)
Study
N (embryos)
Follicular testosteroneminndashmax (nM)
Median follicular testosteroneof subsequent embryos (nM)
Significance (P)
Male Female(9) 171 11-977 12260 9075 0032(10) 140 13ndash893 11136 8313 006
(11)
Conclusion Conclusion Controversial DebateSocial implications Little scientific evidenceShettles Theory Maternal Condition and
Dominance
REFERENCESREFERENCES1) Current status of abortion in India Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
httpwwwaiimsacinaiimseventsGynaewebsitema_finalsitereport1_1_1htm Retrieved 20111703 2) Johansson S Nygren O (1991) The missing girls of China a new demographic account Population and
Development Review (Population Council) 17 (1) 35ndash51 3) ldquoThe Shettles Method of Sex Selectionrdquo Robin Elise Weiss LCCE Aboutcom Guide
httppregnancyaboutcomodgenderselectionashettlesmethodhtm Retrieved 20111703 4) Trivers RLWillard D (1973) ldquoNatural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspringrdquo Science
179 90ndash925) Alexenko APMao J Ellersieck MRDavis AMWhyte JJ (2007) ldquoThe contrasting effects of ad libitum and
restricted feeding of a diet very high in saturated fats on sex ratio and metabolic hormones in micerdquo Biology of Reproduction 77599ndash604
6) Cameron EZLemons PRBateman PWBennett NC (2008) ldquoExperimental alteration of litter sex ratios in a mammalrdquo Proc Royal Soc of London Series B 275 323ndash327
7) Grant VJIrwin RJ (2005) ldquoFollicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryosrdquo Journ of Experimental Zoology 303A1120ndash1125
8) Shargal DShore LRoteri NTerkel AZorovsky YShemesh MSteinberger Y (2008) ldquoFecal testosterone is elevated in high ranking female ibexes (Capra nubiana) and associated with increased aggression and a preponderance of male offspringrdquo Theriogenology 69 673ndash680
9) Grant VJIrwin RJStandley NTShelling ANChamley LW (2008) ldquoSex of bovine embryos may be related to mothersrsquo preovulatory follicular testosteronerdquo Biol of Reproduction 78 812ndash815
10) Garcia-Herreros MBermejo-Alvarez PRizos DGutierrez-Adan AFahey AGLonergan P (2010) ldquoIntrafollicular testosterone concentration and sex ratio in individually cultured bovine embryosrdquo Reproduction Fertility and Development 22 533ndash538
11) Dama MS Singh NM Rajender S (2011) ldquoHigh Fat Diet Prevents Over-Crowding Induced Decrease of Sex Ratio in Micerdquo PLoS ONE 6(1) e16296
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
(11)
Conclusion Conclusion Controversial DebateSocial implications Little scientific evidenceShettles Theory Maternal Condition and
Dominance
REFERENCESREFERENCES1) Current status of abortion in India Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
httpwwwaiimsacinaiimseventsGynaewebsitema_finalsitereport1_1_1htm Retrieved 20111703 2) Johansson S Nygren O (1991) The missing girls of China a new demographic account Population and
Development Review (Population Council) 17 (1) 35ndash51 3) ldquoThe Shettles Method of Sex Selectionrdquo Robin Elise Weiss LCCE Aboutcom Guide
httppregnancyaboutcomodgenderselectionashettlesmethodhtm Retrieved 20111703 4) Trivers RLWillard D (1973) ldquoNatural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspringrdquo Science
179 90ndash925) Alexenko APMao J Ellersieck MRDavis AMWhyte JJ (2007) ldquoThe contrasting effects of ad libitum and
restricted feeding of a diet very high in saturated fats on sex ratio and metabolic hormones in micerdquo Biology of Reproduction 77599ndash604
6) Cameron EZLemons PRBateman PWBennett NC (2008) ldquoExperimental alteration of litter sex ratios in a mammalrdquo Proc Royal Soc of London Series B 275 323ndash327
7) Grant VJIrwin RJ (2005) ldquoFollicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryosrdquo Journ of Experimental Zoology 303A1120ndash1125
8) Shargal DShore LRoteri NTerkel AZorovsky YShemesh MSteinberger Y (2008) ldquoFecal testosterone is elevated in high ranking female ibexes (Capra nubiana) and associated with increased aggression and a preponderance of male offspringrdquo Theriogenology 69 673ndash680
9) Grant VJIrwin RJStandley NTShelling ANChamley LW (2008) ldquoSex of bovine embryos may be related to mothersrsquo preovulatory follicular testosteronerdquo Biol of Reproduction 78 812ndash815
10) Garcia-Herreros MBermejo-Alvarez PRizos DGutierrez-Adan AFahey AGLonergan P (2010) ldquoIntrafollicular testosterone concentration and sex ratio in individually cultured bovine embryosrdquo Reproduction Fertility and Development 22 533ndash538
11) Dama MS Singh NM Rajender S (2011) ldquoHigh Fat Diet Prevents Over-Crowding Induced Decrease of Sex Ratio in Micerdquo PLoS ONE 6(1) e16296
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
Conclusion Conclusion Controversial DebateSocial implications Little scientific evidenceShettles Theory Maternal Condition and
Dominance
REFERENCESREFERENCES1) Current status of abortion in India Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
httpwwwaiimsacinaiimseventsGynaewebsitema_finalsitereport1_1_1htm Retrieved 20111703 2) Johansson S Nygren O (1991) The missing girls of China a new demographic account Population and
Development Review (Population Council) 17 (1) 35ndash51 3) ldquoThe Shettles Method of Sex Selectionrdquo Robin Elise Weiss LCCE Aboutcom Guide
httppregnancyaboutcomodgenderselectionashettlesmethodhtm Retrieved 20111703 4) Trivers RLWillard D (1973) ldquoNatural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspringrdquo Science
179 90ndash925) Alexenko APMao J Ellersieck MRDavis AMWhyte JJ (2007) ldquoThe contrasting effects of ad libitum and
restricted feeding of a diet very high in saturated fats on sex ratio and metabolic hormones in micerdquo Biology of Reproduction 77599ndash604
6) Cameron EZLemons PRBateman PWBennett NC (2008) ldquoExperimental alteration of litter sex ratios in a mammalrdquo Proc Royal Soc of London Series B 275 323ndash327
7) Grant VJIrwin RJ (2005) ldquoFollicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryosrdquo Journ of Experimental Zoology 303A1120ndash1125
8) Shargal DShore LRoteri NTerkel AZorovsky YShemesh MSteinberger Y (2008) ldquoFecal testosterone is elevated in high ranking female ibexes (Capra nubiana) and associated with increased aggression and a preponderance of male offspringrdquo Theriogenology 69 673ndash680
9) Grant VJIrwin RJStandley NTShelling ANChamley LW (2008) ldquoSex of bovine embryos may be related to mothersrsquo preovulatory follicular testosteronerdquo Biol of Reproduction 78 812ndash815
10) Garcia-Herreros MBermejo-Alvarez PRizos DGutierrez-Adan AFahey AGLonergan P (2010) ldquoIntrafollicular testosterone concentration and sex ratio in individually cultured bovine embryosrdquo Reproduction Fertility and Development 22 533ndash538
11) Dama MS Singh NM Rajender S (2011) ldquoHigh Fat Diet Prevents Over-Crowding Induced Decrease of Sex Ratio in Micerdquo PLoS ONE 6(1) e16296
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
REFERENCESREFERENCES1) Current status of abortion in India Consortium on National Consensus for Medical Abortion in India
httpwwwaiimsacinaiimseventsGynaewebsitema_finalsitereport1_1_1htm Retrieved 20111703 2) Johansson S Nygren O (1991) The missing girls of China a new demographic account Population and
Development Review (Population Council) 17 (1) 35ndash51 3) ldquoThe Shettles Method of Sex Selectionrdquo Robin Elise Weiss LCCE Aboutcom Guide
httppregnancyaboutcomodgenderselectionashettlesmethodhtm Retrieved 20111703 4) Trivers RLWillard D (1973) ldquoNatural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspringrdquo Science
179 90ndash925) Alexenko APMao J Ellersieck MRDavis AMWhyte JJ (2007) ldquoThe contrasting effects of ad libitum and
restricted feeding of a diet very high in saturated fats on sex ratio and metabolic hormones in micerdquo Biology of Reproduction 77599ndash604
6) Cameron EZLemons PRBateman PWBennett NC (2008) ldquoExperimental alteration of litter sex ratios in a mammalrdquo Proc Royal Soc of London Series B 275 323ndash327
7) Grant VJIrwin RJ (2005) ldquoFollicular fluid steroid levels and subsequent sex of bovine embryosrdquo Journ of Experimental Zoology 303A1120ndash1125
8) Shargal DShore LRoteri NTerkel AZorovsky YShemesh MSteinberger Y (2008) ldquoFecal testosterone is elevated in high ranking female ibexes (Capra nubiana) and associated with increased aggression and a preponderance of male offspringrdquo Theriogenology 69 673ndash680
9) Grant VJIrwin RJStandley NTShelling ANChamley LW (2008) ldquoSex of bovine embryos may be related to mothersrsquo preovulatory follicular testosteronerdquo Biol of Reproduction 78 812ndash815
10) Garcia-Herreros MBermejo-Alvarez PRizos DGutierrez-Adan AFahey AGLonergan P (2010) ldquoIntrafollicular testosterone concentration and sex ratio in individually cultured bovine embryosrdquo Reproduction Fertility and Development 22 533ndash538
11) Dama MS Singh NM Rajender S (2011) ldquoHigh Fat Diet Prevents Over-Crowding Induced Decrease of Sex Ratio in Micerdquo PLoS ONE 6(1) e16296
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
ANY QUESTIONS ANY QUESTIONS
![STUDY PROTOCOL Open Access Preconception maternal ......velocity [9]. An intervention improving maternal nutri-tional status and maternal weight in early pregnancy was associated with](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/60e08c776faa5f72091c8833/study-protocol-open-access-preconception-maternal-velocity-9-an-intervention.jpg)
