38
Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Sustainable Shipping Conference Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd’s Register EMEA IMarEST Conference, Sustainable Shipping, 1-2 February 2005

Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation

Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds

Lloyd’s Register EMEA

IMarEST Conference,

Sustainable Shipping, 1-2 February 2005

Page 2: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Content

• Introduction to fuel use and exhaust emissions;

• Energy sustainability analysis;

• International initiatives;

• Technology developments;

• Market-based mechanisms;

• Conclusions.

Page 3: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Marine TransportEnergy Use and Exhaust Emissions

Page 4: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

World Oil DemandWorld Oil Demand

55

19

1016

64

16

614

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Transport Industry Power Gen. Others

Sector

% O

il D

eman

d

2002

2030

Page 5: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Bunker Demand

Year 1970 2002

Total oil demand [MTOE] 2413 3676

International marine bunker [MTOE]

106 146

Bunker [% of world oil demand] 4.34% 3.97%

Page 6: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceShare of Marine in Transportation CO2

Light duty road

vehicles45%

Heavy duty road

vehicles30%

Rail, inland w ater

6%

Aircraft12%

Maritime7%

Page 7: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceSummary on Fuel Consumption and Emissions

Page 8: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Freight TransportEnergy Sustainability Analysis

Page 9: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Sustainable Energy Indices

• Energy Intensity: Amount of energy needed per unit of transport activity (kJ/t-km);

• CO2 Emissions Intensity: Amount of CO2

generated per unit of transport activity (g/t-km).

• NOx Emissions Intensity: Amount of NOx generated per unit of transport activity (g/t-km).

• SOx Emissions Intensity: Amount of SOx generated per unit of transport activity (g/t-km).

Page 10: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Estimation Method

• Energy Intensity: Taken from literature;

• CO2 Emissions Intensity: Estimated using energy intensity, fuel heating value and fuel carbon content;

• NOx Emissions Intensity: Estimated using energy intensity, fuel heating value and NOx emission factor.

• SOx Emissions Intensity: Estimated using energy intensity, fuel heating value and fuel sulphur content.

Page 11: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Comparisons: Energy Intensity

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

Air Road Rail Marine

En

ergy

In

ten

sity

[k

J/t-

km

]

Page 12: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Comparisons: CO2 Intensity

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Air Road Rail Marine

CO

2 In

tens

ity

[g/t

-km

]

Page 13: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Comparisons: NOx Intensity

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Air Road Rail Marine

NO

x In

ten

sity

[g/

t-k

m]

Page 14: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Comparisons: SOx Intensity

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Air Road Rail Marine

SO

x In

ten

sity

[g/

t-k

m]

Page 15: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceEnergy Intensity versus Ship Size (Tankers)

Energy Intensity versus Displacement

0

50

100

150

200

50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000

Displacement [tonne]

Ener

gy in

tens

ity [k

J/t-

km]

Page 16: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Overall Picture

• Marine freight transportation has:

Lowest energy and CO2 emission intensities;

Lowest NOx emissions intensity but a reduced

gap with other modes in particular rail;

Higher level of SOx emissions than road and rail

but still lower than air transport.

Page 17: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Reasons for Action

• More stringent emissions control targets for other modes of transport;

• Issues relating to port air quality and ship operation in environmentally sensitive areas;

• The relatively high level of NOx emissions factor of marine engines;

• The high level of sulphur content of marine fuels;

• The economic factor: Any reduction in CO2 proportionally leads to fuel saving.

Page 18: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

International Initiatives

Page 19: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Climate Change Convention

COP (Conference of Parties)

SBSTA (Subsidiary Body for

Scientific and Technical Advice)

SBI (Subsidiary Body

for Implementation)

UNFCCC Agreed: Rio 1992

Ratified: 1994

Kyoto Protocol Agreed: Kyoto 1997

Ratified: 2005

IMO (Shipping)

ICAO (Aircraft)

Page 20: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceInternational Maritime Organisation (IMO)

IMO Assembly

MEPC (Marine Environment Protection

Committee)

MSC (Marine Safety Committee)

Air Pollution from Ships (Dealing with NOx, SOx, GHG

emissions, )

Ballast Water Ship Recycling

Current Working Groups

Page 21: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

IMO Activities on GHG Emissions

• Study of GHG emissions from shipping (report published in 2000);

• Resolution A.963(23) on “IMO policies and practices related to reduction of GHG emissions from ships” (2003):

• The Working Group is currently exploring technical and operational issues relating to ways of reducing CO2 emissions.

Page 22: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

European Union (EU)

• EU is active on all aspects of energy sustainability:

Pollutant control;

Fuel sulphur control;

Emissions trading.

• For marine transport, the main emphasis is on fuel sulphur for ships operating within the EU waters;

• Directive 1999/32/EC sets future tough limits:

1.5% fuel sulphur limit in North Sea/English Channel & Baltic, compatible with IMO’s SECA (May 2006 for the Baltic);

1.5% fuel sulphur limit for passenger ships on regular services between EU ports (July 2007);

0.2% fuel sulphur limit for inland vessels and ships at berth in EU ports (0.1% from 2010).

Page 23: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Local Requirements

• Mainly in USA:

The US EPA aims to bring the IMO MARPOL Annex VI NOx emissions limits into force for US flagged ships;

In Alaska, exhaust emission opacity limits have been introduced;

Ships visiting Californian ports are required to operate on MDO rather than HFO;

Designation of selected areas as SECAs is also anticipated.

• Other local incentive schemes:

Swedish environmentally differentiated fairways and port dues;

Recent Hamburg’s environmentally differentiated port dues.

Page 24: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Technology Developments

• Alternative fuels:

Low sulphur fuels;

Natural gas;

Hydrogen.

• Alternative Technologies:

Natural gas (dual fuel) engines;

Fuel cell;

Electric ship;

• Energy Efficiency

Energy efficient technologies;

Operational controls;

Page 25: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Low Sulphur Fuel

• Move to lower sulphur fuel seems to be inevitable (Unless cost effective flue gas desulphurisation systems become available);

• Issues:

Fuel price differentials and economic consequences;

Adaptability of engine technologies to low sulphur fuels;

Lack of widespread availability of low sulphur bunkers;

Ship design and operational complexities associated with

the use of multiple fuel storage and distribution systems.

Page 26: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Natural Gas

• A clean and low-carbon fuel;

• Significant worldwide reserves;

• In transportation, mainly used in light duty road vehicles;

• Marine application is limited to LNG ships;

• Favourable prospect:

Production of dual fuel diesel engines;

Development of fuel cells;

Seen as a precursor to future hydrogen economy.

• Major technical issues:

Storage (Main barrier);

Safety.

Page 27: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Hydrogen

• Fuel for the long term future;

• Main alternative to currently used fossil fuels;

• Zero emissions if used with fuel cell;

• Issues:

Availability;

Cost;

Storage;

Infrastructure;

Conversion technology.

• All the above aspects are under intense development.

Page 28: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Fuel Cell

+ ve- ve

Fuel channel

Oxidant channel Cathode

ElectrolyteAnode

Bipolar plate

End plate

+ ve- ve

Fuel channel

Oxidant channel Cathode

ElectrolyteAnode

Bipolar plate

End plate

Page 29: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Fuel Cell• Compared to thermal power plants:

Very effective in reducing pollutant;

Some energy efficiency gains especially in combined heat and power configuration;

• Issues:

Technical (low power density, high specific weight, high specific volume, low reliability and so on);

Needs very clean gaseous fuel (almost sulphur free)

Hydrogen is ideal;

Natural gas require internal fuel reformer;

Other liquid fuels require external reformer including desulphurisation unit.

Cost.

Page 30: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Electric Ship• Mainly naval applications and to some extent passenger

ships;

• Significant flexibility in terms of machinery arrangement;

• Not yet as efficient as conventional mechanical drive ships;

• Driving force:

Specific operational requirements;

Advent of podded propulsors;

Multi-engine power management systems;

Future potential use of fuel cells;

Future use of shore power;

Future potential use of electrical storage devices;

Moves in automotive sector towards hybrid-electric systems.

Page 31: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Technology Roadmap

Fuel

More sustainable

Engine Propulsion

HFO or MDO

Fuel Cell

Dual fuel diesel / CODAG

Diesel

Electrical

Hybrid /electric system

Direct/geared drive

Hydrogen

Natural Gas

Page 32: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Market-based Mechanisms

• Emissions Trading;

• Fairways and port dues;

• Fuel price.

Page 33: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Fuel Price• It is an effective market mechanism for uptake of

new technologies;

• Has adverse effect on the economy of ship operation;

• Advantages:

Cleaner fuels become more cost-effective;

Makes the ETS activities more cost-effective by correspondingly raising CO2 prices;

Cleaner and more efficient new technologies become more cost effective;

Improves operational and fleet management practices in a manner that reduces fuel consumption.

Page 34: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Conclusions• On energy sustainability and compared

to other modes of freight transport, marine transportation:

Is the most sustainable mode of transport from climate change point of view;

Has the lowest NOx emissions intensity;

Its SOx emissions intensity is higher than road and rail but still lower than air transport.

Page 35: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Conclusions• To improve the marine transport

energy sustainability further:

Fuel sulphur needs further reduction preferably by setting medium to long term targets;

Energy rating standards, for ship design and operation, should be developed and implemented (in-line with IMO’s current activities);

Market-based mechanisms, including ETS, need to be monitored for future application in marine.

Page 36: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Conclusions• On future fuels and technologies:

Natural gas is seen as the precursor to move

to hydrogen economy. Storage capacity is the

main barrier to its use in ships.

The use of hydrogen, as the fuel, and fuel cells

as the main power plant will evolve in the

longer term as the shift to a low-carbon /

hydrogen economy occurs.

Page 37: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Conclusions• On future fuels and technologies:

The above moves, plus other developments

(e.g. electric storage, shore power, podded

drives, etc.), would lead to future stronger

moves towards electric ships.

Page 38: Marine Services Sustainable Shipping Conference Sustainable Energy in Marine Transportation Zabi Bazari and Gill Reynolds Lloyd ’ s Register EMEA IMarEST

Marine ServicesS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ceS

ust

ain

able

Sh

ipp

ing

Co

nfe

ren

ce

Thank You