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Mass Individuation of Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably Housing Sustainably An Integrated Design Solution to Individuated, Affordable, and Sustainable Mass Housing Guopeng Li Annual Report Submitted to Department of Architecture and Built Environment Faculty of Engineer University of Nottingham January 2011

Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

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Page 1: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Mass Individuation of Mass Individuation of Housing SustainablyHousing SustainablyAn Integrated Design Solution to Individuated, Affordable, and Sustainable Mass Housing

Guopeng LiAnnual Report Submitted to Department of Architecture and Built EnvironmentFaculty of EngineerUniversity of NottinghamJanuary 2011

Page 2: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

AbstractAbstract Researches, such as customization, prefabrication, flexibility and

sustainability, have been done on mass housing design for more individuated, affordable and sustainable houses. However, the current UK housing industry is still facing challenges under users’ requirements, which is mainly because there is no integrated design system for a comprehensive solution.

Therefore, this research examined current researches on mass housing design, found a method for integration of mass housing design strategies, and attempted to create an integrated mass housing design system.

The research procedure insisted of four stages: 1. Refine mass housing design strategies to decrease limitations. 2. Find the relationship among these strategies to form a theoretical framework of mass housing and a process of mass housing design. 3. Generalize a housing system from architectural systems for analyzing and integrating strategies. 4. Utilize the housing system to do the modularization and configuration of strategies, with the support from classification of each strategy and case studies.

Through these four stages, modularized elements from levels of each strategy were summarized; and the possibilities of element configuration formed a basic housing system corpus.

In the basic housing system corpus, the relationship of modularized elements was clear and obvious; elements from each strategy could be assembled easily for offering affordable and sustainable mass housing. However, as the housing design process needs architectural experiences and skills, difficulties in individuation and management cannot be ruled out.

  Keywords: mass housing, integrated design, housing design strategies,

architectural system

Page 3: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

OutlineOutline IntroductionLiterature reviewResearch procedureResultsConclusionsSummary Future planReferences

Page 4: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

IntroductionIntroduction

Challenges of mass housing industry in UK

Faster supplyAffordable priceSustainable living

(community/housing/people)Individual requirements

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Page 5: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Problem statementThere is no integrated design

system for a comprehensive solution.

IntroductionIntroduction

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Page 6: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Research definitionA method for integration of mass

housing design strategiesAn integrated mass housing

design system

IntroductionIntroduction

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Page 7: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Literature reviewLiterature review

Housing design strategiesMass customization in housingHousing prefabricationAdaptation in HousingSustainable environmental

technologiesCommunity planningEnvironmental psychology

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Page 8: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Literature reviewLiterature review

Housing design strategiesMass customization in housing

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

1. Mass produced items – item opting – assembling

Mass custom design communication tool

Sears and Roebuck Mail-Order Catalogue Home’s advertisement in 1908

Page 9: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Literature reviewLiterature review

Housing design strategiesMass customization in housing

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

2. Digital design – fabricating – assembling

Physical Design Co. translation from user’s design to real project

The production stages of Larry Sass’ Instant House

Page 10: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Literature reviewLiterature review

Housing design strategiesHousing prefabrication

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Definitions of Prefabricated Housingprefabricated housing defines components of dwellings that are manufactured off-site in advance and normally in standard sizes, and then are easily delivered elsewhere to be assembled and installed on-site.

Advantages of Prefabricated HousingOff-site fabrication: Time saving, Quality control, Less environmental impactsPrefabricated structural systems: Stronger construction, Faster assembly, Reconfigurable and transferableDigital methods: Digital design, Digital fabricating

Typology of prefabricated HousingVolumetric system/ Frame system/ Panellised system/ Sub-assemblies and components system/ Hybrid system

Page 11: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Literature reviewLiterature review

Housing design strategiesAdaptation in Housing

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Flexible housing: Schneider, T. Till, J. Oxford: Architectural Press,2007.How buildings learn: What happens after they are built: Brand, S. New York: Penguin Books, 1994.Residential open building: Kendall, S., Teicher, J. London and New York: E&FN Spon, 1999.The grow home: Friedman, A. Montreal & Kingston, London, Ithaca: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2001.Adaptable Housing or Adaptable People?: Beisi, J. In Arch. & Comport. / Arch. & Behav., vol.11(2), pp. 139-162, 1995.The Green Self-Build Book: Broome, J. Totnes: Green Books, 2007.Building Adaptation: Schneider, T., Till, J. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2007.

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Literature reviewLiterature review

Housing design strategiesSustainable environmental

technologiesIntroducti

on

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

normally, sustainable strategies are the strategies about saving and gaining energy, reducing water use, using material wisely, and minimizing waste and pollution.

Passive solar design, active solar (PV, solar hot water), energy efficient systems (geothermal systems, wind energy system, biomass system), water recycling (rainwater collection, grey water reuse), and energy efficient appliances and controls (lighting,energy-star rated appliances) are the most common types of methods used for sustainably.

To conclude, there are two types of sustainable strategies: one is passive solar design, and the other is device-based systems.

Page 13: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Literature reviewLiterature review

Housing design strategiesCommunity planning

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

For planning a sustainable community, things like context, sense of community, connectivity, security, and mix-use should be carefullytaken into account. However, in the level of mass housing design, density provides the main focus of the sustainably of housing designs and forms, and affordability, and mix-combination assists the density for variety.

Grow Home Urban Pattern

Page 14: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Literature reviewLiterature review

Housing design strategiesEnvironmental psychology

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Psychological environments:Understanding human behaviours and psychological responses from architecture starts with understanding how people notice the environment surrounded.

Physical environments:The investigation of artificial structures and their possible impact on human behaviours would surely, but not completely, confirm why and how people might behave in a particular space or place.

Page 15: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Literature reviewLiterature review

Architectural systems

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

[1] Ching, Frank. (1996): Architecture: form, space and order, 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

[2] 彭一刚 . (1998): 建筑空间组合论 , 第二版 , 中国建筑工业出版社 .([2] Peng, Y. (1998): Architectural spatial combination Theory, second edition, China Architecture & Building Press.)

[3] Unwin, Simon. (1997): Anaysing Architecture. London: Routledge.

[4] White, Edward T. (1975): Concept sourcebook: vocabulary of architecural form. Tuscon: Architectural Media.

Page 16: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Literature reviewLiterature review

Architectural systems

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

[1] Ching, Frank. (1996): Architecture: form, space and order, 2nd ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Page 17: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Literature reviewLiterature review

Architectural systems

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

[2] 彭一刚 . (1998): 建筑空间组合论 , 第二版 , 中国建筑工业出版社 .([2] Peng, Y. (1998): Architectural spatial combination Theory, second edition, China Architecture & Building Press.)

space

Function

Structure

Beauty

Internal layout

External layout

Group layout

Page 18: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Literature reviewLiterature review

Architectural systems

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

[3] Unwin, Simon. (1997): Anaysing Architecture. London: Routledge.

Architecture – identification – place

Conceptual elements of architecture (physical)Modifying elements of architecture (perceptual)Elements doing more than one thing

Using the things that are there (context)Primitive place typeArchitecture as making frames (structure)Temples and cottages (domestic and non-domestic)Geometry of architecture (shape size and scale)Space and structure (structural order or spatial order – time line)Parallel wall (simple and practical)Stratification (vertical communication)Transition, hierarchy, heart (horizontal movement/ outside and inside)

Page 19: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Literature reviewLiterature review

Architectural systems

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

[4] White, Edward T. (1975): Concept sourcebook: vocabulary of architectural form. Tuscon: Architectural Media.

FunctionSpace Unit Relations between two units CirculationsCirculations and Architectural forms Vertical Horizontal AppearancesSiteConstruction, structure, and details

Page 20: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Research procedureResearch procedure1. Refine mass housing design strategies to

decrease limitations. 2. Find the relationship among these

strategies to form a theoretical framework of mass housing and a process of mass housing design.

3. Generalize a housing system from the architectural systems for analyzing and integrating strategies.

4. Utilize the housing system to do the modularization and configuration of strategies, with the support from classification of each strategy and case studies.

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Page 21: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Research procedureResearch procedure1. Refine mass housing design strategies to

decrease limitations.

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Problems of mass customization in housing

Off-the-shelf products based method 1. normally, close system – item matching problems – lack of site specific design 2. open system – no regulations – lack of products (support and infill products)

Digital based method 1. digital design – because of the complex of housing, current digital design, particularly in individuated design, separates a design into several parts. 2. digital fabrication – limitations: production speed/ cost/ efficiency/ size/ material/ shape

Page 22: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Research procedureResearch procedure1. Refine mass housing design strategies to

decrease limitations.

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

From mass customization to mass individuation

mass customization in either off-the-shelf products based method or digital based method cannot provide high level customization, production efficiency, and site-specific design in the same time.Therefore, a method that includes high level customization, production efficiency, and site specific design should be developed and focused on consideration. Thus, a concept of mass individuation is suggested for integrating two ways of mass customization.Mass individuation in mass housing places emphasis on design, and its definition can be described as individuated design base on site condition, a wide range of off-the-shelf products from local existing market, and additional special designed products and services.

Page 23: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Research procedureResearch procedure1. Refine mass housing design strategies to

decrease limitations.

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Start

Frame

Improvement

Page 24: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Research procedureResearch procedure2. Find the relationship among these strategies to

form a theoretical framework of mass housing and a process of mass housing design.

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

(process of mass housing design) Improvement

Start

Frame

Improvement

Start

Page 25: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Research procedureResearch procedure3. Generalize a housing system from the architectural

systems for analyzing and integrating strategies.

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

From architectural systems to Housing System

Elements physical elements perceptual elements

Single Unit size shape scale structure function(s) internal finishes

Multiple Units contrast repetition transition interaction order circulation

Appearance layout of units external finishes

Page 26: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Research procedureResearch procedure4. Utilize the housing system to do the modularization

and configuration of strategies, with the support from classification of each strategy and case studies.

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Prefabricated Houses (prototypes)

Adaptable Houses (cases)

Passive Solar Houses (prototypes)

Housing System (Modularization)

Prefabricated Housesdesign and constructionRequirements(5 prototypes)

Adaptable Housesdesign and constructionrequirements (9 prototypes)

Passive Solar Housesdesign and constructionrequirements (prototypes)Match and encode

(Configuration)Prototypes of affordable, sustainable mass housing

Page 27: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Research procedureResearch procedure4. Utilize the housing system to do the modularization

and configuration of strategies, with the support from classification of each strategy and case studies.

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

For example:On the level of single unit, size

Prefabricated HousesPrototype – volumetric system

Max: W4.2m, L16m, H4.5m

Adaptable HousesCase – flexible use –prototype– empty plan*NO specific requirement

Passive Solar Housesprototype – natural ventilation

Cross ventilation – no more than 5 times the floor to ceiling height(approximately 12.5m)Single side ventilation – no more than 2.5 times the floor to ceiling height (approximately 6.25m)

Modern method construction (MMC) in housing Part 3 – BRE, 2007

Architecture in a climate of change: a guide to sustainable design By Peter Frederick Smith, 2005

Page 28: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Title: Adaptation of Inhabitation in Integration of Design Solutions to Mass Housing Sustainably

Abstract: Adaptation of inhabitation has social, economical, and environmental advantages. However, current projects are still facing challenges, which is mainly because researches focus on how adaptation might be achieved more than other significances, key aspects are motivations of adaptation and integration with other sustainable design solutions.

Therefore, two stages were taken out in this research. The first part examined and matched different approaches of adaptation and the motivations behind those adaptations, and summarized a four-level adaptation manual based on four degrees of difficulty in construction that are flexible use, updatable service, additional construction, and structural change. In the second stage, a housing system was created for analyzing the adaptation approaches in each level of the manual to generalize prototypes of adaptation and obtain the information of prototypes in design and construction.

Through these two stages, it was shown that developing the concept of adaptation needs to follow the motivations, which vary widely for different tenants, housing types and sites. It was demonstrated that several adaptation approaches should be used in combination in one unit with priority to the relatively simple ones. Moreover, Information of prototypes of adaptation assists adaptable mass housing design directly and contributes to the integrated design with other sustainable solutions.

Key words: adaptation, mass housing, housing system, integrated design, motivation of adaptation

Key references: Beisi, J. (1995): Adaptable Housing or Adaptable people? In Arch. & Comport. / Arch. &

Behav., vol.11(2), pp.139-162. Broome, J. (2007): The Green Self-Build Book, Totnes: Green Books. Douglas, J. (2006): Building Adaptation, second edition, Oxford: Butterworth-

Heinemann. Schneider, T., Till, J. (2007): Flexible Housing, Oxford: Architectural Press.

Adaptable HousesAdaptable HousesCases – flexible use – prototype – empty Cases – flexible use – prototype – empty plan*plan*

Page 29: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Motivations Approaches Four-level Manual

Individual

Cultural

Social

Financial

Climate change

Family change

Development of technologies

Work patterns

Getting older

Unexpected incidents led to

disability

Adaptable HousesAdaptable HousesCases – motivations – approaches – four-Cases – motivations – approaches – four-level manuallevel manual

Flexible use accessible design empty plan equal size rooms without labelsUpdatable service replace addAdditional construction (external) horizontal verticalStructural change (internal) dividing jointing 9 prototypes

Page 30: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Adaptable HousesAdaptable Houses9 prototypes9 prototypes

Flexible use accessible design empty plan equal size rooms without labelsUpdatable service replace addAdditional construction (external) horizontal verticalStructural change (internal) dividing jointing

Information of prototypesin design and construction

Housing System Elements Unit Units Appearance

assists adaptable mass housing design directly and contributes to the integrated design with other sustainable solutions

Page 31: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

Classification of strategies – prototypes Analyzing prototypes – information of prototypes Integrating information – affordable, sustainable mass

housing

—— Frame/ basic/ fundamental house

ResultsResults

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Start + Frame + Improvement (integrated mass housing design system)

= individuated, affordable, and sustainable mass housing

Page 32: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

In the basic housing system corpus, the relationship of modularized elements was clear and obvious; elements from each strategy could be assembled easily for offering affordable and sustainable mass housing.

However, as the housing design process needs architectural experiences and skills, difficulties in individuation and management cannot be ruled out.

ConclusionConclusionss

Introduction

Literature

review

Research

procedure

Results

Conclusions

Page 33: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

SummarySummary

Mass Housing

Page 34: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

FutureFuture PlanPlan

Adaptation – 3rd, March (ICCA)Adaptation and prefabrication – 11th, July

(IPCIE 2011)Adaptation, prefabrication, and passive solar

design – 4th, September (SET 2011)

Page 35: Mass Individuation of Housing Sustainably

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