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Mass Individuation of Mass Individuation of Housing SustainablyHousing SustainablyAn Integrated Design Solution to Individuated, Affordable, and Sustainable Mass Housing
Guopeng LiAnnual Report Submitted to Department of Architecture and Built EnvironmentFaculty of EngineerUniversity of NottinghamJanuary 2011
AbstractAbstract Researches, such as customization, prefabrication, flexibility and
sustainability, have been done on mass housing design for more individuated, affordable and sustainable houses. However, the current UK housing industry is still facing challenges under users’ requirements, which is mainly because there is no integrated design system for a comprehensive solution.
Therefore, this research examined current researches on mass housing design, found a method for integration of mass housing design strategies, and attempted to create an integrated mass housing design system.
The research procedure insisted of four stages: 1. Refine mass housing design strategies to decrease limitations. 2. Find the relationship among these strategies to form a theoretical framework of mass housing and a process of mass housing design. 3. Generalize a housing system from architectural systems for analyzing and integrating strategies. 4. Utilize the housing system to do the modularization and configuration of strategies, with the support from classification of each strategy and case studies.
Through these four stages, modularized elements from levels of each strategy were summarized; and the possibilities of element configuration formed a basic housing system corpus.
In the basic housing system corpus, the relationship of modularized elements was clear and obvious; elements from each strategy could be assembled easily for offering affordable and sustainable mass housing. However, as the housing design process needs architectural experiences and skills, difficulties in individuation and management cannot be ruled out.
Keywords: mass housing, integrated design, housing design strategies,
architectural system
OutlineOutline IntroductionLiterature reviewResearch procedureResultsConclusionsSummary Future planReferences
IntroductionIntroduction
Challenges of mass housing industry in UK
Faster supplyAffordable priceSustainable living
(community/housing/people)Individual requirements
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Problem statementThere is no integrated design
system for a comprehensive solution.
IntroductionIntroduction
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Research definitionA method for integration of mass
housing design strategiesAn integrated mass housing
design system
IntroductionIntroduction
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Literature reviewLiterature review
Housing design strategiesMass customization in housingHousing prefabricationAdaptation in HousingSustainable environmental
technologiesCommunity planningEnvironmental psychology
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Literature reviewLiterature review
Housing design strategiesMass customization in housing
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
1. Mass produced items – item opting – assembling
Mass custom design communication tool
Sears and Roebuck Mail-Order Catalogue Home’s advertisement in 1908
Literature reviewLiterature review
Housing design strategiesMass customization in housing
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
2. Digital design – fabricating – assembling
Physical Design Co. translation from user’s design to real project
The production stages of Larry Sass’ Instant House
Literature reviewLiterature review
Housing design strategiesHousing prefabrication
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Definitions of Prefabricated Housingprefabricated housing defines components of dwellings that are manufactured off-site in advance and normally in standard sizes, and then are easily delivered elsewhere to be assembled and installed on-site.
Advantages of Prefabricated HousingOff-site fabrication: Time saving, Quality control, Less environmental impactsPrefabricated structural systems: Stronger construction, Faster assembly, Reconfigurable and transferableDigital methods: Digital design, Digital fabricating
Typology of prefabricated HousingVolumetric system/ Frame system/ Panellised system/ Sub-assemblies and components system/ Hybrid system
Literature reviewLiterature review
Housing design strategiesAdaptation in Housing
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Flexible housing: Schneider, T. Till, J. Oxford: Architectural Press,2007.How buildings learn: What happens after they are built: Brand, S. New York: Penguin Books, 1994.Residential open building: Kendall, S., Teicher, J. London and New York: E&FN Spon, 1999.The grow home: Friedman, A. Montreal & Kingston, London, Ithaca: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2001.Adaptable Housing or Adaptable People?: Beisi, J. In Arch. & Comport. / Arch. & Behav., vol.11(2), pp. 139-162, 1995.The Green Self-Build Book: Broome, J. Totnes: Green Books, 2007.Building Adaptation: Schneider, T., Till, J. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2007.
Literature reviewLiterature review
Housing design strategiesSustainable environmental
technologiesIntroducti
on
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
normally, sustainable strategies are the strategies about saving and gaining energy, reducing water use, using material wisely, and minimizing waste and pollution.
Passive solar design, active solar (PV, solar hot water), energy efficient systems (geothermal systems, wind energy system, biomass system), water recycling (rainwater collection, grey water reuse), and energy efficient appliances and controls (lighting,energy-star rated appliances) are the most common types of methods used for sustainably.
To conclude, there are two types of sustainable strategies: one is passive solar design, and the other is device-based systems.
Literature reviewLiterature review
Housing design strategiesCommunity planning
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
For planning a sustainable community, things like context, sense of community, connectivity, security, and mix-use should be carefullytaken into account. However, in the level of mass housing design, density provides the main focus of the sustainably of housing designs and forms, and affordability, and mix-combination assists the density for variety.
Grow Home Urban Pattern
Literature reviewLiterature review
Housing design strategiesEnvironmental psychology
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Psychological environments:Understanding human behaviours and psychological responses from architecture starts with understanding how people notice the environment surrounded.
Physical environments:The investigation of artificial structures and their possible impact on human behaviours would surely, but not completely, confirm why and how people might behave in a particular space or place.
Literature reviewLiterature review
Architectural systems
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
[1] Ching, Frank. (1996): Architecture: form, space and order, 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
[2] 彭一刚 . (1998): 建筑空间组合论 , 第二版 , 中国建筑工业出版社 .([2] Peng, Y. (1998): Architectural spatial combination Theory, second edition, China Architecture & Building Press.)
[3] Unwin, Simon. (1997): Anaysing Architecture. London: Routledge.
[4] White, Edward T. (1975): Concept sourcebook: vocabulary of architecural form. Tuscon: Architectural Media.
Literature reviewLiterature review
Architectural systems
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
[1] Ching, Frank. (1996): Architecture: form, space and order, 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Literature reviewLiterature review
Architectural systems
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
[2] 彭一刚 . (1998): 建筑空间组合论 , 第二版 , 中国建筑工业出版社 .([2] Peng, Y. (1998): Architectural spatial combination Theory, second edition, China Architecture & Building Press.)
space
Function
Structure
Beauty
Internal layout
External layout
Group layout
Literature reviewLiterature review
Architectural systems
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
[3] Unwin, Simon. (1997): Anaysing Architecture. London: Routledge.
Architecture – identification – place
Conceptual elements of architecture (physical)Modifying elements of architecture (perceptual)Elements doing more than one thing
Using the things that are there (context)Primitive place typeArchitecture as making frames (structure)Temples and cottages (domestic and non-domestic)Geometry of architecture (shape size and scale)Space and structure (structural order or spatial order – time line)Parallel wall (simple and practical)Stratification (vertical communication)Transition, hierarchy, heart (horizontal movement/ outside and inside)
Literature reviewLiterature review
Architectural systems
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
[4] White, Edward T. (1975): Concept sourcebook: vocabulary of architectural form. Tuscon: Architectural Media.
FunctionSpace Unit Relations between two units CirculationsCirculations and Architectural forms Vertical Horizontal AppearancesSiteConstruction, structure, and details
Research procedureResearch procedure1. Refine mass housing design strategies to
decrease limitations. 2. Find the relationship among these
strategies to form a theoretical framework of mass housing and a process of mass housing design.
3. Generalize a housing system from the architectural systems for analyzing and integrating strategies.
4. Utilize the housing system to do the modularization and configuration of strategies, with the support from classification of each strategy and case studies.
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Research procedureResearch procedure1. Refine mass housing design strategies to
decrease limitations.
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Problems of mass customization in housing
Off-the-shelf products based method 1. normally, close system – item matching problems – lack of site specific design 2. open system – no regulations – lack of products (support and infill products)
Digital based method 1. digital design – because of the complex of housing, current digital design, particularly in individuated design, separates a design into several parts. 2. digital fabrication – limitations: production speed/ cost/ efficiency/ size/ material/ shape
Research procedureResearch procedure1. Refine mass housing design strategies to
decrease limitations.
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
From mass customization to mass individuation
mass customization in either off-the-shelf products based method or digital based method cannot provide high level customization, production efficiency, and site-specific design in the same time.Therefore, a method that includes high level customization, production efficiency, and site specific design should be developed and focused on consideration. Thus, a concept of mass individuation is suggested for integrating two ways of mass customization.Mass individuation in mass housing places emphasis on design, and its definition can be described as individuated design base on site condition, a wide range of off-the-shelf products from local existing market, and additional special designed products and services.
Research procedureResearch procedure1. Refine mass housing design strategies to
decrease limitations.
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Start
Frame
Improvement
Research procedureResearch procedure2. Find the relationship among these strategies to
form a theoretical framework of mass housing and a process of mass housing design.
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
(process of mass housing design) Improvement
Start
Frame
Improvement
Start
Research procedureResearch procedure3. Generalize a housing system from the architectural
systems for analyzing and integrating strategies.
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
From architectural systems to Housing System
Elements physical elements perceptual elements
Single Unit size shape scale structure function(s) internal finishes
Multiple Units contrast repetition transition interaction order circulation
Appearance layout of units external finishes
Research procedureResearch procedure4. Utilize the housing system to do the modularization
and configuration of strategies, with the support from classification of each strategy and case studies.
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Prefabricated Houses (prototypes)
Adaptable Houses (cases)
Passive Solar Houses (prototypes)
Housing System (Modularization)
Prefabricated Housesdesign and constructionRequirements(5 prototypes)
Adaptable Housesdesign and constructionrequirements (9 prototypes)
Passive Solar Housesdesign and constructionrequirements (prototypes)Match and encode
(Configuration)Prototypes of affordable, sustainable mass housing
Research procedureResearch procedure4. Utilize the housing system to do the modularization
and configuration of strategies, with the support from classification of each strategy and case studies.
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
For example:On the level of single unit, size
Prefabricated HousesPrototype – volumetric system
Max: W4.2m, L16m, H4.5m
Adaptable HousesCase – flexible use –prototype– empty plan*NO specific requirement
Passive Solar Housesprototype – natural ventilation
Cross ventilation – no more than 5 times the floor to ceiling height(approximately 12.5m)Single side ventilation – no more than 2.5 times the floor to ceiling height (approximately 6.25m)
Modern method construction (MMC) in housing Part 3 – BRE, 2007
Architecture in a climate of change: a guide to sustainable design By Peter Frederick Smith, 2005
Title: Adaptation of Inhabitation in Integration of Design Solutions to Mass Housing Sustainably
Abstract: Adaptation of inhabitation has social, economical, and environmental advantages. However, current projects are still facing challenges, which is mainly because researches focus on how adaptation might be achieved more than other significances, key aspects are motivations of adaptation and integration with other sustainable design solutions.
Therefore, two stages were taken out in this research. The first part examined and matched different approaches of adaptation and the motivations behind those adaptations, and summarized a four-level adaptation manual based on four degrees of difficulty in construction that are flexible use, updatable service, additional construction, and structural change. In the second stage, a housing system was created for analyzing the adaptation approaches in each level of the manual to generalize prototypes of adaptation and obtain the information of prototypes in design and construction.
Through these two stages, it was shown that developing the concept of adaptation needs to follow the motivations, which vary widely for different tenants, housing types and sites. It was demonstrated that several adaptation approaches should be used in combination in one unit with priority to the relatively simple ones. Moreover, Information of prototypes of adaptation assists adaptable mass housing design directly and contributes to the integrated design with other sustainable solutions.
Key words: adaptation, mass housing, housing system, integrated design, motivation of adaptation
Key references: Beisi, J. (1995): Adaptable Housing or Adaptable people? In Arch. & Comport. / Arch. &
Behav., vol.11(2), pp.139-162. Broome, J. (2007): The Green Self-Build Book, Totnes: Green Books. Douglas, J. (2006): Building Adaptation, second edition, Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann. Schneider, T., Till, J. (2007): Flexible Housing, Oxford: Architectural Press.
Adaptable HousesAdaptable HousesCases – flexible use – prototype – empty Cases – flexible use – prototype – empty plan*plan*
Motivations Approaches Four-level Manual
Individual
Cultural
Social
Financial
Climate change
Family change
Development of technologies
Work patterns
Getting older
Unexpected incidents led to
disability
Adaptable HousesAdaptable HousesCases – motivations – approaches – four-Cases – motivations – approaches – four-level manuallevel manual
Flexible use accessible design empty plan equal size rooms without labelsUpdatable service replace addAdditional construction (external) horizontal verticalStructural change (internal) dividing jointing 9 prototypes
Adaptable HousesAdaptable Houses9 prototypes9 prototypes
Flexible use accessible design empty plan equal size rooms without labelsUpdatable service replace addAdditional construction (external) horizontal verticalStructural change (internal) dividing jointing
Information of prototypesin design and construction
Housing System Elements Unit Units Appearance
assists adaptable mass housing design directly and contributes to the integrated design with other sustainable solutions
Classification of strategies – prototypes Analyzing prototypes – information of prototypes Integrating information – affordable, sustainable mass
housing
—— Frame/ basic/ fundamental house
ResultsResults
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
Start + Frame + Improvement (integrated mass housing design system)
= individuated, affordable, and sustainable mass housing
In the basic housing system corpus, the relationship of modularized elements was clear and obvious; elements from each strategy could be assembled easily for offering affordable and sustainable mass housing.
However, as the housing design process needs architectural experiences and skills, difficulties in individuation and management cannot be ruled out.
ConclusionConclusionss
Introduction
Literature
review
Research
procedure
Results
Conclusions
SummarySummary
Mass Housing
FutureFuture PlanPlan
Adaptation – 3rd, March (ICCA)Adaptation and prefabrication – 11th, July
(IPCIE 2011)Adaptation, prefabrication, and passive solar
design – 4th, September (SET 2011)
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