Maternal Mortality - Obstetrical Hemorrhage - Dr. Adiel ... · “Hemorrhage protocol ... Obstetrical Hemorrhage - Dr. Adiel Fleischer ... blood-products, several previous cesarean

Maternal Mortality- Obstetrical Hemorrhage -

Dr. Adiel FleischerChief Maternal Fetal MedicineNS-LIJ Health System

Maternal MortalityMaternal Mortality--All pregnanciesAll pregnancies--

Etiology M. M.Hemorrhage 28.7%Embolism 19.7%P.I.H. 17.6%Infection 13.1%Cardiomyopathy 5.6%Anesthesia complic 2.5%Others 12.7%

Prepare Handle

Maternal Mortality

Peripartum Hemorrhage (PPH)

Predict

- Obstetrical Hemorrhage -


Identify Patients at Risk

Multidisciplinary “Hemorrhage protocol”

Clinical management of PPH


1.-Identify pat. at risk

-Pl previa/accreta-Anticoagulation Rx-Coagulopathy-Overdistended uterus-Grand multiparity-Abn labor pattern-Chorioamnionitis-Large myomas-Previous history of PPH


1.- Prepare for PPH2.- Optimize patient’s hemodynamic status3.- Timing of Delivery4.- Surgical planning5.- Anesthesia /I.V. access/ invasive monitoring6.- Modify obsterical management7.- Increased postpartum/postop surveillance

Patients at risk

Pre-delivery management


1.- Prepare for PPH

-Nursing-Anesthesia- Surg assistance- Others (I.R.)

Drugs/Equipment

-Methergine-Hemabate-Cytotec-Colloids- Blood/Bl.products

-Surg. Instruments-Hemostatic ballons

( Cook, S-B, Foley)

Personel


1.- Prepare for PPH2.- Optimize patient’s hemodynamic status3.- Timing of Delivery4.- Surgical planning5.- Anesthesia /I.V. access/ invasive monitoring6.- Modify obsterical management7.- Increased postpartum/postop surveillance

Patients at risk



2.- Optimize hemodynamic status

1.- Acute isovolemic hemodilution2.- Acute hypervolemic hemodilution3.- Autologous donation4.- Preoperative transfusion


Acute hemodilution

Decreases pre-op Hb concentration

Lower RBC’s loss

For same blood volume lost

- Transfusion rates - Final Hct’s


1.- Acute isovolemic hemodilutionWithdraw 2-4u. of Blood

Replace the volume with crystaloids

Lower the pre-op Hct

Replace the blood at end of surgery

2.- Acute hypervolemic hemodilutionAdmin 1500-2000cc Crystaloids

Hemodilution (Lowers pre-op Hct)



- Acute isovolemic/hypervolemic hemodilution

Initial Hb Blood loss Hb lossPreop 45% 15g Hb% 2,000cc 300g (27%)

Preop 30% 10g Hb% 3,000cc 300g (27%)

After hemodilution



Optimize hemodynamic status

1.- Acute isovolemic hemodilution2.- Acute hypervolemic hemodilution3.- Autologous donation4.- Preoperative transfusion


1.- Prepare for PPH2.- Optimize patient’s hemodynamic status3.- Timing of Delivery4.- Surgical planning5.- Anesthesia /I.V. access/ invasive monitoring6.- Modify obsterical management

7.- Increased postpartum/postop surveillance

Patients at risk



3.- Timing of Delivery - Placenta previa- Prev classical- Prev myomectomy-Tumor previa

Avoids uterine ruptureAvoids significant hemorrhage

Schedule C/S- 36-37wks after Amnio for FLM- >37 wks if Amnio not possible


1.- Prepare for PPH2.- Optimize patient’s hemodynamic status3.- Timing of Delivery4.- Surgical planning5 .- Anesthesia /I.V. access/ invasive monitoring 6.- Modify obsterical management7.- Increased postpartum/postop surveillance

Patients at risk



4.- Surgical planning Realistic assessment of a significant PPH episode

Wants to avoid TAH ? (religious/cultural)Inability to transfuse ? (Jehovah’s witness, etc)Desires subsequent pregnancies ?Tolerates poorly large hemodynamic shifts

Bleeding TAH More Surgery/EmbolizationMore Tranfusion.

TAH


1.- Prepare for PPH2.- Optimize patient’s hemodynamic status3.- Timing of Delivery4.- Surgical planning5 .- Anesthesia /I.V. access/ invasive monitoring6.- Modify obsterical management7.- Increased postpartum/postop surveillance

Patients at risk



4.- Anesthesia / I.V. Access

Obtain Anesthesia consult

- Type of anesthesia

- Need for invasive monitoring (A line,

S-G monitoring, etc)





1.- How/Who triggers the “H.P.”2.- Identify “The response team”3.- Transfusion protocol4.- Define the logistics involved5.- Conduct drills6.- Post-op care





1.- How/Who triggers the “H.P.”

RN’s, CNM’s, PA’s, MD’s- Labor & Delivery- Postpartum floor- Antepartum floor- E.D.

Code “H”

Operator Response Team





2.- The “Response Team”

- Nursing-Anesthesia-Ob surgery (MFM, Gyn Onc, Ob-Gyn,)-Intervention Radiology-Urology-Hematology





3.- Transfusion Protocol

-Immediate release of O neg Blood if required- How fast can Crossmatched blood be made available- Physical transport of Blood O.R. and samples O.R. Lab/Blood Bank





4.- Logistics

Hospital specific- Define responsibilities





5.- Drills

- Conduct Drills 3-4 x/year- Evaluate the performance- Review the results with the entire team





6.- Postoperative care

Insures a smooth transition from the O.R./L&D to the apropriate level of care unit In most hospitals L&D/Postpartum units not ideal for these patients





Diagnosis- Early shock- Severity of Shock

Treatment- Insure hemostasis- Adequate replacement

Maternal MortalityMaternal Mortality-- Obstetrical Hemorrhage Obstetrical Hemorrhage --

Significant PPH EtiologyUterine atonyPlacenta previa/accretaCervico-vag tearsUterine rupture Coagulopathy*

* Any major hemorrhage Coagulopathy Bleeding


- Uterine massage- I.V. fluids- Empty bladder- Oxytoxic Agents -Methergine 0.2mg

-Carboprost 250μg-Cytotec 800-1000μg

Significant PPH

⊕ Hemostasis ∅ Hemostasis

Surgery/Embolization


-Local matress sutures-Hemostatic baloons-U.A.E.-Conserv Rx of Pl accreta

TAH

-B-Lynch procedure-Uterina a. ligation-Stepwize devascularization-Uterine repair-U.A.E.

TAH

Significant PPH

Ut Atony/Tears Pl previa/accreta

Failed Medical Rx


Five cases of massive life threatening postpartum hemorrhage were managed by the use of the “B-Lynch surgical technique.

Christopher B-Lynch Br J Ob Gyn 1997


- Decreases Blood Flow by 48%

- Controls Severe P.P.H. in 50% of cases

Clark et al Ob-Gyn 1985

Hypogastric artery ligation


O’Leary,J J Reprod Med 1995

Uterine artery ligatiaon

Over a 30 yr period 256 Ut artery ligation were performed for PPH.

-Successful 256 cases

- Failed 10 cases


Stepwise uterine devascularization was performed for 103 patients to control intractable postpartum hemorrhage not responding to clasic management

S.A. AbdRabbo Am J Ob Gyn 1994


S.A. AbdRabbo Am J Ob Gyn 1994

4(4%)D.I.C.9(10%)Couvelaire uterus17(16%)Abruptio placenta7(7%)Placenta previa66(63%)Uterine atony

Patients (n=103)

Indication

Maternal MortalityMaternal Mortality-- Placenta Placenta AccretaAccreta --

Biochemical markers

- Placenta previa

- Previous C/S

- Adv maternal age

Sonographic markers

Clinical Risk Factors

Suspect Placenta accreta


Attempt Placental removal Hemorrhage

Cesarean Section

-Local sutures-Uterine artery ligation- Embolization-TAH

Classic management


- Significant blood loss- MOF (ARDS, DIC, ARF )- Injury to other organs -Bladder, Urether

- Need for Hysterectomy

Classic management


A survey of members of SPO identified 109 cases of placenta accreta.

- Antepartum Dg suspected in 50%.- Management

Surgical 93%Conservative 7%

-Maternal Mortality 8 (7%)- Maternal Morbidity

Transfusions 90%Massive transfusion (>10u.) 40%Serious infections 28%

Maternal MortalityMaternal Mortality-- Placenta Placenta accreta accreta --

Objective

A group of patients suspected of having Pl. accreta and managed conservatively was compared with a similar group of patients that deliverd during the same time interval but were managed in a traditional fashion

Jurczak,A Fleischer,A et al ACOG-2005


Conservative approach

Amnio at 37wks gestation for FLM

Day of C/S catheters are placed in the abd. aorta

Intraop : - Sono maps the position of the Placenta-Uterine incision just above placental edge(High transverse incision)



Selective embolization of the uterine arteries under fluoroscopic guidance (20-25 min)

Delivery of infant: - Leave placenta intact- Insure hemostasis of uterine incision




Succesful embolization

Attempt made to remove placenta

Leave placenta in situ Remove placenta

⊕ Pl accreta ∅ Pl accreta



Maternal MortalityMaternal Mortality--Placenta Placenta AccretaAccreta --

Conservative A total of 17 patients with the presumptive Dg of Placenta accreta were managed in this fashion.

Traditional A total of 18 ptients were managed by removing placenta first then insuring hemostasis .


2 wks P-Partum

6mo PP

Group 1.n=13

Embolized; Placenta left

Group 2.n=2

Group 3.n=2

Entire Pl 6pat

Part of Pl 7pat

Embolized; Placenta removed (No Pl accreta)

Not Embolized Ut incision through Pl Bleeding TAH

Maternal MortalityMaternal Mortality--PlacentaPlacenta AccretaAccreta --


*2 pat Medical reasons for tranfusion**attempt for vaginal removal of placenta 2mo PP


Group Blood Tr Massive Blood Tr

TAH

Traditional(n=18)

13(72%) 8(44%) 11(61%)

Conservative(n=15)

5* (33%) 1** (6%) 2(12%)



Objective

A retrospective comparison of a new “conservative” approach to the classic management of Placenta accreta

Kayem et al Ob-Gyn 2004


Conservative A total of 20 patients had their Placenta left in situ after Dg of Pl accreta. UAE not done routinely

Traditional A total of 13 ptients were managed by removing placenta first then insuring hemostasis .

Kayem et al Ob-Gyn 2004


Group Blood Tr Massive Blood Tr

TAH

Traditional(n=13)

12(92%) 8(38%) 11(85%)

Conservative(n=20)

16 (80%)ns 1 (5%)* 3(15%)*

Kayem et al Ob-Gyn 2004*p< 0.05

Intraoperative management1.-Map exact position of placenta Make high transverse uterine incision to avoid cutting through placenta2.- Deliver fetus Rapid hemostasis of uterine incision (clamps, sutures)

TAH

Dg uncertain Avoid TAHDefinitive Rx

UAE

Remove pl Leave Pl in situ

UAEDo not remove pl



Wants to avoid TAH (religious/cultural)Inability to transfuse (Jehovah’s witness, etc)Desires subsequent pregnanciesSignificant Bladder involvmentTolerates poorly large hemodynamic shifts

(IHSS, Eisenmenger syndrome etc)


Follow-up management1.- Ultrasound exams Vascularity2.- HCG titers (If consider Mtx)3. Daily Temps, Other S&S of infection4.- Bleeding5.- Coagulation profile


Follow-up managementIf Intervention necessary for

- Bleeding- Infection- DIC

Proceed directly to TAH


Documents

Maternal Mortality - Obstetrical Hemorrhage - Dr. Adiel ... · “Hemorrhage protocol ... Obstetrical Hemorrhage - Dr. Adiel Fleischer ... blood-products, several previous cesarean