Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded · PDF file1 MPIF Standard 35 Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts* Coefficient of Therma *See MPIF Standard 35, Materials

MPIF STANDARD 352016 Edition

Materials Standards for

MetalInjectionMolded Parts

2016

1

MPIF Standard 35

Materials Standards

for Metal

Injection Molded

Parts*

*See MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts for structural parts made by the powder metallurgy (PM) process. *See MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings for bearings and bushings made by the PM process. *See MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts for steel components made by the powder forging (PF) process.

Table of Contents—2016 Edition

EXPLANATORY NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Minimum Value Concept .................................................................................. 3 Minimum Mechanical Property Values ............................................................ 3 Minimum Magnetic Property Values ............................................................. 3 Minimum Controlled-Expansion Property Values ........................................ 3 Practical Methods of Demonstrating Part Performance ................................................................................................. 3 Typical Values ......................................................................................................... 4 Chemical Composition...................................................................................... 4 Mechanical Properties ...................................................................................... 4 Heat Treatment ....................................................................................................... 4 Surface Finish ................................................................................................................ 4 Microstructure .......................................................................................................... 4 MIM Material Designation ................................................................................. 4 Material Selection .................................................................................................... 4 Grade Selection ...................................................................................................... 5 Density ........................................................................................................... 5 Ultimate Tensile Strength ................................................................................. 5 Yield Strength .......................................................................................................... 5 Elongation .......................................................................................................................... 5 Elastic Constants .................................................................................................... 5 Young’s Modulus (E) ........................................................................................ 5 Shear Modulus (G) ................................................................................................. 5 Poisson’s Ratio () ................................................................................... 5 Impact Energy ................................................................................................................ 5 Macroindentation Hardness (Apparent) ........................................................... 5 Microindentation Hardness ........................................................................... 6 Corrosion Resistance ....................................................................................... 6 Sulfuric Acid Testing ...................................................................................... 6 Copper Sulfate Testing .................................................................................. 6 Boiling Water Testing ..................................................................................... 6 Soft Magnetic Properties .................................................................................. 6 Magnetizing Field (H) ..................................................................................... 6 Induction (B) ......................................................................................................... 6 Maximum Induction (Bm) ............................................................................... 6 Maximum Permeability (µ max) ....................................................................... 6 Coercive Field (Hc) ......................................................................................... 6 Residual Induction (Br)................................................................................... 6 Thermal Properties ................................................................................... 7 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) ........................................................ 7 Thermal Conductivity ................................................................................ 7 SI Units .......................................................................................................... 7 Referenced MPIF Standards .................................................................... 7 Comparable Standard ...................................................................................... 7 DATA TABLES – INCH-POUND UNITS Low-Alloy Steels .................................................................................................. 8-9 Stainless Steels ........................................................................................ 10-11 Soft-Magnetic Alloys ............................................................................... 12-13 Controlled-Expansion Alloys .................................................................. 14-15 Copper .............................................................................................. 16-17 DATA TABLES – SI UNITS Low-Alloy Steels ....................................................................................... 18-19 Stainless Steels ........................................................................................ 20-21 Soft-Magnetic Alloys ................................................................................. 22-23 Controlled-Expansion Alloys .................................................................. 24-25 Copper .............................................................................................. 26-27

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2

INDEX Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems & Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35 ......................................... 28 SI UNITS CONVERSION TABLE Quantities/Terms Used in MPIF Standards ................................................ 33

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1

MPIF Standard 35

Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts Issued 1993 Revised 2000, 2007 and 2016

Scope MPIF Standard 35 is issued to provide the design and materials engineer with the information necessary for specifying

powder metal (PM) materials that have been developed by the PM parts manufacturing industry. This section of Standard 35 deals with products manufactured by Metal Injection Molding (MIM). It does not apply to conventional PM structural materials, PM self-lubricating bearings or powder forged (PF) materials which are covered in separate editions of MPIF Standard 35. Each section of this standard is divided into subsections based on the various types of MIM materials in common commercial use within that section. Notes at the beginning of each subsection discuss the characteristics of that material. The same materials may appear in more than one section of the standard depending upon their common use, e.g., some low-alloy or stainless steel materials may also be used in soft-magnetic applications.

The use of any MPIF Standard is entirely voluntary. MPIF Standards are issued and adopted in the public interest. They are designed to eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer and the purchaser and to assist the purchaser in selecting and obtaining the proper material for a particular product. Existence of MPIF Standards does not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of MPIF from manufacturing or selling products that use materials or testing procedures not included in MPIF Standards. Other such materials may be commercially available.

By publication of these Standards, no position is taken with respect to the validity of any patent rights nor does the MPIF undertake to ensure anyone utilizing the Standards against liability for infringement of any Letters Patent or accept any such liability.

Neither MPIF nor any of its members assumes or accepts any liability resulting from use or non-use of any MPIF Standard. In addition, MPIF does not accept any liability or responsibility for the compliance of any product with any standard, the achievement of any minimum or typical values by any supplier, or for the results of any testing or other procedure undertaken in accordance with any Standard.

MPIF Standards are subject to periodic review and may be revised. Users are cautioned to refer to the latest edition. New, approved materials and property data may be posted periodically on the MPIF website. Between published editions, go to mpif.org to access data that will appear in the next printed edition of this standard.

Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. © Copyright 2016 ISBN No. 978-1-943694-05-1

Published byMetal Powder Industries Federation

105 College Road EastPrinceton, New Jersey 08540-6692 U.S.A.

Tel: (609) 452-7700Fax: (609) 987-8523

E-mail: [email protected] Website: mpif.org

2

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,

recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher

ISBN No. 978-1-943694-05-1

© 2016 Metal Powder Industries Federation 105 College Road East

Princeton, New Jersey 08540-6692 USA

All rights reserved Produced in the U.S.A.

3

MPIF Standard 35—2016 Materials Standards for

Metal Injection Molded Parts

Explanatory Notes and Definitions

Minimum Value Concept

The Metal Powder Industries Federation has adopted the concept of minimum property values for metal injection molded (MIM) materials. These values may be used to determine the material best suited to the particular application as it is manufactured by the metal injection molding (MIM) process.

As an aid to the user in selecting materials, in addition to minimum property values, typical values for other properties are listed. This makes it possible for the user to select and specify the exact MIM material and properties most suitable for a specific application. The data provided define minimum values for listed materials and display typical properties achieved under commercial manufacturing procedures. Enhanced mechanical properties and other improvements in performance characteristics may be attained through more complex processing. To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts manufacturer. Minimum Mechanical Property Values

The minimum mechanical property values for MIM materials are expressed in terms of yield strength (0.2% offset method), ultimate tensile strength and percent elongation for all materials in the as-sintered and/or heat treated conditions. MIM materials exhibit properties similar to wrought materials because they are processed to near full density.

The tensile properties utilized for establishing this Stan-dard were obtained from tensile specimens prepared spe-cifically for evaluating MIM materials. Tensile properties of test specimens machined from commercial parts or from non-standard MIM test specimens, may vary from those obtained from specimens prepared according to MPIF Standard 50. (See MPIF Standard 50 for additional details) Minimum Magnetic Property Values The minimum magnetic property values for MIM materials are expressed in terms of part density, maximum permeability, maximum coercive force and magnetic saturation. The specified minimum magnetic saturation is measured with an applied field of 25 oersteds. All magnetic test data reported are for DC testing only.

The magnetic properties utilized for establishing this

Standard were obtained from specimens prepared and tested in accordance with ASTM A773.

Minimum Controlled-Expansion Property Values

A minimum density level is expressed for the MIM controlled-expansion alloys due to their use in electronics applications to provide hermetic seals with materials such as glasses and ceramics. Practical Methods of Demonstrating Part Performance

For structural parts, the practical method of demonstrating minimum values is through the use of a static or dynamic proof test by the manufacturer and the purchaser using the first production lot of parts and a mutually agreed upon method of stressing the part. For example, from the design of a given part, it is agreed that the breaking load should be greater than a given force. If that force is exceeded in proof tests, the minimum strength is demonstrated. The first lot of parts can also be tested in service and demonstrated to be acceptable. The static or dynamic load to fracture is determined separately and these data are statistically analyzed to determine a minimum breaking force for future production lots. Exceeding that minimum force on future lots is proof that the specified strength has been met.

For parts that require minimum magnetic characteristics, the practical method of demonstrating acceptable mag-netic properties is through the use of a magnetic proof test. For example, from the design of a given part, it is agreed that the magnetic force generated by the part when a specified magnetic field is applied should be greater than a mutually agreed upon value between the parties concerned. If that force is exceeded in proof tests, the minimum magnetic performance is demonstrated. Exceeding this minimum value on future lots is proof that the specific magnetic properties have been met.

Utilization of MPIF Standard 35 to specify a MIM material means that unless the purchaser and manufacturer have agreed otherwise, the material will have the minimum value specified in the Standard. (See Material Properties section.)

4

MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts—2016 Edition Typical Values

For each MIM material listed, a set of typical values is shown for properties, e.g., density, hardness, elongation, etc., some or all of which may be important for a specific application. Typical values are shown for properties, e.g., elongation, hardness, coercive field, etc., some or all of which may be important for a specific application. The property data were compiled from test specimens processed by individual MIM producers.

The typical values are listed for general guidance only. They should not be considered minimum values. While achievable through normal manufacturing processing, they may vary somewhat depending upon the area of the component chosen for evaluation, or the specific manufacturing process utilized. Those properties listed under the “typical value section” for each material which are required by the purchaser should be thoroughly discussed with the MIM parts manufacturer before establishing the specification. Required property values, other than those expressed as minimum should be separately specified for each MIM part, based on its intended use. Chemical Composition

The chemical composition of each material lists its principal elements and allowable ranges. Mechanical Properties

Mechanical property data indicate the minimum and typical properties that may be expected from test specimens conforming to the density and chemical composition criteria listed. It should be understood that mechanical properties used in this standard were derived from individual test specimens prepared specifically for material evaluation and sintered under commercial production conditions.

Hardness values of heat treated specimens are given first as apparent hardness and second, when available, as equivalent particle or matrix hardness values. Residual porosity found in MIM components will slightly affect the apparent hardness readings. Microin-dentation hardness values shown as Rockwell C were converted from 100 g load (0.981 N) Knoop microin-dentation hardness measurements. Heat Treatment

MIM materials may be heat treated to increase strength, hardness and wear resistance. The percentages of car-bon, alloying elements and residual porosity determine the degree of hardening possible. Tempering or stress relief is required after quenching for optimum strength and durability. Ferrous MIM parts processed with little or no final carbon may be surface carburized for increased surface hardness while retaining core toughness. Martensitic and precipitation hardening stainless steels may also be heat treated for increased hardness and strength.

Most MIM materials respond well to normal wrought

heat treating practices and procedures. It is recommended that the heat-treatment procedures for any MIM material be established in cooperation with the MIM part manufacturer to achieve the desired balance of final properties in the finished part. Surface Finish

The overall finish and surface reflectivity of MIM materi-als depends on density, tool condition, particle size and secondary operations. Effective surface smoothness of as-sintered MIM components is usually better than an investment cast surface. Surface finish can be further improved by secondary operations such as coining, honing, burnishing or grinding. The surface finish requirements and methods of determination must be established by mutual agreement between purchaser and producer. (See MPIF Standard 58 for additional details.) Microstructure

MIM materials generally contain less than 5% porosity, approaching the density of wrought materials. The examination of the microstructure of a MIM part can serve as a diagnostic tool and reveal the degree of sintering and other metallurgical information critical to the metal injection molding process. There are several observations common to most sintered MIM materials, as briefly described below. Comments on specific materials will be found in the subsections devoted to those particular materials.

Sintered parts are normally examined first in the unetched condition. With a proper sinter, there will be no original particle boundaries seen at 200X. Small, uniformly distributed, well rounded discrete pores lead to higher strength, ductility and impact resistance. MIM Material Designation

The Metal Injection Molding Association has chosen to use the designation system similar to AISI-SAE where applicable. These designations were chosen because MIM parts are likely to be used as replacements for wrought products already in service. When specifying a material made by the MIM process, it should be so designated with a “MIM” prefix to the material grade. For example, a part fabricated from Type 316L stainless steel by MIM would be designated as "MIM–316L". Material Selection

Before a particular material can be selected, a careful analysis is required of the design of the part and its end use. In addition, the final property requirements of the finished part should be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the purchaser of the MIM part. Issues such as static and dynamic loading, wear resistance, machinability and corrosion resistance may also be specified.

5

MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts—2016 Edition Grade Selection

For certain magnetic materials, the material designation will specify the material as either “Grade 1” or “Grade 2”. The Grade 1 material, as compared with Grade 2, will exhibit improved magnetic characteristics. The difference between a Grade 1 and Grade 2 material can usually be found in the material’s microstructure, with a high density, large grain size and low amounts of interstitials (carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) all contributing to improved magnetic properties.

A careful analysis of the design and function of the part should determine what grade material is required for a given application. It is recommended that a discussion of the required magnetic performance take place between the manufacturer and the purchaser before the final grade selection. Density Density is expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) and may be determined by various standardized methods. Some common methods of MIM density deter-mination include: MPIF Standard 54: This method is generally used for products that contain less than 2% porosity (impermeable PM). It is based on the principle of water displacement. MPIF Standard 63: This method comprises use of a gas pycnometer. Any open porosity will not be included as part of measured volume. The density obtained by the gas pycnometer method will typically be higher than the density obtained by water displacement. MPIF Standard 42: This method is generally used for PM products having surface-connected porosity and is based on the use of Archimedes’ principle. MIM materials generally contain less than 5% porosity, so impregnation is not applicable. Ultimate Tensile Strength

Ultimate tensile strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa) is the ability of a test specimen to resist fracture when a pulling force is applied in a direction parallel to its longitudinal axis. It is equal to the maximum load divided by the original cross-sectional area. (See MPIF Standard 50 for additional details.) Yield Strength

Yield Strength, expressed in 103 psi, is the load at which a material exhibits a 0.2% offset from proportionality on a stress-strain tension curve divided by the original cross-sectional area. (See MPIF Standard 50 for additional details.)

Elongation

Elongation (plastic), expressed as a percentage of the original gage length (typically 1.0 in. [25.4mm]), is based on measuring the increase in gage length after fracture, providing the fracture takes place within the gage length.

Elongation can also be measured with a break-away extensometer on the tensile specimen. The recorded stress strain-curve displays total elongation (elastic and plastic). The elastic strain at the 0.2% yield strength must be subtracted from the total elongation to give the plastic elongation. (See MPIF Standard 59 for additional details.)

Elastic Constants

Data for the elastic constants in this standard were generated from resonant frequency testing. An equation relating the three elastic constants is:

Young’s Modulus (E)

Young’s modulus, expressed in 106 psi (GPa), is the ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or compressive stresses below the proportional limit of the material. Shear Modulus (G)

Shear modulus, expressed in 106 psi (GPa), is the ratio of shear stress to corresponding shear strain below the proportional limit of the material. Poisson’s Ratio ()

Poisson’s ratio is the absolute value of the ratio of transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below the proportional limit of the material. Impact Energy

Impact energy, measured in foot-pounds-force (Joules), is a measure of the energy absorbed in fracturing a specimen in a single blow. An unnotched 5 mm X 10 mm cross- section Charpy specimen was used to establish the MIM impact energy values. (See MPIF Standard 59 for additional details.) Macroindentation Hardness (Apparent) The hardness value of a MIM part when using a conventional indentation hardness tester is referred to as "apparent hardness" because it represents a combination of matrix hardness plus effect of residual porosity. The effect of residual porosity on hardness values is minor for MIM parts. Apparent hardness measures the resistance to indentation.

6

MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts—2016 Edition

The manufacturer and the purchaser should agree on the hardness, the measuring procedure, and the hardness scale for each part tested. (See MPIF Standard 43 for additional details.) Microindentation Hardness

Microindentation hardness is determined by utilizing Knoop (HK) or Vickers (HV) indentors with a microinden-tation hardness tester. It measures the true hardness of the structure by eliminating the effect of porosity, and thus is a measure of resistance to abrasive and adhesive wear. Microindentation hardness measurements are convertible to equivalent Rockwell hardness values for comparison with other materials.

A description of the microstructure must be reported. The specimen shall be polished to reveal the porosity and lightly etched to view the phases in the micro-structure and to determine where to place the hardness indentation. If the indentor strikes an undisclosed pore, the diamond mark will exhibit curved edges and the reading must be discarded. Since the data tend to be scattered compared with pore-free material, it is recom-mended that a minimum of 5 indentations be made, anomalous readings discarded, and an average taken of the remainder. (See MPIF Standard 51 for additional details.) Corrosion Resistance

Three media and test methods were used to rate the resistance of the MIM stainless steel alloys to corrosion. Sulfuric Acid Testing - Standard 5 mm X 10 mm X 55 mm test specimens were immersed in a 2% sulfuric acid solution at room temperature (72 °F ± 4 °F [22 °C ± 2 °C]) for 1,000 hours. Two replicates were tested. The loss in mass for each was determined and then converted into a mass loss per surface area (in dm2) per day factor, in units of

g

(dm2) (day) (See MPIF Standard 62 for additional details.) Copper Sulfate Testing - The copper sulfate test consists of mixing 22.5 ml of distilled water with 1 g cupric sulfate crystals and 2.5 g sulfuric acid. Specimens are immersed in this solution for 6 minutes at a temperature between 63 ° and 67 °F (17 ° and 19 °C). Specimens that show no visual signs of copper plating are classified as passing this test. (See ASTM F1089 for additional details.)

Boiling Water Testing - The boiling water test consists of immersing the specimen in boiling, distilled water for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, the heat source is shut off and the specimen remains in the water for 3 hours. The specimen is then removed and left to dry for 2 hours. Specimens that show no visual corrosion are classified as passing this test. (See ASTM F1089 for additional details.) Soft-Magnetic Properties

The magnetic data presented in this standard were developed in accordance with ASTM Standard A773.

Magnetizing Field (H)

The magnetic field applied to a test specimen, measured in oersteds (Oe) or amperes/metre (A/m).

Induction (B)

The measured magnetic field generated in a test specimen due to an applied magnetic field, measured in kilogauss (kG) or tesla (T).

Maximum Induction (Bm)

The maximum value of induction in a DC hysteresis loop. This value depends on the magnetizing field applied. Data are reported at magnetizing fields of 25 Oe and 500 Oe, (1,990 A/m and 39,800 A/m), in units of kilogauss (kG) or tesla (T).

Maximum Permeability (µmax)

The slope of the line from the origin to the knee of the initial B-H magnetization curve. This parameter is dimensionless.

Coercive Field (Hc)

The DC magnetizing field required to restore the magnetic induction to zero after the material has been symmetrically, cyclically magnetized, measured in Oe (A/m).

Residual Induction (Br)

The retained magnetism in the specimen after the applied field has been reduced to zero Oe (A/m). This is reported in kG or T.

7

MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts—2016 Edition

Idealized Magnetic Hysteresis Curve Reference: Soft Magnetism, Fundamentals for Powder Metallurgy and Metal Injection Molding, Chaman Lall, Metal Powder Industries Federation, 1992, p.11. Thermal Properties Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)

The fractional increase in the length per unit rise in temperature at constant pressure.

Thermal Conductivity

The rate of heat flow, under steady state conditions, through a unit area, per unit temperature gradient in the direction perpendicular to the area. Thermal conductivity was determined in accordance with ASTM E1461, thermal flash method.

SI Units Data were determined in inch-pound units and con-

verted to SI units in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.

Referenced MPIF Standards The test method standards referenced in this document are published by MPIF and are available in the latest edition of Standard Test Methods for Metal Powders and Powder Metallurgy Products. Std. 42 Density of Compacted or Sintered

Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products

Std. 43 Apparent Hardness of Powder Metallurgy Products

Std. 50 Preparing and Evaluating Metal Injection Molded (MIM) Sintered/Heat Treated Tension Test Specimens

Std. 51 Microindentation Hardness of Powder Metallurgy Materials

Std. 54 Density of Impermeable Powder Metallurgy (PM) Materials

Std. 58 Surface Finish of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products

Std. 59 Charpy Impact Energy of Unnotched Metal Injection Molded (MIM) Test Specimens

Std. 62 Corrosion Resistance of MIM Grades of Stainless Steel Immersed in 2% Sulfuric Acid Solution

Std. 63 Density Determination of Metal Injection Molded (MIM) Components (Gas Pycnometer)

Comparable Standard Standards for metal injection molded parts have been

issued by ASTM. The ASTM standard was adapted from MPIF Standard 35 and uses the MPIF MIM nomenclature system.

ASTM B883 Standard Specification for Metal Injection Molded (MIM) Materials

Additional MIM materials and property data are under development. When available, data will be published in subsequent editions of this Standard.

New, approved materials and property data may be posted periodically on the MPIF website. Between published editions, go to mpif.org to access data that will appear in the next printed edition of this standard.

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MIM Material Section—2016 MPIF Standard 35

Low-Alloy Steels

This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured from both prealloys and admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, and carbon.

The proportions of each element used and heat treat conditions may be varied to achieve a range of properties. Alloys may be hardened for very high strength with moderate ductility. Lower carbon alloys may be case hardened for wear resistance while achieving a tough core.

Material Characteristics Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally

takes place during sintering. The homogeneous structure imparts exceptional strength properties. The high density attained through MIM processing also gives these materials good ductility.

Application Low-alloy steels are generally used for structural

applications, especially when carburized. They are specified for applications where high strength and hardness are necessary.

Microstructure Residual pores should be small, discrete, well

distributed and rounded. The microstructure will vary with composition and heat treatment.

Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined. (1) Formerly designated as MIM-4600 (2) Formerly designated MIM-4650 with the addition of a minimum 0.2% Mo.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application

Material Designation Code

Chemical Composition, % — Low-Alloy Steels

Fe Ni Mo C Cr Si (max) Mn (max)

MIM-2200(1) Bal. 1.5 – 2.5 0.5 max 0.1 max – 1.0 –

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MIM-4140 Bal. – 0.2 – 0.3 0.3 – 0.5 0.8 – 1.2 0.6 1.0

MIM-4605(2) Bal. 1.5 – 2.5 0.2 – 0.5 0.4 – 0.6 – 1.0 –

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Stainless Steels

This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured

from prealloyed or elementally blended stainless steels. Included are austenitic, ferritic and precipitation hardening grades.

Material Characteristics

High densities achieved by the MIM process enhance the strength, ductility and corrosion resistance of these materials.

Application

There are several grades of MIM stainless steels. Each has specific properties which cover a wide variety of applications:

MIM-316L Austenitic Grade

This grade is used in applications which require extremly good corrosion resistance. Parts made from this material have a good combination of strength and ductility.

MIM-420 and MIM-440 Martensitic Grades

These martensitic stainless steels combine high strength, hardness and wear resistance with moderate corrosion resistance. A range of properties and hardness can be achieved though modifications of the carbon content and heat-treating conditions.

MIM-430L Ferritic Grade This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic

response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for applications in a corrosive environment where protective coatings are impractical. (See Soft-Magnetic Alloys section for additional information about this material.)

MIM-17-4 PH Precipitation Hardening Grade

The precipitation hardening grade of stainless is used where a high level of strength and hardness is necessary. It generally has better corrosion resistance than the 400 series stainless steels because of low carbon content. A range of properties and hardness can be achieved through modifications of the aging temperature during heat treatment.

Microstructure

All materials should exhibit wrought-like microstructures except that MIM materials have evenly dispersed, well rounded pores. There should be no evidence of original particle boundaries. Internal oxides, nitrides and chromium carbides are detrimental to properties.

Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined. To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application


Chemical Composition, % — Stainless Steels

Fe Ni Cr Mo C Cu Nb Nb + Ta Mn (max) Si (max)

MIM-316L Bal. 10 – 14 16 – 18 2 – 3 0.03 (max) –– –– –– 2.0 1.0

MIM-420 Bal. –– 12 – 14 –– 0.15 – 0.4 –– –– –– 1.0 1.0

MIM-430L Bal. –– 16 – 18 –– 0.05 (max) –– –– –– 1.0 1.0

MIM-440 Bal. 0.6 (max) 16 – 18 0.75 (max) 0.9 – 1.25 –– 3.5 (max) –– 1.0 1.0

MIM-17-4 PH Bal. 3 – 5 15.5 – 17.5 –– 0.07 (max) 3 – 5 –– 0.15 – 0.45 1.0 1.0

11

Sta

inle

ss S

teel

s M

IM M

ater

ial P

rope

rtie

s –

Inch

-Pou

nd U

nits

*Hea

t-tre

ated

MIM

-17-

4 P

H p

arts

wer

e ag

ed a

t 900

°F

(482

°C

) **

Hea

t-tre

ated

MIM

-420

par

ts w

ere

aust

eniti

zed

and

tem

pere

d at

400

°F (2

04 °

C) f

or a

min

imum

of 1

hou

r. **

*Hea

t-tre

ated

MIM

-440

par

ts w

ere

aust

eniti

zed,

oil

quen

ched

and

tem

pere

d at

325

°F

(160

°C

) for

2 h

ours

20

16 E

ditio

n A

ppro

ved:

199

2 R

evis

ed: 2

000,

200

7, 2

016

NO

TES:

(A

) Im

pact

ene

rgy

valu

es d

eriv

ed fr

om a

n un

-not

ched

5 m

m x

10

mm

cr

oss-

sect

ion

Cha

rpy

spec

imen

(see

MP

IF S

tand

ard

59).

(B)

Hea

t-tre

ated

MIM

mat

eria

ls m

ay n

ot s

how

any

yie

ld p

oint

bas

ed

on

a 0.

2% o

ffset

. (C

) Th

ere

may

be

no m

easu

rabl

e el

onga

tion

for

MIM

hea

t-tre

ated

m

ater

ials

N

/D N

ot d

eter

min

ed fo

r the

pur

pose

s of

this

sta

ndar

d

TYPI

CA

L VA

LUES

Dens

ity

Tens

ile P

rope

rties

El

astic

Con

stan

ts

Unno

tche

d Ch

arpy

Im

pact

En

ergy

(A

)

Hard

ness

Co

rrosi

on R

esis

tanc

e

Ultim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th(0

.2%

)El

onga

tion

(in 1

inch

)Yo

ung’

sM

odul

us

Pois

son’

sRa

tio

M

acro

-in

dent

atio

n(a

ppar

ent)

Mic

ro-

inde

ntat

ion

(con

verte

d)

H 2

SO4

g/dm

2 /dCu

SO4

Boil

Test

(H2O

) g/

cm3

103 p

si

103 p

si

%

106 p

si

ft•lb

f Ro

ckwe

ll

7.6

75

25

50

28.0

0.

28

140

67 H

RB

N/D

<0.0

05Pa

ssPa

ss

7.4

200

174

<1

28.0

0.

30

30

44 H

RC

50 H

RC

N/

D N/

D Pa

ss

7.55

60

35

25

30

.0

0.29

11

0 65

HRB

N/

D 0.

125

Pass

Pass

7.5

190

170

<1

29.0

0.

29

4 56

HRC

60

HRC

0.

364

N/D

Pass

7.5

130

106

6 28

.0

0.29

10

0 27

HRC

N/

D <0

.005

Pass

Pass

7.5

172

158

6 28

.0

0.29

10

0 33

HRC

40

HRC

<0

.005

Pass

Pass

M

INIM

UM

VA

LUES

Mat

eria

l De

sign

atio

n Co

de

(con

ditio

n)

Tens

ile P

rope

rties

Ultim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

(0.2

%)

Elon

gatio

n (in

1 in

ch)

103 ps

i 10

3 psi

%

MIM

-316

L (a

s-si

nter

ed)

65

20

40

MIM

-420

(h

eat-t

reat

ed)**

18

0 (B

) (C

)

MIM

-430

L (a

s-si

nter

ed)

50

30

20

MIM

-440

(h

eat-t

reat

ed)**

* 15

0 (B

) (C

)

MIM

-17-

4 PH

(a

s-si

nter

ed)

115

94

4

MIM

-17-

4 PH

(h

eat t

reat

ed)*

155

140

4

12


Soft-Magnetic Alloys


from prealloyed powder or admixtures of iron and other elements such as nickel, chromium, cobalt and silicon. These alloys are classified as soft-ferromagnetic materials, that allows them to be easily magnetized and demagnetized.


Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes place during sintering. A homogeneous microstructure, low levels of interstitials and high sintered density will enhance magnetic properties.

Grade Selection

Certain materials in this standard with the same nominal composition have been assigned two grades. When selecting a material, a comparison should be made between the magnetic properties required and the properties of each grade.

Application

There are several MIM soft-magnetic alloys. Each has specific properties that covers a wide range of applications.

MIM-2200

Used in applications requiring high magnetic output, comparable to iron, but with improved strength.

MIM-Fe-3%Si

Exhibits low core losses and high electrical resistivity in AC and DC applications (e.g., solenoids, armatures, relays). Since this alloy readily work hardens, it is particularly suited to net-shape forming via MIM.

MIM-Fe-50%Ni

High permeability and low coercive field are the hallmark magnetic properties for this alloy. It is used in motors, switches and relays, and for magnetic shielding applications.

MIM-Fe-50%Co

The iron-cobalt alloys produce the highest magnetic saturation, surpassing pure iron. This material is suitable for small components required to carry high magnetic flux densities.

MIM-430L

This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for applications in a corrosive environment where protective coatings are impractical.

Microstructure

The unetched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.



Chemical Composition, % — Soft-Magnetic Alloys

Fe Ni Cr Co Si C (max) Mn V

MIM-2200 Bal. 1.5 – 2.5 –– –– 1.0 max 0.1 –– ––

MIM-Fe-3%Si Bal. –– –– –– 2.5 – 3.5 0.05 –– –– MIM-Fe50%Ni Bal. 49 – 51 –– –– 1.0 max 0.05 –– ––

MIM-Fe50%Co Bal. –– –– 48 – 50 1.0 max 0.05 –– 2.5 max

MIM-430L Bal. –– 16 – 18 –– 1.0 max 0.05 1.0 max ––

Soft-

Mag

netic

Allo

ys

MIM

Mat

eria

l Pro

pert

ies

– In

ch-P

ound

Uni

ts

*In

ters

titia

ls (o

xyge

n, n

itrog

en) c

onte

nt a

nd g

rain

siz

e af

fect

m

agne

tic re

spon

se.

2016

Edi

tion

App

rove

d: 2

000

R

evis

ed: 2

007,

201

6

M

ater

ial

Desi

gnat

ion

Code

as

-sin

tere

d

Dens

ity

g/cm

3

Max

imum

Pe

rme-

ab

ility

µ

max

Max

imum

H c

B 25

Oe

kG

MIM

-220

0 7.

60

2,00

0 2.

0 14

.0

MIM

-Fe-

50%

Ni-G

rade

1*

7.70

40

,000

0.

15

13.0

-Gra

de 2

* 7.

70

20,0

00

0.25

13

.0M

IM-F

e-3%

Si-G

rade

1

7.60

8,

000

0.75

14

.0

-

Grad

e 2

7.45

5,

500

1.1

14.0

MIM

-Fe-

50%

Co

7.70

4,

800

2.0

19.0

MIM

-430

L 7.

50

1,00

0 2.

3 11

.0

TYPI

CA

L VA

LUES

Mag

netic

Pro

perti

es

Tens

ile P

rope

rties

Ha

rdne

ss

Max

imum

Yiel

d

Mac

ro-

Per

me-

Ultim

ate

Stre

ngth

El

onga

tion

inde

ntat

ion

abili

ty

H c

B r

B 25

B 500

De

nsity

St

reng

th

(0.2

%)

(in 1

inch

) (a

ppar

ent)

µ m

ax

Oe

kG

kG

kG

g/cm

3 10

3 psi

10

3 psi

%

HR

B 2,

300

1.5

8.0

14.5

20.0

7.

65

42

18

40

45

47,5

00

0.13

10.0

14.0

15.0

7.

75

66

23

30

50

27,0

00

0.20

10.0

14.0

15.0

7.

75

66

23

30

50

8,50

0 0.

7 12

.014

.519

.5

7.62

77

57

24

80

6,

000

1.0

12.0

14.5

19.0

7.

50

77

57

24

80

5,20

0 1.

5 14

.020

.022

.0

7.75

30

20

<1

80

1,50

0 1.

8 5.

511

.515

.8

7.55

60

35

25

65

MIN

IMU

M V

ALU

ES

13

14


Controlled-Expansion Alloys

This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured from pre-alloyed powder and/or admixtures of iron, nickel and cobalt.

The proportions of the elements iron, nickel and cobalt may be varied to meet the requirements of the coefficient of thermal expansion.

Application Controlled-expansion alloys are used in electronics

applications to provide hermetic seals with materials such as glasses and ceramics.

MIM-F-15 This low expansion alloy is used for glass-to metal seal-

ing applications. It provides hermetic seals for electronic

fiber optic and microwave packages, such as splitters, dual in-line packages and micro-electronic mechanical systems.


Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes place during sintering. The homogeneous microstructure and high sintered density provide for exceptional her-meticity and controlled thermal expansion.

Microstructure

The un-etched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.

Material Designation

Nominal Chemical Composition, % — Controlled-Expansion Alloys

Fe

Ni

Co Mnmax

Si max

C max

Al max

Mgmax

Zr max

Ti max

Cumax

Cr max

Momax

MIM-F15 Bal. 29 17 0.50 0.20 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20

Other Elements: Aluminum, magnesium, zirconium and titanium may not exceed 0.20% combined. Total may not exceed 1% combined.


Con

trol

led-

Expa

nsio

n A

lloys

M

IM M

ater

ial P

rope

rtie

s –

Inch

-Pou

nd U

nits

20

16 E

ditio

n

Appr

oved

: 200

7

Mat

eria

l De

sign

atio

n Co

de

(con

ditio

n)

Dens

ity

g/cm

3 M

IM-F

-1 5

(a

s-si

nter

ed)

7.7

Te

nsile

Pro

perti

es

Youn

g’s

Mod

ulus

Hard

ness

Dens

ity

Ultim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

(0.2

%)

Elon

gatio

n(in

1 in

ch)

Mac

ro-

inde

ntat

ion

(app

aren

t)

Mic

ro-

inde

ntat

ion

(con

verte

d)

g/cm

3 10

3 psi

10

3 psi

%

10

6 psi

Ro

ckwe

ll

7.8

67

43

25

17

65 H

RB

N

/D

NOTE

S:

N/D

Not

det

erm

ined

for t

he p

urpo

ses

of th

is s

tand

ard.

C

oeffi

cien

t of T

herm

al E

xpan

sion

(CTE

) Th

e co

effic

ient

of t

herm

al e

xpan

sion

was

det

erm

ined

for t

heM

IM-F

-15

allo

y in

acc

orda

nce

with

AST

M E

228.

A p

ush-

rod

dila

tom

eter

was

use

d fo

r the

se te

sts,

usi

ng a

3.6

°F/m

inut

ehe

atin

g ra

te in

a n

itrog

en a

tmos

pher

e. T

he a

vera

ge

coef

ficie

nt o

f the

rmal

exp

ansi

on w

as d

eter

min

ed fr

om ro

omte

mpe

ratu

re (6

8 °F

) up

to a

ser

ies

of te

mpe

ratu

res.

From

68

°F

To:

Ave

rage

CTE

(X

10-6

/ °F)

21

2 °F

3.

7 30

2 °F

3.

439

2 °F

3.

248

2 °F

3.

157

2 °F

3.

0

TYPI

CA

L VA

LUES

MIN

IMU

M V

ALU

E

15

16


Copper

This subsection covers MIM copper. MIM copper is made using commercially pure copper powder.

Material Characteristics MIM copper has the typical color of copper and is commonly used for its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity.

Applications Pure copper parts are used in applications requiring excellent thermal or electrical conductivity. Sintered

copper parts can be treated like a wrought copper part in the annealed condition and can be machined, plated, brazed, crimped, and staked.

Microstructure Copper will sinter to a point where very few original

particle boundaries are observable. The un-etched microstructure will exhibit small, uniformly distributed, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In the etched condition, the microstructure is homogenous with little to no evidence of oxides or contaminants.


Nominal Chemical Composition, % - Copper

Cu

MIM-Cu 99.8 Minimum

100.0 Maximum

Other Elements: 0.2% max, excluding silver


17

C

oppe

r M

IM M

ater

ial P

rope

rtie

s –

Inch

-Pou

nd U

nits

2016

Edi

tion

App

rove

d 20

12

M

ater

ial

Desi

gnat

ion

Code

(c

ondi

tion)

MIN

IMU

M V

ALU

ES

TYPI

CA

L VA

LUES

Dens

ity

Te

nsile

Pro

perti

es

Dens

ity

Ther

mal

Co

nduc

tivity

(a

t 77

°F)

Ther

mal

Co

nduc

tivity

(a

t 77

°F)

Ultim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yi

eld

Stre

ngth

(0

.2%

) El

onga

tion

(in

1 in

ch)

g/cm

3 Bt

u·ft/

(h·ft

2 ·°F)

g/cm

3 Bt

u·ft/

(h·ft

2 ·°F)

103 p

si

103 p

si

%

MIM

-Cu

(as-

sint

ered

) 8.

50

190

8.75

20

8 30

10

30

Coe

ffici

ent o

f The

rmal

Exp

ansi

on (C

TE)

The

coef

ficie

nt o

f the

rmal

exp

ansi

on w

as d

eter

min

ed fo

r the

MIM

-Cu

allo

y in

acc

orda

nce

with

AS

TM E

228.

A p

ush-

rod

dila

tom

eter

was

use

d fo

r the

se te

sts,

usi

ng a

1.8

°F/

min

ute

heat

ing

rate

in a

ir at

mos

pher

e. T

he a

vera

ge c

oeffi

cien

t of

ther

mal

exp

ansi

on w

as d

eter

min

ed fr

om ro

om te

mpe

ratu

re

(68

°F) u

p to

a s

erie

s of

tem

pera

ture

s.

From

68

°F

To:

Ave

rage

CTE

(X

10-6

/ °F)

10

0 °F

8.

7 15

0 °F

8.

920

0 °F

9.

125

0 °F

9.

330

0 °F

9.

4

17

18


Low-Alloy Steels


from both prealloys and admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, and carbon.

The proportions of each element used and heat treat conditions may be varied to achieve a range of properties. Alloys may be hardened for very high strength with moderate ductility. Lower carbon alloys may be case hardened for wear resistance while achieving a tough core.

Material Characteristics Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally

takes place during sintering. The homogeneous structure imparts exceptional strength properties. The high density attained through MIM processing also gives these materials good ductility.

Application Low-alloy steels are generally used for structural

applications, especially when carburized. They are specified for applications where high strength and hardness are necessary.

Microstructure Residual pores should be small, discrete, well

distributed and rounded. The microstructure will vary with composition and heat treatment.

Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined. (1) Formerly designated as MIM-4600 (2) Formerly designated MIM-4650 with the addition of a minimum 0.2% Mo. To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application


Chemical Composition, % — Low-Alloy Steels

Fe Ni Mo C Cr Si (max) Mn (max)

MIM-2200(1) Bal. 1.5 – 2.5 0.5 max 0.1 max – 1.0 –

MIM-2700 Bal. 6.5 – 8.5 0.5 max 0.1 max – 1.0 –

MIM-4140 Bal. – 0.2 – 0.3 0.3 – 0.5 0.8 – 1.2 0.6 1.0

MIM-4605(2) Bal. 1.5 – 2.5 0.2 – 0.5 0.4 – 0.6 – 1.0 –

19

Lo

w-A

lloy

Stee

ls

MIM

Mat

eria

l Pro

pert

ies

– SI

Uni

ts

N

OTE

S:

(A) I

mpa

ct e

nerg

y va

lues

der

ived

from

an

un-n

otch

ed 5

mm

x 1

0 m

m c

ross

-sec

tion

C

harp

y sp

ecim

en (s

ee M

PIF

Sta

ndar

d 59

).

N/D

Not

det

erm

ined

for t

he p

urpo

ses

of th

is s

tand

ard.

20

16 E

ditio

n A

ppro

ved:

200

0

R

evis

ed: 2

007,

201

6

TYP

ICAL

VAL

UES

Dens

ity

Tens

ile P

rope

rties

El

astic

Con

stan

ts

Unno

tche

d Ch

arpy

Im

pact

En

ergy

(A

)

Hard

ness

Ultim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th(0

.2%

)El

onga

tion

(in 2

5 m

m)

Youn

g’s

Mod

ulus

Pois

son’

sRa

tio

M

acro

-in

dent

atio

n(a

ppar

ent)

Mic

ro-

inde

ntat

ion

(con

verte

d)

g/cm

3 M

Pa

MPa

%

GP

a J

Rock

well

7.65

29

0 12

5 40

19

0 0.

28

135

45 H

RB

N

/D

7.6

415

255

26

190

0.28

17

5 69

HR

B

N/D

7.5

1,65

0 1,

240

5 20

5 0.

28

75

46 H

RC

N

/D

7.5

440

205

15

200

0.28

70

62

HR

B

N/D

7.5

1,65

5 1,

480

2 20

5 0.

28

55

48 H

RC

55

HR

C

MIN

IMUM

VAL

UES

Mat

eria

l De

sign

atio

n Co

de

(con

ditio

n)

Tens

ile P

rope

rties

Ultim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

(0.2

%)

Elon

gatio

n(in

25

mm

)M

Pa

MPa

%

M

IM-2

200

(as-

sint

ered

) 25

5 11

0 20

MIM

-270

0 (a

s-si

nter

ed)

380

205

20

MIM

-414

0 (q

uenc

hed &

tem

pere

d)

1,38

0 1,

070

3

MIM

-460

5 (a

s-si

nter

ed)

380

170

11

MIM

-460

5 (q

uenc

hed &

tem

pere

d)

1,48

0 1,

310

<1

20


Stainless Steels


from prealloyed or elementally blended stainless steels. Included are austenitic, ferritic and precipitation hardening grades.


High densities achieved by the MIM process enhance the strength, ductility and corrosion resistance of these materials.

Application

There are several grades of MIM stainless steels. Each has specific properties which cover a wide variety of applications:

MIM-316L Austenitic Grade

This grade is used in applications which require extremly good corrosion resistance. Parts made from this material have a good combination of strength and ductility.

MIM-420 and MIM-440 Martensitic Grades

These martensitic stainless steels combine high strength, hardness and wear resistance with moderate corrosion resistance. A range of properties and hardness can be achieved though modifications of the carbon content and heat-treating conditions.

MIM-430L Ferritic Grade This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic

response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for applications in a corrosive environment where protective coatings are impractical. (See Soft-Magnetic Alloys section for additional information about this material.)

MIM-17-4 PH Precipitation Hardening Grade

The precipitation hardening grade of stainless is used where a high level of strength and hardness is necessary. It generally has better corrosion resistance than the 400 series stainless steels because of low carbon content. A range of properties and hardness can be achieved through modifications of the aging temperature during heat treatment.

Microstructure

All materials should exhibit wrought-like microstructures except that MIM materials have evenly dispersed, well rounded pores. There should be no evidence of original particle boundaries. Internal oxides, nitrides and chromium carbides are detrimental to properties.



Chemical Composition, % — Stainless Steels

Fe Ni Cr Mo C Cu Nb Nb + Ta Mn (max) Si (max)

MIM-316L Bal. 10 – 14 16 – 18 2 – 3 0.03 (max) –– –– –– 2.0 1.0

MIM-420 Bal. –– 12 – 14 –– 0.15 – 0.4 –– –– –– 1.0 1.0

MIM-430L Bal. –– 16 – 18 –– 0.05 (max) –– –– –– 1.0 1.0

MIM-440 Bal. 0.6 (max) 16 – 18 0.75 (max) 0.9 – 1.25 –– 3.5 (max) –– 1.0 1.0

MIM-17-4 PH Bal. 3 – 5 15.5 – 17.5 –– 0.07 (max) 3 – 5 –– 0.15 – 0.45 1.0 1.0

Sta

inle

ss S

teel

s M

IM M

ater

ial P

rope

rtie

s –

SI U

nits

N/D

Not

det

erm

ined

for t

he p

urpo

ses

of th

is s

tand

ard.

*Hea

t-tre

ated

MIM

-1 7

-4 P

H p

arts

wer

e ag

ed a

t 482

°C (9

00 °F

). **

Hea

t-tre

ated

MIM

-420

par

ts w

ere

aust

eniti

zed

and

tem

pere

d at

20

4 °C

(400

°F) f

or a

min

imum

of 1

hou

r. **

*Hea

t tre

ated

MIM

-440

par

ts w

ere

aust

eniti

zed,

oil

quen

ched

an

d te

mpe

red

at 1

60 °

C (3

25 °

F) fo

r 2 h

ours

NOTE

S:

(A)

Impa

ct e

nerg

y va

lues

der

ived

from

an

un-n

otch

ed 5

mm

x 1

0 m

m

cros

s-se

ctio

n C

harp

y sp

ecim

en (s

ee M

PIF

Sta

ndar

d 59

). (B

) H

eat-t

reat

ed M

IM-4

20-S

S m

ay n

ot s

how

any

yie

ld p

oint

bas

ed o

n a

0.2%

offs

et.

(C)

Ther

e m

ay b

e no

mea

sura

ble

elon

gatio

n fo

r the

MIM

-420

-SS

heat

-trea

ted

mat

eria

l.

M

INIM

UM V

ALUE

S

Mat

eria

l De

sign

atio

n Co

de

(con

ditio

n)

Tens

ile P

rope

rties

Ultim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

(0.2

%)

Elon

gatio

n (in

25

mm

)M

Pa

MPa

%

M

IM-3

16L

(as-

sint

ered

) 45

0 14

0 40

MIM

-420

(h

eat-t

reat

ed)**

1,

240

(B)

(C)

MIM

-430

L (a

s-si

nter

ed)

350

210

20

MIM

-440

(h

eat t

reat

ed)**

* 1,

030

(B)

(C)

MIM

-17-

4 PH

(a

s-si

nter

ed)

790

650

4

MIM

-17-

4 PH

(h

eat t

reat

ed)*

1,07

0 97

0 4

TY

PICA

L VA

LUES

Tens

ile P

rope

rties

El

astic

Con

stan

ts

Unno

tche

d Ch

arpy

Im

pact

En

ergy

(A

)

Hard

ness

Co

rrosi

on R

esis

tanc

e

Dens

ityUl

timat

eSt

reng

th

Yiel

d St

reng

th(0

.2%

)El

onga

tion

(in 2

5 m

m)

Youn

g’s

Mod

ulus

Po

isso

n’s

Ratio

Ma

cro-

inde

ntat

ion

(app

aren

t)

Micr

o-

inde

ntat

ion

(con

verte

dH 2

SO4

g/dm

2 /da

CuSO

4

Boil

Test

(H

2O)

g/cm

3M

Pa

MPa

%

GP

a J

Rock

well

7.6

520

175

50

190

0.28

19

0 67

HR

B N

/D

<0.0

05Pa

ssPa

ss

7.4

1,38

0 1,

200

<1

190

0.30

40

44

HR

C

50 H

RC

N

/D

N/D

Pa

ss

7.55

410

240

25

210

0.29

15

0 65

HR

B N

/D

0.12

5 Pa

ssPa

ss

7.5

1,31

0 1,

170

<1

200

0.29

5

56 H

RC

60

HR

C0.

364

N/D

Pa

ss

7.5

900

730

6 19

0 0.

29

140

27 H

RC

N

/D

<0.0

05Pa

ssPa

ss

7.5

1,19

0 1,

090

6 19

0 0.

29

140

33 H

RC

40

HR

C

<0.0

05Pa

ssPa

ss

20

16 E

ditio

n Ap

prov

ed: 2

000

Rev

ised

: 200

7, 2

016

21

22


Soft-Magnetic Alloys

This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured from prealloyed powder or admixtures of iron and other elements such as nickel, chromium, cobalt and silicon. These alloys are classified as soft-ferromagnetic materials, that allows them to be easily magnetized and demagnetized.


Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes place during sintering. A homogeneous microstructure, low levels of interstitials and high sintered density will enhance magnetic properties.

Grade Selection

Certain materials in this standard with the same nominal composition have been assigned two grades. When selecting a material, a comparison should be made between the magnetic properties required and the properties of each grade.

Application

There are several MIM soft-magnetic alloys. Each has specific properties that covers a wide range of applications.

MIM-2200

Used in applications requiring high magnetic output, comparable to iron, but with improved strength.

MIM-Fe-3%Si Exhibits low core losses and high electrical resistivity

in AC and DC applications (e.g., solenoids, armatures, relays). Since this alloy readily work hardens, it is particularly suited to net-shape forming via MIM.

MIM-Fe-50%Ni

High permeability and low coercive field are the hallmark magnetic properties for this alloy. It is used in motors, switches and relays, and for magnetic shielding applications.

MIM-Fe-50%Co

The iron-cobalt alloys produce the highest magnetic saturation, surpassing pure iron. This material is suitable for small components required to carry high magnetic flux densities.

MIM-430L

This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for applications in a corrosive environment where protective coatings are impractical.

Microstructure

The unetched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.

Other Elements: Total may not exceed 1.0% combined.



Chemical Composition, % — Soft-Magnetic Alloys

Fe Ni Cr Co Si C (max) Mn V

MIM-2200 Bal. 1.5 – 2.5 –– –– 1.0 max 0.1 –– ––

MIM-Fe-3%Si Bal. –– –– –– 2.5 – 3.5 0.05 –– –– MIM-Fe50%Ni Bal. 49 – 51 –– –– 1.0 max 0.05 –– ––

MIM-Fe50%Co Bal. –– –– 48 – 50 1.0 max 0.05 –– 2.5 max

MIM-430L Bal. –– 16 – 18 –– 1.0 max 0.05 1.0 max ––

23

*Inte

rstit

ials

(oxy

gen,

nitr

ogen

) con

tent

and

gr

ain

size

affe

ct m

agne

tic re

spon

se.

2016

Edi

tion

Appr

oved

: 200

0 R

evis

ed: 2

007,

201

6

TYPI

CA

L VA

LUES

Mat

eria

l De

sign

atio

n Co

de

as-s

inte

red

Dens

ity

g/cm

3

Max

imum

Pe

rme-

abili

ty

µ m

ax

Max

imum

H cB 1

,990

Mag

netic

Pro

perti

es

Tens

ile P

rope

rties

Ha

rdne

ss

Max

imum

Pe

rme-

abili

ty

µ m

ax

H c

B r

B 1,9

90

B 39,

800

Dens

ity

Ultim

ate

Tens

ile

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th(0

.2%

)El

onga

tion

(in 2

5 m

m)

Mac

ro-

inde

ntat

ion

(app

aren

t)A/

m

T A/

mT

T T

g/cm

3 M

Pa

MPa

%

HR

B M

IM-2

200

7.60

2,

000

160

1.40

2,

300

120

0.80

1.45

2.00

7.

65

290

125

40

45

MIM

-Fe-

50%

Ni-G

rade

1*

7.70

40

,000

10

1.

30

47,5

00

101.

001.

401.

50

7.75

45

5 16

0 30

50

-G

rade

2*

7.70

20

,000

20

1.

30

27,0

00

161.

001.

401.

50

7.75

45

5 16

0 30

50

M

IM-F

e-3%

Si-G

rade

1

7.60

8,

000

60

1.40

8,

500

561.

201.

451.

95

7.62

53

0 39

0 24

80

-

Grad

e 2

7.45

5,

500

90

1.40

6,

000

801.

201.

451.

90

7.50

53

0 39

0 24

80

M

IM-F

e-50

% C

o 7.

70

4,80

0 16

0 1.

90

5,20

0 12

01.

402.

002.

20

7.75

20

5 14

0 <1

80

MIM

-430

L 7.

50

1,00

0 18

5 1.

10

1,50

0 14

00.

551.

151.

58

7.55

41

5 24

0 25

65

Soft

Mag

netic

Allo

ys

MIM

Mat

eria

l Pro

pert

ies

– SI

Uni

ts

MIN

IMU

M V

ALU

ES

23

24


Controlled-Expansion Alloys

This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured from pre-alloyed powder and/or admixtures of iron, nickel and cobalt.

The proportions of the elements iron, nickel and cobalt may be varied to meet the requirements of the coefficient of thermal expansion.

Application Controlled-expansion alloys are used in electronics

applications to provide hermetic seals with materials such as glasses and ceramics.

MIM-F-15 This low expansion alloy is used for glass-to metal seal-

ing applications. It provides hermetic seals for electronic

fiber optic and microwave packages, such as splitters, dual in-line packages and micro-electronic mechanical systems.


Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes place during sintering. The homogeneous microstructure and high sintered density provide for exceptional her-meticity and controlled thermal expansion.

Microstructure

The un-etched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.


Nominal Chemical Composition, % — Controlled-Expansion Alloys

Fe

Ni

Co Mnmax

Si max

C max

Al max

Mgmax

Zr max

Ti max

Cumax

Cr max

Mo max

MIM-F15 Bal. 29 17 0.50 0.20 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20

Other Elements: Aluminum, magnesium, zirconium and titanium may not exceed 0.20% combined. Total may not exceed 1% combined.


Con

trol

led-

Expa

nsio

n A

lloys

M

IM M

ater

ial P

rope

rtie

s –

SI U

nits

20

16 E

ditio

n

Appr

oved

: 200

7

Mat

eria

l De

sign

atio

n Co

de

(con

ditio

n)

Dens

ity

g/cm

3 M

IM-F

-15

(as-

sint

ered

) 7.

7

Te

nsile

Pro

perti

es

Youn

g’s

Mod

ulus

Hard

ness

Dens

ity

Ultim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

(0.2

%)

Elon

gatio

n(in

25

mm

)

Mac

ro-

inde

ntat

ion

(app

aren

t)

Mic

ro-

inde

ntat

ion

(con

verte

d)

g/cm

3 M

Pa

MPa

%

GP

a Ro

ckwe

ll

7.8

450

300

25

120

65 H

RB

N

/D

NOTE

S:

N/D

Not

det

erm

ined

for t

he p

urpo

ses

of th

is s

tand

ard.

C

oeffi

cien

t of T

herm

al E

xpan

sion

(CTE

) Th

e co

effic

ient

of t

herm

al e

xpan

sion

was

det

erm

ined

for t

heM

IM-F

-15

allo

y in

acc

orda

nce

with

AST

M E

228.

A p

ush-

rod

dila

tom

eter

was

use

d fo

r the

se te

sts,

usi

ng a

2 °C

/min

ute

heat

ing

rate

in a

nitr

ogen

atm

osph

ere.

The

ave

rage

co

effic

ient

of t

herm

al e

xpan

sion

was

det

erm

ined

from

room

tem

pera

ture

(20

°C) u

p to

a s

erie

s of

tem

pera

ture

s.

From

20

°C

To:

Ave

rage

CTE

(X

10-6

/ °C

) 10

0 °C

6.

6 15

0 °C

6.

220

0 °C

5.

825

0 °C

5.

530

0 °C

5.

4

TYPI

CA

L VA

LUES

MIN

IMU

M V

ALU

E

25

26


Copper

This subsection covers MIM copper. MIM copper is made using commercially pure copper powder.

Material Characteristics MIM copper has the typical color of copper and is commonly used for its excellent thermal and electrical conductivity.

Applications Pure copper parts are used in applications requiring excellent thermal or electrical conductivity. Sintered

copper parts can be treated like a wrought copper part in the annealed condition and can be machined, plated, brazed, crimped, and staked.

Microstructure Copper will sinter to a point where very few original

particle boundaries are observable. The un-etched microstructure will exhibit small, uniformly distributed, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In the etched condition, the microstructure is homogenous with little to no evidence of oxides or contaminants.


Nominal Chemical Composition, % - Copper

Cu

MIM-Cu 99.8 Minimum

100.0 Maximum

Other Elements: 0.2% max, excluding silver


27

C

oppe

r M

IM M

ater

ial P

rope

rtie

s –

SI U

nits

2016

Edi

tion

A

ppro

ved

2012

Mat

eria

l De

sign

atio

n Co

de

(con

ditio

n)

MIN

IMU

M V

ALU

ES

TYPI

CA

L VA

LUES

Dens

ity

Te

nsile

Pro

perti

es

Dens

ity

Ther

mal

Co

nduc

tivity

(a

t 25

°C)

Ther

mal

Co

nduc

tivity

(a

t 25

°C)

Ultim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yi

eld

Stre

ngth

(0

.2%

) El

onga

tion

(in

25

mm

) g/

cm3

W/(m

·K)

g/cm

3 W

/(m·K

) M

Pa

MPa

%

M

IM-C

u (a

s-si

nter

ed)

8.50

33

0 8.

75

360

207

69

30

Coe

ffici

ent o

f The

rmal

Exp

ansi

on (C

TE)

The

coef

ficie

nt o

f the

rmal

exp

ansi

on w

as d

eter

min

ed fo

r the

MIM

-Cu

allo

y in

acc

orda

nce

with

AS

TM E

228.

A p

ush-

rod

dila

tom

eter

was

use

d fo

r the

se te

sts,

usi

ng a

1 °

C/m

inut

e he

atin

g ra

te in

air

atm

osph

ere.

The

ave

rage

coe

ffici

ent o

f th

erm

al e

xpan

sion

was

det

erm

ined

from

room

tem

pera

ture

(2

0 °C

) up

to a

ser

ies

of te

mpe

ratu

res.

From

20

°F

To:

Ave

rage

CTE

(X

10-6

/ °C

) 3

8 °C

15

.7

66

°C

16.0

93

°C

16.4

121

°C

16.7

149

°C

16.9

27

28

Index Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems & Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35

The MPIF Standard 35 family of publications comprises four separate publications dealing with materials for: metal injection molded parts, conventional PM structural parts, PM self-lubricating bearings and powder forged (PF) steel parts. The same materials may appear in more than one publication or section of the standard depending upon their common use, e.g. some structural materials may also be used in bearing applications and vice versa and stain-less steel materials may be manufactured by more than one PM process, such as MIM or conventional PM, depen-dent upon part design and use.

The following indices provide the user with a reference tool to more easily locate the information on the standard-ized material needed for a specific application.

INDEX 1 (35MIM1-2016) provides information on materi-als contained in this edition of MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts. The standardized material designation codes are listed

alphabetically, followed by the name of the specific mate-rial system section of the standard where the chemical composition and/or mechanical property data can be found. See Table of Contents for page numbers where cited material systems (inch-pound or SI units) can be found.

INDEX 2 (35MIM2-2016) provides similar information on the other three MPIF Standard 35 publications.

KEY - MPIF Standard 35 Publications: MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded

Parts PF Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating

Bearings SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

INDEX 1. (35MIM1-2016) Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts


Section Material System

Key

MIM-17-4 PH Stainless Steels MIM

MIM-2200

Low-Alloy Steels MIM Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM

MIM-2700 Low-Alloy Steels MIM MIM-316L Stainless Steels MIM MIM-4140 Low-Alloy Steels MIM MIM-420 Stainless Steels MIM

MIM-430L Stainless Steels MIM Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM

MIM-440 Stainless Steels MIM MIM-4605 Low-Alloy Steels MIM MIM-Cu Copper MIM MIM-F-15 Controlled-Expansion Alloys MIM MIM-Fe-3% Si Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM MIM-Fe-50% Co Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM

MIM-Fe-50% Ni Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM

MPIF Standard 35 Publication KEY MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings PF Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

INDEX 2. (35MIM2-2016) Material Section Designation Code Material System

Key

AC-2014 Aluminum Alloys SP C-0000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CFTG-3806-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB CNZ-1818 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CNZP-1816 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CT-1000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CT-1000-K Bronze Bearings SLB CTG-1001-K Bronze Bearings SLB CTG-1004-K Bronze Bearings SLB CZ-1000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CZ-2000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CZ-3000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CZP-1002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CZP-2002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CZP-3002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP F-0000 Iron and Carbon Steel SP F-0000-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB F-0005 Iron and Carbon Steel SP F-0005-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB F-0008 Iron and Carbon Steel SP F-0008-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB FC-0200 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-0200-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB FC-0205 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-0205-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB FC-0208 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-0208-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB FC-0505 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-0508 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-0508-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB FC-0808 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-1000 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-1000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB FC-2000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB FC-2008-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB FCTG-3604-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB FD-0105 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FD-0200 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FD-0205 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FD-0208 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FD-0400 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP

29

30

INDEX 2. (35MIM2-2016)

Material Section Designation Code Material System

Key

FD-0405 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FD-0408 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FDCT-1802-K Diffusion-Alloyed Iron-Bronze Bearings SLB FF-0000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP FG-0303-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB FG-0308-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB FL-3905 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4005 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4205 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4400 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4405 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4605 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4805 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4905 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-5108 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-5208 Prealloyed Steel SP

FL-5305 Prealloyed Steel SP Sinter-Hardened Steel SP

FLC-4608 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLC-4805 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLC-4908 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLC2-4808 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLC2-5208 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLDN2-4908 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FLDN4C2-4905 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FLN-4205 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN2-3905 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN2-4400 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN2-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN2-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLN2C-4005 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN4-4400 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN4-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN4-4405(HTS) Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN4-4408 Sinter Hardened Steel SP FLN4C-4005 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN6-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN6-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLNC-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLNC-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FN-0200 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP FN-0205 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP FN-0208 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP FN-0405 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP FN-0408 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP

INDEX 2. (35MIM2-2016)


Key

FN-5000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP FS-0300 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP FX-1000 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP FX-1005 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP FX-1008 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP FX-2000 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP FX-2005 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP FX-2008 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP FY-4500 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP FY-8000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP P/F-1020 Carbon Steel PF P/F-1040 Carbon Steel PF P/F-1060 Carbon Steel PF P/F-10C40 Copper Steel PF P/F-10C50 Copper Steel PF P/F-10C60 Copper Steel PF P/F-1140 Carbon Steel PF P/F-1160 Carbon Steel PF P/F-11C40 Copper Steel PF P/F-11C50 Copper Steel PF P/F-11C60 Copper Steel PF P/F-4220 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF P/F-4240 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF P/F-4260 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF P/F-4620 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF P/F-4640 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF P/F-4660 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF P/F-4680 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF SS-303L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-303N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-303N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-304H Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-304L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-304N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-304N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-316H Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-316L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-316N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-316N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-409L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP SS-409LE Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP SS-409LNi Stainless Steel – 400 Series Alloy SP SS-410 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP SS-410L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP

31

INDEX 2. (35MIM2-2016)


Key

SS-430L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP SS-430N2 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP SS-434L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP SS-434LCb Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP SS-434N2 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP

32

33

NOTES

34

Metal Powder Industries Federation105 College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540-6692 U.S.A. (609) 452-7700 FAX (609) 987-8523Email: [email protected] website: mpif.org

2016 MIM Standards

Documents

Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded · PDF file1 MPIF Standard 35 Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts* Coefficient of Therma *See MPIF Standard 35, Materials