Marte and Monguno LGA - Displacement OverviewBorno State, Nigeria - January 2018

KEY FINDINGS:• NigerianInternallyDisplacedPersons(IDPs)fromvillagesonislandsinLakeChad,ineastern

Monguno and Marte Local Government Areas (LGAs) have been arriving in the town ofMongunosincethestartof2018,followingrecentclashesbetweentheNigeriangovernmentandArmedOppositionGroups(AOGs).FocusGroupDiscussion(FGD)participantsreportedthatAOGshadprevented them from leaving their villagesoforigin for thepast two to fouryears,butthatrecentclashesprovidedanopportunityforsomehouseholdstoescape.

• DisplacementoutofMarteLGAstartedasearlyas2012fromMarteward,withthemajorityoccuringbetweenJuly2014andDecember2015fromotherwards1.ManyhouseholdsfromKulliandMuwalliwardsreportedleavinglaterbetweenJuly2016andSeptember2017.FGDparticipantswhohavebeendisplacedinJanuary2018reportoriginatingfromtheLakeChadareasofnorthernMarteandeasternMonguno.

• Accordingtoparticipants,IDPstravelledtothewesternshoreofLakeChadviacanoe,beforetravelling onwards toMonguno on foot. The journey from participants’ villages of origin toMongunowasgenerallyreportedtotakeonetotwodaysifnotstoppinganywherealongtheway.Noparticipantsreportedreceivingassistanceenroute,andsomereporteddeathsduetothirstorexhaustionduringthejourney.

• FGDparticipantsreportedthattheyfacedsevereprotectionissuesintheirvillagesoforigin,includingrestrictionsonfreedomofmovement,threatsofphysicalviolenceandkillings,andseizureofagriculturalproduce.

• Onvillageswhereinformantshadinformation,mostwerereportedasempty.Onlyahandfulofvillageswerereportedtostillhavesomenon-displacedhouseholdsinthewards(asubdivisionof LGAs) of Baga, Kekeno, Yoyo, Mintar, Musune and Borsori, with information as recentasNovember2017.Thoughthecurrentstatusofthesenon-displacedhouseholdsmayhavechangedsince.

• FGDparticipantsfromtheLakeChadareamostcommonlyreportedfood,livelihoods,shelter,clothing,andhealthservicesastheirpriorityneedsinMonguno,andstatedtheywouldneedthemostsupportwithfarmingequipment,shelter,andeducationuponreturntotheirvillagesoforigin.Keyinformants,fromvaryinglocationsinMarteLGA,reportedfoodassistanceastheirtopneedonreturntotheirvillage,followedbywater,accesstoincome,andtoalesserextenthealth,educationandpsychosocialservices.

Map 1: Areas of Displacement and General Routes

INTRODUCTIONThe townofMonguno, in theMongunoLocalGovernmentArea (LGA) innortheasternBornoState,haslongbeenahubforIDPs,estimatedbytheInternationalOrganisationforMigrationDisplacementTrackingMatrix(IOMDTM)tohouse124,000IDPsasofFebruary2018.2Sincethestartof2018,Mongunohasseenanupsurge inarrivals,withtheIOMDTMreportingthat3,646IDPshadarrivedsince27December20173fromNganzaiLGAandsurroundingvillagesin Monguno, further contributing to the already high humanitarian needs in the town. ManyareasaroundMonguno,particularlyMarteLGAandthe islands inLakeChad,areconsideredinaccessibletothehumanitariancommunityduetoconflictbetweentheNigeriangovernmentandArmedOppositionGroups(AOGs),andonlylimitedinformationisavailableonthepopulationslivingintheseareas.Asaresult,humanitarianactorshavefacedchallengesinanticipatingandpreparingfornewIDParrivals.

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Tofilltheseinformationgaps,REACHconductedanassessmentfrom29Januaryto2February,focussing on recent displacement patterns, themovement intentions of recent IDParrivals inMongunoandremainingpopulationsinnearbyvillagesinaccessibletothehumanitariancommunity,andconditionsinthosevillagesfromwhichIDPshadfled.REACHconductedfourfocusgroupdiscussions(FGDs)withatotalof14maleand14femaleIDPswhohadbeendisplacedinthetwomonthspriortodatacollectionfromvillagesinnorthernMarteandLakeChad,intheeasternpartsofMongunoandMarteLGAs.Inaddition,REACHconductedinterviewswith69Bulamas(traditional community leaders) of displaced communities in theGovernmentGirls SecondarySchool(GGSS)Camp,aswellasinterviewswith36commercialdriversand14marketvendorswhofrequentlytravelledtoorthroughvillagesnearMonguno,inordertoestimatehowmanyofthesevillageswerestillinhabited.To complement information on recent displacement, REACH had previously, in November2017, conducted key informant interviewswith 184 IDPs fromMarte LGA, asking about theirdisplacement, movement intentions and conditions in areas of origin. Of these IDPs, 125 ofthemhadinformationontheirvillageasrecentas2017.Overallfindingsshouldbeconsideredindicativeonly.

DISPLACEMENT HISTORY KeyinformantsreportedleavingMartewardofMarteLGAasearlyas2012,thoughthemajorityofdisplacementoccurredbetweenJuly2014throughDecember2015whentheconflictescalated,fromotherwards throughout theLGA. IDPs fromKulliandMuwalliwardswere theexception,asnearlyhalfofestimatedhouseholdsfromthesewardswerereportedleavinglater,betweenJuly2016andSeptember2017.Mostinformantsreportedleavingtheirvillagesinlargegroupstogether,onaveragegroupsof600householdsatatime.Thevastmajorityofinformantsreportedthat therewerenohouseholds left in theirvillagesoforiginasof their last information (95%),suggestingthereislikelyminimalpopulationgroupsremaininginMartefromreportedareas.Onlyahandfulofrespondents(4%)reportedanynon-displacedhouseholdsattheirvillageoforigin,withthosebeinglocatedinMusuneandBorsoriwards.

RECENT DISPLACEMENTFGDparticipantsreportedthatAOGshadimposedseveremovementrestrictionsthatpreventedpeoplefromleavingforthepasttwotothreeyears, includingthecreationofditchesandwallsaroundvillages.However,renewedclashesatthestartof2018betweentheNigerianmilitaryandAOGsledtoareducedAOGpresenceinthearea,allowingparticipantstoescapetheirvillages.FGDparticipantsmostcommonlyreportedthattheyhadleft theirvillageswith largegroupsofhouseholds(onaveragegroupsof100householdsatatime).ParticipantsfromallfourvillagesstatedthattheyhadusedcanoestocrossLakeChadfromtheirvillagesoforigintothemainland.Thesecanoeswere reported to regularly travel routesbetween the islandsand themainland,

andsomeparticipantshadbroughtmoneywiththemfromtheirvillagesoforigintopaythecanoeoperators.Otherthanthismoney,andsomepeoplewhocarriedtheirphotoID,mostparticipantsstatedthattheydidnotbringanybelongingswiththemduringthejourney.Uponreachingthemainland,mostparticipantsreportedtravellingeastwardstoMongunotownonfootthroughthebush,eitherdirectlyafterreachingtheWesternLakeChadshoreorafterstoppinginavillageontheshoreforacoupleofdays.However,participantsfromonevillagestayedfortwomonthsinavillageneartheLakeChadshorebeforesubsequentlyproceedingtoMongunotown.Participantsreportedpassingthroughadditionalvillages,butnotstoppinginany,whiletravellingonfoottoMonguno.Asmosthouseholdshadreportedlynotbroughtbelongingswiththem,theyfaceddehydrationand

Area of Knowledge (AoK) MethodologyREACHutilizedFGDswith recentlydisplacedcommunities, interviewswith informantswithrecentinformationoraccesstohard-to-reachareas,andkeyinformantinterviewswithMarteIDPslocatedinseveralLGAs.FGDswereconductedfrom29Januaryto02February2018.Intotal,fourFGDswereconducted,eachconsistingofdisplacedparticipants from twovillages, coveringa totalof four villages.TwoFGDswereheldwithBulamasandmenfromthosevillages,andtwowithwomen.FGDparticipantswereallfromvillagesdisplacedwithinthetwomonthspriortodatacollectionandarecomprisedofvillagesaroundtheLakeChadareaofnorthernMarteandEasternMonguno.EffortsweremadetoconductFGDswithvillagesfromavarietyofLGAsoforiginwhenpossible.Questions focused on displacement patterns, routes,movement intentions, and needs andconditionsinboththeirareaoforiginandcurrentlocation.FGDtranscriptswereanalysedforcommonthemesexperiencedbydisplacedhouseholds,andfordifferencesreportedbetweenmenandwomen.Village reporting interviews were conducted at the same time as FGDs, with displacedBulamas,commercialdriversandmarketvendors.GGSSCampinMongunowasfocusedoninparticularfortheseinterviewsduetothereportedpresenceofmorerecentlydisplacedIDPs.These intervieweeswere asked to report on any villageswith displaced andnon-displacedhouseholds on which they had knowledge. Information collected was limited to the villagename,displacement status, estimatednumberof householdsdisplacedand remaining, andreasonsfordisplacement.KeyinformantinterviewswithMarteIDPswereconductedinMaiduguri(BakasiCamp),Monguno(Waterboard,GGSSandGSSSSCamps),Konduga(Gubiocamp),Ngala(InternationalSchoolCamp),andDikwa(MotorParkIDPCamp).Datawascollectedfrom10to29November2017.ParticipantswerepurposivelyselectedbasedonwhethertheywereoriginallyfromMartepriortodisplacement.Forthepurposesofthisoverview,only125keyinformantswithknowledgeoftheirvillagesoforiginasrecentas2017wereincluded.

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hungerduringthejourneytoMonguno,withparticipantsfrommultiplevillagesreportingthattherehadbeendeathsduetothirstorexhaustionalongtheway.Participantsstatedthattheyhadnotreceivedanyassistancewhiletravelling.Accordingtoparticipants,theyandothersfleeingtheirvillagesoforiginhadchosenMongunoduetoitsrelativeproximitytotheirareasoforigin,theirperceptionthatitwasthenearestsafelocation,andtheirbeliefthattheywouldbeabletoaccessfoodassistancethere.Whilemostdisplacementfromparticipants’villagesoforiginhadbeentoMonguno,somealsostatedthatothersfromtheareahadinsteadtravelledtothetownofNgala,thecapitalofNgalaLGAsoutheastofMonguno.Displacement IntentionsMostFGDparticipants reported that theywouldbewilling to return to their villagesoforigin ifauthoritiesweretotellthemthatitwassafe,mostcommonlybecausetheywantedtoreturntotheirfarms,whichhadbeentheirmainsourceof livelihoods.Intheimmediatefuture,however,participantsstatedthattheyhadnoplanstoleaveMongunoforanotherlocation.Nearlyallkeyinformantsreportedthatifauthoritiestoldthemitwassafe,theybelievedeveryone

Map 2: Estimated displaced households reported by wardTable 1: Number of villages with displaced households, and estimated displaced households, as reported by informants in three months prior to data collection.

Ward # villages reported with displaced households in last 3 months

# estimated households displaced in last 3 months

Badairi 5 528Marte 1 4ZagaNgalori 1 20

MARTE TOTAL 7 552Yoyo 1 100

KUKAWA TOTAL 1 100Mintar 1 120Mofio 1 25Ngurno 1 35Sure 1 50Zulum 1 60

MONGUNO TOTAL 5 290

wouldreturntotheirvillageoforigin(79%),ortoanothersafelocationinMarte(71%),withinthenext6months.Wantingtoreturntotheirtraditionalhome,aswellasimprovedaccesstoland,foodandshelterandemploymentwerekeyfactorspeopleconsideredwhendecidingtoreturn.Peopleexpressedreunificationwithfamilymembersasanotherimportantreason.

NEEDS AND CONDITIONSNeeds and Conditions in Areas of OriginFGD participants reported that few or no households remained in their villages of origin, andthat theyhadnosourceof informationabout thesevillagessincetheirdisplacement.However,participantswereabletoprovideinformationaboutconditionsintheirvillagesoforiginuptoandat the time of their departure. Participants described significant protection concerns, includingviolenceperpetratedbyAOGsandrestrictionsonfreedomofmovement.PleaseseeTable2formoredetails

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Table 2: Needs and Conditions in Areas of Origin for Monguno IDPs

Communication FGDparticipantsreportednothavinganycontactwiththeirvillagesoforiginsincetheyleft.KeyinformantsreportedhavingrecentinformationfromtheCivilianJointTaskForce(CJTF),NigerianMilitary,andothernewarrivals.

Protection

KeyInformantsindicatedthatsecurityincidentsstilloccurasoftheirlastinformation,asnearlyhalf(44%)ofthoseinterviewedreportedanincidentoccurringintheirvillageoforiginsincetheyleft,whilenearlyathird(29%)didn’tknowifanincidenthadoccurred.Themostcommonincidentswerethedestructionortheftofproperty,attacksorbombings,killingofciviliansandmovementrestrictions.Otherreported,butlessfrequentresponsesincludedforcedlaborandrecruitment,kidnapping,physicalandsexualviolence,andthepresenceofminesandUXOs.

FGDparticipantsreportedthatAOGshadimposedharshrulesonthepopulationsintheirvillagesoforigin,includingfrequentandarbitraryexecutionsofthoseperceivednottobefollowingthoserulesorcaughtattemptingtoescape.Severemovementrestrictionswereinplace,withAOGsprohibitingpeoplefromleavingtheirvillagesandinsomecasesdenyingthemaccesstotheirfarms.Invillageswherehouseholdscouldstillaccessfarms,AOGsreportedlyseizedagriculturalproduceaftertheharvest.

Shelter

Morethanhalfofkeyinformantsestimatedthatall(54%)oralmostall(16%)ofthehomesintheircommunityhavebeendestroyed,asofmostrecentcontactwiththecommunityin2017.Whilesomelocallyprocurablebuildingmaterials,suchasmudforbricks,grassandtimber,canbefound,nearlyallrespondentsreportedthatmarketsintheirvillageswerenotfunctioning(86%).Thiswouldlimitpeople’saccesstokeysheltersuppliessuchasmetalroofing,plasticsheeting,andrope.JustunderhalfoftheKIsstatedthatnoNFIswereavailableintheircommunitiesaswell(45%),orthattheydidnotknowthecurrentavailability(47%).

FGDparticipantsreportedsheltersintheirvillagesoforiginweremostlymakeshiftgrasshomesormudhomes.FGDparticipantsinsomevillagesreportedthatAOGshaddestroyedsomesheltersasofthetimeoftheirdeparture.

Food Security FGDparticipantshadreportedlyplantedmaize,beans,okra,millet,onions,tomatoes,andwatermelonthispastseason.ThemainbarrierstoaccessingfoodwereseizureofproducebyAOGsandmovementrestrictionspreventingaccesstofarms.Participantsgenerallyreportedeatingthreetofourmealsperdaypriortodisplacement.

LivelihoodsFGDparticipantsreportedtraditionallyrelyingonfarmingandfishing,althoughsomewomenreportedlyengagedinpettytradeortailoring.AlthoughAOG-imposedmovementrestrictionsandseizuresimpededlivelihoodsactivities,tradersweresometimesallowedtoentervillagestobuyproducefromresidents.Someparticipantsreportedthatmarketshadfunctionedintheirvillages,butthatitwasunlikelytheywerestilloperatingasmostresidentshadleft.

WASH

FGDparticipantsgenerallyreportedthattheirvillageshadthreetofourunprotectedwells.AsthesevillageswerenearLakeChad,itwasreportedlynotdifficulttoaccessgroundwaterthroughthesewells.

Accordingtokeyinformants,accesstowaterwasreportedasachallenge.Onlyathirdofrespondentsindicatedthattherewereboreholespresentintheircommunities(36%),howevertheyareinvariousstatesofdisrepair.OftheIDPsreportingcommunitieswithboreholes,halfofthemexplainedthatnoneofthemwerefunctionalasoftheirmostrecentknowledge,withtheproportionoffunctionalboreholesvaryingfortherestofthecommunities.

HealthAllFGDparticipantsreportedthattherewerenohealthfacilitiesintheirvillagesoforigin,andthattheywerenotabletoaccessfacilitiesinnearbylargertownsduetomovementrestrictions.

KeyinformantssimilarlyreporteddestructionofhealthfacilitiesinMarte,AlaLawanti,Badairi,Borsori,Kirenowa,ZagaNgalori,andMusunewards.TheyalsoreportedfacingaccesschallengesevenpriortodisplacementduetodistancefromfacilitiesinMarte,Musune,Kulli,Borsori,ALawanti,NjineandAlawards.

Education

FGDparticipantsreportedthatchildrenintheirvillagesoforigindidnothaveaccesstoformaleducation,althoughsomehadaccesstoinformaleducationthroughIslamicschools.

Ofkeyinformantswithknowledgeofhouseholdsintheircommunity,themajorityreportedthatchildrendidnothaveaccesstoeducation.DestructionofeducationalfacilitieswerereportedinMarte,Borsori,Badairi,Kirenowa,ZagaNgalori,andMusunewards.Additionally,somekeyinformantsreportedthatevenpriortotheconflictschoolswereeithertoofarorneverwereaccessibletotheminBorsori,Musune,Ala,Kulli,ALawanti,Badairi,andAlawards.

Needs on Return

Basicsurvivalneeds(food,shelter,water)andsupporttore-establishtheirlivelihoodswereexpressedbyKIsaspriorityneedsuponreturn.Inparticular,IDPsexpressedthatfoodassistancewouldbebyfartheirtoppriority.Thiswasfollowedbyfarmingtools/seedsandcash,andtoamuchlesserextentsupportforhealth,education,andpsychosocialsupportservices.

FarmingtoolsandsheltersupportwerethemostcommonlyexpressedneedsonreturntovillagesoforiginbyFGDparticipants.Thiswasfollowedbywateraccess,schoolsandtolesscommonlymentionedfoodsandlivelihoodopportunities.Tokeepinmind,FGDparticipantsmostlyrepresentedcommunitiesoriginatingfromtheLakeChadareaofnorthernMarte.

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Needs and Conditions in Current LocationFGDparticipantswereaskedabouttheircurrentneedsinMonguno.Intheircurrent location inMonguno,FGDsparticipantsreportedthatwhiletheyfeltsafeanddidnotfacesecuritythreats,access to income generating activities was expressed as a significant challenge. Participantsreportedbeingabletoaccessfoodassistance,healthservices,waterfromboreholesandlatrines.Food,shelter,clothing,healthandlivelihoodswerenamedbyFGDparticipantsastheirkeyneedsinMonguno.

Key information gapsBased on the primary and secondary data available, the following information gaps can beidentified:Number of remaining households in hard to reach areas of Marte LGA and Lake Chad regionThe number of villages with remaining households and the number of those households ininaccessibleareasislikelygreaterthanwhatisreportedhere.WhilemanyBulamasdisplacedinMongunowereinterviewed,itwasnotpossibletointerviewthemexhaustivelyduetotheirhighnumber.Additionally,informationwasnotgatheredonvillagesfromwhichIDPsdisplacedtootherlocations(suchasNgala)insteadofMonguno.Severity of needs in areas of originFGDparticipantsprovidedqualitativeinformationontheirvillagesoforigin,butastheyhadleftthesevillageswithlargegroupsofhouseholds,itislikelythatnoorfewhouseholdsremainthere.Whilethefindingsmaybeindicativeofconditionsinothernearbyvillageswherethemajorityofhouseholdsstillremained,thiscannotbeascertainedforsure.Moreover,whileFGDparticipantsprovided information on the priority needs in assessed villages, their inability to quantify theseverityofneedmeansthatcomparisonsbetweenvillagesmaybedifficult,especiallygiventhatdataonthesevillageswascollectedremotelyinsteadofthroughdirectfieldvisits.Other displacement patterns into MongunoMongunoisahubforIDParrivalsfrommanydifferentpartsofBornoState.WhilemanyoftherecentIDParrivalsintoMongunoarebelievedtohavecomefromtheLakeChadislandsineasternMarteandMongunoLGAs,additionalarrivalsfromareassuchasKukawaandNganzaihavealsobeenreported.ThisassessmenthasfocussedontheLakeChadarrivals,butotherdisplacementsintoMongunomaywarrantsimilarresearch.Geographic distinction in sources of informationFGDparticipantsandkeyinformantsrepresenttwodifferentgroupsofIDPs.TheFGDsfocusedon recent IDPs coming from the Lake Chad areas of northern Marte and Eastern Monguno.

Meanwhile, the key informants focused on IDPs in camps in several LGAs, many who havebeendisplacedforalongerperiodoftime.Therefore,resultspresentedinthisreportshouldbeinterpretedwithcautionasnotallFGDresultsarerepresentativeofallareasinMarteLGA.

ENDNOTES1.WardsareasubdivisionofLocalGovernmentAreas(LGAs).2.DTMRoundXXI,2Feb20183.IOMDTMEmergencyTrackingTool(ETT)rounds47-53.

About REACH REACHfacilitatesthedevelopmentofinformationtoolsandproductsthatenhancethecapacityofaidactorstomakeevidence-baseddecisionsinemergency,recoveryanddevelopmentcontexts.AllREACHactivitiesareconductedthroughinter-agencyaidcoordinationmechanisms.Formoreinformation,writetoourglobaloffice:geneva@reach-initiative.org.Visitwww.reach-initiative.organdfollowus@REACH_info.