.
.
-
, c 2.3, - -
: , -
.
18 – .
2.3 ,
2.1.
r ,
p m n
a b E
r r = − +
r = 0,3 nm
E = –4 eV.
a b, m = 2
n = 10,
.
:
p m n
a b E
r r = − + (2.1)
1 1
dr r r + +
-19
(0,3 nm) (0,3 nm)
b
20 27,2 10 J nma −= ⋅ ; 25 29,4 10 J nmb −= ⋅
F max,
.
2
dr r r + +
1 1m n
r r
, „ " ,
.
, ,
, : , , , -
, .
.
-
. -
-
. , a,
b c, -
-
2.14. a, b
c -
.
,
b c α , β γ , 2.14. 14
-
, 2.15,
7 ,
2.1
2.1
a b c= = 90α β
γ = = = °
a b c= ≠ 90α β γ = = = °
a b c= = 90α β γ = = ≠ °
a b c= ≠ 90 120α β γ = = ° = °
a b c≠ ≠ 90α β γ = = = °
a b c≠ ≠ 90α γ β = = ° ≠
a b c≠ ≠ 90α β γ ≠ ≠ ≠ °
32 – .
,
, ,
.
.
,
.
.
,
. .
. :
1 y z
a b c + + =
2 – 33
, b, c
x, y, z .
-
,
-
,
-
. , b c
,
( ).
-
.
1 1 1 h k l
a b c = = =
,
b c , x, y
z
: 1hx ky lz + + = .
(
, h,k
l (hkl)
-
. ,
x
(100) , 2.16.
.
-
, , .
x ; ,
-
(100)
34 – .
; (330), (220) (110)
„(100) ”,
. , -
.
" -
". (100), (010)
(001) .
.
: {100}
(100), (010), (001),
(100), (010) (001) .
2.8:
A, B
C 2.17
2.17
A, B C
:
) = 1, y = 1, z = 1; )
1/ x = 1, 1/ y = 1,1 / z = 1; )
; ) (111)
:
) z-
x = 1, y = 2
z = ∞; ) 1/ x = 1,
1/ y = 1/2, 1/ z = 0;
) : 1/ x = 2, 1/ y = 1, 1/z = 0 )
(210)
:
)
0,0,0. , y-;
) x =∞ , y = -1 z =∞
36 – .
,
.
-
(hkl ) -
[uvw] :
1) [uvw]
(hkl ) u = h, v = k w =
l. , [111]
(111).
2) [uvw] (hkl ),
. 0hu kv lw+ + =
.
3) (h1k 1l 1)
(h2k 2l 2)
1 2 1 2 1 2 0h h k k l l + + = .
4) (u1v1w1) (u2v2w2)
1 2 1 2 1 2 0u u v v w w+ + = .
5) θ
(h1k 1l 1)
(h2k 2l 2)
1/ 2 1/ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
cos h h k k l l
h k l h k l θ
+ + =
2.10:
[110] [111] .
( ).
:
[110] [111]
(2.4)
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 2 2
arccos u u v v w w
u v w u v w θ
+ + =
+ + ⋅ + +
1 1 1 1 1 0 2 arccos arccos arccos0,816
3 21 1 1 1 1 0 35,3°θ
⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = = = =
⋅+ + ⋅ + +
2 – 37
- h, k, i,
l, (hkil).
a1 , a2 ,
a3 c .
. .
,
. h k
i+ = − .
2.19
2.11:
- A B C
D 2.20.
:
:
() 1 2 3 1a a a c= = = ∞ = ; () 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 0 1
a a a c = = = = ; () ; () (0001).
:
1 2
a a c = = = ;
(1121) .
:
() (0,0,1) (1,0,0); () 0,0,1 – 1,0,0 = –1,0,1; ()
h k i+ = −
() [1011]
D:
() (0,1,0) (1,0,0); () 0,1,0 – 1,0,0 = –1,1,0; () i =
–(–1+1) = 0
() [1100]
38 – .
2.20 –
.
..
-
,
.
.
:
N
n
. c n N = . -
, ,
-
, 3.7.
3.7 () ()
v H Δ .
-
vn H ⋅ Δ
. -
. ,
-
.
. ,
-
. ( n
N
).
,W n
lnk S k W Δ = ⋅ , .
( )! ln ln
N n
+ Δ = ⋅ = ⋅ (3.1)
k = 1,38054 ⋅ 10–23 J –1 ,
W – -
3 – 57
ln ! ln( ) x x x= − x,
-
n N n
Δ = − ⋅ + ⋅ + + (3.2)
( )3 lnvS k v v′Δ ≅ v
, v′ .
. n
vn S ⋅ Δ .
( )*
k vG G G H T S n H T S n S Δ = − = Δ − Δ = Δ − Δ + Δ
(3.3)
* ln lnv v
N n G G n H kT N n nT S
N n N n
− = Δ + + − Δ + + (3.4)
(3.4)
3.8.
3.8
ln 0v v
n N n
N n k kT
Δ Δ = ⋅ − + (3.5)
(3.5) .
-
,
N +
n N , -
C exp v v
X v – , C –
,
Δ H v – .
,
. (3.6)
-
.
,
-
.
3.5.
400 °C 2,29
⋅ 10 –5
.
660 °C ( ).
0,76 V
86,2 ⋅ 10 –6
V k –1
:
C (3.6)
400 °C
v E
= ⋅
-6 -15 0,76eV 86,2 10 eV k 673K 2,29 10 11,2C e− ⋅ ⋅ ⋅= ⋅ ⋅ =
660
°C (3.6)
6 1 0,76eV 86,2 10 eV K 93311,2 K
v X e − −− ⋅ ⋅= ⋅ = -4
() -
. ,
,
-
.
,
-
. -
.
-
,
.
. -
.
-
.
-
: , -
.
- -
(
, -
)
-
.
3.9
: ()
; () " "
, ()
( )
, -
( ). .
-
, t
, b
,
.
-
-
. , -
.
, 3.10.
3.10.
-
. ,
. 3.10.
() ;
()
;
() ,
- . ,
.
, b
, .
-
3.11.
. .
3.6.
0,36151 nm.
,
3.12.
0 110
.
(3.7)
[ ]hkl
-
2 2 2
0d a h k l = + +
.
,
-
.
3.7.
-
α− Fe l
. Fe
0,124 nm Al 0,143 nm.