Mastoiditis Referat THT

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REFERAT

MASTOIDITIS

PEMBIMBING:

dr. Arif Tjatur P. Sp.THT

DISUSUN OLEH:

Raditya Ibrai! "#".$$.%&"

'EPANITERAAN 'LINI' ILMU TELINGA HIDUNG TENGGORO'

FA'ULTAS 'EDO'TERAN UNI(ERSITAS TRISA'TI

RUMAH SA'IT ANG'ATAN LAUT Dr. MINTOHARD)O

PERIODE $* MEI + $, )UNI %"$*

DAFTAR ISI

BAB I PENDAHULUAN.................................................................................. 3

BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA......................................................................... 2

2.1. Anatomi ........................................................................................ 4

2.2. Mastoiditis .................................................................................... 5

2.2.1 Deenisi..................................................................................... !

2.2.2 Etio"o#i...................................................................................... !

2.2.3 E$idemio"o#i............................................................................. !

1



2.2.4 K"asii%asi................................................................................. &

2.2.5 Patoisio"o#i.............................................................................. &

2.2.! 'e(a"a K"inis............................................................................. )

2.2.& Dia#nosis................................................................................... *

2.2.) Dia#nosa Bandin#...................................................................... 1+

2.2.* Te,a$i.......................................................................................... 1+

2.2.1+ Kom$"i%asi.............................................................................. 13

2.2.11 P,o#nosis.................................................................................. 14

BAB III KESIMPULAN....................................................................................... 15

DA-TA PUSTAKA............................................................................................ 1!

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

Pen/a%it $ada te"in#a ten#a0 dan mastoid "aim ditem%an di Ame,i%a Se,i%at dan di

se",0 dnia. Bee,a$a $ene"itian menn(%an a0a otitis media me,$a%an masa"a0 $a"in#

mm %eda $ada $,a%te% $ediat,i% sete"a0 $i"e%. Se(a% $en##naan antiioti% se6a,a "as

te,0ada$ otitis media dan mastoiditis $ada $e,ten#a0an 1*3+7an an#%a mo,ta"itas dan $en/"it

se,is da,i otitis media te"a0 san#at men,n.

2



Mastoiditis ada"a0 in"amasi ata $,oses $e,adan#an da,i mastoid air cells /an# e,ada di

t"an# tem$o,a". Ka,ena mastoid e,de%atan den#an te"in#a ten#a0 ana% ata$n o,an# deasa

den#an $en/a%it te"in#a ten#a0 8otitis media a%t9 ata otitis media s$,ati %,onis (#a da$at

men/ea%an mastoiditis Ha" ini di%a,ena%an %a,ena adan/a 0n#an anta,a te"in#a ten#a0

dan se"7se" da,a mastoid in"amasi $ada te"in#a ten#a0 (#a da$at mem$en#a,0i mastoid.

Keda $e,adan#an ini da$at di an##a$ a%ti ata ina%ti. A%ti me,(% $ada adan/a ine%si

den#en $en#e"a,an se%,esi te"in#a ata oto,,0ea a%iat $e,a0an $ato"o#i dasa, se$e,ti

%o"esteatoma ata (a,in#an #,an"asi. Ina%ti me,(% $ada se%e"e da,i ine%si a%ti te,da0"

den#an e#it tida% ada oto,,0ea.12 Insidensi te,tin##i mastoiditis te,(adi $ada ne#a,a

e,%eman# dan $ada ana% %e6i". Kean/a%an $asien e,m, : 2 ta0n den#an m, ,ata7,ata

/ait 12 "an. Namn mastoiditis da$at te,(adi $ada m, e,a$n. Men,t $ene"itian

insidensi mastoiditis $ada ana% menin#%at di%a,ena%an %,an#n/a ata tida% ee%tin/a te,a$i

antiioti% $ada saat e$isode otitis media a%t. Namn insidensi e,%,an# sete"a0 e,a antiioti%

m"ai e,%eman#.13 Pato#en /an# $a"in# se,in# men/ea%an mastoiditis /ait Streptococcus

pneumonia 2)5; Staphylococcus aureus 1! ; Haemophilus influenza 1! ; Streptococcus

pyogenes 14; dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14 ;. Tin##in/a "e<e" ,esistensi dan "ei0

a##,esin/a $ato#en me,$a%an 0asi" da,i an/a%n/a %e#a#a"an da,i te,a$i antiioti%

%on<ensiona".4 Mastoiditis isa a%t ma$n %,oni%. Mastoiditis a%t iasan/a me,$a%an

%om$"i%asi otitis media a%t sedan#%an mastoiditis %,oni% di0n#%an den#an %o"esteatoma.

Kom$"i%asi mastoiditis da$at me"iat%an "an#sn# st,%t, dise%ita,n/a se$e,ti te"in#a da"am

ne,<s asia"is a#ian "ain t"an# tem$o,a" ma$n ota%. Kom$"i%asi te,set da$at

menin#%at%an mo,iditas $asien.14

BAB II

TIN)AUAN PUSTA'A

%.$ A-at!i T/0i-1a T/-1a da- Ma2tid

Te"in#a ten#a0 ada"a0 ,an# %e6i" /an# e,isi da,a /an# e,ada $ada os petrosus t"an#

tem$o,a". Te"in#a ten#a0 di$isa0%an den#an te"in#a "a, o"e0 mem,an tim$ani dan den#an

te"in#a da"am o"e0 fenestra vestibuli dan fenestra rotunda. Se6a,a mm te"in#a ten#a0 te,di,i

da,i mem,an tim$ani %a<m tim$ani dan recessus epitympani. Pada te"in#a ten#a0 (#a

3



te,da$at ti#a a0 t"an# $enden#a,an. Maleus /an# me"e%at %e dindin# $oste,io, mem,an

tim$ani /an# %emdian e,a,ti%"asi den#an incus incus %emdian e,a,ti%"asi den#an stapes

dan a%0i,n/a asis stapes e,inse,si %e fenestra vestibuli mement% sat ,antai 6in6in

$enden#a,an /an# t0 5!

'ama, 2.1. Anatomi te"in#a dan mastoid.5

Ba#ian $oste,io, recessus epitympani te,da$at adits %e antrum mastoideum. Antrum

mastoideum me,$a%an sat %a<itas /an# te,di,i da,i ,an#an7,an#an %e6i" e,isi da,a /an#

diset se" mastoid. Antrum mastoideum di$isa0%an den#an fossa cranii media o"e0 tegmentum

timpani. 5!

Mastoid mement% a#ian aa0 dan a#ian e"a%an# t"an# tem$o,a" /an#

meman(an# men( $,osess mastoides /an# e,ent% %e,6t. Mastoid e,a,ti%"asi den#an

t"an# $a,ieta" di atas atas st,a $a,ietomastoid dan den#an t"an# o%si$ita" di atas e"a%an#

st,a o66i$itomastoid /an# e,de%atan den#an st,a "amdoida". P,osess mastoides

memi"i%i %,an /an# e,<a,iasi te,#antn# $ada pneumatisasi namn %,an $ada "a%i7"a%i

"ei0 esa, da,i$ada $e,em$an.&

Se" da,a mastoid te,"eta% di a#ian atas di de$an $,osess mastoides /an# diset

ant,m mastoid. Se" da,a ini memi"i%i %,an /an# 6%$ esa, dan e,0n#an den#an

,on##a tim$ani%. Sesaat see"m ata sete"a0 "a0i, se"7se" da,a /an# %e6i" m"ai e,%eman# di

4



se%ita, ant,m mastoid dan te,s menin#%at da"am (m"a0 ma$n %,an sam$ai se%ita, sia

$e,tas. Jm"a0 dan %,an da,i se" da,a san#at e,<a,iasi. &

'ama, 2.2 Dia#,amati% 0n#an anatomi da,i te"in#a ten#a0 dan mastoid air cell.)

%.% Ma2tiditi2

%.%.$ D/f/-i2i

Mastoiditis ada"a0 $,oses $e,adan#an /an# me"iat%an se"7se" mastoid $ada t"an#

tem$o,a". Mastoiditis $ada mmn/a me,$a%an %om$"i%asi da,i otitis media.1

%.%.% Eti01i$

P,oses ine%si iasan/a di$en#a,0i o"e0 a%to, 0ost dan a%to, mi%,oio"o#i.

a. -a%to, Host =

7 Ummn/a mastoiditis i"a $ada ana% ditem%an $ada m, : 2 ta0n den#an

,ia/at otitis media.7 Be,%aitan den#an sistem imn $ende,ita /an# men,n.

5



. -a%to, Mi%,oio"o#i

Pato#en /an# se,in# ditem%an $ada mastoiditis /ait =

• Streptococcus pneumonia me,$a%an $ato#en /an# $a"in# se,in# ditem%an

$ada mastoiditis a%t den#an $,e<a"ensi 25;.

• ',o$ A eta70emo"/ti6 st,e$to6o66i

• Staphylococcus aureus

• Streptococcus pyogenes

• Moraxella catarrhalis

• Haemophilus influenzae

• Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Mycobacterium s$e6ies

• Aspergillus fumigates dan (am, "ainn/a.

• Nocardia asteroides

%.%.# Epid/!i01i

Insidensi te,tin##i mastoiditis te,(adi $ada ne#a,a e,%eman# dan $ada ana% %e6i".

Kean/a%an $asien e,m, : 2 ta0n den#an m, ,ata7,ata /ait 12 "an. Namn

mastoiditis da$at te,(adi $ada m, e,a$n. 14

%.%.& '0a2ifi3a2i

Mastoiditis te,a#i atas a%t s a%t dan %,oni% /a%ni =14

1. Mastoiditis a%t te,a#i atas =a. Mastoiditis a%t den#an $e,iosteitis 8 mastoiditis insi$ient9 den#an %a,a%te,isti%

$,"en $ada ,on##a mastoid.

. Mastoiditis %oa"esen 8Mastoiditis a%t osteotis9 den#an %a,a%te,isti% 0i"an#n/a se$ta

t"an# anta,a se"7se" da,a mastoid. Keadaan ini da$at men/ea%an te,ent%n/a

,an# ases dan dise%si $s %edae,a0 se%ita,n/a.

2. Mastoiditis s%,oni% /ait ine%si mastoid dan te"in#a "o #,ade /an# meneta$ /an#

men/ea%an de%st,%si se$ta t"an#.3. Mastoiditis %,oni% me,$a%an ine%si s$,ati se"7se" da,a mastoid /an# e,"an#sn#

se"ama 0itn#an "an 0in##a ta0n. Mastoiditis %,oni% mmn/a e,0n#an den#an

otitis media s$,ati %,oni% dan %0ssn/a den#a $ement%an %o"esteatoma.

%.%.4 Patfi2i01i

Mastoiditis a%t mmn/a me,$a%an %om$"i%asi da,i otitis media. Ha" ini di%a,ena%an

%a,ena adan/a 0n#an anta,a te"in#a ten#a0 dan se"7se" da,a mastoid in"amasi $ada te"in#a

6



ten#a0 (#a da$at mem$en#a,0i mastoid. Ji%a ine%si $ada te"in#a ten#a0 e,"an(t $ada

mastoid a%an te,(adi a%m"asi $,"en.1*

Pen/matan ant,m o"e0 in"amasi m%osa menim"%an ine%si da,i se"7se" da,a

den#an 6a,a men#0amat a"i,an dan den#an men#0a"an#i a"i,an da,a %ema"i da,i sisi te"in#a

ten#a0. Mastoiditis da$at menems ant,m dan me"as %est,%t, se%ita,n/a se$e,ti menin#ens

sins si#moid otot ste,no%"eidomastoid a,te,i %a,otis inte,na <ena (#"a, dan ota%. Ha"

te,set"a0 /an# men/ea%an tin##in/a mo,iditas mastoiditis dan men(adi $en/a%it /an#

da$at men#an6am n/aa.41+

Be,dasa,%an $,o#,esi<itasn/a mastoiditis te,a#i men(adi 5 ta0a$ /ait =14

Ta0a$ 1 7 Hi$e,emis $ada "a$isan m%osa se"7se" da,a mastoid

Ta0a$ 2 7 T,ansdasi dan e%sdasi 6ai,an dan > ata nana0 da"am se".

Ta0a$ 3 7 Ne%,osis t"an# /an# disea%an o"e0 0i"an#n/a <as%"a,isasi da,i se$ta

Ta0a$ 4 7 Hi"an#n/a dindin# se" den#an $e"e,an %e da"am ,on##a ases

Ta0a$ 5 7 Pe,$an(an#an $,oses in"amasi %e dae,a07dae,a0 e,de%atan

Ine%si a%t /an# meneta$ $ada se" da,a mastoid da$at me"as me"a"i venous channels

/an# men/ea%an in"amasi $ada $e,iostem > osteotis /an# a%an me,sa% t,ae%"a t"an#

/an# mement% se"7se" mastoid $ada %ondisi ini diset mastoiditis %oa"esen. Mastoiditis

%oa"esen $ada dasa,n/a me,$a%an sat em$iema $ada t"an# tem$o,a". Ps /an# di0asi"%an

mn#%in men#a"i, me"a"i ,te = 819 $en/a",an me"a"i ant,m se6a,a a"ami /an# men#0asi"%an

$en/em0an s$ontan 829 %e "ate,a" 0in##a %e $e,m%aan $,osess mastoides /an#

men/ea%an ases s$e,iostea" 839 se6a,a ante,io, mement% ases di e"a%an# dan te"in#a

ata dianta,a otot ste,no%"eidomastoid da,i "e0e, /an# men#0asi"%an ases Bezold 849 se6a,a

media" %e se" da,a $et,os $ada t"an# tem$o,a" /am# diset $et,ositis dan 859 $oste,io, %e

t"an# o%si$ita" /an# men/ea%an osteomie"itis da,i %a"<a,ia ata ases ?ite""i.1+

Mastoiditis %,oni% mn/a me,$a%an %om$"i%asi da,i otitis media %,oni% ata inade%at

te,a$i da,i mastoiditis a%t. Mem,an tim$ani /an# noninta% a%an men/ea%an s$esies mi%,oa

di meats a%sti%s e%ste,na" men( te"in#a ten#a0 dan $ada a%0i,n/a mastoid. @,#anisme ini

men/ea%an in"amasi /an# meneta$ /an# iasan/a tida% da$at diatasi a#en te,a$eti%

%on<ensiona" $ada otitis media a%t. *

Se$e,ti %ean/a%an ine%si ai% a%to, 0ost ma$n a%to, mi%,oio"o#i mem$en#a,0i

$e,%eman#an da,i mastoiditis. -a%to, 0ost te,mas% imnitas m%osa anatomi t"an# tem$o,a"

7



imnitas sitemi%. Sedan#%an a%to, mi%,oio"o#i /ait ,esistensi antimi%,oa %emam$an

$ato#en menems (a,in#an ata $em"0 "o%a" dan me%anisme $e,"indn#an di,i mi%,oa.14

%.%.* G/ja0a '0i-i2

'e(a"a %"inis e,<a,iasi te,#antn# m, dan ta0a$ ine%si. ia/at @to,,0ea /an#

meneta$ "ei0 da,i 3 min## iasan/a me,$a%an $e,tanda $,oses %ete,"iatan mastoid.

Ummn/a oto,,0ea e,siat $,"en ata m%oid.12

Demam iasan/a tin##i e,0n#an den#an otitis media a%t.N/e,i $ada te"in#a /an#

iasan/a meme,at saat ma"am 0a,i. N/e,i /an# meneta$ me,$a%an $e,tanda da,i $en/a%it

mastoid. Ha" ini san#at s"it dini"ai $ada $asien /an# masi0 san#at mda. N/e,i (#a di,asa%an

$asien $ada %e$a"a. Hi"an#n/a $enden#a,an iasan/a te,(adi $ada sema $,oses /an# me"iat%an

te"in#a ten#a0.1

Pada a/i $e,0ati%an setia$ ,ia/at nons$esii% da,i ine%si /an# %onsisten se$e,ti tida%

ma ma%an demam i,itai"itas ata dia,e. 4

%.%.5 Dia1-2i2

Dia#nosis dite#a%%an e,dasa,%an anamnesis $eme,i%saan isi% ma$n $eme,i%saan

$enn(an#. Pada anamnesis ditem%an adan/a %e"0an se$e,ti %e"a,n/a 6ai,an da,i te"in#a

demam n/e,i $ada te"in#a 0i"an#n/a $enden#a,an. Pada $eme,i%saan isi% ditem%an

e,itema>%eme,a0an dan "na% $ada e"a%an# dan te"in#a dan ano,ma"itas da,i mem,ane

tim$ani. Pada ana% "ei0 da,i 2 ta0n $inna iasan/a de<iasi $a,d dan ota,d di%a,ena%an

o"e0 $,oses in"amasi /an# iasan/a e,%m$" $ada $,osess mastoides.1*

Pada $eme,i%saan otos%o$i mem,an tim$ani iasan/a me,a0 menon(o" dan

e,%,an#n/a moi"itas teta$i ias no,ma" $ada 1+ ; %ass. Pada mastoiditis %,oni% mem,ane

tim$ani $e,o,asi %eme,a0an edema dan sensiti<e $ada ,et,oa,i%"a, . 67$"

Pada $eme,i%saan otosmi%,os%o$i% di"a%%%an nt% men#e<a"asi da,i oto,,0ea /an#

%,oni%. P,osed, ini memt0%an anestesi mm den#an %entn#an mendete%si

%o"esteatoma retraction pocet (a,in#an #,an"asi $o"i$ ata enda asin#. Sea0 s$esimen

da,i te"in#a ten#a0 tan$a adan/a %ontaminasi da,i meats a%sti%s e%ste,na a%an di"a%%an

$eme,i%saan #,am $ea,naan ta0an asam %"t, ae,o>anae,o. Bio$si di"a%%an (i%a te,da$at

%e6,i#aan ,adomiosa,%oma ne,o"astoma /an# da$at e,maniestasi se$e,ti otitis media

8



s$,ati %,oni% ata mastoiditis %,oni% /an# iasan/a e,0n#an den#an "m$0n/a sa,a

%,ania". 1+

Peme,i%saan ,adio"o#i ?t7S6an di"a%%an nt% meni"ai $e,"asan da,i mastoiditis.

Ma#neti6 esonan6e Ima#in# 8 MI9 a#s da"am meni"ai (a,in#an "na% dan mastoid se,ta

%om$"i%asin/a.11

'ama, 2.3.Des%t,%si t"an# $ada ?T %o,ona".

'ama, 2.4. MI $ada Mastoiditis det,a. A%m"asi 6ai,an $ada mastoid %anan

8 $ana0 $ti09. Sea"i%n/a $ada mastoid %i,i no,ma" te,isi da,a 8 $ana0 me,a09

%.%., Dia1-2i2 Ba-di-1

A. Ana% = 112

1. adomiosa,%oma

2. Histiositis

3. Le%emia

9



4.Kaasa%i s/nd,ome

B. Deasa =112

1. @titis E%ste,na -"minan

2. Histiositis

3. Metastati6 disease

%.%.6 T/rapi

1. Te,a$i Medi%amentosa13

a. Indi%asi =7 Tida% adan/a #ama,an %ete,"iatan int,a6,ania"

7 Tida% adan/a "%tasi $osta,i%"a,

7 Tida% adan/a tanda $ada ?T7s6an /an# menn(%%an des%t,%si da,i se"

da,a mastoid.7 @titis media s$,ati ti$e (ina% dan tan$a %o"esteatoma

. Metode

Peme,ian antiioti% $a,ente,a" e,dasa,%an 0asi" %"t, dan sensiti<itas. Peme,i%asaan

#,am da$at menent%an te,a$i em$i,i% antimi%,oa. Antiioti%n/a /ait Sea"oso,in

#ene,asi III 8 6onto0 6eotaime9 dan met,onidao". Antiioti% die,i%an se6a,a int,a<ena

1#,12 (am $ada deasa dan seten#a0n/a $ada ana%7ana%.

2. Te,a$i o$e,asi13

a. Indi%asi =7 Kom$"i%asi int,a%,ania"

7 Adan/a "%tasi $osta,i6"a, dan ases s$e,iostea".

7 Mastoiditisa%t %oa"esen7 Ke#a#a"an te,a$i medi%amentosa den#an antiioti% ade%at se"ama 4) 7&2

(am.

7 @to,,0ea /an# meneta$ "ei0 da,i 2 min## a"a$n den#an antiioti%

/an# ade%at

7 Ko"esteatoma

. Metode1. P,osed, in<asi<e minima"=

a. Insisi dan d,ainase da,i ases mastoid

. Mi,in#iotomi2. @$e,asi deeniti ! "pen mastoidetomy 8 te,da$at %o"esteatoma #$ cortical

mastoidetomy 8 tida% te,da$at %o"esteatoma9.

10



Dia#,am 2.1. St,ate#i Pen#oatan Mastoiditis

11



%.%.$".$ '!p0i3a2i

Kom$"i%asi da,i mastoiditis /ait =124

• Hi"an#n/a $enden#a,an

• %acial nerve palsy

• &ranial nerve involvement • @steomie"itis

• Pet,ositis

• Lai,initis

• 'radenigo syndrome 7 @titis media n/e,i ,et,o7o,ita" dan %e"m$0an ne,<s

adsen

• (ntracranial extension 7 Menin#itis ases se,e,a" ases e$id,a" em$iema

sd,a"

• T,omosis sins si#moid

• Te,ent%n/a ases =7 &itelli abscess= ases /an# me"as %e t"an# o%si$ita".7 Ases s$e,iostea" = ases anta,a $e,iostem da t"an# mastoid /an#

men#0asi"%an #ama,an %0as te"in#a /an# menon(o">$,ot,de.

7 Bezold)s abscess = ases (a,in#an "na% se$an(an# sternomastoid sheathC

Bezold abscesses me,$a%an %om$"%asi /an# san#at (a,an# dan iasan/a

ditem%an $ada o,an# deasa den#an *ell+pneumatized mastoid tip.

'ama, 2.5. Mastoiditis den#an ases s$e,iostea"

%.%.$$ Pr1-2i2

Pe,%i,aan an/a% $asien den#an acute surgical mastoiditis da$at %ema"i sem$,na

(i%a tida% te,da$at %ete,"iatan ne,<s asia"is <esti"m dan st,%t, int,a6,ania" tida%

te,"iat.

12



BAB III

'ESIMPULAN

13



Mastoiditis ada"a0 $,oses $e,adan#an /an# me"iat%an se"7se" mastoid $ada t"an#

tem$o,a". Mastoiditis mmn/a me,$a%an %om$"i%asi da,i otitis media. Ha" ini di%a,ena%an

%a,ena adan/a 0n#an anta,a te"in#a ten#a0 dan se"7se" da,a mastoid. Mastoiditis isa a%t

s a%t ma$n %,oni%.

Dia#nosis dite#a%%an e,dasa,%an anamnesis $eme,i%saan isi% ma$n $eme,i%saan

$enn(an#. Pada anamnesis ditem%an adan/a %e"0an se$e,ti %e"a,n/a 6ai,an da,i te"in#a

demam n/e,i $ada te"in#a 0i"an#n/a $enden#a,an. Pada $eme,i%saan isi% ditem%an

e,itema>%eme,a0an dan "na% $ada e"a%an# dan te"in#a dan ano,ma"itas da,i mem,ane

tim$ani.

Pada $eme,i%saan otos%o$i mem,an tim$ani iasan/a me,a0 menon(o" %ass. Pada

mastoiditis %,oni% mem,ane tim$ani $e,o,asi %eme,a0an edema dan sensiti<e $ada

,et,oa,i%"a, .

Peme,i%saan ,adio"o#i ?t7S6an di"a%%an nt% meni"ai $e,"asan da,i mastoiditis.

Ma#neti6 esonan6e Ima#in# 8MI9 a#s da"am meni"ai (a,in#an "na% dan mastoid se,ta

%om$"i%asin/a.

Mastoiditis da$at te,(adi $ada $asien7$asien imnos$,esi ata me,e%a /an#

mene"anta,%an otitis media a%t /an# dide,itan/a. Kom$"i%asi $en/a%it otitis media dan

mastoiditis 8a%t dan %,oni%9 da$at me"iat%an $e,a0an7$e,a0an "an#sn# da"am te"in#a

ten#a0 dan mastoid ata ine%si se%nde, $ada st,%t, di se%ita,n/a.

Te,a$i mastoiditis da$at e,$a te,a$i medi%amentosa /ait $eme,ian antiioti%a

ma$n te,a$i den#an o$e,asi /ait mastoide%tomi. Kee,0asi"an te,a$i te,#antn# sda0 ada%a0

%om$"i%asi ata %ete,"iatan int,a%,ania".

DAFTAR PUSTA'A

14



1. De<an PP et a". 2+13. Mastoiditis. A<ai"a"e ,om

0tt$=>>emedi6ine.meds6a$e.6om>a,ti6"e>2+5!!5&7o<e,<iea2aa!24 A66esed 1 Mei

2+14F

2. Adams ' et a".2+12. Boeis = B% A(a, Pen/a%it THT. Ja%a,ta= Pene,it B%

Kedo%te,an E'?. Ha"1+&71153. Beito B Pe,e '. 2++!. A6te mastoiditis= In6,ease o in6iden6e and 6ont,o<e,sies in

antiioti6 t,eatment. A<ai"a"e ,om 0tt$=>>.n6i.n"m.ni0.#o<>$med>1&2354+2 A66esed 1 Mei 2+14F

4. B,oo% It0a% et a". 2+14. Pediat,i6 mastoiditis. A<ai"a"e ,om

0tt$=>>emedi6ine.meds6a$e.6om>a,ti6"e>*!!+**7o<e,<iea+1+4 A66esed 1 Mei 2+14F5. To,to,a '. G De,,i6%son B. 2++*. P,in6i$"e o Anatom/ and P0/sio"o#/. 12t0 ed. Jo0n

i"e/ G Sons= USA.

!. D,a%e . L. o#" A. . G Mit60e"" A. . M. 2++*. ',a/s Anatom/ o, Stdents. 2nd

ed . P0i"ade"$0ia= ?0,6i"" Li<in#ston.&. Ba""in#e, P. . G -,an% E. D. 82++39. Merrill)s atlas of radiographic positions and

radiologic procedures 8o"s. 1739. 81+t0 ed.9. St. Lois M@= Mos/.

). Je,ome @. 2+1+.@titis Ete,na @titis Media and mastoiditis in Mande"" Do#"as and

Bennetts P,in6i$"es and P,a6ti6e o Ine6tios Diseases Se<ent0 Edition E"se<ie, In6 .

?0a$te, 5& )317)3&.

*. E""en . a"d and James H. ?ona/. 2+12. Mastoiditis in P,in6i$"es and P,a6ti6e o

Pediat,i6 Ine6tios Diseases -o,t0 Edition. ?0a$te, 31 $ 222722&

1+. James A. Pa and ',e#o,/ P. Moo,e. 2+14. Mastoiditis in osens Eme,#en6/

Medi6ine Ei#0t0 Edition. ?0a$te, &2.11. I<an P et a". 2+14. Ma#neti6 esonan6e Ima#in# In A6te Mastoiditis. A6ta adio"o#is

S0o,t e$o,t 3829 175

12. '"een '. Mastoiditis Basi6 Ino,mation. A<ai"a"e ,om

0tt$s=>>.6"ini6a"%e/.6om>to$i6s>oto"a,/n#o"o#/>mastoiditis.0tm"424!2! A66esed 1

Mei 2+14F13. ao AM As0o, B 'aad AA. 2+12.U$dated mana#ement st,ate#ies o, mastoiditis

and mastoid as6ess. E#/$tian Jo,na" o Ea, Nose T0,oat and A""ied S6ien6es 82+129

13 434).

15

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2056657-overview#aw2aab6b2b4

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17235402

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966099-overview#a0104

https://www.clinicalkey.com/topics/otolaryngology/mastoiditis.html#424626

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17235402

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/966099-overview#a0104

https://www.clinicalkey.com/topics/otolaryngology/mastoiditis.html#424626

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2056657-overview#aw2aab6b2b4

Documents

Mastoiditis Referat THT