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maqs veberis sociologia

1. maqs veberi: pirovneba da mecnieri 2. veberis sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi

3. idealuri tipi rogorc logikuri konstruqcia

4. gagebis problema da “socialuri moqmedebis” kategoria

5. mizanracionaluri moqmedeba rogorc veberis sociologiis

meTodologiuri kategoria.

6. socialuri moqmedeba da “ganwyoba sxvaze” “molodini”

7. socialuri moqmedebis saxeebi.

8. formaluri racionaluroba rogorc veberiseuli sociologiis

kategoria

9. veberis moZRvreba batonobis tipebis Sesaxeb 10. religiis sociologia

11. veberi da Tanamedroveoba

maqs veberi – akademiuri biografia (frenk parkinis mixedviT)

maqs veberi iyo germanuli sociologiis erT–erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino

warmomadgeneli da gamoCenili sazogado moRvawe; man agreTve politikaSic scada

bedi.

igi daibada 1864 wlis 21 aprils prusiis q. erfrutSi, mdidari mewarmis ojaxSi;

is ufrosi Svili iyo. mamamisi iyo ara marto warmatebuli mewarme (misi saqmianoba

msubuq mrewvelobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli), aramed agreTve liberaluri mrwamsis

politikuri moRvawe. maqsi 4 wlis iyo, rodesac ojaxi berlinSi gadavida

sacxovreblad, sadac mamamisis politikuri moRvaweoba kidev ufro gaaqtiurda:

1872–84 wlebSi is iyo axladgaerTiaebuli germaniis raixstagis deputati; Zalze

aqtiur monawileobas iRebda berlinis politikur cxovrebaSi rogorc bismarkis

mxardamWeri „erovnul-liberaluri partiis“ warmomadgeneli.

rac Seexeba mis dedas, elens, is iyo Rrmad morwmune protestanti, romelic

aqtiurad monawileobda humanitarul saqmianobaSi. mklevarebi Tvlian, rom dedam

didi gavlena iqonia maqsis sulier da inteleqtualur ganviTarebaze.

veberebis bina berlinSi gadaiqca salonad, sadac ikrifebodnen mecnierebi,

mewarmeebi, mxatvrebi da politikosebi, da ukve pataraobidan maqs vebers hqonda

saSualeba, gascnoboda Tavisi droisaTvis mowinave politikur da mecnierul

ideebs.

1882 wels, skolis damTavrebis Semdeg veberma swavla gaagrZela haidelbergis

universitetis iuridiul fakultetze, eswreboda leqciebs istoriaSi,

ekonomikaSi, Teologiasa da filosofiaSi. haidelbergSi veberi Cveulebrivi

studenturi cxovrebiT cxovrobda – „cotaodeni swavla da bevri qeifi“.

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1884 w. man gaatara strasburgSi, savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurSi. amis Semdeg

mamis TxovniT swavla ukve berlinis universitetSi gaagrZela – veberis mamas

undoda, rom Svils Sin ecxovra; Tumca, 1885 wels erTi semestri veberma

giotingenis universitetSi gaatarga.

1889 wels maqs veberma daamTavra Tavisi sadoqtoro disertacia ekonomiuri

istoriis dargSi, romelic miZRvnili iyo Sua saukuneebis savaWro kompaniebis

istoriisadmi. am naSromis Seqmnis mizniT man damoukideblad Seiswavla italiuri

da espanuri enebi. maleve, 1891 w. veberi wers kidev erT did istoriul naSroms,

„romis agraruli istoria da misi mniSvneloba saxelmwifo da kerZo

samarTlisaTvis“.

1892 wels veberma Tavisi pirveli sociologiuri naSromi dawera, romelic

Seiswavlida aRmosavleT germaniis agraruli muSebis mdgomareobas.

1893 wels veberma muSaoba daiwyo berlinis universitetSi, sadac is kiTxulobda

leqciebs samarTalSi. am samsaxurma mas finansuri damoukidebloba moutana, da

swored am periodSi is daqorwinda Tavis kuzina mariana Snitgerze.

1895 wels veberi gadavida fraiburgis universitetSi, sadac is politikuri

ekonomiis profesorad muSaobda, xolo 1896 wels igi miiwvies haidelbergis

universitetSi.

1897 wlis agvistoSi gardaicvala veberis mama. veberma Zalze mwvaved ganicada

mamis sikvdili. miuxedavad imisa, rom is Seecada ganeaxlebina Tavisi saqmianoba

universitetSi, axali, 1898 wlis dasawyisSi mas ukve etyoboda nerviuli sisustis

niSnebi – fizikuri sisuste, uZiloba, daRliloba, rac saboloo jamSi seriozul

avadmyofobaSi gadaizarda. am avadmyofobam didi xniT moswyvita igi srulfasovan

akademiur cxovrebas. dakarga ra koncentrirebis unari, veberma ramodenime weli

gaatara mogzaurobebSi – iyo amerikaSi, samxreT evropaSi, italiaSi, rac Seexeba

mis amerikul STabeWdilebebs, bevri evropelisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic xazs

usvamdnen amerikis naklovanebebs, veberma daafasa iq gavrcelebuli racionalizmi

komerciuli operaciebis gatarebisas.

mxolod 1903 wels aRidgina veberma janmrTeloba da daubrunda srulfasovan

mecnierul muSaobas haidelbergis universitetSi.

1904–05 ww. veberi wers Tavis pirvel axlebur naSroms – “protestantul eTikas da

kapitalizmis suls“. es naSromi gamoqveynda JurnalSi „Archiv fur Sozialwiissenschaft und Sozialpolitik“ da 1910 wlamde mwvave diskusiis sagans warmoadgenda. aRsaniSnavia,

rom am diskusiaSi TviT vebermac aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo.

amave periodSi Seiqmna veberis umniSvnelovanesi meTodologiuri naSromebi,

romlebmac safuZveli Cauyara socialuri mecnierebebis meTodologiis dRemde

mZlavr tradicias. erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani am naSromebs Soris

aris misi esse „obieqturoba socialur mecnierebebSi“ (1904 w.), romelic agreTve

„Archiv“-Si iqna gamoqveynebuli.

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1904 wlidan veberi iyo „Archiv fur Sozialwiissenschaft und Sozialpolitik“-is Tanaredaqtori zombartTan da iafesTan erTad; es Jurnali, gamoCenili sociologis edvard

Silzis TqmiT, warmoadgenda „socialuri mecnierebebis sferoSi arsebul udides

periodul gamocemas nebismier enaze“.

maqs veberi dainteresebuli iyo msoflioSi mimdinare procesebiT. misi yuradRebis

miRma ar darCenila ruseTSi 1905 wels momxdari revolucia. raTa saSualeba

hqonoda originalSi gascnoboda rusul gazeTebs da publikaciebs, man

damoukideblad Seiswavla rusuli ena. 1906 wels gamovida misi ramdenime naSromi,

romlebic mieZRvna ruseTSi mimdinare movlenebis analizs.

veberis Sromisunarianoba gamaognebeli iyo. 1908–09 wlebSi man Seiswavla

sameurneo saqmianobis fsiqologia qarxnis muSebTan Catarebuli empiriuli

gamokvlevis safuZvelze.

veberi akademiur cxovrebaSic aqtiur monawileobas iRebda. 1910wels Tavis

kolegebTan, tionisTan da zimelTan erTad, man daarsa germanuli sociologiuri

sazogadoeba. ramdenime wlis manZilze swored veberi iyo arCeuli am

sazogadoebis mdivnad da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda mis saqmianobaze.

am droisaTvis veberi ukve dainteresda religiuri sistemebis, samarTlebrivi

institutebis funqcionirebis SeswavliT, politekonomiiT da politikuri

gamokvlevebiT.

1907 wels veberma miiRo memkvidreoba, ramac is finansurad damoukidebeli gaxada.

veberi 50 wlis iyo, rodesac pirveli msoflio omi daiwyo. asakis gamo mas ar

SeeZlo omSi monawileobis miReba, Tumca amis didi survili hqonda. magram is

sakmaod aqtiur monawileobas iRebda Tavisi qalaqis saavadmyofos marTvaSi,

Semdeg muSaobda saidumlo ganyofilebaSi, romelsac gzebis marTva evaleboda,

xolo omis bolo 2 weli akeTebda imas, risi gakeTebac yvelaze kargad SeeZlo –

`werda sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, imis magivrad, rom emarTa is~.

SemdgomSi veberma monawileoba miiRo franqfurtis saarCevno ubanSi gamarTul

arCevnebSi. is germaniis demokratiuli partiis siiT iyo wardgenili, da Tumca

damarcxda, saarCevno komisiam is mainc Seiyvana parlamentSi, rogorc TvalsaCino

pirovneba. am ambavma Zalian didi gavlena moaxdina veberze. rogorc parkini werda,

„adamiani, romelic ase gamWriaxad erkveoda Zalauflebis meqanizmebSi Teoriul

doneze, erTgvarad miamiti aRmoCnda, rodesac dadga dro, praqtikulad

gamoeyenebina es codna“.

is, rom veberma ver SeZlo politikuri kariera gaekeTebina, saboloo jamSi kargic

iyo, radgan, rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, misgan SeiZleba `saSineli politikosi

gamosuliyo“.

1916 wels veberma gamosca religiis sociologiis ciklis, „Religions Rejections of the World and Their Directions“-is pirveli naSromebi, romlebic exeboda CineTisa da

indoeTis religiur sistemebs. erTi wlis Semdeg gamovida am ciklis Semdegi

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naSromi, romelic mieZRvna Zvel iudaizms. SemdgomSi veberma kidev ufro ganavrco

es naSromebi da gamoaqveyna „msoflio religiaTa socialuri fsiqologia“ (1918) da

„msoflio religiaTa sameurnao eTika“ (1919).

mxolod 1918 wels daubrunda veberi leqciebis kiTxvas, amjerad – venis

universitetSi. Semdeg man miiRo miunxenis universitetis miwveva, sadac waikiTxa

Tavisi cnobili leqciebi, „mecniereba rogorc mowodeba da profesia“ da

„politika rogorc mowodeba da profesia“ (1919 w). aseve miunxenis universitetSi

wakiTxuli leqciebis studentiseuli konspeqtebis safuZvelze iqna Sedgenili

veberis „saerTo ekonomikuri istoria“, romelic iZleva srul STabeWdilebas

veberis uzomod farTo ganswavlulobisa da misi unikaluri azrovnebis Sesaxeb.

1920 wlis 14 ivniss, 56 wlis asakSi, veberi filtvebis anTebiT gardaicvala

miunxenSi. mas uamravi naSromi darCa daumTavrebeli, maT Soris erT-erTi

umniSvnelovanesi, „ekonomika da sazogadoeba“, gamocemuli iqna 2 tomad misi

gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1922 wels. aseve misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gamovida misi

samtomiani „religiis sociologia“

sociologiaSi veberi „movida“ ekonomikidan da istoriidan, da is arc Tvlida

Tavs sociologad – mas politikur ekonomistad miaCnda Tavi. misi sauniversiteto

moRvaweobac, diurkemisagan gansxvavebiT, arasodes yofila dakavSirebuli kerZod

sociologiasTan, da arc arasodes yofila igi sociologiis profesori.

miuxedavamd amisa, veberis roli sociologiis istoriaSi da misi gavlena

sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis Semdgom ganviTarebaze uzomod didia; man

Semoitana sociologiaSi mravali axali Tema da problema, romlebic dRemde

aqtualurad rCeba.

misi Tanamedrove moazrovneTagan, veberis naSromebze yvelaze didi gavlena

marqsma da nicSem iqonies. veberi kargad icnobda orive maTganis naazrevs da

iziarebda maT mier wamoWril problematikas, Tumca am problemebis arsis axxsnisa

da maTi gadaWris gzebis TvalsazrisiT bevr rameSi ar eTanxmeboda maT.

maqs veberi: biografiuli narkvevi (ritceris mixedviT)

maqvs veberi daibada erfurtSi, germaniaSi, 1864 wlis 21 aprils, saSualo klasis

ojaxSi. mis mSoblebs Soris mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas gavlena hqonda rogorc mis

intelequalur orientaciaze, ise fsiqologiur ganviTarebaze. veberis mama

biurokrati iyo da sakmaod mniSvnelovan politikur Tanamdebobasac flobda. igi

politikuri sivrcis wevri iyo da Sesabamisad gmobda yvela qmedebasa Tu ideas,

romelic moiTxovda personalur Tavdadebas an safrTxes uqmnida mis pozicias

sistemaSi. amasTanave ufrosi veberi iseTi kaci iyo, romelsac Zalian uyvarda

amqveyniuri siamovnebis miReba, riTac da ara mxolod amiT, Zalian gansxvavdeboda

sakuTari meuRlisagan. maqs veberis deda kalvinisti iyo, qali romelic asketur

cxovrebas misdevda da didad gansxvavdeboda sakuTari meuRlisagan. misi azrebi

ufro metad araamqveyniuri iyo; igi wuxda arasrulyofilebaze, romelic Tavis

mxriv imis niSans warmoadgenda rom mas codvebi ar mieteveboda da ar

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gadarCeboda. mSoblebs Soris aseTma gansxvavebam Zalian did gavlena iqonia

veberze.

imis gamo, rom SeuZlebeli iyo orive mSoblis gzas erTdroulad dasdgomoda,

vebers bavSvobidanve gamokveTili arCevani warudgines (mariane veberi, 1975:62).

Tavdapirvelad igi mamamisis gzas daadga, Tumca mogvianebiT igi ufro metad

dedis arCevans miuaxlovda. imisda miuxedavd, Tu ras airCevda veberi, msgavs

polarul gansxvavebas veberis fsiqikaze negatiuri efeqti hqonda.

Tvrameti wlis asakSi maqs veberi cota xniT heidelbergis universitetSi

saswavleblad gaemgzavra. miuedavad imisa, rom vebers ukve demonstrirebuli

hqonda Tavisi intelaqtualuri SesaZleblobebi, socialur doneze heidelbergis

universititSi igi morcxvi da dabal ganviTarebuli Cairicxa. Tumca, es maleve

Seicvala mas Semdeg rac igi SeuerTda mamamisis cxovrebis gzas. aq igi

socialurad ganviTarda, Tumca ufro metad ludis im didi raodenobis gamo,

romelsac Tavis TanatolebTan erTad miirTmevda. amasTanave, igi amayad ukeTebda

demonstracias duelis Sedegad miRebul Sramebs, romlebic aseTi cxovrebis

niSans warmoadgendnen. veberma ara mxolod mamamisis cxovrebis wesi airCia, aramed

profesiul gadawyvetilebaSic mas gahyva, radgan gadawyvita samarTali Seeswavla.

sami semestris Semdeg veberma samxedro samsaxuris gamo dastova heidelbergi da

1884 wels dabrunda berlinSi, Tavisi mSoblebis saxlSi, raTa berlinis

universitetSi swavla gaegrZelebina. igi iq momavali rva wlis ganmavlobaSi

darCa, daasrula swavla, moipova doqtoris xarisxi, gaxda samarTalmcodne, da

berlinis universitetSi leqciebis wakiTxvac daiwyo. am procesSi misi interesebi

Semoifargleboda ufro metad misi cxovrebiseuli interesebiT – ekonomikiT,

istoriiTa da sociologiiT. am rva wlis ganmavlobaSi veberi finansurad mamaze

iyo damokidebuli, rac mas sul ufro naklebad moswonda. am periodSi igi ufro

metad dauaxlovda dedis Rirebulebebs, Sesabamisad mamis mimarT antipaTia

gaizarda. man asketuri cxovrebis wess mihyo xeli da mTlianad CaerTo Tavis

samuSaoSi. magaliTad, swavlis periodSi misi erTi dRis, Cveulebrivi semestruli

samuSao Cvevebi Semdegnairad xasaiTdeba: “igi misdevs samuSaos mkacr disciplinas,

Tavisi cxovrebis regulirebas saaTis meSveobiT axdens, yoveldRiur rutinas

yofs konkretul seqciebad sxvadasxva samuSaosTvis, inaxavs fuls imis xarjze

rom saRamoobiT sakuTar Tavs xorciTa da oTxi kvercxiT gamokvebavs sakuTar

oTaxSi” (micmani, 1969/1971:48; mariana veberi, 1975:105). dedis gzis dadgomiT veberi

asketuri cxovrebis gzas daadga, gaxda didi mSromeli da Tanamedrove terminebiT

rom avRweroT “Workaholic”-ic ki.

msgavsma muSaobam veberi 1896 wels heidelbergis universitetSi ekonomikis

profesoris poziciamde miiyvana. Tumca 1897 wels, rodesac veberis akademiuri

kariera ifurCqneboda, mamamisi gardaicvala, rac maT Soris saSinel kamaTs mohyva.

cota xnis Semdeg veberi ukve amJRavnebda iseT simptomebs, romlebic nerviuli

aSlilobis niSani iyo. xSirad igi ver axerxebda Zils an muSaobas, momavali eqvsi-

Svidi weli man fataluri kolafsis piras gaatara. 1903 wels mas zogierTi Zala

daubrunda, Tumca mxolod 1904 wlidan, rodesac a.S.S-Si eqvs naxevari wlis Semdeg

pirvelad waikiTxa leqcia, daubrunda igi aqtiur akademiur cxovrebas. 1904 da 1905

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wlebSi man gamoaqveyna Tavisi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili naSromi “protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli”. Tavis SromaSi man gamoacxada dedamisis religiis

dominanturoba akademiur doneze. veberi did dros uTmobda religiis Seswavlas,

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad religiuri ar yofila.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mas kvlav awuxebda garkveuli fsiqologiuri problemebi,

ukve 1904 wlidan mas funqcionireba mainc SeeZlo da ramodenime mniSvnelovani

Sromac gamosca. am wlebSi veberma gamosca msoflio religiebis Seswavla

msoflio-istoriul perspeqtivaSi (magaliTad, CineTi, indoeTi da antikuri

iudaizmi). misi gardacvalebis periodSi (1920 wlis 4 ivnisi) igi muSaobda Tavis

yvelaze mniSvnelovan Sromaze “ekonomika da sazogadoeba”. miuxedavd imisa, rom es

wigni ar iyo dasrulebuli, igi mainc gamoqveynda da iTargmna ramodenime enaze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi Zalian bevrs werda am periodSi igi sxva

aqtivobebSic iyo Cabmuli. igi monawileobda germanuli sociologiuri

sazogadoebis daarsebaSi 1910 wels. igi mravali inteleqtualis centri gaxda, maT

Soris iyvnen sociologebic – georg zimeli, robert miSeli da misi Zma alfredi,

aseve filosofosi da literaturis kritikosi georg lukaCi (Scaff, 1989:186-222). garda amisa, veberi politikuradac sakmaod aqtiuri iyo da yoveldRiur Temebzec

bevrs werda.

veberis cxovrebasa da akademiur moRvaweobaSi mudmivad iyo dapirispireba

biurokratiasa, romelic mamamisis mier iyo reperezentirebuli da dedamisis

religiurobas Soris. am dausrulebel dapirispirebas mihyavda veberis rogorc

piradi cxovreba ise misi Sromebi.

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maqs veberis sociologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi

(frank parkinis mixedviT)

maqs veberi iTvleba sociologiis rogorc mecnierebis erT-erT damaarseblad. mas

dawerili aqvs uamravi naSromi, romlebic klasikuradaa aRiarebuli, da dResac ki

iwveven did interess da samecniero diskusiebs rogorc mecnierul samyaroSi,

aseve farTo sazogadoebaSi, imaT Soris, visac surs Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

funqcionirebis safuZvlebis Seswavla.

1. meTodebi da procedurebi

VERSTEN-is meTodi

sociologiis sxva fuZemdeblebisgan, kerZod, emil diurkemisgan gansxvavebiT,

romelic sociologiuri kvlevis mTavar erTeulad `socialuri faqts~ miiCnevda,

veberi Tvlida, rom sociologiam individi unda Seiswavlos. diurkemis azriT,

`socialuri faqti~ warmoadgenda `koleqtiuri cnobierebis zewolas da

Zaldatanebas, romlebic aiZuleben adamians garkveulnairad imoqmedon~. diurkemi

aRiqvamda socialur faqtebs rogorc nivTebs da ambobda, rom `sazogadoeba

arsebobs obieqturad, yoveli CvenTaganisagan damoukideblad, Sesabamisad, is

SeiZleba Seswavlili iqnes dakvirvebis obieqturi meTodebis meSveobiT~. individis

roli aseT sazogadoebaSi meorexarisxovania, is mxolod da mxolod erTobis

nawilia, im erTobis, romelic aTasi misnairisagan Sedgeba. veberis azriT ki,

piriqiT, socialuri jgufebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT `ise TiTqos~ isini individebi

iyvnen, magram `es SeiZleba iyos mxolod da mxolod dasaSvebi Teoriuli fiqcia~.

amrigad, gansxvaveba diurkemisa da veberiseul kvlevis erTeulebs Soris

fundamentur xasiaTs iZens.

sociologiuri gamokvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare ar arsebobs iseTi cneba

rogoricaa koleqtiuri pirovneba, romelic `moqmedebs~. rodesac sociologiur

konteqstSi moiazreba saxelmwifo, nacia, korporacia, ojaxi an SeiaraRebuli

nawili, an kidev sxva analogiuri gaerTianeba, igulisxmeba ... mxolod

individualuri pirovnebebis mier realurad an Teoriulad ganxorcielebadi

socialuri moqmedebebis garkveuli varianti.

koleqtivs ar SeuZlia ifiqros, ganicdides ama Tu im grZnobebs, hqondes aRqmis

unari _ es mxolod adamianebs SeuZliaT. amitomac socialuri mecnierebis mizania

individis moqmedebebis `subieqturi gageba~. veberi amtkicebs, rom Cven `ar

SegviZlia gavigoT ujredebis moqmedeba an planetebis moZraoba. Cven vakvirdebiT

ujredebis struqturas da varskvlavebis moZraobas da Semdeg vcdilobT

CamovayaliboT saerTo kanonebi maTi struqturis da moZraobis wesebis Sesaxeb~,

da am kanonebis Camoyalibebisas xdeba Cveni axsnis koncefciebis da kategoriebis

gadatana am fenomenebze.

rac Seexeba socialuri moqmedebas, aq sruliad sxva situaciaa. ujredebisa da

varskvlavebisagan gansxvavebiT. adamianebi TavianTi motivebis Tanaxmad moqmedeben.

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adamianebis moqmedeba agreTve ganpirobebulia im subieqturi mniSvnelobebiT,

romelsac isini aniWeben am moqmedebas, e. i. adamianebs aqvT maTi saqcielis

sakuTari axsna-ganmarteba.

subieqturi azris Cawvdomis mTavar saSualebas veberisTvis Verstehen-is (`gagebis~) meTodi warmoadgens. am sityviT aRiniSneba `socialuri moqmedebis aRqmis

mcdeloba ... damkvirveblis mxridan momqmedTan kavSiris damyarebis meSveobiT,

romelsac TanagrZnoba udevs safuZvlad~. mkvlevarisaTvis mTavaria, gaaigivos

sakuTari Tavi momqmed individTan, gaigos misi motivebi da Sexedos moqmedebas

momqmedis poziciidan. rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, veberi ganixilavs `gagebis~

meTods ara mxolod rogorc interviuebis an sxva tipis empiriuli gamokvlevebis

saSualebiT momqmedi individebis motivebis gagebis SesaZleblobas, aramed

istoriuli movlenebis gagebis saSualebasac situaciebSi, `rodesac aravin ar

darCenila cocxali, rom gamovikiTxoT~.

Cven SegviZlia SevecadoT rekonstruqcia gavukeToT arCevanis situacias, radgan

Cven mSvenivrad SegviZlia Tavi sxvis adgilze davayenoT da warmovidginoT, Tu

ras gavakeTebdiT aqtorebis adgilze, garkveul garemoSi da garkveul pirobebSi

rom vyofiliyaviT. rogorc veberi wers, `ar aris aucilebeli iyo keisari, raTa

gaugo keisars~ _ Cven SegviZlia gavigoT yvelaze cnobili adamianebis

moqmedebebic, Tu gvecodineba maTi motivebi.

Verstehen-is koncefciaSi veberi gansakuTrebulad usvams xazs im garemoebas, rom

adamianis winaSe yovelTvis dgas arCevanis problema. adamianis qceva ar imarTeba

zeindividualuri ZalebiT, romlebic `amoZraveben adamianebs ama Tu im

mimarTulebiT~.8 adamianebi damoukideblad iReben gadawyvetilebebs sakuTari

interesebidan gamomdinare, magram am gadawyvetilebebze Zalian did gavlenas

axdens is, Tu rogor aRiqvamen isini sakuTar SesaZleblobebs da im

winaaRmdegobebs, romlebic maT winaSea.

veberi gamoyofs gagebis or saxeobas: `gageba pirdapiri dakvirvebis meSveobiT~

(`direct observational understanding~) da `gageba axsnis meSveobiT~ (`explanatory understanding~).

am terminebis ganmartebis mizniT vebers Semdegi magaliTebi mohyavs. Cven SegviZlia

mivxvdeT, rom viRac ganrisxebulia, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu davinaxavT mis saxes, an

gavigebT mis yvirils an brZanebas, e. i. ubralo dakvirvebis meSveobiT. aseve, Cven

gvsmis monadiris moqmedeba, rodesac is tyeSi mxecs umiznebs, an SeSis mWrelis

moqmedeba, rodesac is xes Wris. `am moqmedebebis ubralo dakvirvebac sakmarisia

imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ra xdeba. xolo, imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ratom

xdeba es, aucilebelia mivmarToT gavigoT sxvadasxva moqmedebis motivebi da

subieqturi mniSvnelobebi. amrigad, xis mWrelis moqmedeba ufro gasagebi xdeba

iqidan gamomdinare, Tu ra mizniT Wris is SeSas: imisTvis, rom lukma-puri iSovos,

saxlis gasaTbobad, an ubralod imitom, raTa gaivarjiSos. aseTive wesiT SeiZleba

ganvixiloT monadiris moqmedeba _ is SeiZleba umiznebdes cxovels, raTa saWmeli

iSovos, an misTvis es SeiZleba sportis saxeoba iyos. rogorc parkini aRniSnavs,

9

`Cven vwvdebiT ama Tu im moqmedebis mniSvnelobas am moqmedebis mniSvnelobaTa

ufro farTo konteqstSi moTavsebis meSveobiT~.

zemoT Tqmuli ar niSnavs, rom veberi ganixilavda gagebis meTods rogorc

erTaderT SesaZlebel meTods socialuri moqmedebis gagebis mizniT. piriqiT, misi

azriT, es meTodi unda gamxdariyo `damxmare~, damatebiTi, da unda gamoiyurebodes

sxva kvleviT meTodebTan erTad. rogorc parkini Tvlis, Verstehen-is meTodSi im hipoTezebisa, romlebic SemdgomSi empiriuli gamokvlevebis obieqti da

validizaciis sagani unda gamxdariyo.

amrigad, veberi ar iyo imis winaaRmdegi, rom socialur mecnierebebSi

gamoyenebuliyo statistikuri meTodebi da empiriuli gamokvlevebi. piriqiT, is

xedavda maTSi mecnieruli hipoTezebis Semowmebis mniSvnelovan saSualebas. amave

dros, veberisTvis, sxva mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, is garemoeba, rom or cvlads

Soris Zlieri urTierTkavSiri aRiniSneba, ar amtkicebda imas, rom maT Soris

arsebuli kavSiri mizez-Sedegobrivi bunebisaa. statistikurma korelaciam

SeiZleba migvaniSnos aseTi kavSiris SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, magram mis

Camoyalibebaze darwmunebiT mxolod maSin SeiZleba saubari, Tu adgili aqvs

`motivaciebis Tanmimdevrobas~.

rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, veberis gagebis meTodi mecnierebis mxridan garkveul

kritikas iwvevs, kerZod, im garemoebis gamo, rom imisTvis, raTa gavigoT individis

moqmedeba masTan gaigivebis meSveobiT, aucilebelia, rom mkvlevaris da aqtoris

normatiul-moraluri baza erTi donisa iyos. Tu maTi Sexedulebebi Zalian

gansxvavdeba, an Tu maTi warmodgenebi SeuTavsebelia, maT Soris ar SeiZleba

srulas Camoyalibdes kavSiri TanagrZnobis safuZvelze.

sxva mxriv, gagebis meTodi iTvaliswinebs, rom adamianebi principSi yovelTvis

uweven angariSs im motivebs, romlebic maT amoZraveben. magram rogorc TviTon

veberi aRniSnavs, umravles SemTxvevaSi adamianebs ara aqvT bolomde

gacnobierebuli Tavisi moqmedebis motivebi, maTi saqcieli arcTu iSviaTad

SeiZleba Seugnebeli iyos: `mxolod SemTxveviT xdeba, rom ... momqmedis subieqturi

mniSvneloba, gind racionaluri da gind iracionaluri, naTeli xdeba misi

cnobierebisaTvis. mniSvnelobis mqone moqmedebis idialuri tipi, romelSic

mniSvneloba srulad aris aRqmuli da gaazrebuli da ar aris orWofuli,

marginalur SemTxvevas warmoadgens~.

amrigad, kanonzomierad wamoiWreba SekiTxva: rodesac TviTon momqmeds ar SeuZlia

yovelTvis srulad aRiqvas Tavisi moqmedebebis mniSvneloba, rogor SeuZlia

mkvlevars Caswvdes moqmedebis arss da rogor unda iqnes gamoyenebuli aseT

SemTxvevaSi Verstehen-is meTodi? gamosavali, romelsac veberi gvTavazobs, SeiZleba

arc ise gamosadegi iyos _ sociologi unda gamomdinareobdes iqidan, `TiTqos~

momqmedi bolomde axerxebs sakuTari moqmedebis mniSvnelobis gaazrebas. Tu

erTmaneTs SevadarebT ama Tu im moqmedebis idealur tips da imas, Tu realurad

rogor moqmedebs individi, SeiZleba dafiqsirdes gadaxrebi am moqmedebis

WeSmaritad racionaluri saxeobisagan. aseTi Sedareba `sufTa~, Teoriul tipsa da

10

socialuri moqmedebis realur saxeobebs Soris warmoadgens `instruments,

romelsac veberi xSirad uwevs rekomendacias Tavis meTodologiur naSromebSi~.

idealuri tipi

`idealuri tipi~ veberis meTodologiis konceptualuri cnebaa. idealuri tipi

warmoadgens Teoriul abstraqcias, romelic gamoiyeneba rTuli msoflios gagebis

amocanis gaadvilebis mizniT. `veberi ... migvaniSnebs, rom Cven ar SegviZlia

srulad CavwvdeT socialur fenomenebs~. iseTi cnobebi, rogorebicaa

`protestantizmi~,

`biurokratia~ an `kapitalizmi~ Sedgebian rogorc normatiuli, aseve

struqturuli xasiaTis uamravi urTierTdakavSirebuli komponentebisgan, da

imisTvis, raTa gavigoT isini, aucilebelia maTi `dayvana~ maT `ZiriTad

elementebamde~. rogorc parkini Tvlis, es niSnavs, rom `savaraudoa, rom

kapitalizmis an burJuaziuli revoluciis idealuri tipebi ... ar warmoadgenen

realuri movlenebis zust

asaxvas~. Tumca aseTi tipebis konstruqciebs aqvT realobis damaxasiaTebeli

garkveuli niSanTvisebebi, ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom isini realobas zustad da

xarvezebis gareSe asaxavdnen.

idealuri tipi Taviseburi sazomia, romelsac unda SevadaroT empiriuli

gamokvlevebis Sedegebi. am proceduras veberi mosamzadebel procedurad miiCnevs,

romelic aucilebelia Semdgomi mizez-Sedegobrivi axsnisaTvis.

rogorc ar unda iyos idealuri tipis Sinaarsi ... mas mxolod erTi funqcia aqvs

empiriul gamokvlevebSi. misi funqcia aris Sedareba empiriul realobasTan.

imisTvis, raTa dadgenili iqnas misi gansxvaveba an msgavseba {am idealur tipTan} ...

da imisTvi, rom gavigoT da kauzalurad avxsnaT isini.

magram, radgan idealuri tipis Semadgeneli elementebis amorCeva ar eqvemdebareba

raime kanonebs, ar SeiZleba mas vuwodoT `swori~ an `araswori~. amrigad, veberi

ambobs, rom ar aris gamarTlebuli, gvqondes warmodgena, TiTqos Cven SegviZlia

raimenairad CavwvdeT socialuri sinamdvilis namdvil arss. socialur

sinamdviles ara aqvs realuri arsi imitom, rom is SeiZleba konstruirebuli iqnas

ramdenime gansxvavebuli xerxis saSualebiT.

II. kapitalizmi

socialuri moqmedeba da rwmena

veberis sociologia garkveulwilad antimarqsistulia. es yvelaze naTlad Cans

mis naSromebSi protestantizmis Sesaxeb.

`protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~ aris veberis erT-erTi yvelaze

cnobili naSromi, romelSic is ganixilavs kavSirs realobis specifikur

religiur aRqmasa da kapitalizmis warmoSobas Soris. veberis am naSromis mTavari

11

azri xSirad vulgarizebuli formiT gadmoicema, romlis Tanaxmadac TiTqmis

kapitalizmis warmoSobis mTavar mizezs warmoadgenda kalvinizmi, protestantuli

religiis erT-erTi ganStoeba.

Tavis naSromebSi protestantizmis Sesaxeb veberi cdilobda gaerkvia

`damokidebuleba gansakuTrebul religiur eTikasa da kapitalisturi

suliskveTebis garkveul saxeobas Soris~. rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, aucilebelia

visaubroT swored kapitalizmis `garkveuli saxeobis~ Sesaxeb, radgan veberi

gamoyofs kapitalizmis ramdenime saxeobas, romelTaganac yvelaze mniSvnelovnebia:

mZarcveli kapitalizmi (booty capitalism), gandegilebis kapitalizmi (pariah capitalism),

tradiciuli kapitalizmi (traditional capitalism) da racionaluri kapitalizmi (rational capitalism).

mZarcveli kapitalizmi warmoadgens kapitalis dagrovebas da moxveWas omebis,

Zarcvebis an riskiani wamowyebebis meSveobiT, amgvari kapitalizmis magaliTs

warmoadgenen `mZarcveli baronebi~ (robber barons).

meore SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs komerciul saqmianobasTan, rogoricaa

mevaxSeoba, romelsac ewevian sazogadoebidan gamoriyuli socialuri jgufebi

(mag., ebraelebi). swored aseT konteqstSi aRiqvams veberi ebraelebs, rogorc

gandegilTa kapitalizmis warmomadgenlebs. tradiciuli kapitalizmis formebi

yvela kulturaSi

moiZebneba, adreuli xanidan dawyebuli. am saxis kapitalizmis ganmasxvavebeli

niSani aris is, rom is mimarTulia garkveuli, SezRuduli Sedegis miRebaze da mas

ar axasiaTebs kapitalis da saxsrebis Semdgomi akumulacia.

da bolos, racionaluri kapitalizmi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebulia reguli-

rebadi bazari, mkacri buRalteria da miswrafeba, miRebuli iqnas rac SeiZleba

didi mogeba kanonieri gzebis gamoyenebiT. garda amisa, racionaluri kapitalizmi

axorcielebs Tavisufali muSaxelis daqiravebas da amrigad, warmoSobs

proletariatis klass. swored aseTi tipis kapitalizmia damaxasiaTebeli

dasavluri sazogadoebisaTvis da swored aseTia, veberis azriT, Tanamedrove

kapitalizmi. Tumca kapitalizmis yvela sxva saxeoba SeiZleba aRmoCenili iqnas

msoflios sxvadasxva mxareSi da sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi, racionaluri

kapitalizmi warmoiSva mxolod dasavleT evropaSi XVII-XVIII ss.-Si da es

garemoeba, rogorc veberi aRniSnavs, aris garkveuli faqtebis da movlenebis

Serwymis _ `konstelaciis~ _ Sedegi. SemdegSi veberi ganixilavs im mizezebs,

romlebmac Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSoba ganapirobes.

veberi gamoyofs racionaluri kapitalizmis warmoSobis or gansxvavebul

winapirobas _ es aris racionaluri `suli~ da materialuri `Sinaarsi~ (substance). amrigad, adgili aqvs 4 SesaZlebel kombinacia:

12

suli Sinaarsi

(a) _ _

(b) _ +

(c) + _

(d) + +

rogorc vxedavT, pirvel, (a) SemTxvevaSi, arc erTi winapiroba ar arsebobs. aseTi

sazogadoebis magaliTia tomobrivi sazogadoeba, romelSic ar aris arc

normatiuli da arc instituciuri mxardaWera imisaTvis, rom warmoiSvas

racionaluri kapitalizmi.

meore, (b) SemTxveva damaxasiaTebelia aRmosavleTis sazogadoebebisaTvis, sadac

`materialuri infrastruqtura ... SesaniSnavad esadageboda kapitalistur

eqspluatacias~, magram Sesabamisi suliskveTebis ararsebobis gamo is ver iqna

gadayvanili racionaluri warmoebis principebze.

mesame, (c) SemTxvevaSi amis sapirispiro mdgomareobaa _ magaliTis saxiT vebers

mohyavs benjamen franklinis droindeli pensilvaniis Stati. benjamen franklini

ganmsWvaluli iyo kapitalisturi suliskveTebiT _ es naTeli xdeba, Tu Cven

gadavxedavT mis Canawerebs, magram maSindeli pensilvaniis sawarmoo ganviTareba

ar aZlevda franklins imis saSualebas, rom cxovreba racionalur principebze

aewyo.

da bolos, rogorc es cxrilidan Cans, mxolod meoTxe, (d) SemTxvevaSia

gaerTianebuli orive winapiroba. isini erTiandebian imisaTvis, rom `Seqmnan

feTqebadi SenaerTi, romelic gardaqmnis ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis

safuZvlebs da iwvevs Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSobas~.

`protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli~

protestantuli suliskveTebis ganxilvas veberi iwyebs kalvinisturi

religiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli swavlebiT gangebis Sesaxeb. am swavlebis arsi

imaSi mdgomareobs, rom RmerTma yvela adamianis bedi mis dabadebamde gadawyvita.

es gadawyvetileba aranairad ar aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor icxovrebs

adamiani, ra moqmedebebs Caidens da rogori pirovneba iqneba. dabadebisTanave

adamians `misjili~ aqvs an gadarCena, an mudmivi tanjva. kalvinistebs am

SegrZnebiT uxdebodaT cxovreba, da am garemoebam maTSi gamoimuSava `udidesi

miswrafeba gadarCenisadmi~, survili, darwmundnen imaSi, rom sikvdilis Semdeg

uzrunvelyofili aqvT mudmivi cxovreba. magram cxovrebis manZilze adamianebma

araferi icodnen imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra bedi elodaT, da amitom, `TandaTan maT

daiwyes keTilganwyobis niSnebis an mtkicebulebebis Zebna. yoveli morwmune

cdilobda daerwmunebina sakuTari Tavi da sxvebi imaSi, rom is erT-erTi

gamorCeulTagani iyo. am miznis miRwevas ukeT emsaxureboda is saxeoba, romelsac

mohqonda TvalnaTeli nayofi da materialuri mtkicebulebebi~. amrigad, keTili

saqmeebi, materialuri warmateba gaxda `praqtikuli saSualeba, romlis

meSveobiTac WeSmariti morwmune aRmoaCenda~, iyo Tu ara mis mimarT RmerTi

13

gulmowyale, Sesabamisad, gaCnda rwmena, rom kalvinists SeuZlia sakuTari SromiT

moipovos gadarCena, an, rac ufro swori iqneba, darwmundes imaSi, rom is

gadarCeba.

miswrafebam gadarCenis, maradiuli cxovrebisadmi, gardaqmna kalvinisturi

swavleba gangebis Sesaxeb iseT swavlebaSi, romelsac safuZvlad edo Sroma da

kidev erTxel Sroma sruli gadarCenis mosapoveblad.

veberis am naSromSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba mowodebis koncefcias,

romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom TiToeulma adamianma unda misdios im mowodebas,

romelic mas RmerTma mianiWa. rodesac kalvinisti warmatebas aRwevs ama Tu im

sferoSi moRvaweobiT, is Tavisufldeba im SiSisagan, romelsac is ganicdis Tavis

bedTan dakavSirebiT.

misi {morwmune kalvinistis} mogebis da qonebis gazrda iyo ... RmerTis wyalobis

niSani ... RmerTs Tavisi sakuTari mizezi hqonda, raTa amoerCia is...

ara nakleb mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom, veberis azriT, mowodebis koncefciis

gavlena hqonda ara marto mewarmeebze, warmoebis xelmZRvanelebze, aramed ubralo

muSebzec, romlebic am sawarmoebSi muSaobdnen. Tumca Tavdapirvelad Sromis

nayofierebis gazrdam misi intensiurobis gazrdis xarjze muSebis mxridan

winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia, es winaaRmdegoba, romelic saerTod damaxasiaTebelia

tradiciuli sazogadoebebisaTvis, gadalaxuli iqna muSebis moraluri da

fsiqologiuri transformaciis Sedegad. imisTvis ki, rom es momxdariyo,

aucilebeli iyo Secvliliyo damokidebuleba Sromisadmi, rac muSebis ganaTlebis

donis amaRlebam gamoiwvia. es ki niSnavs, rom kapitalisturi suliskveTeba pirvel

rigSi warmoiSva qalaqSi, da ara soflad.

kalvinisturma swavlebam pirvelma daiwyo Sromis faseulobebis rogorc aseTis

qadageba, ise, TiTqos Sroma yofiliyos `saboloo mizani, mowodeba~. amgvarad,

protestantizmi ara marto kapitalizmis suliskveTebis wyaroa, aramed garkveuli

saxis `Sromis suliskveTebisa~. Sesabamisad, kalvinizmi warmogvidgeba rogorc

religia, romelic zegavlenas axdens yvela adamianze maTi socialuri

mdgomareobis miuxedavad. garda amisa, veberi gansakuTrebiT gamoyofda im

garemoebas, rom sxva

religiebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic adamians ubralod exmarebian, SeeCvion da

Seeguon maT garSemo arsebul samyaros, kalvinizmi, da ufro farTod,

protestantizmi, aiZulebs xalxs, Secvalon TviT msoflio, gardaqmnan da

gadaakeTon is.

kalvinizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli niSania is, rom mas

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba aqvs simdidris mimarT. simdidre, romelic mimarTulia

hedonisturi survilebis dasakmayofileblad, kalvinizmSi warmodgenilia rogorc

boroteba, eSmakis xrikebi.

14

batonoba da legitimuroba

veberis politologiuri naSromebi ara nakleb mniSvnelovania _ maT gareSe

faqtiurad SeuZlebeli iqneboda Tanamedrove politikuri sociologiis

safuZvlebis gageba.

veberi Tvlida, rom `batonoba am sityvis farTo gagebiT aris socialuri

moqmedebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani elementi~. sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis

aqvs adgili Zaladobas, Zaldatanebas da Zalas, da swored Zaladobas eyrdnoba

saxelmwifoebi. amitom sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia gamoyofili

iqnes ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi saxelmwifoebis sxvadasxva tipebs, mag.,

totalitarulsa da demokratiuls, burJuaziulsa da monarqiuls Soris.

veberi ganasxvavebs `saxelmwifosa~ da `nacias~. nacia misTvis aris `kulturuli

gaerTianeba, romlis warmomadgenlebic mWidrod arian dakavSirebulni

erTmaneTTan saerTo enis da moraluri urTierTobebis meSveobiT, romlebic

mSobliuri enis meSveobiT gadadis Taobidan TaobaSi~, maSin rodesac saxelmwifo

pirvel rigSi garkveul teritorias niSnavs. veberi, romelic Tavad mgznebare

nacionalisti iyo, Tvlida, rom aucilebelia sakuTari kulturuli

TviTmyofadobis dacva gareSe mtrebisagan, da amisTvis saWiroa, rom naciebi

Camoyalibdnen saxelmwifoebad, xolo saxelmwifoebi unda warmoadgendnen naciebs,

raTa SeinarCunon Sinagani erTianoba.

veberi batonobis or saxeobas gamoyofs. pirveli warmoiSveba arsebul bazarze

ekonomikuri resursebis monopoliuri kontrolis SemTxvevaSi. batonoba aq

xorcieldeba iribad, da `isini, vinc misgan itanjebian, formalurad Tavisufalni

arian, imoqmedon sakuTari racionaluri ekonomikuri interesebis Tanaxmad~. meore

SemTxvevaSi, Cven saqme gvaqvs pirdapir batonobasTan, romelic erTis mxriv

dafuZnebulia Zalaze, xolo meores mxriv _ damorCilebaze. vebers swored bolo

saxis batonoba ainteresebs.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom veberi batonobis am saxeobas

ganmartavs `ara ubralod rogorc xelmZRvanelobis da marTvis struqturas,

romelic damorCilebas iwvevs, aramed rogorc sakuTari nebiT damorCilebas~.

veberis Tanaxmad, arc erTi reJimi ar SeiZleba iyos dafuZnebuli mxolod da

mxolod iZulebaze, misi funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia `qvemodan~ mxardaWeris

garkveuli, Tundac minimaluri done, e. i. erTis mxriv, ubralo xalxis TvalSi

batnoba unda iyos legitimuri, xolo meores mxriv, mmarTveli jgufi yovelTvis

unda acxadebdes pretenzias am legitimurobaze. amitomaa, rom veberisTvis

batonobis sinonims warmoadgens gamoTqma `legitimuri avtoriteti~.

legitimurobaze pretenziis gamoTqma SeiZleba sami tipis iyos: tradiciuli,

qarizmuli da kanonier-racionaluri:

15

batonobis saxeoba morCilebis moTxovnis safuZveli

tradiciuli `damemorCile, imitom rom swored amas

akeTebdnen Cveni winaprebi~.

qarizmuli `damemorCile, imitom rom me SemiZlia Seni

cxovreba Sevcvalo~.

kanonier-

racionaluri

`damemorCile, imitom rom me var Seni

kanonieri ufrosi~.

dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT batonobis es saxeobebi.

tradiciuli batonobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani tipia, sadac Zalaufleba ar aris

damyarebuli arc kanonebze da arc formalur SezRudvebze. amgvari batonobis

magaliTi SeiZleba iyo mSoblis _ mamis _ batonoba Tavis ojaxSi, sadac misdami

damorCileba `pirad loialurobazea~ dafuZnebuli. tradiciuli batonobis meore

saxeobaa patrimonialuri batonoba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia feodaluri

sazogadoebebisaTvis. misi gansxvaveba patriarqalurisagan imaSi mdgomareobs, rom

aq urTierTobebi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze viTardeba.

batonobis qarizmatul saxeobas veberi upirispirebs rogorc tradiciuls, aseve

kanonier-racionalurs, vinaidan, Tumca es ori tipi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisgan, maT safuZvlad udevT `formaluri da grZelvadiani struqturebi~.

qarizma ki, rogorc veberi aRniSnavs, ar aris dafuZnebuli arc ierarqiul

wesrigze, arc daqiravebul muSaxelze da arc kanonebze. `qarizmatuli lideris

avtoriteti damokidebulia mxolod mis unarze, daarwmunos Tavisi mimdevrebi da

moswavleebi sakuTar araordinalur SesaZleblobebSi~.

Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, sadac mmarTvelobis sadaveebi biurokratias ukavia,

veberis azriT, xasiaTdeba batonobis kanonier-racionaluri tipiT. Tu sxva

SemTxvevaSi arsebuli avtoritetis safuZvels TviT adamianebi warmoadgenen _

ojaxis mama, feodali Tu politikuri lideri, _ biurokratia Tavis batonobas

kanonebis sistemaze afuZnebs, rac Tavis mxriv gulisxmobs, rom biurokratebi

miukerZoeblad moqmedeben da xelmZRvaneloben mxolod kanoniT, romelsac isini

erTnairad iyeneben yvela adamianis mimarT, maT socialuri materialuri

mdgomareobis miuxedavad. magram, samwuxarod, funqcionerebi yovelTvis ar

moqmedeben kanonis Tanaxmad, maTTvisac ar aris ucxo adamianuri sisusteebi, da

isini xSirad iyeneben kanonebs sakuTari _ piradi _ miznebis misaRwevad.

Tu isini pirnaTlad asruleben sakuTar funqciebs, biurokratebi daqvemdebarebul

mdgomareobaSi unda imyofebodnen, da ver ibatoneben. xolo Tu biurokratia xelT

igdebs Zalauflebas, is amas ukanonod akeTebs, da amitom kargavs legitimurobas.

klasi, statusi da partia

veberis stratifikaciuli naSromi `klasi, statusi da partia~ eZRvneba

sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis ganawilebis am sami fenomenis ganxilvas. veberi ar

amtkicebda, rom sazogadoebaSi Zalauflebis ganawileba da sazogadoebrivi

ierarqiis Camoyalibeba mxolod am sam fenomenze aris dafuZnebuli, magram swored

klass, statuss da partias aniWebda is uaRresad did mniSvnelobas.

16

klasi. socialuri klasis ganmartebaSi veberi TiTqos marqsis azrs eTanxmeba da

Tvlis, rom klasebis Camoyalibebisas mTavaria sakuTreba da adgili Sromis

bazarze. iq, sadac gamanawilebeli sistema ar aris dafuZnebuli sabazro Zalebze

da pirad sakuTrebaze. klasebi ar arseboben _ iq jgufebs da gaerTianebebs aqvs

adgili. Sesabamisad, monebi, rogorc Sromis bazris araTavisufali monawileni,

qmnian ara klass, aramed `statusur jgufs~.

rogorc parkini aRniSnavs, aseT ganmartebisas warmoiSveba klasebs Soris

ganmasxvavebeli sazRvris gayvanis problema, romelic sakmaod seriozul xasiaTs

iRebs. amas Tan erTvis isic, rom Tumca TviTon veberi xSirad xmarobda termins

`klasi~, mas ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli klasebis mtkice da sistematuri koncefcia.

`Tavis makrosocialur da SedarebiT gamokvlevebSi is xSirad iyenebda klasebis

nacnob, marqsiseul kategoriebs: aristokratia, glexoba, burJuazia, proletariati.

magram kapitalisturi sazogadoebis Tavis ganxilvaSi mas arasdros ar ganumartia

bolomde is formaluri kriteriumebi, romlebiTac burJuazia da proletariati

erTmaneTisgan unda gansxvavdebodnen~.

statusi an statusuri jgufi. statusuri jgufebis safuZvels warmoadgens

`simboluri jildoebis~ ganawileba, romlebic yovelTvis ar Seesabamebian

materialuri faseulobebis ganawilebas. statusuri jgufebi ufro `moraluri

gaerTianebebia~, romlebic aRiqvamen TavianT identurobas da sazRvrebs sakuTari

jgufis wevrebsa da sxvebs Soris.

partia. partia aris Zalauflebis ganawilebis mesame aspeqti sazogadoebaSi, magram

klasTan da statusur jgufTan SedarebiT veberi mas nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs.

sazogadoebaSi, romelmac ganviTarebis biurokratiul stadias miaRwia, cota ram

SeiZleba Seicvalos `radikaluri socialuri inJinrebis~ meSveobiT. partiebs ar

gaaCniaT sakmarisi Zala, mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdinon sazogadoebaze da

gardaqmnan is. partiebis erTaderTi sasargeblo funqcia aris is, rom `gamoCenili

liderebis seleqcias~ awarmoeben, romlebsac veberi `pasuxismgebel liderebs~

uwodebs, da es liderebi nacionalur interesebs klasobriv da jgufur

interesebze maRla ayeneben~. es liderebi iyofian or jgufad: isini, vinc sakuTar

qcevas `pasuxismgeblobis eTikaze~ afuZneben, da isini, vinc `saboloo miznis

eTikas~ misdeven. pirvelebi Tanaxmani arian, rom wavidnen kompromisebze,

daTanxmdnen ufro naklebze, `imisTvis, raTa miaRwion sakuTar arc Tu Zalian

ambiciur mizans~. meoreni ki piriqiT, bolomde dganan Tavisaze, ris gamoc bolos

da bolos xSirad yvelafers kargaven.

17

maqs veberis sociologia

1) kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa meTodologiuri problemebi.

veberiseuli sociologiis meTodologiuri principebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli

XIX saukunis dasasrulis dasavluri sazogadoebaTmcodneobis Teoriul

situaciasTan, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania sworad gavigoT veberis

damokidebuleba v. dilTaisa da neokantianelTa ideebisadmi.

kulturis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa sayovelTaobis problema veberis gamokvlevaSi

centraluri gaxda. erT sakiTxSi igi eTanxmeba v.dilTais, man gaiziara misi

antinaturalizmi da darwmunebuli iyo rom adamianis saqmianobis Seswavlisas

SeuZlebelia amovideT imave meTodologiuri principebidan, romlebidanac amodis

astronomia, romelic ciur sxeulTa moZraobas Seiswavlis. rogorc dilTai,

veberic Tvlida, rom abstrahireba imisgan, rom adamiani cnobieri arsebaa ar

SeuZlia arc istorikoss, arc sociologs da arc ekonomists, magram socialuri

cxovrebis Seswavlisas msgavsi wesis rezultatebi ar floben sayovelTaobas.

veberis Tanaxmad, dilTaisa da misi mimdevrebis ZiriTadi Secdoma fsiqologizmia,

nacvlad imisa, rom vikvlioT istorikosSi garkveuli warmodgenebis warmoqmnis

fsiqologiuri procesebi, im TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogori wesiT gamovlindnen mis

sulSi es warmodgenebi da subieqturad Tu rogor movida maT Soris kavSirebis

gagebsaTan - sxva sityvebiT, nacvlad imisa, rom vikvlioT istorikosis gancdaTa

samyaro, veberi gvTavazobs, SeviswavloT im cnebaTa warmoqmnis logika,

romlebiTac am dros operirebs istorikosi, vinaidan mxolod imis gamoxatva

sayovelTao mniSvnelobis cnebebis formaSi, rac wvdomilia intuiturad,

istorikosis warmodgenaTa subieqtur samyaros aqcevs istoriul mecnierebis

obieqtur samyarod.

Tavis meTodologiur gamokvlevaSi veberi arsebiTad SeuerTda istoriul

mecnierebis antinaturalisturi dafuZnebis neokantianur variants. henrix

rikertis kvalad veberi erTmaneTisgan mijnavs or aqts -Rirebulebisadmi

mikuTvnebas da Sefasebas. Tu pirveli Cven individualur STabeWdilebas obieqtur

da sayovelTao mniSvnelobis msjelobad gardaqmnis, maSin meore ar gadis subieqturobis farglebidan. kulturis, sazogadoebis da istoriis Sesaxeb

mecniereba, - acxadebs veberi - aseve unda iyos Tavisufali SefasebiTi

msjelobisagan, rogorc bunebis mecniereba. aseTi moTxovna srulebiTac ar

niSnavs, rom mecnierebam saerTod uari Tqvas sakuTar Sefasebasa da gemovnebaze. -

ara, isini ubralod ar unda iWrebodnen misi mecnieruli msjelobis sazRvrebSi.

am sazRvrebis miRma mas sruli ufleba aqvs, gamoTqvas isini,ramdenic surs, magram

ukve ara rogorc mecnierma, aramed rogorc kerZo pirma.

magram vebers arsebiTi Sesworeba Seaqvs rikertis wanamZRvrebSi. rikertisgan

gansxvavebiT, romelic Rirebulebebs da maT ierarqias ganixilavs, rogorc raRac

zeistoriuls, veberi Rirebulebas gansazRvravs, rogorc ama Tu im istoriuli

epoqis ganwyobas, rogorc epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli interesis mimarTulebas:

amiT Rirebulebebi zeistoriuli sferodan gadaitaneba istoriaSi, xolo

Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb neokantianuri moZRvreba uaxlovdeba pozitivizms, gamoTqma:

18

“Rirebulebisadmi mikuTvneba” gulisxmobs mxolod filosofiur ganmartebas im

specifikur mecnieruli interesisa, romelic xelmZRvanelobs empiriuli

gamokvlevis obieqtis arCevansa da damuSavebas.

epoqis interesi - es aris raRac ufro myari da obieqturi, vidre ama Tu im

mkvlevaris ubralo kerZo interesi, romelic neokantianelebTan “Rirebulebis”

saxelwodeba miiRo, - rikertTan Rirebulebas fesvebi gadgmuli qonda

zeistoriul realobaSi - transcendentur subieqtSi. gardaqmnis ra maT “epoqis

interesebad”, e.i. raRac SefardebiTad, veberi amiT ukve axdens rikertis

mecnierebaTmoZRvrebis gadaazrebas. ramdenadac veberis Tanaxmad, Rirebulebebi

Tavis drois epoqis zogadi ganwyobebis mxolod da mxolod gamoTqmebia, amdenad

yovel drosa da epoqas Tavisi “absolutebi”aqvs. amgvarad, absolutebi aRmoCnda

istoriuli, maSasadame SefardebiTi.

2) idealuri tipi rogorc logikuri konstruqcia

veberi iyo erT - erTi yvelaze didi istorikosi da sociologi, romelic Seecada

Segnebulad gamoeyenebina cnebaTa neokantianuri instrumentebi empiriuli kvlevis

praqtikaSi. rikertis moZRvreba cnebebis Sesaxeb rogorc empiriuli sinamdvilis

intensiuri da eqstensiuri mravalsaxeobis gadalaxvis saSvalebebis Sesaxeb,

veberTan Taviseburad gardatyda “idealuri tipis” kategoriaSi.

zogadad rom vTqvaT, idealuri tipi aris “epoqis interesi” gamoTqmuli

Teoriuli konstruqciis saxiT. amgvarad, idealuri ar amoiReba empiriuli

sinamdvilidan - realobidan, aramed igeba rogorc Teoriuli sqema. am azriT

veberi idealur tips “utopias” uwodebs. “rac ufro mkveTrad da

erTmniSvnelovnadaa agebuli - konstruirebuli idealuri tipebi, maSasadame, am

azriT, rac ufro ucxoni arian isini samyarosadmi, miT ufro kargad asruleben

isini TavianT daniSnulebas - rogorc terminologiur da klasifikatorul, ise

evristikul mimarTebaSic”.

amgvarad veberiseuli idealuri tipi axlosaa idealur modelTan, romliTac

sargeblobs bunebismecniereba. es kargad esmis TviT vebersac. azrobrivi

konstruqciebi, romlebic atareben idealuri tipebis saxelwodebas, ambobs igi.

“SeiZleba, iseve nakleb gvxvdebodes realobaSi, rogorc fizikuri reaqciebi,

romlebic gamoTvlili gamoangariSebulia, mxolod absoluturad carieli

sivrcis agebisas”. veberi idealur tips Cveni fantaziis produqts uwodebs,

“romelic Seqmnilia Cvens mier wminda azrobrivi saxiT”, is ufro amiT xazs usvams

mis gareempiriul warmoSobas.

msgavsad imisa rogorc idealuri modelebi igeba bunebis mkvlevaris mier bunebis

Semecnebis instrumentis, saSualebis saxiT, aseve idealuri tipebic iqmneba

rogorc instrumenti istoriuli realobis misaRwevad. “abstraqtuli idealuri

tipebi - wers veberi – ganixileba ara rogorc mizani, aramed rogorc saSualeba”.

swored empiriuli realobidan Tavisi mowyvetilobis an Tavisi gansxvavebulobis

wyalobiT idealur tips SeuZlia gamogvadges TiTqosda masTan - realobasTan

idealuri tipis Tanafardobis dadgenis masStabad. (“raTa gavigoT namdvili

kavSirebi, Cven vagebT aranamdvils”.)

iseTi cnebebi rogorebicaa “ekonomikuri gacvla”, “Homo ockonomicus”

(ekonomikuri adamiani) “sarewi”, “kapitalizmi”, “eklesia”, “seqta”, “qristianoba”,

19

“Suasaukunoebrivi saqalaqo meurneoba”, veberis Tanaxmad arian idealur - tipiuri

konstruqciebi, romlebic gamoiyenebian individualuri istoriuli warmonaqmnebis

gamoxatvisa da gamosaxvis saSualebebis saxiT. erT - erT yvelaze gavrcelebul

Secdomad, veberi Tvlis, idealuri tipebis “ realistur” (Sua saukuneebis azriT)

ganmartebas, e.i. am gonebrivi konstruqciebis gaigivebis TviT istoriul -

kulturul realobasTan, maT “substancializacias”.

magram aq veberi vardeba siZneleebSi, romlebic dakavSirebulia sakiTxTan imis

Sesaxeb mainc rogor igeba - konstruirdeba idealuri tipi. AerT - erTi miseuli

ganmarteba: ”Sinaarsobrivad am konstruqcias (idealur tips) aqvs raRac utopiis

xasiaTi, romelic warmoSobilia sinamdvilis garkveuli elementebis azrovnebiTi

gaZlierebis, gamoyofis dros”. aq SeiZleba advilad aRmovaCinoT winaaRmdegoba

idealuri tipebis ganmartebaSi. namdvilad, erTis mxriv, veberi aqcents akeTebs

imaze, rom idealuri tipebi warmoadgenen “utopias”, “fantazias. meores mxriv,

cxadi xdeba, rom isini aRebulia TviT sinamdvilisgan - marTalia raRacnairi misi

“deformaciis” gziT: im elementebis gaZlierebiT, gamoyofiT, gamaxvilebiT,

romlebic mkvlevars warmoedgineba rogorc tipiurni. gamodis rom idealuri

konstruqcia garkveuli azriT amoRebulia TviT empiriuli realobisagan.

maSasadame, idealuri tipi - ra aris igi: aprioruli konstruqcia, Tu empiriuli

ganzogadeba? magaliTad iseTi cnebis Seqmnis mizniT, rogoricaa “qalaquri sarewi

meurneoba”, gulisxmobs individualuri movlenebidan raRac Tu yvelasaTvis ara

saerTosi da zogadisa, maSin ukidures SemTxvevaSi raRac iseTisa, romelic

mravalTaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Ees procedura pirdapir dapirispirebulia

individualuri istoriuli cnebebis warmonaqmnisadmi, rogorc es warmoedgina

rikerts; igi ufro emsgavseba mageneralizebel cnebaTa Camoyalibebas. am

winaamRdegobis gadasawyvetad, veberi erTmaneTisgan mijnavs istoriul da

sociologiur idealur tipebs.

jer kidev rikerti aRniSnavda, rom istoriisgan gansxvavebiT sociologia

rogorc mecniereba, romelic kanonebs adgens, unda mivakuTvnoT nomoTeTikur

tipis mecnierebas, romelic mageneralizebel meTods iyenebs. maTSi zogadi cnebebi

gvevlinebian ara rogorc saSualebebi, aramed rogorc Semecnebis mizani.

sociologiuri cnebebis warmoqmnis wesi rikertis mixedviT, logikurad ar

gansxvavdeba bunebismecnieruli cnebebis warmoqmnis wesisgan. idealuri tipi

veberiseuli koncefciis Tavisebureba da mTeli rigi siZneleebi, romlebic

masTanaa dakavSirebuli, imiT ganisazRvreba, rom idealuri tipi veberTan

emsaxureba meTodologiuri principis saxiT rogorc istoriul, ise sociologiur

mecnierebasac. rogorc samarTlianad SeniSnavs veberis erT - erTi mkvlevari

“maindividualizebeli da mageneralizebeli tendenciebi veberTan ... mudam

erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli, ramdenadac masTan istoria da sociologia xSirad

ganuyofelia.”

1904 wlis sociologiur - meTodologiur SromebSi, rodesac pirvelad gamoiyena

idealuri tipis cneba, veberi mas ZiriTadad ganixilavs rogorc istoriuli

Semecnebis saSualebas, rogorc istoriul idealur tips. swored amitom igi

xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom idealuri tipi aris Semecnebis mxolod saSualeba da

ara Semecnebis mizani.

20

magram veberi istoriuli mecnierebis amocanebis TviT gagebiTac ki gansxvavdeba

rikertisagan igi ar izRudeba imis rekonstruqciiT, “rac sinamdvileSi iyo”,

rogorc amas rekonstruirebas uwevda rikerti, romelic orientirebuli iyo

leopold rankes istoriul skolaze. veberi miiswrafvis dauqvemdebaros

istoriul - individualuri kauzalur analizs, ukve amiT vebers Seaqvs istoriul

gamokvlevebSi generalizaciis momenti, ris Sedegadac gansxvaveba istoriasa da

sociologias Soris arsebiTad mcirdeba, ai rogor gansazRvravs veberi idealuri

tipis rols sociologiasa da istoriaSi: “sociologia rogorc es mravaljer

aRiniSneboda TavisTavad gasagebi azriT, qmnis tipebis cnebebs da eZebs

xdomilebaTa zogad wesebs, istoriis sapirispirod, romelic miiswrafvis

kauzaluri analizi gaukeTos individualur, kulturul mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovan

moqmedebebs, warmonaqmnebs, pirovnebebs”.

amgvarad, istoriis amocanebi, veberis azriT mdgomareobs individualur

istoriul warmonaqmnebs Soris kauzaluri kavSiris dadgenaSi, aq idealuri tipi

warmoadgens istoriul movlenaTa genetikuri kavSiris dadgenis - aRmoCenis

saSualebas, amitom Cven mas vuwodebT genetikur idealur tips. (ai genetikuri

idealuri tipebis magaliTebi veberTan: Suasaukuneebrivi qalaqi”, “kalvinizmi”,

“meTodizmi”, da a.S. yvela isini Seqmnilia rogorc veberi gvixsnis, empiriulad

mocemuli faqtebis erT - erTi mxaris xazgasmiT. magram maTsa da zogadad

gvareobiT cnebebs Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom gvareobiTi cnebebi, rogorc

varaudobs veberi, miiRebian yvela mocemul movlenaTa niSnebisgan erTis

gamoyofis gziT, maSin rodesac genetikuri idealuri tipi srulebiTac ar

gulisxmobs aseT formalur sayovelTaobas.)

ras warmoadgens sociologiuri idealuri tipi? Tu istoria veberis Tanaxmad,

unda eswrafvodes individualuri movlenebis, e.i. droSi da sivrceSi

lokalizebuli movlenebis kauzalur gagebas, maSin sociologiis amocanaa -

daadginos xdomilebaTa arsi droul - vrceul gansazRvrulobebTan mimarTebis

gareSe. am azriT idealuri tipebi rogorc sociologiuri kvlevis instrumentebi,

rogorc Cans, unda iyvnen ufro zogadni, da genetikuri tipebisgan gansxvavebiT

SeiZleba wodebul iqnen “wminda idealur tipebad”. ase agebs sociologi

batonobis (qarizmatuli, racionaluri da tradiciuli) wminda idealur modelebs,

romlebic gvxvdebian yvela istoriul epoqebSi da dedamiwis yvela wertilSi.

“wminda tipebi” miT ufro gamosadegia gamokvlevebSi, rac ufro “wmindaa” e.i. rac

ufro Sorsaa namdvili, empiriulad arsebuli movlenebisgan.

sociologiis “wminda tipebs” veberi adarebs politikuri ekonomiis idealur -

tipobriv konstruqciebs im mimarTebaSi, rom pirveli, orive SemTxvevaSi adgili

aqvs iseTi adamianuri moqmedebis konstruirebas, rom TiTqos igi warmoiqmnebodes -

mimdinareobdes idealur pirobebSi da meore, orive disciplina moqmedebis

mimdinareobis am idealur formas ganixilaven adgilisa da drois lokaluri

pirobebisgan damoukideblad, igulisxmeba, rom Tu Sesrulebuli iqneba idealuri

pirobebi, maSin yovel epoqaSi, yovel qveyanaSi moqmedeba Sesruldeba swored

amgvarad, gansxvaveba da maTi gavlena moqmedebis msvlelobaze, veberis Tanaxmad,

fiqsirdeba idealuri tipisgan im gadaxvevis mixedviT, romelic mudam gvxvdeba,

magram am gadaxvevis SemCnevisa da sayovelTao mniSvneladi saxiT - wesiT

gamoTqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs mxolod idealuri - tipiuri konstruqcia.

21

rogorc aRniSnaven veberis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarni genetikuri idealuri tipebi

gansxvavdebian wminda tipebisgan mxolod zogadobis xarisxiT. genetikuri tipi

gamoiyeneba lokalurad drosa da sivrceSi, wminda tipis gamoyeneba ki ar aris

lokalizebuli; genetikuri tipi aris im kavSiris gamovlenis saSualeba, romelic

iyo mxolod erTxel, mxolod wminda ki warmoadgens mudam arsebuli kavSirebis

gamovlenis saSualebas. sociologias da istorias Soris arsebuli rikertiseuli

Tvisebrivi gansxvaveba icvleba veberTan raodenobrivi gansxvavebiT:

rac Seexeba istoriuli cnebebis Seqmnas, aq veberi scildeba rikerts imiT, rom

aZlierebs generalizaciis moments, sociologiaSi ki piriqiT, aq veberi

rikertiseul nomoTekurobis moments asustebs da Semoyavs “individualizaciis”

momenti. es ukanaskneli gamoixateba imaSi, rom veberi uars ambobs socialuri

cxovrebis kanonebis dadgenaze, da ufro moridebuli amocaniT ifargleba - adgens

socialur xdomilebaTa mimdinareobis wesebs.

amgvarad, Tu SevajamebT zemoTmoyvanil msjelobebs, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom is

winaamRdegobani, romlebic warmoiqmnen veberTan - idealur - tipobrivi cnebebis

warmoebisas, mniSvnelovnad dakavSirebulni arian idealuri tipebis gansxvavebul

funqciebTan da gansxvavebul warmoSobasTan istoriasa da sociologiaSi. Tu

istoriul idealur tipTan mimarTebaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi warmoadgens ara

Semecniebis mizans, aramed saSualebas, maSin sociologiur idealur tipTan

mimarTebaSi amis Tqma yovelTvis ar SeiZleba. ufro metic, Tu istoriul

mecnierebebSi idealur tips Seaqvs zogadis elementi, maSin sociologiaSi igi

ufro kanonzomieri kavSirebis tipiuriT Secvlis funqcias asrulebs. idealuri

tipis daxmarebiT veberi mniSvnelovnad aviwroebs sociologias da istorias

Soris arsebul ufskruls, romelmac gayo es ori mecniereba badenis skolis

TeoriaSi. am kuTxiT marTalia germaneli sociologi hans fraieri, romelic

SeniSnavs, rom “idealuri tipis cneba arbilebs azrovnebis

maindividualizirebeli da mageneralizebeli wesebis dapirispirebas, ramdenadac

igi, erTis mxriv, gamoyofs individualurSi damaxasiaTebels, xolo

generalizaciis gzaze midis mxolod tipiuramde, magram ara kanonis

uzogadesobamde”.

3) gagebis problema da “socialuri moqmedebis” kategoria

rom SegveZlos imis Tqma Tu rogor gamoiyeneba idealuri tipis cneba veberTan,

aucilebelia gavaanalizoT es cneba Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiTac. amisTvis ki

aucilebelia SemovitanoT veberis sociologiis kidev erTi kategoria - gagebis

kategoria. rogori paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, unda iTqvas, rom veberi Tavis

gamokvlevebis msvlelobaSi iZulebuli iyo esargebla kategoriebiT, romlis

winaamRdegac igi gamodioda dilTaisTan, kroCesTan da intivituizmis sxva

warmomadgenlebTan. marTalia isic, rom veberTan “gagebas” sxva mniSvneloba aqvs,

vidre intuitivizmSi.

veberis Tanaxmad Tavisi gamokvlevis sagnis gagebis aucilebloba ganasxvavebs

sociologias bunebismetyvelebisagan. “adamianuri moqmedeba, iseve rogorc yvela

sxva sxdomileba avlens mimdinareobis kavSirebsa da kanonzomierebebs. magram

adamianuri moqmedebis (qcevis) gansxvaveba isaa, rom SeiZleba mis gasagebad

22

ganmarteba”. is garemoeba, rom adamianuri moqmedeba, (qceva). emorCileba gaazrebul

ganmartebas, gulisxmobs adamianuri moqmedebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis (sociologiis)

specifikur gansxvavebas bunebismetyvelebisgan. swored aq xedavda dilTaic

gonebis Sesaxeb mecnierebebsa da bunebismecnierebebs Soris gansxvavebas.

magram veberi maSinve cdilobs gaimijnos dilTaisgan: igi ar upirispirebs

“gagebas”, “mizezobriv axsnas”, aramed piriqiT, maT mWidrod akavSirebs

erTmaneTTan. “sociologia (am sityvis aq nagulisxmevi azriT) niSnavs mecnierebas,

romelsac surs ganmartebuli saxiT - wesiT gaigos (deutend verstehen) socialuri

moqmedeba da amis wyalobiT mizezobrivad axsnas igi mis mimdinareobasa da

SedegebSi”. gagebis veberiseuli kategoriis gansxvaveba dilTais Sesabamisi

kategoriisagan mdgomareobs ara mxolod imaSi, rom veberi gagebas uwanamZRvrebs

axsnas, maSin rodesac dilTai maT erTmaneTs upirispirebs - gageba, garda amisa,

veberis Tanaxmad, ar aris fsiqologiuri kategoria, rogorc amas fiqrobda

dilTai, amis Sesabamisad ki gamgebi sociologia ar aris fsiqologiis nawili.

ganvixiloT veberiseuli argumentacia. sociologiam, veberis mixedviT, iseve

rogorc istoriam Tavisi gamokvlevebis amosavali punqtis saxiT unda aiRos

individis an individTa jgufis moqmedeba (qceva). calkeuli individi da misi

moqmedeba warmoadgens TiTqosda sociologiisa da istoriis “ujreds”, “maT

atoms”, im “umartives erTianobas”, romelic TviT ukve aRar eqvemdebareba Semdgom

danawevrebasa da dayofas. magram individis qcevas swavlobs fsiqologia da raSi

mdgomareobs individualuri moqmedebis (qcevis) Seswavlisadmi fsiqologiur da

sociologiur midgomebs Soris ganxvaveba?

sociologia, ambobs veberi, ganixilavs pirovnebis qcevas (moqmedebas) mxolod

imdenad, ramdenadac pirovneba Tavis moqmedebebSi debs garkveul sazriss. mxolod

aseTi qceva SeiZleba ainteresebdes sociologias, rac Seexeba fsiqologias, maSin

misTvis es momenti ar warmoadgens ganmsazRvrels. amgvarad, moqmedebis (qcevis)

sociologiuri cneba veberis mier Semoitaneba sazrisis cnebis meoxebiT.

“moqmedebad (qcevad) - wers igi - iwodeba adamianuri qceva ... im SemTxvevaSi da

imdenad, Tu da ramdenadac moqmedi individi an moqmedi individebi ukavSireben mas

subieqtur sazriss”.

mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom vebers mxedvelobaSi aqvs is sazrisi, romelsac

moqmedebaSi debs TviT individi; igi mravaljer aRniSnavs, rom bWoba exeba ara

“metafizikur” sazriss, romelic ganixileba rogorc raRac “umaRlesi”,

“WeSmariti” sazrisi (sociologias, veberis azriT, saqme ara aqvs metafizikur

realobebTan da ar aris normatiuli mecniereba) da arc im “obieqtur” sazriss,

romelic SeiZleba miiRos saboloo jamSi, individis moqmedebam misi

nebasurvilisagan damoukideblad. rasakvirvelia, amiT veberi ar uaryofs rogorc

normatiul disciplinaTaAarsebobis SesaZleblobas, ise individualuri moqmedebis

subieqturad nagulisxmev sazrissa da zogierT mis obieqtur sazriss Soriss

“daSorebis”, “uTanxmoebis” SesaZleblobasac. magram ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi igi

amjobinebs ar gamoiyenos “sazrisis” termini, ramdenadac “sazrisi: gulisxmobs

subieqts romlisTvisac igi arsebobs. veberi mxolod amtkicebs, rom

sociologiuri gamokvlevis sagania subieqturad nagulisxmev azrTan

dakavSirebuli moqmedeba. sociologia, veberis mixedviT, unda iyos “gamgebi”

imdenad, ramdenadac individis moqmedeba gaazrebulia. magram es gageba ar aris

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“fsiqologiuri”, ramdenadac sazrisi ar miekuTvneba fsiqologiuris sferos da ar

aris fsiqologiis sagani.

gagebis principTan dakavSirebulia veberiseuli sociologiis erT - erTi

centraluri meTodologiuri kategoria - socialuri moqmedebis kategoria.

ramdenad mniSvnelovania veberisTvis es kategoria SeiZleba vimsjeloT imis

mixedviT, rom igi gansazRvravs sociologias rogorc socialuri moqmedebis

Semswavlel mecnierebebs.

rogorRa gansazRvravs veberi TviT socialur moqmedebas? “moqmedebad unda

iwodos ... adamianis qceva (sulerTia garegani Tu Sinagani qmedebaa, umoqmedobaa Tu

gancdaa), ramdenadac moqmedi an moqmedni ukavSireben mas raRac subieqtur sazriss.

magram “socialuri moqmedeba” unda ewodos iseTs, romelic moqmedis an moqmedTa

mier nagulisxmevi sazrisis mixedviT mimarTulia, mipyrobilia sxvaTa moqmedebebze

da amiT orientirebulia Tavis mimdinareobaSi” (dinebaSi)”.

amgvarad, socialuri moqmedeba, veberis mixedviT, gulisxmobs or moments:

individis an jgufis subieqtur motivacias, romlis gareSec saerTod SeuZlebelia

vilaparakoT moqmedebis Sesaxeb, da sxvaze (sxvebze) orientacias, romelsac veberi

uwodebs kidec “molodinsac” da romlis gareSec moqmedeba SeuZlebelia

ganxilul iqnes rogorc socialuri.

gavCerdeT pirveli momentis analizze. veberi daJinebiT moiTxovs imis aRiarebas,

rom moqmedi individis motivTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe sociologias ar SeuZlia

daadginos is mizezobrivi kavSirebi, romlebic saboloo jamSi, saSualebas

gvaZleven SevqmnaT socialuri procesis obieqturi suraTi.

socialuri moqmedebis kategoria, romelic moiTxovs amovideT calkeuli -

erTeuli individis motivTa gagebisgan, aris is gadamwyveti momenti - punqti,

romeliTac gansxvavdeba veberis sociologiuri midgoma diurkemis

sociologiisagan. socialuri moqmedebis cnebis SemotaniT, veberi arsebiTad,

iZleva socialuri faqtis ganmartebas, romelic polemikurad mimarTulia imis

winaamRdeg, romelic SemoTavazebuli iyo diurkemis mier. diurkemis sapirispirod,

veberi Tvlis, rom arc sazogadoeba mTlianobaSi, arc koleqtiurobis esa Tu is

forma, Tu mivudgebiT sakiTxs mkacri mecnierulobiT, ar unda ganixilebodes

moqmedebis subieqtebis saxiT: aseTebi SeiZleba iyos mxolod calkeuli

individebi. “sxva (mag. iuridiuli) SemecnebiTi miznebisa an praqtikuli

miznebisTvis SeiZleba mizanSewonili da ubralod aucilebelic ki aRmoCndes

socialuri warmonaqmnebis (“saxelmwifo”, “amxanagoba”, “aqcioneruli sazogadoeba”,

“dawesebuleba”) ganxilva zustad ise, TiTqosda isini iyvnen calkeuli individebi

(mag. rogorc uflebaTa da movaleobaTa matarebelni an rogorc damnaSaveni

moqmedebebSi, romlebTac aqvT iuridiuli Zala). magram sociologiis

TvalsazrisiT, romelic iZleva moqmedebis gasagebad ganmartebas, es warmonaqmnebi

arian mxolod calkeul adamianTa specifikuri moqmedebebis procesebi da

kavSirebi, radgan mxolod adamianebi arian CvenTvis gasageb moqmedebaTa

matareblebi, moqmedebaTa, romelTac aqvT sazrisiseuli orientacia”. veberis

Tanaxmad, koleqtivebi sociologias SeuZlia ganixilos rogorc maTi Semadgeneli

individebisgan warmoebuli ram; koleqtivebi warmoadgenen ara damoukidebel

realobebs, rogorc es diurkemTana, aramed ufro calkeul individTa moqmedebebis

organizaciis wesebs.

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veberi ar gamoricxavs sociologiaSi iseTi cnebebis gamoyenebas, rogorebicaa

ojaxi, eri, saxelmwifo, armia, romelTa gareSec sociologs ar SeuZlia fons

gavides. magram igi amave dros moiTxovs imis ar daviwyebas, rom koleqtiurobaTa

es formebi ar arian socialuri moqmedebis realuri subieqtebi, da amitom ar

unda mieweros maT neba an azrovneba, ar unda mivmarToT koleqtiuri nebis an

koleqtiuri azris cnebebs sxvagvarad Tu ara metaforuli azriT. SeuZlebelia ar

aRiniSnos, rom Tavis “meTodologiur individualizms” igi yovelTvis

Tanmimdevrulad ver atarebs. mas eqmneba mTeli rigi winaamRdegobebi, rodesac igi

cdilobs, gamoiyenos socialuri moqmedebis kategoria, gansakuTrebiT tradiciuli

sazogadoebis analizisas.

maSasadame, “subieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisis”, motivaciaTa gageba –

sociologiuri kvlevis aucilebeli momentia. Mmagram ras warmoadgens “gageba”,

mas xom veberi ar uigivebs gagebis im ganmartebas, romelsac fsiqologia

gvTavazobs?

veberis mixedviT, sxvaTa sulier mdgomareobis fsiqologiuri gageba

sociologisa da istorikosisaTvis mxolod damxmare da ara mTavari saSualebaa.

mas SeiZleba mivmarToT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu asaxsneli moqmedeba

SeuZlebelia gagebuli iqnes misi sazrisis mixedviT. “moqmedebis iracionaluri

momentebis axsnisas – wers veberi – gamgeb fsiqologias namdvilad SeuZlia

gagviwios ueWvelad mniSvnelovani samsaxuri. magram es, xazs usvams igi - arafers

ar cvlis meTodologiur principebSi”.

rogoria es meTodologiuri principebi? “Tavisi sazrisiseuli struqturis

mixedviT, uSualod yvelaze gasagebia is moqmedeba, romelic orientirebulia

subieqturad mkacrad racionaluri saxiT saSualebebTan SesabamisobaSi, romlebic

iTvlebian (subieqturad) erTmniSvnelovan adeqvatur saSualebebad. (subieqturad)

erTmniSvnelovani da naTlad Segnebuli gacnobierebuli miznebis misaRwevad”.

gavaanalizoT moyvanili gansazRvreba. amgvarad, sociologia orientirebuli

unda iqnes individis an individTa jgufis moqmedebebze. am dros yvelaze

“gasagebia” gasazrisianebuli - gaazrebuli moqmedeba e.i. 1) moqmedeba, romelic

mimarTulia TviT moqmedi individebis mier naTlad gacnobierebuli miznebis

misaRwevad da 2) romelic am mizanTa misaRwevad iyenebs iseT saSualebebs,

romlebic TviT moqmedi individebis mier aRiarebulia adeqvatur da Sesabamis

saSualebad. amgavard, moqmedi individis cnobiereba aucilebeli aRmoCnda

imisTvis, raTa Sesaswavli moqmedeba mogvevlinos socialuri realobis saxiT.

moqmedebis aRwerili tips veberi uwodebs mizanracionalurs -

racionalmiznobrivs (Zweckrationale). Mmizanracionaluri moqmedebis gasagebad,

veberis Tanaxmad, araa saWiro fsiqologiisadmi mimarTva. “moqmedeba rac ufro

erTmniSvnelovnadaa orientirebuli swori racionalurobis tipis (richtig – keitslationalitat) Sesatyvisad miT ufro naklebadaa saWiro aixsnas misi mimdinareoba

romelime fsiqologiuri mosazrebiT”. SeniSvna: (swori – racionaluri moqmedebis

cnebas veberi iyenebs obieqtur – racionaluri moqmedebis dasaxasiaTeblad;

mizanracionaluri da swor – racionaluri moqmedebani erTmaneTs emTxvevian im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu saSualeba, SerCeuli subieqturad garkveuli miznis misaRwevad

rogorc yvelaze adeqvatur ram, amave dros aRmoCnda obieqturadac yvelaze

adeqvaturi rame).

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gaazrebuli mizanracionaluri moqmedeba ar aris fsiqologiis sagani swored

imitom, rom mizani, romelsac individi isaxavs, SeuZlebelia gavigoT, Tu amovalT

mxolod misi sulieri cxovrebis analizisgan. Amiznis ganxilvas gavyavarT

fsiqologizmis sazRvrebidan. marTalia, mizansa da misi realizaciisaTvis

SerCeul saSualebebs Soris kavSiri gaSualebulia individis fsiqologiiT,

magram, veberis Tanaxmad, rac ufro axlosaa moqmedeba mizanracionalurTan, miT

ufro naklebia fsiqologiuri gardatexvis koeficinti, miT ufro “wmindaa”,

racionaluria kavSiri mizansa da saSualebebs Soris.

rasakvirvelia, es imas ar niSnavs, rom veberi mizanracionalur moqmedebas

ganixilavs rogorc moqmedebis raRac uzogades princips: piriqiT, igi ara mxolod

ar Tvlis mas sayovelTaod – uzogades raimed, aramed upiratesobis mqonedac ki

ar Tvlis empiriul sinamdvileSi. mizanracionaluri moqmedeba-esaa idealuri

tipi da ara empiriuli zogadi, miT ufro sayovelTao da uzogadesi ram. rogorc

idealuri tipi, igi wminda saxiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba realobaSi. swored

mizanracionaluri moqmedeba aris socialuri moqmedebis nimuSi, romelsac

Seefardebian moqmedebis yvela sxva saxeebi. maT veberi Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT

CamoTvlis: “sociologiisaTvis arseboben moqmedebis Semdegi tipebi: 1) daaxloebiT

metad Tu naklebad miRweuli swori tipi(Richtigkeitstypus); 2) (subieqturad)

mizanracionalurad orientirebuli tipi; 3) metad Tu naklebad cnobierad da

metad Tu naklebad erTmniSvnelovnad mizanracionalurad orientirebuli

moqmedeba; 4) moqmedeba, romelic orientirebulia ara mizanracionalurad, magram

gasagebia Tavisi sazrisis mixedviT; 5) moqmedeba, romelic Tavisi sazrisis

mixedviT metad Tu naklebad gasagebadaa motivirebuli, magram darRvevadia - metad

Tu naklebad Zlierad - gaugebar elementTa SeWriT da bolos, 6) moqmedeba,

romelSic savsebiT gaugebari fsiqikuri an fizikuri faqtebi dakavSirebulia

adamian”Tan” an adamian”Si” SeumCneveli gadasvlebiT.

rogorc vxedavT es Skala agebulia mizanracionalur (anu swor-racionalur)

moqmedebasTan yoveli moqmedebis Sedarebis principis mixedviT. yvelaze gasagebi

mizanracionaluri moqmedeba - aq sicxadis xarisxi - done umaRlesia.

racionalurobis klebasTan erTad – klebis zomis Sesatyvisad moqmedeba xdeba

sul ufro naklebad gasagebi, misi uSualo sicxade sul ufro mcirdeba. da Tumca

realobaSi mizanracionaluri moqmedebis iracionalurobisgan gamyofi sazRvris

dadgena arasdros ar SeiZleba mkacrad iqnes dadgenili, Tumca “yoveli

sociologiurad relevanturi moqmedebis nawili (gansakuTrebiT tradiciul

sazogadoebaSi) dgas erTisa da meoris zRvarze - pirze”. miuxedavad amisa

sociologi unda amovides mizanracionaluri moqmedebisgan rogorc idealur -

tipiuri moqmedebisgan da ganixilos adamianuri moqmedebis sxva saxeebi rogorc

idealuri tipisgan gadaxveva.

amgvarad, veberis Tanaxmad, gagebas wminda saxiT iq aqvs adgili, sadac Cvens winaa

- mizanracionaluri moqmedeba. TviT veberi Tvlis, rom am SemTxveveaSi ukve

SeuZlebelia - ar SeiZleba vilaparakoT fsiqologiuri gagebis Sesaxeb,

ramdenadac moqmedebis sazrisi, misi mizani Zevs fsiqologiis farglebs miRma

magram davsvaT sakiTxi sxvagvarad: saxeldobr ras vigebT Cven mizanracionaluri

moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi: moqmedebis sazriss Tu TviT moqmedebas? davuSvaT Cven

xvedavT adamians romelic tyeSi Cexavs SeSas. Cven SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna,

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rom igi amas akeTebs an gasamrjelosaTvis, an imisTvis, raTa zamTrisTvis

moipovos saTbobi da a.S. amgvari wesiT msjelobisas , Cven vcdilobT gavigoT

moqmedebis sazrisi da ara TviT moqmedi. magram igive operacia SegviZlia

gamogvadges Cven TviTmoqmedi individis analizis saSualebad. siZnele, romelic

aq warmoiSoba, friad arsebiTia. Tuki sociologia iswrafvis gaigos TviT moqmedi

individi, maSin misTvis yovelgvari moqmedeba gamodis rogorc raRacis niSani,

sinamdvileSi savsebiT sxva ramisa, imisa, rasac an individi TviT ver xvdeba

(igebs) an Tu xvdeba, maSin cdilobs dafaros (sxvebisgan an TviT sakuTari

Tavisagan). aseTia individis moqmedebis gagebisadmi midgoma, mag. froidis

fsiqoanalizSi.

amgavri midgomis SesaZleblobas veberi principulad ar gamoricxavda. “gamgebi

fsiqologiis muSaobis arsebiTi nawili werda igi - mdgomareobs swored

arasakmarisad SesamCnev an savsebiT SeumCnevel da am azriT ara subieqtur -

racionalurad orientirebul kavSirTa aRmoCenebSi, romlebic miuxedavad amisa,

aranaklebad obieqturad - racionaluria (da rogorc aseTebi gasagebia). Tu Cven aq

savsebiT ganveyenebiT e.w. fsiqoanalizis Sromebis zogierTi nawilisagan,

romlebic atareben am xasiaTs, maSin iseT konstruqcias, rogoricaa mag

ressentiment - is nicSeanuri Teoria, garegani qcevis obieqturi racionaluroba

gamoyavs garkveuli - cnobili interesebidan amosvliT. Tanac, meTodur

mimarTebaSi es zustad ise keTdeba, rogorc amas ramdenime aTwleulis ukan

akeTebda ‘ekonomikuri materializmis Teoria”. rogorc vxedavT socialuri

movlenebisadmi amgavar midgomas veberi xedavs imaSi, rom “aseT SemTxvevebSi

subieqturad, Tumca SeumCnevlad (TviT mkvlevarisTvisac ki), mizanracionaluri da

obieqturad swori - racionaluri erTmaneTis mimarT aranaTel urTierTobaSi

aRmoCndebian”. vebers aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs Semdegi friad seriozuli siZnele,

romelic “fsiqologiuri midgomisas warmoiSoba. Tu individi TviTon naTlad

acnobierebs mis mier dasaxul mizans da mxolod eswrafvis sxvebisgan mis

dafarvas, maSin amis gageba araa Zneli, aseTi situacia savsebiiT SesaZlebelia

SeviyvanoT mizanracionaluri qcevis sqemis qveS. magram Tu bWoba exeba iseT

moqmedebas, rodesac individma ar uwyis sakuTari miznebi (swored am moqmedebebs

ikvlevs fsiqoanalizi), maSin warmoiSoba kiTxva: aqvs Tu ara mkvlevars sakmarisi

safuZveli imis mtkicebisa, rom igi ufro kargad igebs moqmed individs, vidre

TviT moqmedi individi

sakuTar Tavs? namdvilad: xom ar SeiZleba daviviwyoT, rom fsiqoanalizis meTodi

warmoiSva sulierad avadmyofTa mkurnalobis praqtikisgan, romelTa mimarT eqimi

sakuTar Tavs Tvlis maTi mdgomareobis ukeT gamgebad, vidre es TviTon maT

gaegebaT. namdvilad, igi xom janmrTeli adamiania, isini ki – avadmyofebi. magram

ra safuZvelze SeuZlia mas gamoiyenos es meTodi sxva janmrTeli adamianebis

mimarT? amisTvis SeiZleba iyos mxolod erTi safuZveli: rwmena imisa, rom

isinic:”avadmyofebia”. magram maSin avadmyofobis cneba gadatanili aRmoCndeba

medicinis sferodan zogadsocialur sferoSi, xolo mkurnaloba aseT SemTxvevaSi

AaRmoCndeba fsiqoTerapia, saboloo jamSi ki mTeli sazogadoebis mkurnalobad -

anu fsiqoTerapia mTeli sazogadoebis mkurnali xdeba.

cxadia, am mosazrebebma aiZules veberi SeezRuda amgvar midgomaTa gamoyenebis

sfero socialur da istoriul gamokvlevebSi, magram maSin rogorRa wyvets

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TviTon igi mainc gagebis Sesaxeb sakiTxs? saxeldobr ras vigebT Cven

mizanracionaluri moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi: moqmedebis sazrisis Tu TviTon moqmeds

veberma imitom airCia idealur – tipiuri modelis saxiT mizanracionaluri

moqmedeba, rom masSi orive es momenti erTmaneTs emTxveva: moqmedebis sazrisis

gageba - es kidec niSnavs mocemul SemTxvevaSi moqmedis gagebas, mxolod moqmedis

gageba – niSnavs misi saqcielis – moqmedebis sazrisis gagebas. veberi amgvar

damTxvevas Tvlis im idealur SemTxvevad, romlidanac unda amovides sociologia.

realurad yvelaze xSirad orive es momenti erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, magram

mecnierebas ar SeuZlia, veberis Tanaxmad, amovides empiriuli faqtisgan: man unda

Seqmnas TavisTvis idealizirebuli sivrce. sociologiisTvis aseT “sivrces”

warmoadgens mizanracionaluri moqmedeba.

4) mizanracionaluri moqmedeba rogorc veberis sociologiis meTodologiuri

kategoria.

ramdenadac veberi mizanracionalur moqmedebas ganixilavs rogorc idealur

tips, amitom mas ufleba aqvs ganacxados, rom misi meTodis “racionalisturi”

xasiaTi srulebiTac ar gulisxmobs TviT socialuri realobis racionalistur

ganmartebas. Mmizanracionaluroba - veberis mixedviT - esaa mxolod sociologiis

MmeTodologiuri da ara “ontologiuri” ganwyoba, esaa sinamdvilis analizis

saSualeba da ara TviT am sinamdvilis daxasiaTeba. am moments veberi specialurad

xazgasmiT aRniSnavs.

marTalia veberi zrunavs imis Sesaxeb, raTa mizanracionaluri moqmedeba rogorc

konstruirebuli idealuri tipi gamoyos TviT empiriuli realobidan, magram

idealuri - tipobrivi da empiriuli realobis Tanafardobis problema araa ise

ioli gadasawyveti, rogorc es erTi SexedviT Cans, da am problemis

erTmniSvnelovani gadawyveta TviT vebersac ki ar aqvs. rogor ar surda vebers

erTxel da samudamod mkafiod gaecalkevebina es sferoebi, magram idealur -

tipobrivi konstruqciebiT realurad muSaobis pirvelive cdaze, es sicxade da

mkafioba gamyofisa ikargeba. saerTo formiT Cven ukve gamovavlineT es siZneleebi,

romelic aq vebers warmoeqmneba.

sociologiuri TeoriisTvis ra mniSvnelovan wanamZRvrebs Seicavs

mizanracionaluri moqmedeba? sociologiisTvis meTodologiuri safuZvlis saxiT

mizanracionaluri moqmedebis arCeviT veberi emijneba im sociologiur Teoriebs,

romlebic amosavali realobis saxiT iReben socialur “totalobebs”, magaliTad:

“xalxs,” “sazogadoebas”, ”saxelmwifos”, ”ekonomikas”. amasTan dakavSirebiT veberi

mkacrad akritikebs “organicistul sociologias”, romelic calkeul individs

ganixilavs rogorc romeliRac socialuri organizmis nawils “ujreds”. veberi

gadaWriT winaamRdegia biologiuri modeliT sazogadoebis ganxilvisa:

sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi organizmis cneba SeiZleba iyos mxolod metafora

da meti araferi.

“sxva SemecnebiTi miznebisTvis SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos an aucilebeli

calkeuli individis gageba,magaliTad rogorc raRac “ujredTa” gansazogadoeba

anu bioqimiur reaqciaTa komleqsisa... magram sociologiisTvis (am sityvis aq

gamoyenebuli mniSvnelobis azriT) iseve rogorc istoriisTvis, Semecnebis obieqts

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warmoadgens swored moqmedebis, qcevis sazrisiseuli kavSiri”. sazogadoebis

Seswavlisadmi cnobierad - Segnebulad moqmedi arseba. individsa da sxeulis

ujreds (an mis organos) Soris analogia SesaZlebelia mxolod im pirobiT, Tu

cnobierebis faqtori ara arsebiT raimed CaiTvleba. amis winaamRdeg gamodis

veberi, ayenebs ra socialuri moqmedebis iseT models, romelic am faqtors iRebs

arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqoned. xolo ramdenadac veberi am faqtors acxadebs

sociologiis aucilebel wanamZRvrad, amitom igi Tavis gamokvlevebSi amodis ara

socialuri “mTelisgan”, aramed calkeuli individisgan, “moqmedeba rogorc

gasageb sazrisze orientirebuli qceva, CvenTvis mudam arsebobs mxolod rogorc

erTi an mraval calkeul pirovnebaTa moqmedeba”.

amgvarad, “gagebis” principi aRmoCnda kriteriumi, romlis daxmarebiTac

gamoiyofa sociologisaTvis relevanturi sfero im sferosgan, romelic

SeuZlebelia iyos sociologiuri gamokvlevis sagani. individis qcevas Cven vigebT,

ujredisas ki - ara. Aaseve ver “vigebT” Cven am sityvis veberiseuli mniSvnelobiT

xalxis an saxalxo meurneobis “moqmedebas”, Tumca savsebiT SegviZlia gavigoT

xalxis (an saxalxo meurneobaSi monawile) Semadgenel individTa moqmedebani. ai

ratom ambobs veberi: “iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa “saxelmwifo”, “amxanagoba”,

“feodalizmi” da sxva sociologiisaTvis aRniSnaven, sazogadod rom vTqvaT,

adamianTa erToblivi moqmedebebis gansazRvruli saxis kategoriebs da

sociologiis amocana mdgomareobs imaSi, rom isini daiyvanos “gasageb”

moqmedebebze, e.i. gamonaklisis gareSe calkeul monawileTa moqmedebebze”. veberis

mixedviT aseTi midgoma savaldebuloa sociologiisaTvis. ase magaliTad,

iurisprudencias garkveul pirobebSi SeuZlia “samarTlebrivi piris” saxiT

ganixilos saxelmwifoca da esa Tu is sxva koleqtivic.sociologias ki amis

gakeTebis uflebac ki ara aqvs. misi midgoma gulisxmobs TviT iseTi socialuri

warmonaqmnebis, rogoricaa samarTali, ganxilvas mxolod im formiT, ra formiTac

igi gardatydeba calkeuli individis mizanracionaluri moqmedebis (maSasadame,

cnobierebis) prizmaSi ramdenadac “samarTali” sociologiis kvlevis obieqti

xdeba, amdenad mas saqme aqvs ara samarTlebriv principTa logikurad swor

“obieqtur” Sinaarsis saSualebebTan, aramed (individis) moqmedebasTan, romlis

determinantebsa da rezultatebSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben agreTve adamianis

warmodgenebic garkveuli iuridiuli principebis sazrisisa da “mniSvnelobis

Sesaxeb”.

amgavarad, veberis mixedviT, ramdenadac sazogadoebrivi institutebi

(samarTali,saxelmwifo,religia da sxva) unda Seiswavlebodes sociologiis mier

im formiT, ra formiTac isini mniSvnelovani xdebian calkeul individTaTvis, ra

formiTac es ukanasknelni realurad arian maTze orientirebulni TavianT

moqmedebebSi, amdenad ixsneba “metafizikis” is elferi, romelic mudam arsebobs

socialur moZRvrebebSi, romelTac amosavlad swored institutebi aaqvT (rogorc

saerTod “mTlianobebi”). es elementi aucileblad SeigrZnoba am socialur

TeoriebSi, romlebic agebulia realizmis (am cnebis Suasaukuneobrivi azriT)

meTodologiuri wanamZRvrebis safuZvelze. am Tvalsazriss veberi – upirispirebs

moTxovnas imis Sesaxeb, rom sociologiaSi amovideT calkeul individTa

moqmedebebisgan. misi pozicia nominalisturia. magram es araa adeqvaturi

daxasiaTeba. individualuri moqmedebebidan amosvlis moTxovna wamoyenebulia

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rogorc Semecnebis principi, veberis neokantianuri ganwyobis ZaliT Semecnebis

principTa daxasiaTeba srulebiTac ar warmoadgens amave dros TviT socialuri

realobis daxasiaTebas. realoba plastikuria im azriT, rom igi SeiZleba

SeviswavloT agreTve sxvagvaradac, ris Sedegadac SeiZleba miviRoT mecniereba,

romelic gansxvavebuli iqneba sociologiisgan. mag. samarTalmcodneoba an

politekonomia maSasadame. individualuri mizanracionaluri moqmedebebis Sesaxeb

laparakisas, veberi ar amtkicebs, rom igi aris TviT socialuri cxovrebis

realobis daxasiaTeba, aramed mas iRebs idealuri tipis saxiT, romelic wminda

saxiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba sinamdvileSi, amitom mizanSewonili iqneboda gvelaparaka

veberis MmeTodologiuri nominalizmis an ufro zustad, meTodologiur

individualizmis Sesaxeb.

magram meTodologiur individualzmsac aqvs, rasakvirvelia, Tavisi

Sinaarsobrivi (“ontologiuri”) implikaciebi. Mmizanracionaluri moqmedebis

amosaval punqtad postulirebisas, veberi upirispirdeba cnobierebis rogorc

epifenomenis ganmartebas. veberis ZiriTadi amosavali punqti SeiZleboda

gangvesazRvra ase: adamianma TviTon icis, rac mas surs, rameTu mizanracionaluri

moqmedeba – es xom idealuri SemTxvevaa. magram sociologi unda amodiodes

swored am idealuri SemTxvevidan, rogorc Teoriul – meTodologiur

wanamZRvrebisagan.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT aRniSnul Sinaarsobriv implikaciebs, romlebic

gulisxmoben socialuri moqmedebis meTodur gagebas, maSin ar SeiZleba ar

daveTanxmoT i.konis mtkicebas, rom “veberiseuli meTodologiuri principebi

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli istoriuli procesis miseul gagebasTan. sazogadoebrivi

cxovreba, veberis mixedviT, aris calkeul individTa, adamianTa urTierToba –

urTierTqmedeba”. da Tumca TviT veberi mudam xazs usvams Tavis idealur –

tipobriv konstruqciebis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas, Cven miuxedavad amisa, unda

davadginoT, rom misi meTodologiuri individualizmi ganuyofladaa

dakavSirebuli misi msoflmxedvelobis individualizmTan da sazogadoebis

rogorc individaTa urTierTqmedebis ganmartebasTan, e.i. sociologiur

nominalizmTan.

5. socialuri moqmedeba da “ganwyoba sxvaze” “molodini”

socialuri moqmedebis meore aucilebel - savaldebulo momentad vebers moqmedi

piris sxva - meore individze (an sxva individebze) orientacia miaCnia. axsnisas Tu

saxeldobr romel orientacias exeba saqme.veberi wers: “socialuri moqmedeba...

SeiZleba orientirebuli iyos sxva individTa warsul, awmyo (Tanamedrove) da

momavalSi mosalodnel moqmedebebze (qcevebze). warsulSi momxdari Tavdasxmis

gamo SurisZieba, awmyoSi Tavdasxmis dros mowyobili dacva, Tavdacvis zomebis

miReba (momavali Tavdasxmis gamo). “sxvaTa” saxiT SeiZleba gamovidnen garkveuli

individi an ganusazRvrelad mravalni da savsebiT ucnobebic ki. (magaliTad

“fuli” warmoadgens gacvlis saSualebas, romelsac moqmedi individi iRebs

gacvlis dros, radgan warmarTavs Tavis moqmedebas imis molodinze, rom

momavalSi misi gacvlis dros Tavis mxriv am fuls miiReben misTvis ucnobni da

ganusazRvrelad mravali sxva individebi)”.

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sociologiaSi “sxvaze orientaciis” principis Semotana warmoadgens

meTodologiuri individualizmis SigniT da am ukanasknelis saSualebebiT raRac

uzogadesis mopovebis cdas, mxedvelobaSi miReba, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,

socialuris im substanciisa, romlis gareSec mizanracionaluri moqmedeba

darCeba robinzoniadis klasikur modelad. robinzoniadis avtorebi individis

moqmedebebSi ar iTvaliswinebdnen araviTar “sxvaze orientacias” individis

moqmedebis safuZvelSi maTTvis ido individualuri “interesi”, - da araa

SemTxveveiTi, rom swored robizoniada daedo safuZvlad e.w. homo oeconomicus

(ekonomikuri adamiani) models .veberis Tanaxmad, sociologia iwyebs iq, sadac

aRmoCndeba rom ekonomikuri adamiani, - adamianis friad gamartivebuli modelia

magram aq SeiZleba warmoiSvas kiTxva:ratom dasWirda vebers amdenad “SemovliTi

gza”, raTa misuliyo “uzogadesis” arsebobis aRiarebasTan? saqme isaa, rom

mxolod iseTi gziT SeuZlia vebers aCvenos Tu rogori formiT gamodis

sociologiuri mecnierebisaTvis “uzogadesi”, Tu rogor formaSi eZleva

igi:mecnierebam ar unda ganixilos “socialuroba” individTa gareSe da maTi

gverdis avliT, aseve man ar unda dauSvas socialuris substancializaciis

aCrdilic ki, (SeniSvna:aq gadis kvlav wyalgamyofi veberiseul sociologiasa da

diurkemis sociologiis principebs Soris), mxolod im zomiT da imdenad, ra

zomiTac da ramdenadac “uzogadesi” aRiarebulia calkeuli individebis mier da

warmarTavs maT realur moqmedebas, mxolod amdenad arsebobs igi. veberi gvixsnis,

rom arseboba iseTi, zogadobebisa, erTobebisa rogoricaa “saxelmwifo, kavSiri”

sociologiis TvalsazrisiT sxva arafers ar niSnavs, Tu ara rogorc imis did an

nakleb (mcire) SesaZleblobas, rom individebi Tavis moqmedebebSi mxedvelobaSi

iReben am warmonaqmnebs rodesac es SesaZlebloba mcirdeba, mocemuli

institutisTvis arseboba ufro problematuri xdeba; am SesaZleblobis nulze

dayvana mocemuli institutis (saxelmwifo, samarTali da sxva) dasasruls

moaswavebs.

“sxvaze orientaciis” veberiseuli kategoria, eWvs gareSea, Tavis sawyiss

samarTlis sferodan iRebs da warmoadgenssamarTalmcodneobis da samarTlis

filosofiis sakvanZo kategoriis ‘’aRiarebis” sociologiur interpretacias.

Amgvarad, samarTlis sociologia, - esaa ara ubralod veberis sociologiis erT –

erTi kerZo ganyofileba: “aRiareba” rogorc marTlSegnebis (iurisprudenciis)

umniSvnelovanesi pricnipi, veberis mier gamocxadebulia sazogadod yovelgvari

socialuri moqmedebis konstituciur momentad.

amgvarad, subieqturi sazrisisa da sxvebze orientaciis arseboba – socialuri

moqmedebis ori aucilebeli niSania. am gansazRvrebis Sesatyvisad ara yoveli

moqmedeba, xazs usvams veberi, SeiZleba iwodos socialur moqmedebad. ase mag. Tu

individis moqmedeba orientirebulia ara sxva individebis mxridan gansazRvruli

“qcevis” mosalodnelobebze - (molodinze), aramed nivTobriv saganTa mimarT

(manqanebi, bunebis movlenebi da a.S.), maSin igi SeuZlebelia iwodos socialur

moqmedebebad veberiseuli azriT. zustad aseve ar aris socialuri moqmedeba

individis religiuri aqcia, rodesac igi eZleva Wvretas, TavisTvis marto

iloceba da a.S. individis sameurneo saqmianoba mxolod maSin xdeba socialuri

moqmedeba Tu garkveuli ekonomikuri dovlaTis (qonebis) ganmgeblobisas

mxedvelobaSi miiReba sxva (an sxvebi) individi (-ebi) da moqmedeba mimdinareobs am

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sxvebze orientaciis mimarTulebiT. Aar SeiZleba, magaliTad, CavTvaloT

socialurad mraval individTa moqmedeba, Tu igi Tavisi xasiaTiT da SinaarsiT

ganisazRvreba rogorc romelime bunebriv movlenaze orientirebuli moqmedeba.

“Tu quCaSi, - wers veberi - adamianTa umravlesoba erTdroulad gaxsnian qolgebs,

rodesac wvima iwyeba, maSin am dros (rogorc wesi) erTis moqmedeba ar aris

orientirebuli sxvis moqmedebaze, aramed yvelas moqmedeba Tanabari zomiT

gamowveulia wvimisagan dasvelebis Tavidan acilebis moTxovniT”.

veberi socialur moqmedebad ar Tvlis agreTve wminda mibaZviT moqmedebas,

romelic Sesrulebulia individis rogorc masis, brbos atomis mier. aseTi

moqmedeba, aRwerili kerZod gustav lebonis mier, veberis mier CaTvlilia ara

sociologiis, aramed “masebis fsiqologiis” kvlevis sagnad. marTalia,

sociologiasac SeuZlia, veberis mixedviT, mravalTa moqmedebis ganxilva, da ara

mxolod erTi individisa, magram igi aseT koleqtiur moqmedebas ganixilavs

individualuris modelis mixedviT, aRmoaCens ra koleqtivis Semadgenel individTa

moqmedebebis subieqturad nagulisxmev sazriss da maT urTierTganwyobas erTi -

meoreze da “mesameze”.

sainteresoa, rom gansazRvrul adgilze Tavmoyrili brbos qcevis analogiurad

veberi ganixilavs aralokalizebuli brbos qcevisac.calkeuli individebi

“masebad” iqcevian im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maTi qceva ganpirobebulia mraval sxvaTa

erTdroulad Tanmimdevrulad moqmedi qceviT, rac miiRweva magaliTad, masobriv

komunikaciaTa saSualebebis daxmarebiT. “im martivi faqtis wyalobiT, rom

individi Tavs romeliRac “masis” nawilad grZnobs, pirvelad xdeba SesaZlebebli

reaqciaTa garkveuli tipebi, maSin rodesac reaqciis sxva tipebi gaZnelebulia.

sabolood gansazRvrulma xdomilebam an adamianurma qcevam SeiZleba gamoiwvion

yvelaze gansxvavebuli grZnobebi: mxiaruleba, mrisxaneba,aRmafrena,

sasowarkveTileba da yovladSesaZlebeli vnebebi, romlebic ar warmoiqmnebodnen

(an yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar warmoiqmnebodnen ase advilad) gafantulobisas da

yvelaferi es individis qcevasa da mis gamasobrivebis faqts Soris yovelgvari

sazrisiseuli damokidebulebebis gareSe”.

rogorc istorikosi da sociologi, veberi rasakvirvelia igebs, rom masobrivi

moqmedebani - sociologiis kvlevis erT - erTi mniSvnelovani sagania, magram

sociologiis xedvis specifikuri kuTxe, veberis mixedviT gulisxmobs “individis

qcevasa da mis gamasobrivebis (masad qcevis) faqts Soris sazrisiseuli

mimarTebis - damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebas”, e.i. martivad rom vTqvaT,

sociologma unda gaigos, Tu rogori subieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisi

akavSirebs individs sxvebTan, Tu ra safuZvelze erTiandebian adamianebi masad.

“moqmedebas, romelsac Tavis mimdinareobaSi mizezad aqvs an mraval mizezTagan

erT - erT mizezad aqvs masis rogorc aseTis martivi faqtis zemoqmedeba da

ganisazRvreba am faqtis mier mxolod reaqtiulad da ar exeba mas gaazrebulad,

ar warmoadgens socialur moqmedebas” aq dadgenili sityvis sazrisiT -

mniSvnelobiT”.

mniSvnelovania veberis gamoTqma “masisadmi Tavisi mikuTvnebulobis faqtis mimarT

sazrisiseuli damokidebuleba”. maSasadame, sakmarisia individma, romelic Seadgens

masis “atoms” (gaazrebulad) gaasazrisianos Tavisi “gamasobriveba”, rom ukve

gaCndeba distancia masa da mis “masobriobas’’ Soris da es garemoeba

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ganmsazRvreli iqneba agreTve TviT masis struqturisaTvis. am punqtSi masobrivi

movlenebisadmi veberis sociologiuri midgoma arsebiTad gansxvavdeba socialur

- fsiqologiuri midgomisgan. Mmag. Lleboniseuli midgomisagan, leboni masis

fenomens miudga rogorc fsiqologi: igi miiswrafvoda daefiqsirebina is saerTo

(zogadi), rasac adgili aqvs yovelgvar brboSi, iqneba es revoluciuri masebi

parizis quCebSi an romael jariskacTa “brboebi”, mayurebelTa brbo TeatrSi da

jvarosanTa brboebi. namdvilad yovel “brboSi” rogoric ar unda iyos mis

Semadgenel elementTa socialuri mikuTvnebuloba, rogoric ar unda iyos maTi

inteleqtualuri done, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT qcevis garkveuli erTianoba –

zogadoba: yvela brbosaTvis saerTo iqneba is, rac mis qcevaSi ganisazRvreba

wmindad reaqtiulad, stiqiurad. magram socialuri fsiqologiis TvalTaxedvis

areSi am dros ar xvdeba is, rac ganasxvavebs iseTi tipis brbos meorisgan, da rac

unda Seiswavlos, veberis Tanaxmad, ukve ara fsiqologiam, aramed brbos

sociologiam. am punqtSi sociologiis sagnad unda iyos ara imdenad masis

uSualo qceva - moqmedeba, ramdenadac misi sazrisiseuli rezultati. masobrivi

moZraobis xasiaTi, romelic mniSvnelovnad gansazRvrulia sazrisiseuli

ganwyobebiT, romlebiTac xelmZRvaneloben masis Semadgeneli individebi, Tavs

iCens - didi an mcire gadaxrebiT - im religiuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva

institutebis xasiaTebze, romlebic yalibdebian am moZraobaTa msvlelobaSi da

Sedegad, religiis, samarTlisa da politikis sociologiaSi veberi swored

cdilobs masobriv moZraobaTa analizis Tavisi meTodis ganxorcielebas.

6) socialuri moqmedebis saxeebi.

moqmedebis saxeTa veberiseuli dayofis ganxilvisas Cven SevZlebT gavigoT Tu

rogor gamoiyeneba mizanracionaluri moqmedebis “idealuri modeli”. veberi

axasiaTebs moqmedebis oTx saxes: 1. Mmizanracionalurs (zweck rationale) 2.

RirebulebiT - racionalurs (wert wartionale), 3. afeqtursa da 4. tradiciuls.

“socialuri moqmedeba yovelgvari moqmedebis msgavsad, SeiZleba ganisazRvros: 1.

mizanracionalurad e.i. garegani samyaros sagnebis da sxva adamianTa garkveuli

qcevis – moqmedebis imedis (molodinis) meSveobiT da am molodinis rogorc

racionalurad warmarTuli da regulirebadi miznebisTvis “pirobis” an rogorc

“saSualebis” gamoyenebis dros. (racionalurobis kriteriumia warmateba). 2.

RirebulebiT - racionalurad, e.i. gansazRvruli moqmedebis, eTikuri, esTetikuri,

religiuri an sxvagvarad gagebuli upirobo sakuTari Rirebulebis

(TviTRirebulebis) Segnebuli rwmenis meSveobiT da damoukideblad

warmatebebisgan. 3. afeqturad, gansakuTrebiT emocionalurad – aqtualuri

afeqtebisa da grZnobebis meSveobiT. 4. tradiciulad, e.i. Cveulebis meSveobiT.

ar SeiZleba axlave ar aRvniSnoT, rom moqmedebis ori ukanaskneli saxe -

afeqturi da tradiciuli ar arian socialuri moqmedebani am sityvis sakuTrivi

mniSvnelobiT, ramdenadac aq Cven saqme ar gvaqvs gacnobierebul sazrisTan. TviT

veberi aRniSnavs, rom “mkacrad tradiciuli qceva, iseve rogorc wmindad

reaqciuli mibaZva, mTlianad da savsebiT dgas zRvarze, xolo xSirad imis miRma

mxarezec ki, rasac SeiZleba saerTod sazrisis mixedviT orientirebuli moqmedeba

vuwodoT; vinaidan es mTlian xSirad mxolod dablagvebuli, dasustebuli

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reaqciaa SeCveul – Cveul gaRizianebebze, romelic mimdinareobs erTxel miRebuli

SeCveuli ganwyobis mixedviT.

mxolod RirebulebiT - racionaluri da mizanracionaluri moqmedebani arian

socialuri moqmedebani am sityvis veberiseuli mniSvnelobiT. “wmindad-

RirebulebiT - racionalurad - ambobs veberi moqmedebs is, vinc ar iTvaliswinebs

mosalodnel Sedegebs, angariSs ar uwevs mosalodnel Sedegebs da moqmedebs

Tavisi rwmenis – Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad da asrulebs imas, rasac, rogorc mas

hgonia, misgan moiTxovs movaleoba, Rirseba, mSveniereba, religiuri daniSnuleba,

pieteti an romelime ... “saqmis” umniSvnelovanesoba. RirebulebiT – racionaluri

moqmedeba mudam aris “mcnebis” an “moTxovnebis” Sesatyvisi moqmedeba, romlebsac

moqmedi misadmi - TavisTavisadmi wayenebulad Tvlis. mxolod ramdenadac

adamianuri moqmedeba ... orientirebulia aseT moTxovnebze ... Cven vilaparakebT

RirebulebiTi racionalurobis Sesaxeb”. RirebulebiT racionaluri da afeqturi

moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis mizans warmoadgens TviTon igi da ara raRac

sxva (Sedegi, warmateba, rezultati;] meorexarisxovani, araZiriTadi Sedegebi

rogorc pirvelSi, ise meore SemTxvevaSi angariSSi ar iTvleba.

RirebulebiT - racionaluri moqmedebisgan gansxvavebiT ukanaskneli, meoTxe,

mizanracionaluri moqmedebis tipi - yvela mimarTebaSi eqvemdebareba danawevrebas.

“mizanracionalurad - wers veberi - moqmedebs is, vinc Tavis moqmedebas

warmarTavs mizanTan, saSualebebTan da meorad SedegebTan SesatyvisobaSi da amave

dros, racionalurad wonis rogorc saSualebebs mizanTan mimarTebaSi, ise mizans

meorad SedegebTan mimarTebaSi da bolos sxvadasxva SesaZlebel miznebs

erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi.”

rogorc vxedavT, moqmedebis oTxi miTiTebuli tipi veberis mier ganlagebulia

mzardi racionalurobis wesrigis mixedviT: Tu tradiciuli da afeqturi

moqmedeba SeiZleba iwodos subieqtur racionalurad (obieqturad orive SeiZleba

aRmoCndes racionaluri), maSin RirebulebiT – racionaluri moqmedeba ukve

Seicavs Tavis TavSi subieqtur – racionalur moments, ramdenadac moqmedi

Segnebulad ufardebs Tavis qcevebs garkveul Rirebulebas rogorc mizans, magram

moqmedebis es tipi mxolod SefardebiTaa racionaluri, ramdenadac TviT

Rirebuleba miiReba Semdgomi gaSualebisa da dafuZnebis gareSe da SemdegSi

mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba qcevis meoradi rezultatebi. absoluturad

racionaluria veberiseuli mniSvnelobiT Mmxolod mizanracionaluri moqmedeba,

Tuki igi mimdinareobs wminda saxiT.

individis realurad mimdinare qceva ambobs veberi, orientirebulia rogorc wesi,

moqmedebis ori an meti saxis Sesatyvisad: masSi adgili aqvs rogorc

mizanracionalurs, ise RirebulebiT - racionalurs, afeqtursa da tradiciul

momentebsac. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva tipebSi moqmedebis esa Tu is saxe SeiZleba

iyos gabatonebuli, upiratesobis mqone: tradiciul sazogadoebebSi Warbobs

moqmedebis orientaciis tradiciuli da afeqturi tipebi, industrialurSi - mizan

- da RirebulebiT- racionaluri, pirvelis mier meoris gamodevnis tendenciiT.

socialuri moqmedebis kategoriis SemotaniT, veberma mainc ver SeZlo im

siZneleebis gadaWra, romlebic warmoiSva am kategoriis gamoyenebasTan

dakavSirebiT. pirveli, esaa moqmedebis obieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisis

gansazRvris siZnele. iswrafvoda ra daezustebina Tu romel sazrissze unda iyos

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aq saubari, veberi mravali wlis ganmalobaSi Tavs imtvrevda sociologiuri

‘’gagebis’’ kategoriis damuSavebaze, ise rom bolomde ver ganTavisuflda

fsiqologizmisagan.

meore, socialuri moqmedebis kategoria socialuri cxovrebis amosavali

“ujredis” saxiT ar iZleva sazogadoebrivi procesis rezultatebis gagebis

SesaZleblobas, romlebic mTlianad ar emTxvevian individualuri moqmedebebis

mimarTulebas. : radganac veberi anawevrebs socialur mTels mis Semadenel

individualur - fsiqologiur komponentebad da TiToeul maTgans ganixilavs cal

- calke mTelTan kavSiris gareSe, amdenadac man ver SeZlo moexdina zogadi

istoriuli perspeqtivis rekonstruireba”.

7) formaluri racionaluroba rogorc veberiseuli sociologiis kategoria

veberma SemTxveviT ar ganalaga socialuri moqmedebis oTxi aRwerili tipi

racionalurobis zrdis mixedviT, amgvari wesrigi ara mxolod meTodologiuri

xerxia, romelic mosaxerxebelia axsnisTvis: veberi darwmunebulia, rom

socialuri moqmedebis racionalizacia – esaa TviT istoriuli procesis

tendencia. da Tumca es procesi ar mimdinareobs “dabrkolebisa” da gadaxrebis

gareSe mainc ukansakneli saukuneebis evropuli istoria da industrializaciis

gzaze sxva araevropuli civilizaciebis CarTva, gzaze romelic gakvala evropam

mowmoben veberis mixedviT, imas, rom racionalizacia aris msoflio - istoriuli

procesi. moqmedebis “racionalizaciis” erT - erTi arsebiTi komponentia moqmedi

zne - Cveulebebis da adaTebisadmi Sinagani erTgulebis Secvla interesis

gaTvaliswinebisadmi gegmazomieri SeguebiT. rasakvirvelia es procesi ar

amowuravs moqmedebis “racionalizaciis” cnebas, vinaidan moqmedeba SeiZleba

mimdinareobdes, garda amisa, pozitiurad - cnobieri RirebulebiTi

racionalizaciis mimarTulebiT - da negatiurad - ara mxolod zne – Cveulebebis

dangrevis meoxebiT, aramed afeqturi moqmedebis gamodevnis xarjze da bolos,

agreTve RirebulebiT - racionaluri qcevis gamodevnis xarjze wminda

mizanracionaluris sasargeblod, romlis drosac ukve aRar swamT Rirebulebis”.

ras niSnavs mizanracanionaluri moqmedebis rolis zrda mTlianad sazogadoebis

struqturis TvalsazrisiT? racionaluri xdeba meurneobis warmoebis wesi,

racionaluri xdeba marTva - rogorc ekonomikis sferoSi, ise politikis,

mecnierebis, kulturis sferoSi - socialuri cxovrebis yvela sferoSi;

racionaluri xdeba adamianTa azrovnebis wesi , ise rogorc maTi grZnobisa da

cxovrebis wesi mTlianobaSi. Yyvelafer amas Tan hyveba mecnierebis socialuri

rolis zrda, romelic veberis mixedviT warmoadgens racionalurobis principis

yvelaze wminda ganxorcielebas, mecniereba upirveles yovlisa iWreba warmoebaSi,

Semdeg ki marTvaSi, da bolos agreTve yofaSic - amaSi xedavs veberi Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis universaluri racionalizaciis erT - erT mowmobasa da sabuTs.

racionalizacia veberis mixedviT warmoadgens mTeli rigi istoriuli

faqtorebis SeerTebis rezultats, romlebmac winaswar gansazRvres evropis

ganviTarebis mimarTuleba ukanaskneli 300 - 400 wlis manZilze. am faqtorTa

konstelacia veberis mier ar ganixileba rogorc raRac winaswar gansazRvruli -

dadgenili - ufro esaa Taviseburi saxis istoriuli SemTxveviToba, amitom

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racionalizacia, misi TvalsazrisiT, aris ara imdenad istoriuli ganviTarebis

aucilebloba, ramdenadac misi bediswera – bedi. moxda ise, rom gansazRvrul

droul periodSi da samyaros gansazRvrul raionSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen randenime

fenomeni, romlebic Tavis TavSi atarebdnen racionalur sawyiss: antikuri

mecniereba gansakuTrebiT maTematika, romelsac aRorZinebis epoqaSi daemata

eqsperimenti da romelmac galileis droidan SeiZina axali, eqsperimentaluri,

teqnikasTan Sinaganad dakavSirebuli mecnierebis xasiaTi. racionaluri romis

samarTali, romelsac ar icnobda sazogadoebis adrindeli tipebi da romelmac

evropul niadagze miiRo Tavisi Semdgomi ganviTareba SuasaukuneebSi. meurneobis

gaZRolis racionaluri wesi, romelic warmoiSva warmoebis saSualebebisagan

samuSao Zalis gamoyofis wyalobiT da maSasadame, imis safuZvelze, rasac marqsma

Tavis droze uwoda “abstraqtuli Sroma” - Sroma, romelic misadgomia

raodenobrivi gazomvisaTvis. xolo am elementebis masinTezirebel faqtorad,

veberis azriT, mogvevlina protestantizmi, romelmac Seqmna msoflmxedvelobrivi

wanamZRvrebi meurneobis gaZRolis racionaluri wesis ganxorcielebisaTvis

(uwinares yovlisa ekonomikaSi mecnierebaTa miRwevebis danergvisaTvis da

mecnierebis uSualo sawarmoo Zalad gardaqmna), ramdenadac ekonomikuri warmateba

protestantuli eTikis mier ayvanili iyo religiuri mowodebis rangSi.

ris Sedegadac evropaSi pirvelad warmoiSva axali, adre arsad ar arsebuli da

istoriaSi analogiis ar mqone sazogadoebis tipi, romelsac Tanamedrove

sociologebi uwodeben industrialurs, yvela adre arsebul sazogadoebaTa tips,

gansxvavebiT Tanamedrovisgan, veberi tradiciuls uwodebs. tradiciul

sazogadoebaTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegia - maTSi formalur - racionaluri

sawyisis ar arseboba. ras warmoadgens es ukanaskneli?

Fformaluri racionaluroba - es uwinares yovlisa gamoTvladobaa,

kalkulirebaa, formalur – racionaluri - esaa is, rac eqvemdebareba raodenobriv

aRricxvas, rac naSTis gareSe amoiwureba raodenobrivi daxasiaTebiT. "meurneobis

formaluri racionaluroba ganisazRvreba teqnikurad misTvis SesaZlebeli da

namdvilad mis mier miRebuli gaangariSebis zomiT. piriqiT, materialuri

racionaluroba xasiaTdeba xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac adamianTa garkveuli jgufis

momarageba sasicocxlo sikeTeebiT, xorcieldeba ekonomikurad orientirebuli

socialuri moqmedebis gziT garkveuli... RirebulebiTi postulatebis

TvalsazrisiT.” sxva sityvebiT, ekonomika xelmZRvanelobs ra garkveuli

krieriumebiT, romlebic Zevs im sazRvrebs miRma, rac SeiZleba racionalurad

gamovTvaloT, da rasac veberi “RirebulebiT postulatebs” uwodebs, e.i. ekonomika,

romelic emsaxureba ara TviT mis mierve gansazRvrul miznebs, xasiaTdeba rogorc

“materialurad (e.i. Sinaarsobrivad) gansazRvruli.” materialuri "racionaluroba-

esaa racionaluroba raRacisTvis; formaluri racionaluroba - esaa

racionaluroba “arafrisTvis,” racionaluroba TavisTavad, aRebuli rogorc

TviTmizani, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom formaluri racionalurobis cneba-

esaa idealuri tipi da empiriul realobaSi igi wminda saxiT gvxvdeba Zalian

iSviaTad. magram formaluri racionalizaciis mimarTulebiT moZraoba esaa—

rogorc amas veberi aCvenebs Tavis mraval SromaSi--TviT istoriuli procesis

moZraoba. sazogadoebis adrindel tipebSi Warbobda “materialuri

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racionaluroba,” TanamedroveSi ki--formaluri racionaluroba, rac Seesatyviseba

yvela sxva tipis moqmedebebze moqmedebis mizanracionaluri tipis siWarbes.

is, rasac veberi formalur racionalurobas uwodebs, Tavis Ddroze aRmoCenili

iyo k.marqsis mier, “abstraqtuli Sromis saxiT”. marTalia es cneba marqsTan ufro

sxva rols TamaSobs, vidre veberTan formaluri racionaluroba, magram marqsis

gavlena veberze aq eWvsgareSea. abstraqtuli Sromis umniSvnelovanesi niSani

marqsTan es aris is, rom igi “ar flobs araviTar Tvisebebs da amitom mxolod

gazomvadia raodenobriv mimarTebaSi”. marqsis mixedviT, Sromis wminda

raodenobrivi daxasiaTeba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod kapitalistur

sazogadoebaSi, romelmac Seqmna “Sromis burJuaziuli forma misi antikuri da

Suasaukuneobrivi formebis sapirispirod”. am Sromis Tavisebureba da

gansakuTrebuleba uwinares yovlisa esaa misi abstraqtuli sayovelTaoba, e.i.

gulgriloba imasTan mimarTebaSi, Tu ra moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs es

ukanaskneli. abstraqtuli sayovelTao Sromis marqsiseuli gansazRvreba

afiqsirebda Sromis “sazogadod simdidris Seqmnis saSualebad” gadaqcevis faqts.

adamiani da misi moTxovnilebebi, rogorc aCvena marqsma, am dros iqcevian mxolod

warmoebis normaluri cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli saSualebad, momentad.

analogiuri da ufro arsebiTia formaluri racionalurobis daxasiaTeba

veberTan, rogorc aRniSnavs erT - erTi misi mimdevari - karl leviti, mdgomareobs

imaSi, rom “meurneobis wesi xdeba imdenad damoukidebeli, rom ... mas ukve ar aqvs

araviTari naTeli damoukidebloba adamianis rogorc aseTis moTxovnebTan”.

Fformaluri racionaluroba - esaa principi, romelsac eqvemdebareba ara mxolod

Tanamedrove ekonomika, aramed tendenciaSi agreTve Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

cxovrebiseuli warmonaqmnebis mTeli erToblioba.

formaluri racionalurobis Sesaxeb moZRvreba – es, arsebiTad, kapitalizmis

veberiseuli Teoriaa. aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, mWidro kavSiri veberiseul

meTodologias, kerZod socialuri moqmedebis Teoriasa da moqmedebis tipTa

gamoyofas Soris erTis mxriv da kapitalizmis genezisis miseul Teorias Soris

meores mxriv. sinamdvileSi – namdvilad veberi xazs usvamda, rom mkvlevari

idealur - tipobrivi konstruqciis Seqmnisas, saboloo jamSi xelmZRvanelobs

“epoqis interesiT”, romelic aZlevs mas kidec “Sexedulebis mimarTulebasac”,

epoqam dasva veberis winaSe centraluri saxiT sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris

Tanamedrove kapitalisturi sazogadoeba, rogoria misi warmoSoba da ganviTarebis

gzebi, rogoria individis bedi am sazogadoebaSi da rogor moaxdina man an

moaxdens momavalSi im idealebis realizebas, romlebic 17 – 18 e saukuneebSi misi

ideologebis mier gacxadebuli iyo rogorc “gonebis idealebi”. sakiTxis xasiaTma

winaswar gansazRvra veberis meTodologiuri instrumentebi. Seiqmna “socialuri

moqmedebis”, kerZod mizanracionaluri moqmedebis tipi, romelic aRmoCnda aTvlis

wertili moqmedebis sxva tipebis konstruirebisTvis. damaxasiaTebelia, rom TviT

veberi Tvlida yvelaze wminda empiriul nimuSad mizanracionaluri moqmedebisas

individis qmedebas ekonomikur sferoSi. Aaraa SemTxveviTi, rom mizanracionaluri

moqmedebis magaliTebi vebers moyavs, rogorc wesi, am sferodan: esaa an saqonelTa

gacvla, an konkretuli brZola bazarze, an sabirJo TamaSi, da a.S. Sesabamisad,

rodesac bWoba exeba tradiciul sazogadoebebs, veberi aRniSnavs, rom moqmedebis

miznaracionaluri tipi aq upiratesad gvxvdeba meurneobis sferoSi.

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kapitalizmis bedis Sesaxeb sakiTxma ganapiroba veberis meTodologiuri

individualizmi. veberma amiT daikava savsebiT gansazRvruli socialuri pozicia:

igi gamovida Tavis sociologiaSi rogorc burJuaziis msoflmxedvelobisa da

interesebis gamomxatveli.

8) veberis moZRvreba batonobis tipebis Sesaxeb

Cven davinaxeT, rom “racionalizaciis” veberiseuli Teoria yvelaze mWidrod

dakavSirebulia socialuri moqmedebis miseul gagebasTan. ara nakleb mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli socialuri moqmedebis kategoriasTan Zalauflebis veberiseuli

sociologia. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, veberi socialuri moqmedebis ganuyofel

momentad “sxvaze orientacias” Tvlis, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara

samarTalmcodneobis tradiciuli kategoria “aRiareba”. Tu “aRiarebis” kategorias

gavanTavisuflebT im normatiuli mniSvnelobisgan, romelic mas aqvs

iurisprudenciaSi, da im “metafizikuri” mniSvnelobisgan romelic mas hqonda

“bunebrivi samarTlis” TeoriebSi, maSin Cven miviRebT swored “molodinis” cnebas,

romelsac veberi aucileblad Tvlis sazogadoebis sociologiuri kvlevisaTvis.

Zalian mniSvnelovania am cnebis roli veberis moZRvrebaSi legitimuri batonobis

tipebis Sesaxeb. e.i. iseTi batonobis Sesaxeb, romelic aRiarebulia qveSevrdomTa

e.i. marTuli individebis mier. damaxasiaTebelia batonobis veberiseuli

gansazRvreba: “batonoba - wers igi - niSnavs garkveuli brZanebisadmi

damorCilebis Sanss”. amgvarad, batonoba gulisxmobs urTierTmolodins: imas, vinc

brZanebs, - rom mis brZanebas daemorCilebian; imaT molodins, vinc emorCileba-rom

brZanebas eqneba is xasiaTi, ra xasiaTsac isini moelian e.i. aRiareben. Tavisi

meTodologiis sruli SesatyvisobiT veberi batonobis legitimuri tipebis

analizs iwyebs “morCilebis” SesaZlebel (tipobriv) motivTa ganxilviT. amgvar

motivebs veberi poulobs sams da maT Sesatyvisad ganasxvavebs batonobis sam

wminda tips. “batonoba SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos interesebiT, e.i.

upiratesobaTa an ara xelsayrelobaTa (usarfoba) mimarT qveSevrdomTa (morCilTa)

mizanracionaluri mosazrebebiT: Semdeg igi SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos

ubralod “zne - CveulebebiT, garkveul qcevaTa CveviT; da bolos, igi SeiZleba

efuZnebodes qveSevrdomTa martiv pirad midrekilebebs, miswrafebebs, siyvaruls,

e.i. hqondes afeqturi baza”.

rogorc vxedavT batonobis pirvel tips - romelsac veberi “legalurs uwodebs -

“damTmoblobis motivis” saxiT aqvs interesis mosazrebebi (interesTa

gaTvaliswineba); mis safuZvelSi devs mizanracionaluri moqmedeba. amgvar tips

veberi miakuTvnebs Tanamedrove evropul saxelmwifoebs: ingliss, safrangeTs, aSS

- s da sxva. aseT saxelmwifoSi, xazs usvams veberi, emorCilebian ara pirovnebebs,

aramed dadgenil kanonebs; maT emorCilebian ara mxolod marTulni, aramed

mmarTvelnic (Cinovnikebic). marTvis aparati Sedgeba specialurad ganswavluli

Cinovnikebisgan, maT waeyenebaT moTxovna imoqmedon “provnebaTa

gauTvalsiwineblad, e.i. imoqmedon mkacri formaluri da racionaluri wesebis

Sesatyvisad. formalur – samarTlebrivi sawyisi – esaa principi, romelic Zevs

“legaluri batonobis” safuZvelSi, veberis Tanaxmad, swored es principi aRmoCnda

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Tanamedrove kapitalizmis rogorc formaluri racionalurobis sistemis erT –

erTi aucilebeli wanamZRvari.

biurokratia, ambobs veberi, teqnikurad warmoadgens legaluri batonobis

yvelaze wminda tips. magram veraviTari batonoba ver iqneba mxolod

biurokratiuli: “kibis saTaveSi - mwvervalze dganan an memkvidreobiTi monarqebi,

an xalxis mier arCeuli liderebi ...” magram yoveldRiuri, ganuwyveteli muSaoba

mimdinareobs am dros specialist - CinovnikTa ZalebiT. e.i. marTvis manqaniT,

romlis saqmianobac SeuZlebelia SeCerebul iqnes ise, rom aman ar gamoiwvios

seriozuli darRvevebi socialuri meqanizmis funqcionirebaSi.

saxelmwifos “racionaluri” tipis Sesatyvisi iuridiuli ganaTlebis garda

Cinovniki unda flobdes specialur ganaTlebas, ramdenadac misgan moiTxoveba

kompententurobac. ai rogor aRwers veberi racionalur-biurokratiuli

mmarTvelobis wminda tips: “mTlianobaSi mmarTvelobis Stabi Sedgeba calkeuli

Cinovnikebisgan, romlebic 1)piradad Tavisufalni arian da eqvemdebarebian,

mxolod saqmian samsaxureobriv movaleobas; 2) aqvT myari samsaxureobrivi

ierarqia; 3) aqvT mtkiced garkveuli samsaxureobrivi kompentencia; 4) muSaoben

kontraqtis ZaliT, maSasadame principulad Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze

specialuri kvalifikaciis Sesdatyvisad; 5) gasamrjelos iReben mudmivi fuladi

sargoebiT; 6) TavianT samsaxurs ganixilaven rogorc erTaderT an mTavar

profesiad; 7) TavianT karieras, “dawinaurebas” winaswarWvreten - xedaven - an

samsaxurSi ufrosobis Sesatyvisad an ufrosis Sexedulebisgan damoukideblad

unarTa - niWTa SesatyvisobaSi; 8) muSaoben “marTvis saSualebebisgan sruli

mowyvetis” pirobebSi da samsaxureobrivi adgilebis miTvisebis gareSe; 9)

eqvemdebarebian erTian mkacr samsaxureobriv disciplinasa da kontrols”.

batonobis es tipi veberis mixedviT yvelaze ufro Seesatyviseba 19 - e saukunis

bolos evropasa da aSS - i Camoyalibebuli ekonomikis formalur - racionalur

struqturas, marTvis sferSi adgili aqvs iseTive specializacias da Sromis

danawilebas, rogorc warmoebaSi. aqac iseve, rogorc iqac, emorCilebian upirovno

– saqmian princips, mmarTvelic iseve “mowyvetilia mmarTvelobis saSualebebisgan”,

rogorc mwarmoebeli - warmoebis saSulebebisgan. “biurokratiuli marTva niSnavs

codnis meSveobiT batonobas - amaSia misi specifikuri racionaluri xasiaTi”.

veberis mier aRwerili formalur - racionaluri mmarTvelobis idealuri tipi,

upirobod warmoadgens nivTTa realuri viTarebis idealizacias, mas ar hqonia da

arca aqvs empiriuli ganxorcieleba arcerTi Tanamedrove dasavlur saxelmwifoSi.

vebers aq arsebiTad, mxedvelobaSi aqvs marTvis manqana, manqana am sityvis sityva -

sityviTi mniSvnelobiT - am ukansaknels namdvilad ar SeiZleba hqondes araviTari

interesebi, garda “saqmis interesebisa”, da igi ar eqvemdebareba korufcias. veberi

Tvlis, rom aseTi adamianuri “manqana” ufros zusti da iafia, vidre meqanikuri

agregati. “samyaros veraviTari maSineria (manqana) ver SeZlebs imuSaos iseTi

sizustiT, rogorc am adamianurma manqanam da amave dros iyos ase iafic”. magram

marTvis manqana, yoveli manqanis msgavsad, saWiroebs programas. Pprograma ki

SeiZleba mas misces mxolod politikurma liderma (an liderebma), romlebic

garkveul miznebs isaxaven, e.i. sxva sityvebiT, romlebic mmarTvelobis formalur

meqanizms ayeneben garkveuli politikuri Rirebulebis samsaxurSi. veberiseuli

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meTodologiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “mecnierebisa” da “Rirebulebis” gacalkeveba

gaTiSva batonobis sociologiaSic poulobs kidev erT gamoyenebas.

legitimuri batonobis meore tips, romelic ganpirobebulia garkveuli qcevisadmi

adamianTa zne – CveulebebiT”, veberi uwodebs tradiciuls. tradiciuli batonoba

dafuZnebulia ara mxolod kanonierebis rwmenaze, aramed uZveles droSi arsebuli

wesrigisa da Zalauflebis RvTaebriobis rwmenazec. maSasadame, mis safuZvelSi

Zevs, tradiciuli moqmedeba. amgvari batonobis yvelaze wminda tips warmoadgens

patriarqaluri moqmedeba. gabatonebulTa kavSiri warmoadgens erTobas (gunds),

ufrosis tips - “batoni”, mmaTvelobis Stabs - “msaxurni”, daqvemdebarebulni –

“qveSevrdomT, romlebic batonis morCilni arian pietetis (mowiwebuli

damokidebuleba vinmesadmi, raimesadmi) ZaliT. veberi xazs usvams, rom batonobis

patriarqaluri tipi Tavisi struqturis mixedviT mraval rameSi emsgavseba ojaxis

struqturas. (swored es garemoeba aqcevs legitimurobis am tips gansakuTrebiT

mtkice – gamZle tipad, romelic damaxasiaTebelia am tipis batonobisTvis.

“arsebiTad ojaxuri kavSiri aris batonobis tradiciuli urTierTobebis ujredi”.

am gamoTqmaSi araa Zneli davinaxoT is, rom Zalauflebis tradiciuli da

legitimuri tipebis gansxvaveba amodis Fferdinand tionisis mier gaanalizebuli

socialuri struqturis ori ZiriTadi tipis gemainSaftisa da gezelSaftis

dapirispirebidan. Ggarda amisa, veberi araerTxel aRniSnavda Tanamedrove

samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi legitimurobis sisustesa da aramdgradobas;

marTalia batonobis legaluri tipi mas ufro Sesatyvisad eCveneba Tanamedrove

industrialuri sazogadoebisaTvis, magram miaCnia, rom igi saWiroebs raRacnair

“gamagrebas”, swored amitom veberi sasargeblod Tvlida memkvidreobiTi monarqis

SenarCunebas saxelmwifos meTauris saxiT, rogorc es iyo zogierT evropul

qveyanaSi)

am tipis batonobisas mmarTvelobis aparati Sedgeba batonze piradad

damokidebul SinamosamsaxureTagan, naTesavTagan, piradi megobrebisgan an piradad

misdami erTguli vasalebisgan. yvela SemTxvevaSi ara samsaxureobrivi disciplina

da ara saqmiani kompetenturoba, rogorc amas adgili hqonda ukve ganxilul

batonobis tipis arsebobisas, aramed swored piradi erTguleba warmoadgens

safuZvels Tanamdebobaze daniSvnasa da ierarqiul kibeze winwawevisaTvis.

ramdenadac araferi ar zRudavs batonis TviTnebobasa da neba – survils, amdenad

ierarqiuli danawevreba – kibe xSirad irRveva privilegiebiT.

veberi ganasxvavebs tradiciuli batonobis or formas: mmarTvelobis wminda

patriarqalur da wodebriv struqturas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi “msaxurni” mTlianad

pirad damokidebulebaSi imyofebian batonTan, anu batonze mTlianad piradad

arian damokidebuli, amasTanave mmarTvelobaSi SeiZleba CarTon, miizidon

adamianebi savsebiT uuflebo fenebidan da dasvan mTavris naTesavebis da

megobrebis gverdiT. tradiciuli batonobis aseTi saxe gvxvdeba magaliTad,

bizantiaSi. meore SemTxvevaSi “msaxurni” ar arian batonze piradad damokidebulni,

maTi mmarTveloba garkveul zomamde “avtokefaluria” da avtonomiuri. aq Zala

aqvs wodebrivi Riresebis – pativis princips, romlis Sesaxebac laparakic ki

SeuZlebelia, mmarTvelobis patriarqaluri struqturis dros. am tipTan yvelaze

axlos dganan dasavleT evropis feodaluri saxelmwifoebi. “mmarTveloba

patrimonialurad damokidebulTa (monebis, ymebis daxmarebiT rogorc adgili

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hqonda wina aziasa da egvipteSi TiTqmis mamluqTa epoqamde, aris arawodebrivi,

wminda patrimonialuri batonobis ukiduresi da yovelTvis Tanmimdevruli tipi.

Tavisufali plebeebis daxmarebiT marTva SedarebiT axlosaa racionalur

CinovnikobasTan. humanitarTa daxmarebiT marTvas SeiZleba hqondes gansxvavebului

xasiaTi magram mudam uaxlovdeba wodebriv tips: brahmanebi, mandarinebi,

budisturi da qristianuli klirikebi”.

tradiciuli batonobis Cveulebrivi saxeebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia formaluri

samarTlis ararseboba da Sesabamisad arc imis moTxovna, ar gaviTvaliswinoT

pirebi, “ar SevxedoT saxeze’’,yovel sferoSi urTierTobaTa sfero – uaRresad

piradulia; marTalia, rom wminda piraduli sawyisisgan garkveuli TavisuflebiT

tradiciuli sazogadoebis yvela tipebSi, rogorc aRniSnavs veberi, sargeblobs

vaWrobis sfero, magram es Tavisufleba SefardebiTia, Tavisufali vaWrobis

gverdiT mudam arsebobs misi tradiciuli forma.

veberis mixedviT batonobis mesame wminda tips warmoadgens qarizmatuli

batonoba. Qqarizmis cneba (nawarmoebia berZnulidan – RvTaebrivi niWi, saCuqari –

madli) veberis sociologiaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs; qarizma ukidures

SemTxvevaSi am sityvis etimologiuri mniSvnelobis Sesatyvisad aris raRac

eqstraordinaluri unari, romelic gamoyofs individs danarCenebisgan da rac

mTavaria,mis mier SeZenili da mopovebuli ki araa, aramed naCuqaria misdami –

bunebis, RmerTis Tu bedis mier. Qqarizmatul unarebs veberi miakuTvnebs magiur

unarebs, winaswarmetyvelebis niWs, gonisa da sityvis gamorCeul Zalas; veberis

mixedviT qarizmas floben gmirebi, didi mxedarTmTavrebi, jadoqrebi,

winaswarmetyvelebi da naTelmxilvelni, genialuri xelovanni, gamoCenili

politikosebi, msoflio religiebis damfuZnebelni – buda, ieso, muhamedi,

saxelmwifoTa damfuZnebelni – soloni da likurge, didi dampyroblebi –

aleqsandre makedoneli, keisari, napoleoni.

legitimuri batonobis qarizmatuli tipi tradiciuli tipis pirdapir

sapirispiroa: Tu batonis tradiciuli tipi arsebobs, Tavs inarCunebs CveulebiT,

erTxel da samudamod gadmocemulis, Cveulebrivis, adaTebis erTgulebiT, maSin

qarizmatuli, piriqiT, eyrdnoba raRac araCveulebrivs, adre arasodes aRiarebuls,

araa SemTxveviTi, rom winaswarmetyvelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, veberis mixedviT,

aseTi tipis gamoTqma: “naTqvamia ... me ki geubnebiT Tqven ...” socialuri moqmedebis

afeqturi tipi warmoadgens qarizmatuli batonobis ZiriTad bazas. veberi

ganixilavs qarizmas rogorc “did revoluciur Zalas”, romelic arsebobs

tradiciuli tipis sazogadoebaSi da romelsac unari Seswevs Seitanos

cvlilebebi am sazogadoebaTa dinamizms moklebul struqturaSi. magram

miuxedavad batonobis tradiciul qarizmatul tipTa Soris gansxvavebisa da

dapirispirebisa, maT Soris aris raRac saerToc, saxeldobr: erTic da meorec

eyrdnobian batonsa da qveSevrdoms Soris pirad urTierTobebs. am mimarTebiT

orive es tipi upirispirdebian batonobis formalur – racionalur tips rogorc

upirovnos – arapiraduls. qarizmatuli liderisadmi – xelmwifisadmi piradi

erTgulebis wyaroa ara tradicia da ara misi formaluri samarTlis_uflebis

aRiareba aramed misadmi emocionalurad Seferili erTguleba da misi

qarizmisadmi rwmena. swored amitom, xazs usvams veberi, qarizmatulma beladma

mudam unda asabuTos am qarizmis Tavis TavSi arseboba. gabatonebulTa kavSiri,

41

rogorc winandel SemTxvevaSi, aris gemainSafti – erToba, romelSic

gaerTianebulia – qarizmis xasiaTis mixedviT – maswavlebeli da misi

moswavleebi, beladi da misi mimdevrebi da momxreebi da a.S. mmarTvelobis aparati

dgeba mmarTvelebSi qarizmis arsebobisa da beladisadmi piradi erTgulebis

safuZvelze – “kompententurobis” racionaluri cneba, aq srulebiTac ar arsebobs

rogorc formalur-racionalurisagan, ise batonobis tradiciuli tipisagan

qarizmatuli gansxvavdeba imiT, rom aq ar aris dadgenili (racionalurad Tu

tradiciis mixedviT) wesebi: yvela sakiTxi wydeba iracionalurad “gamocxadebis an

Semoqmedebis, saqmianobisa da piradi magaliTis safuZvelze SemTxvevidan-

SemTxvevamde.”

legitimurobis qarizmatuli principi formalur-racionalurisagan gansxvavebiT

avtoritarulia. arsebiTad, qarizmatis avtoriteti efuZneba mis Zalas, oRond ara

uxeS, fizikurs (rac srulebiTac ar aris gamoricxuli), aramed misi qarizmis

Zalas. Aar SeiZleba yuradReba ar mivaqcioT imas, rom veberi qarizmas ganixilavs

mis SinaarsTan yovelgvari mimarTebis gareSe, rasac gvauwyebs, risTvisac gamodis,

rac moaqvs qarizmatiks, erTgulia ra Tavisi sociologiis, romlis Tanaxmadac

sociologia rogorc mecniereba Tavisufali unda iyos Rirebulebebisagan, veberi

xazgasmiT gulgrilia qarizmatuli lideris mier samyaroSi Semotanili

Rirebebulebisadmi: perikle, kleoni, napoleoni, ieso an Cingis xani--veberis

TvalsazrisiT rogorc Zalauflebis sociologisaTvis-erTnairad qarizmatuli

moRvaweebia. maT mier Seqmnili saxelmwifoebrivi an religiuri gaerTianebebi

winmoadgnen batonobis qarizmatuli tipis saxesxvaobebs.

veberis meTodologiuri principebi gamoricxaven im tipis

politikosis, rogoric iyo perikle, politikuri demagogis im tipisgan, rogoric

iyo hitleri gansxvavebis SesaZleblobas, romlebic eyrdnoboda masebze

zemoqmdebis sugestiur – emocionalur formebs da amitom savsebiT Sedis

qarizmatikis veberiseul gansazRvrebaSi, ramdenadac veberis mixedviT, sociologs

unda ainteresebdes ara subieqturi gansxvaveba (vTqvaT, namdvili religiurobis

fsevdoreligiurobisgan), aramed ama Tu im istoriuli pirovnebis moqmedebaTa

obieqturi rezultatebi, amdenad veberiseuli sociologia aucileblobiT atarebs

Tavis TavSi orazrovnebas. Aam orazrovnebam TviT veberis politikuri

ganwyobisgan damoukideblad uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa im rTul social -

politikur situaciaSi, romelic Camoyalibda germaniaSi pirveli msoflio omis

Semdeg vaimaris respublikis periodSi.

9. veberis politikuri poziciis winaamRdegoba

Cven ukve vaxseneT, rom veberis azriT legalur batonobas aqvs ufro susti

malegitimirebeli Zala, vidre tradiciuls an qarizmatuls. batonobis legaluri

tipis safuZvelSi veberi mizanracionalur moqmedebas, e.i. interesTa

gaTvaliswinebas debs. maSasadame, Tavisi wminda saxiT legalur batonobas

RirebulebiTi fundamenti ar aqvs, da amitom am tipis batonobis

ganmaxorcielebeli formalur racionaluri biurokratia unda emsaxurebodes

gansakuTrebiT “saqmis interesebs”. misi upirovno xasiaTi Seesabameba mis

nagulisxmev “uRirebulebo ganwyobebs”.

42

“racionalur” saxelmwifoSi batonobis urTierTobani veberis mier ganixileba

kerZo mewarmeobis sferoSi arsebul urTierTobaTa analogiurad (aki

mizanracionaluri moqmedebas modelis saxiT ekonomikiuri moqmedeba ara aqvs).

veberis Tanaxmad, ekonomikis sferoSi arsebuli urTierTobani is “ujredia”,

romlisganac viTardeba batonobis legaluri tipi. ras warmoadgens es “ujredi”.

Tanamedrove kapitalizmis racionaluri ekonomikis yvelaze zogadi wanamZRvaria

kapitalis racionaluri gaangariSeba rogorc norma yoveldRiuri moTxovnaTa

dasakmayofileblad momuSave yvela didi samrewvelo “sawarmoTaTvis” swored

balansis Sedgenis gziT sawarmos Semosavlianobis mkacri aRricxvis da

angariSiani kontrolis SesaZlebloba, romelic vlindeba mxolod iseT

wanamZRvarTa safuZvelze, romlebic adre ar iyo cnobili, gzas uxsnis

“racionaluri” ekonomikis ganviTarebas. rogoria es specifikuri wanamZRvrebi?

pirveli, esaa avtonomiuri kerZo samrewvelo sawarmoTa mier warmoebis nivTobriv

saSualebebze (miwa, xelsawyoebi, manqanebi, iaraRebi da a.S.) Tavisufali

sakuTrebis miTviseba.

meore, Tavisufali bazari, e.i. bazris ganTavisufleba gacvlis araracionaluri

Seviwroebebisgan, magaliTad wodebrivi SezRudvebisgan...

mesame, racionaluri, e.i. mkacrad gaTvlil - gaangariSebuli da amitom

meqanizirebuli teqnika rogorc warmoebis ise gacvlis ...

meoTxe, racionaluri e.i. mtkiced dadgenili samarTali. raTa kapitalisturma

wyobam – wesrigma imuSaos - ifunqciros, racionaluri meurneoba unda daeyrdnos

sasamarTlos da marTvis myar samarTlebriv normebs ...

mexuTe, Tavisufali Sroma, e.i. iseT adamianTa arseboba, romelTac ara mxolod

ufleba aqvT bazarze gayidon Tavisi samuSao Zala, aramed ekonomikurad

iZulebuli arian gaakeTon es ...

meeqvse, meurneobis komerciuli organizacia, romlis qveSac aq igulisxmeba

fasiani qaRaldebis farTo gamoyeneba warmoebaSi monawileobis uflebis da

sakuTrebaze uflebis dasadgenad, erTi sityviT: gansakuTrebuli orientirebis

SesaZlebloba sabazro moTxovnilebebis dafarvaze da sawarmoTa Semosavlebis

dros.

kapitalisturi meurneobis wanamZRvarTa am CamonaTvals aqvs erTi saerTo momenti,

romelic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc ganTavisufleba bazrisa - wodebrivi

SezRudvebisgan, samarTlisa - zne - CveulebebTan gadabmisgan, mwarmoeblis -

warmoebis saSualebebisgan. advili gasagebia, Tu ratomaa es wanamZRvrebi

aucilebeli imisTvis, raTa ganxorcieldes kapitalis racionaluri gaangariSeba:

angariSi xom gulisxmobs yvela Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebis raodenobrivad

gardaqmnis SesaZleblobas da yvelaferi is rac ar eqvemdebareba aseT gardaqmnas,

gvevlineba rogorc dabrkoleba racionaluri kapitalisturi meurneobis

ganviTarebis gzaze.

racionaloba – veberiseuli gagebiT – esaa formaluri, funqcionaluri

racionaluroba. misi sruli ganviTarebisTvis aucilebelia, raTa warmoiqmnas

aseTive funqcionaluri e.i. yovelgvari Sinaarsobrivi (RirebulebiTi)

momentebisgan Tavisufali, mmarTvelobis tipi.aseT tipad, veberi Tvlis legalur

batonobas. magram radganac formaluri racionaluroba, rogorc misi Sesatyvisi

mizanracionaluri moqmedeba, aris ara TviTmizani, aramed raRac sxvis miRwevis

43

saSualeba, amdenad legalurs ara aqvs sakmarisad Zlieri legitimuroba da unda

gamagrdes raRaca sxvaTi: tradiciiT an qarizmiT. Tu veberis am debulebas

gadavTargmniT politikis enaze maSin mas aseTi JReradoba eqneba: klasikuri

liberalizmis mier dasavlur evropuli burJuaziuli samarTlebrivi tipis

saxelmwifoSi erTaderT samarTlebrivad kanonier (legitimur) organod

parlamentaruli demokratiis aRiarebas, masebis TvalSi ara aqvs sakmarisi

malegimitilebeli Zala da amitom damatebul unda iqnes an memkvidreobiTi

monarqiT (romlis uflebebic ra sakvirvelia, SezRudulia parlamentis mier), an

plebiscentrulad arCeuli politikuri lideriT. (SeniSvna: imisTvis, raTa ar

CavardeT veberis politikuri Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas calmxrivobaSi, saWiroa,

mxedvelobaSi gvqondes, rom igi, arasdros ar ayenebda parlamentis aucileblobis

eWvis qveS, romelic SezRudavda plebiscistarulad arCeuli lideris

Zalauflebas da ganaxorcielebda rogorc mis mimarT, ise mmarTvelobis aparatis

mimarT kontrolis funqciebs swored sami urTierTSemvsebi da damatebiTi

momentebis arseboba – marTvis aparatis (manqanis) rogorc Zalauflebis

ganxorcielebis racionaluri saSualebis, politikuri lideris – qarizmatikis

rogorc politikuri programis (“Rirebulebis”) Camomyalibebeli da gamtarebeli,

da bolos parlamentis rogorc instanciis, romelic kritikulad

makontrolebelia ZiriTadi aparatisa, magram nawilobriv ki prezidentisa, -

aucilebelia, veberis TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoebisTvis,

erT-erTi motivi, romelmac aiZula veberi gansakuTrebiT gaesva xazi plebiscitis

mniSvnelobisTvis, iyo miswrafeba SeezRuda burJuaziul partiaTa aparatis

yovelmxriv mzardi Zala, romelic ukve mis dros atarebda Tavis TavSi TviT im

“partiuli oligarqiis” saSiSroebas, romlis Sesaxebac SeSfoTebiT sweren axla

dasavleTSi.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi legaluri batonobis legitimuroba Zlierdeba tradiciis

saSualebiT, meoreSi - qarizmis daxmarebiT. TviT veberi Tavisi moRvaweobis

ukanasknel periodSi mivida parlamentaluri legalobis swored plebiscitaruli

legitimiurobiT Sevseba - damatebis aucileblobis Sesxeb daskvnamde:

politikuri lideris saxiT unda gamovides, ara parlamentis mier arCeuli,

aramed mTeli xalxis mier arCeuli politikuri lideri, romelsac ufleba eqneba

uSualod mimarTos xalxs parlamentis meSveobiT.

mxolod plebiscists SeuZlia - veberis azriT - mianiWos politikur liders

legitimurobis is Zala, romelic nebas miscems - nebas darTavs gaataros

garkveuli wesiT orientirebuli politika, e.i. daayenos saxelmwifeobriv -

biurokratiuli manqana ama Tu im Rirebulebebis samsaxurSi.

amave dros, Tu gavixsenebT, rom veberis sociologiaSi qarizma principulad ar

uSvebs araviTar Sinaarsobriv ganmartebas, maSin gasagebia, rom veberis

politikuri pozicia gamoiyureba friad orazrovnad im xdomilebaTa Suqze,

romlebic moxda germaniaSi veberis sikvilidan 13 wlis Semdeg da Tu misi

mimdevrebis erTi nawili Tvlis, rom, man Teoriulad iwinaswarmetyvela evropaSi

totalitaruli reJimis warmoSoba da gvafrTxilebda am ukanasknelTa

SesaZleblobaTa Sesaxeb, maSin sxvebi adanaSauleben mas imaSi, rom Teoriulad

marTalia arapirdapir - man xeli Seuwyo am reJimTa warmoqmnas. mag. germaneli

filosofosi karl loviti wers: “pozitiurad, man gza gaukafa avtoritarul da

44

diqtatorul saxelmwifos imis ZaliT, rom man wamoayena iracionaluri

qarizmatuli fiurerizmisa da “manqanaze dayrdnobili - dafuZnebuli beladebis

demokratiis” idea, xolo negatiurad - ki Tavisi politikuri eTosis uSinaarsobis,

formalizmis gamo, romlis ukanaskneli sityva iyo erTi Rirebulebis gabeduli

arCevani, yvela danarCenebidan ise rom mniSvneloba ar hqonda, Tu romeli iqneboda

igi”.

namdvilad veberma mogvca seriozuli safuZveli aseTi SefasebebisTvis: misi

politikuri pozicia, iseve rogorc batonobis misi Teoria, warmoadgenda

klasikuri liberalizmisagan arsebiT gadaxvevas, romelic germaniaSi Teoriulad

warmodgenili iyo, kerZod neokantianelTa mier. Teoriulad es gadaxveva yvelaze

naTlad gamovlinda samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos, rogorc wminda funqcionaluri

warmonaqmnis ganxilvaSi, romelsac sWirdeba misTvis garegani “Rirebulebebis”

legitimireba. (SeniSvna: sxvaTaSoris, swored am sakiTxis irgvliv gaCaRda

ukanasknel wlebSi kamaTi veberis interpretatorebsa da kritikosebs Soris).

germanelma sociologma vinkelmanma specialurad ikvlia, raTa daesabuTebina, rom

veberi arsebiTad amodioda klasikuri liberalizmis winamZRvrebidan. vinkelmanis

mixedviT legalur batonobas aqvs sakmarisad legitimirebadi Zala, ramdenadac

igi eyrdnoba ara imdenad mizanracionalur, ramdenadac RirebulebiT-racionalur

moqmedebas. sakiTxis principuli dayenebis Sesatyvisad “legaluri batonobis”

cnebas veberi akuTvnebs racionalur, saxeldobr _ RirebulebiT – racionalurad

orientirebul batonobas, romelic gadagvarda uRirss, RirebulebebTan

mimarTebaSi neitralur “wminda mizanracionalur, legalobis formalur

batonobad mxolod mis degeneraciul formaSi.” sxva sityvebiT, vilkelmanis

Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo agebulia ara wminda

funqcionaluri principis mixedviT – mis safuZvelSi Zevs garkveuli

Rirebulebebi, romlebic Tavis droze wamoyenebuli iyo liberalizmis ideologTa

mier, da romelTac fesvebi gadadgmuli aqvT, rogorc amas vinkelmani asabuTebs,

suverenitetze pirovnebis bunebriv uflebaSi. samarTlebriv-saxelmwifoebriv

dawesebulebebTan mimarTebaSi sxva pirebTan erTad Tanasworobis Sesaxeb bunebriv

uflebebSi da a.S.

esaa is Rirebulebebi, romelsac axali dro icavda Sua saukuneTa Rirebulebebis

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, Rirebulebebi, romelTac vinkelmanis rwmeniT, aqvT ara

naklebi malegitimirebeli Zala, vidre tradiciuli sazogadoebis Rirebulebebs,

da amitom ar aris imis araviTari saWiroeba, gavamagroT isini tradiciuli an

qarizmatuli elementebiT.

sociologi momzeni ewinaaRmdegeba vinkelmans, miuTiTebs ra, rom veberma

legaluri batonoba daafuZna mizanracionalur da ara RirebulebiT-

racionalurze, da Sesabamisad, Tavis samarTlis sociologiaSi gamodioda

pozitivizmis poziciebidan. Mmomzenis Tezisis dasadastureblad SeiZleba

moviyvanoT mravali gancxadeba veberisa imis Sesaxeb, rom bunebiTi samarTlis

Teoria sxvas arafers ar warmoadgens, Tu ara rogorc filosofiur-samarTlebriv

iaraRs, romliTac Cveulebriv sargeblobs qarizmatuli pirovneba, romelic

iswrafvis daasabuTos Tavis moqmedebaTa legitimuroba arsebul tradiciul

batonobasTan mimarTebaSi. amiT vebers arsebiTad, bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria

dahyavs ideologiur warmonaqmnebze da arTmevs maT ontologiur statiebs,

45

romlis SenarCunebac swadda vinkelmans. magram miuxedavad imisa, rom momzenis

Tvalsazriss Tavis mxareze aqvs amdenad seriozuli argumentebi, vinkelmanis cdac

ar aris safuZvlebs moklebuli.

is faqti, rom samarTlisa da saxelmwifos veberiseuli sociologia iZleva

garkveul safuZvlebs aseTi sapirispiro interpreti-rebisaTvis, kidev erTxel

mowmobs veberisaTvis sakvanZo cnebis-racionalurobas, radikalur orazrovnebas.

aq veberis poziciis orazrovneba dakavSirebulia racionaluri tradiciisadmi mis

winaaRmdegobriv damokidebulebasTan. erTis mxriv veberi gamodis rogorc

racionalizmis warmomadgeneli. Ees vlindeba rogorc mis meTodologiaSi,

romelic orientirdeba gacnobierebulad subieqturad motivirebul individualur

moqmedebaze, ise mis politikur SexedulebebSic: gasuli saukunis 90 wlebidan

veberis gamosvlebi da politikuri statiebi mimarTulia agraluri

konservatizmisa da germanuli iunkrobis ideologiis winaaRmdeg, romelTac

veberi upirispirebs burJuaziul-liberalur pozicias. sicocxlis filosofiis

romantikuli iracionalizmis veberiseuli kritika savsebiT Seesatyviseba

politikaSi konservatuli iunkrobis kritikas. meTodologiaSi racionalizms

Seesatyviseba racionalobis Segnebuli dacva, rogorc burJUaziuli ekonomikis

ZiriTadi principisa.

racionalizmisadmi, rogorc eTikuri principisadmi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino

RirebulebiTi damokidebuleba vlindeba mis mier e.w. pasuxismgeblobis eTikisadmi

(Verantwortundethik) upiratesobis miniWebaSi “darwmunebis eTikasTan” (gesinnungsethik) SedarebiT. “pasuxismgeblobis eTika,” romelic situaciis fxizel Sefasebas

gulisxmobs, alternatul SesaZleblobaTa mkacrad racionalur formulirebas,

erT-erTi SesaZleblobis Segnebul arCevansa da mis cxovrebaSi ganuxrelad

gatarebas, da agreTve am arCevanisadmi pirad pasuxismgeblobas gulisxmobs, mudam

iyo TviT veberis saqmianobis saxelmZRvanelo principi. igi moiTxovda

gvexelmZRvanela swored im principiT, rogorc mecnierebis sferoSi (misi

idealuri tipebi, arsebiTad mowodebulia, misces mkacri racionaluri

formulireba alternatiul, urTierTgamomricxvel SesaZleblobebs), ise

politikis sferoSi.veberis Tanaxmad “pasuxismgeblobis eTika” savaldebuloa

politikuri liderisaTvis.

roSerTan, knisTan da maierTan polemikaSi veberi miuTiTebda “racionalobis”

cnebis misTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan “RirebulebasTan” – TavisuflebasTan

kavSirze. (SeniSvna: Tu romantikulad ganwyobili knisisaTvis pirovnebis

safuZvelSi Zevs iracionaluri, arafriT ar ganpirobebuli Tavisufleba, maSin

veberis Tanaxmad, adamianuri moqmedebis racionalurobis zoma aris misi

Tavisuflebis zoma. "cxadia, - wers igi, daSvebis simcdare, rom… nebis

“Tavisufleba moqmedebis “iracionalobis” igiveobrivia. specifikuri

“arawinaswarmetyveladoba” tolia “bneli bunebrivi Zalebis”

arawinaswarmetyvelebisa, magram meti arafriT araa - es SeSlilis privilegiaa.

piriqiT, “Tavisuflebis empiriuli grZnobis” yvelaze didi xarisxi axlavs

CvenTvis im moqmedebebs, romlebic Cvens mier gacnobierebulnia, rogorc

racionalurad ganxorcielebadni, e.i. fizikuri an fsiqikuri “iZulebis”, vnebiTi

“afeqtebis” da “SemTxveviTi msjelobebis sicxadis SezRudulobis gareSe, is

moqmedebebi, romlebTac Cven mivsdevT gacnobierebul “mizans” im saSualebaTa

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daxmarebiT, romlebic Cveni codnis Sesabamisad gveCveneba yvelaze adeqvatur

saSualebebad, e.i. miznebs mivsdevT cdis wesebis Sesatyvisad”.

magram veberi bolomde arc racionalisturi tradiciis principebsac ar iziarebs.

igi aRiarebs racionalizmis ara ontologiur, aramed meTodologiur

mniSvnelobas; TviT veberis tendencia erTis mxriv meTodologiisa da ontologiis

gaTiSvisadmi, xolo meores mxriv, meTodologiisa da msoflmxedvelobisa, aixsneba

swored racionalobis principisagan veberis zogierTi gadaxriT. politikur

planSi es gamoixateba klasikuri liberalizmidan veberis gadaxraSi _

daSorebaSi. es daSoreba yvelaze metad SeimCneva masTan politikuri ekonomiis

problemebis ganxilvisas. politikur ekonomias – werda igi – ar SeuZlia

orientacia warmarTos arc eTikur, arc sawarmoo-teqnikur, arc evdemonistur

“idealebze” – mas SeuZlia da unda orientirebul iyos “erovnul” ideebze: misi

mizani unda iyos eris ekonomikuri gaZliereba da gafurCqvna. “eri” veberTan

gvevlineba rogorc mniSvnelovani politikuri “Rirebulebac”. marTalia, veberis

racionalizmi srulebiTac ar atarebda iseT xasiaTs, rogorc germanul

konservatorebTan aqvs mas: veberi SesaZleblad ar miiCnevda “eris” gulisTvis

calkeul individTa politikuri Tavisuflebebis Sewirvas. misi ideali iyo

politikuri Tavisuflebebisa da erovnuli Zlierebis Serwyma. politikuri

liberalizmis erovnul motivebTan Serwyma sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia

germaniisaTvis da aqac veberi ar warmoadgens gansakuTrebulobas, magram igi

“nacionalizmis” ideebs aZlevs ramdenadma sxvagvar dasabuTebas, vidre XX-is

germanuli liberalizmi.

aseTive ormagobaa damaxasiaTebeli formaluri racionalurobisadmi veberiseuli

damokidebulebisadmidac. amerikeli sociologi micmeni Seecada eCvenebina, rom

formaluri nacionalurobisadmi veberis damokidebuleba arsebiTad icvleboda

misi ganviTarebis proceSi. Micmeni Tvlis, rom Tu veberi Tavisi moRvaweobis

pirvel periodSi iyo racionalobis momxre da damcveli, maSin pirveli msoflio

omis Semdeg igi racionalobis princips epyroba kritikulad, upirispirebs ram as

iracionalur qarizmas. Cven gvgonia, rom veberis SemoqmedebaSi aseTi mkveTri

evoluciis dadgena SeuZlebelia. Tu SevadarebT erTmaneTs veberis iseT

qmnilebebs, rogoricaa “protestantuli eTika da katalizmis suli” (igi

ganekuTvneba pirvel periods veberis moRvaweobisas) da “mecniereba rogorc

mowodeba da profesia’ (veberis sicocxlis ukanaskneli weli), maSin erTSic da

meoreSic SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT racionalobis principisadmi veberis

ambivalenturi damokidebuleba. SeiZleba vilaparakoT mxolod aqcentebis Secvlis

Sesaxeb: “gmiruli pesimizmis” ganwyobileba, romelic sustad iyo warmodgenili

axalgazrda veberTan, sicocxlis bolo periodSi wlidan wlamde Zlierdeboda.

ara mxolod racionalobisadmi hqonda vebers ormagi damokidebuleba;

aranakleb ormagad exeba igi mis antipods – qarizmas da TviT misdami yvelaze

ucxo “tradicias”. es garemoeba yovelTvis paralizebas ukeTebda veberis, rogorc

politikosis moqmedebas. ama Tu im politikuri sakiTxis erTmniSvnelovan

gadawyvetas: yoveli dRes napovni gamosavali mas warmoedgina rogorc xvalindeli

Cixi. isini vinc icnobdnen veberis politikur temperaments, gakvirvebulni iyvnen,

rodesac man amjobina mecnieris kariera profesionali politikosis karieras,

magram, rogorc samarTlianad aRniSna momzenma, veberis piradi tragedia

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mdgomareobda imaSi, rom Tumca igi dabadebuli iyo moRvawed, misi aqtiuroba

yovelTvis paralizdeboda gansjis mier.

10. religiis sociologia

idealuri tipebisadmi – racionalurobis, qarizmis, tradiciis mimarT veberiseuli

damokidebulebis ormagoba yvelaze naTlad gamovlinda mis religiis

sociologiaSi.

religiis sociologiaSi veberiseuli gamokvlevebi daiwyo misi Sromidan

“protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli” (1904) da dasrulda didi

istoriul-sociologiuri eqskursebiT, romelic eZRvneba msoflio religiebis

analizs: induizmi, budizmi, konfucianeloba, daoizmi, iudaizmi da sxv. religiis

Sesaxeb veberis SromebSi SeiZleba gamovyoT ori etapi, romlebic gansxvavdebian

ara mxolod sagnis, aramed nawilobriv kvleviTi interesis mimarTulebiTac.

pirvel etapze “protestantul eTikaze” muSaobis periodSi, religiisadmi veberis

interesi ZiriTadad izRudeboda sakiTxiT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra roli iTamaSa

religiuri eTikis Secvlam, romelic ganpirobebuli iyo protestantizmis

warmoSobiTa da ganviTarebiT, Tanamedrove kapitalizmis CamoyalibebaSi da

farTod-cxovrebaSi racionalobis principis gatarebaSi. amitom veberis kvlevis

sagani xdeba religiur-eTikur principebsa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis formebs

Soris kavSiri, Tan veberis polemikuri patosi mimarTulia religiis rogorc

ekonomikur urTierTobaTa produqtis marqsistuli gagebis winaaRmdeg.

“protestantul eTikaSi“ dasaxuli Tema – religiis da ekonomikis kavSiri da

urTierTgavlena – inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas religiis Semdgom veberiseul

gamokvlevebSic. rogor gavlenas axdenen religiur-eTikuri ganwyobani ekonomikuri

saqmianobis ganxorcielebis xasiaTsa da wesze, da rac mTavaria, misi motivaciis

formebze, Semdeg, meurneobis marTvis esa Tu is principi rogor axdenen

religiur-eTikuri principebis “deformirebas” _ ai veberis erT-erTi mTavari Tema

msoflio religiebis kvlevisas. amasTanave analizis ZiriTad saSualebas veberTan

warmoadgens Sedareba: amas moiTxovs idealuri tipizirebis misi meTodi. Sedarebis

safuZvlad uwinares yovlisa, gvemsaxureba (rasakvirvelia, ara gansakuTrebiT) ama

Tu im religiuri eTikis mier daSvebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis racionalizaciis

xarisxi. racionalizaciis xarisxi, rogorc aCvenebs veberi _ ukuproporciulia

magiuri elementis Zalisa, romelic gansxvavebuli xarisxiT arsebobs yovel

religiaSi. dapirispirebuli wyvili “racionaluri-magiuri” warmoadgens analizis

erT-erT instruments “msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTikaSi”. (am saxelwodebiT

gamoaqveyna veberma 1916-1919 wlebSi statiaTa seria religiis sociologiaSi

Jurnal “Archiv fur Sozialwissennschaft und Sozialpolitik” 1916, Bd 41, 1916-17, Bd 42 1917-18, Bd 44, 1918-19, Bd 46).

magram, imis da mixedviT, Tu rogori zomiT gadioda veberi Tanamedrove

kapitalizmis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb sakiTxidan sociologiis

rogorc sazogadoebis Sesaxeb dadebiTi empiriuli mecnierebis uSualo Seqmnaze,

im zomiT, ra zomiTac igi iazrebda religiuri faqtoris rolsa da adgils

socialuri warmonaqmnebis struqturaSi, misi religiis sociologia _

adrindelTan erTad, iRebda datvirTvas: swored religiis sociologiis

daxmarebiT cdilobda veberi aRmoeCina-aexsna socialuri moqmedebis kategoriis

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Sinaarsi: religiis sociologias Tavis sagnad aqvs subieqturad nagulisxmevi

azri-sazrisi. Tu samarTlisa da saxelmwifos sociologiaSi veberi aanalizebs

“sxvaze orientaciis” formebs, maSin religiis sociologiaSi igi axdens sazrisTa

ZiriTadi saxeebis tipologizacias, rogorc isini gamodiodnen istoriaSi.

saboloo jamSi, religiis sociologia iqca mTeli veberiseuli sociologiis erT-

erT centralur ganyofilebad.

rogorc realur socialur moqmedebaSi Znelia erTmaneTisagan gamoyo misi

momentebi _ “subieqturad nagulisxmevi sazrisi” da “sxvaze orientacia”, aseve

Znelia erTmaneTisagan ganvacalkevoT religiur-eTikuri da saxelmwifoebriv-

samarTlebrivi warmonaqmnebi, romlebic istoriaSi mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebulni. magram analizis mizniT veberi Segnebulad anawevrebs am

momentebs, raTa Semdeg kvlevis msvlelobaSi axsnas maTi kavSiris “meqanizmebi”.

amitom “msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTikaSi” bWoba exeba ukve ara mxolod

religiis da meurneobis Tanafardobas, aramed religiisa da Zalauflebis

formebis, religiisa da xelovnebis, mecnierebis, filosofiis da a.S. Tanafardobis

sakiTxebsac.

magram miuxedavad Temis gafarToebisa da gaRrmavebisa religiuri eTikis analizis

meTodologiuri saSualebebi veberTan mniSvnelovnad adrindeli rCeba.

SedarebisTvis etalonad aqac, iseve rogorc misi sociologiis sxva

ganyofilebebSi rCeba mizanracionaluri moqmedeba, xolo mis yvelaze wminda

variants warmoadgenda ekonomikuri moqmedeba . amitom religiis swored sameurneo

eTikasTan kavSiris tipis dadgena veberisaTvis kvlavindeburad rCeba mniSvnelovan

saSualebad rogorc TviT religiis analizisaTvis, ise samarTlisadmi,

saxelmwifosadmi da a.S. misi damokidebulebis analizisaTvis.

es Sedareba veberis mier ar iwarmoeba religiuri moqmedebis garegnulad

fiqsirebuli momentebis safuZvelze _ swored rom religiur movlenebTan

mimarTebaSi gvaZlevs es midgoma yvelaze cotas. mxolod Sesrulebul moqmedebaTa

sazrisis, e.i. moqmedi individebis motivTa gageba gvaZlevs religiis

sociologiuri analizis SesaZleblobas. manam, sanam movaxdendeT religiuri

qcevis tipTa klasifikacias da Sedarebas, saWiroa davinaxoT is sagani, romelic

Sedarebul da klasificirebul unda iqnas. religiis sociologiaSi

gansakuTrebiT naTelia gagebis meTodis roli. Tu idealuri tipis konstruqcia

vebers aaxloebs pozitivizmTan da nominalizmTan, maSin “gagebis” misi principi

piriqiT, moiTxovs ufro Wvretasa da “Tanagancdas, rac safuZvels gvaZlevs

SevadaroT veberis religiis sociologia Eedmund huserlisa da maqs Seleris

fenomenologias. swored aman misca saSualeba pitirim sorokins, emtkicebina, rom

religiis veberiseuli sociologia arsebiTad aris mTlianad kulturis

sociologiaa. veberiseuli midgoma erTi mxriv gansxvavdeba franguli skolisagan

(diurkemi, levi-briuli da sxv.) da meores mxriv teilorisa da freizerisagan

momdinare inglisuri tradiciebisagan. rogorc franguli skolisaTvis, ise

ingliselebisTvis uwinares yovlisa, damaxasiaTebelia religiis genezisis, misi

adrindeli formebis kvleva: araa SemTxveviTi, rom erTnic da meorenic mimarTaven

pirvelyofili sazogadoebis religiur warmodgenebs, da misgan amosvlisas

ganixilaven religiuri cnobierebis rogorc aseTis struqturas. ingliseli

eTnografebi da religiaTmcodneni, xelmZRvaneloben ra evolucionizmis

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principebiT, ver iazreben religia gaigon sxvagvarad Tu ara rogorc misi

warmoSobis dadgenis gziT. Ddiurkemi, romelic Tvlida rom religiisa da

socialurobis cneba sazogadod rom vTqvaT, igiveobrivia,ganixilavs religiis

arsebisa da warmoSobis problemas sazogadoebis arsebisa warmoSobis

igiveobrivad, _ amitom gasagebia, Tu rogor mniSvnelobas aniWebs igi religiis

sociologiaSi mimdinare gamokvlevebs.

ramdenadac veberi centraluri saxiT ar svams religiis warmoSobis sakiTxs,

amdenad igi specialurad ar ganixilavs sakiTxs misi arsebis Sesaxebac. rogorc

sworad SeniSna e. kasirerma, Tavis sociologiaSi veberi svams sakiTxs religiis

ara empiriul da TviT Teoriul warmoSobazec ki, aramed mis wminda

“Sedgenilobaze” (Bestand), “Cvevebze”. sazogadod saqme unda gvqondes ara religiis

“arsebasTan”, gansazRvruli saxis erTobis _ Temis moqmedebis (Gemeinschaftslandeln) pirobebTan da SedegebTan, romelTa gagebac aqac SeiZleba mopovebul iqnas

mxolod calkeuli individis subieqturi gancdebis, warmodgenebis, miznebisagan

amosvliT; e.i. “sazrisisagan” amosvliT, radgan maTi garegnuli mim dinareoba

umaRlesi xarisxiT mravalsaxeobrivia.’’ moTxovniT amovideT calkeuli

individebisa misi motivebis-gancdebis, warmodgenebis, miznebisagan _ veberi

xelmZRvanelobs religiis gamokvlevebis drosac. amitom gasagebia, rom igi

diurkemisagan gansxvavebiT xazs usvams yovelgvari, maT Soris primitiuli,

religiis savsebiT sxva moments _ misi azriT magiur da kultobriv moqmedebebs

mudam aqvT amqveyniuri (miwieri) miznebi. “moqmedebebi, romlebic motivirebulni

arian religiurad an magiurad... Tavdapirveladve mimarTulni arian amqveyniur

miznebze”. Eesaa uwinares yovlisa, amindis regulireba (wvimis gamowveva, qariSxlis

moTviniereba-Cadgoma da a.S.) avadmyofobisagan gankurneba (maT Soris avadmyofis

sxeulisagan boroti sulebis gandevna), momavali xdomilebebis winaswarmetyveleba

da a.S. swored ramdenadac magiur da ritualur moqmedebebs _ veberis rwmeniT _

TavianT miznad aqvT garkveuli, savsebiT amqveyniuri da am azriT racionaluri

rezultatebis _ Sedegebis miRweva, amdenad igi SesaZleblad Tvlis

daakvalificiros es moqmedeba, rogorc “ukidures SemTxvevaSi SefardebiT

racionalur” moqmedebad.

religiis veberiseuli sociologiis meore mniSvnelovani aspeqtia _ misi

yuradRebis gamaxvileba individis araCveulebrivi, zebunebrivi unarebis rolis

Sesaxeb, romlis wyalobiTac mas SeuZlia iyos magikosi, Samani, winaswarmetyveli,

axali religiis damaarsebeli. es unarebi (individualuri qarizma) warmoadgenen

veberis azriT, uzarmazar socialur Zalas, magram iracionalur Zalas, romelsac

igi upirispirebs racionalur faqtorebs. amave dros qarizma veberis mier kvlav

ganixileba rogorc faqtori, romelic miuTiTebs individuumze da romelic

moiTxovs imas, rom mxedvelobaSi miviRoT swored individualuri moqmedeba

rogorc socialuri procesis ujredi.

Tavisi interesebisa da meTodis Sesatyvisad veberi irCevs kvlevis sagansac:

ZiriTadad igi swavlobs ganviTarebul sazogadoebaTa religiebs, e.i. msoflio

religiebs, romlebic gulisxmoben socialuri diferenciaciis SedarebiT maRal

dones, mniSvnelovan inteleqtualur ganviTarebas, naTeli TviTcnobierebis mqone

pirovnebis arsebobas. marTalia, ritualur-kultobriv moments adgili TviT

msoflio religiebSic aqvs, magram am zomiT, ra zomiTac aq sustdeba jgufuri

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sawyisi da gamoiyofa individualuri, izrdeba dogmatur da eTikur elementTa

mniSvneloba adaT-wesebTan da ritualebTan SedarebiT. Dda ai aq veberiseuli

meTodologia, romelic moiTxovs moqmed individTa motivebis analizs, poulobs

kvlevis Sesatyvis sagans.

religiuri cxovrebis maRalganviTarebuli formebis uzarmazar masalaze

empiriuli dakvirvebebisa da Sedarebebis gziT veberi afiqsirebs, sad da rogori

socialuri arsebobisas, romel socialur fenebsa da profesiul jgufebs Soris

Warbobs religiaSi ritualur-kultobrivi sawyisi, sad asketur-mosaqme, sad

mistikur mWvretelobiTi, sad inteleqtualur-dogmaturi. mag.: veberis Tanaxmad,

magiuri elementebi yvelaze ufro damaxasiaTebelia miwaTmoqmed xalxTa

religiebisaTvis da _ maRalganviTarebul kulturaTa farglebSi _ glexTa

fenisaTvis; racionalur xasiaTs atarebs qalaqur fenaTa religiebi, kerZod

xelosanTa, romlebic naklebaa damokidebuli, vidre glexebi garegan bunebriv

pirobebze da gacilebiT metad arian damokidebulni Sromis ritmulad swor,

racionalur organizaciaze. magram ramdenadac msoflio religiebi, rogorc wesi,

warmoiqmnebian da vrceldebian ara mxolod erT fenaSi, amdenad maTSi Taviseburi

SerwymiT arseboben sxvadasxva momentTa mTeli rigi.

magaliTisaTvis gavCerdeT konfucianelobis veberiseul analizze. marTalia,

mkacri azriT, konfucianelobas arc ki SeiZleba religia ewodos, rameTu masSi ar

arsebobs mag: saiqio cxovrebis rwmena, magram misi socialuri mniSvnelobisa da im

rolis mixedviT, romelic man iTamaSa Cinuri kulturis SigniT, igi veberis

mixedviT SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT msoflio religiebs. konfucianeloba, ambobs

veberi zRvrulad realisturia, misTvis ucxoa miRmuri samyarosadmi interesi.

konfucianuri eTikis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani saTnoeba _ sikeTenia:

dRegrZeloba, janmrTeloba, simdidre _ erTi sityviT, bednieri _ keTildReobiT

savse miwieri sicocxle. Aamitom misTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli arc esqatologiuri

motivebi, arc saiqio cxovrebis rwmenasTan dakavSirebuli codvaTa monaniebis _

gamosyidvis, xsnis motivebi, misTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli; da Tumca CineTSic,

rogorc aRniSnavs veberi, arsebobda kidec amqveyniuri mxsneli _ imperatoris

mesianisturi imedi da rwmena, magram mas ar miuRia utopiis rwmenis is forma,

romelic damaxasiaTebelia iudevelobisa an qristianobisTvis.

saboloo jamSi saxelmwifoebrivi kulti iyo xazgasmiT gonivruli – saRi da

martivi – ubralo: msxverpli, ritualuri locva, musika da ritmuli cekva.

kultidan mkacrad iyo gamoricxuli yovelgvari origiastuli elementi.

konfucianelobisTvis ucxo iyo rogorc eqstativizmi, ise asketizmic: yvelaferi

es warmodgenili iyo iracionalur sawyisad, romelsac uwesrigobisa da SfoTis

suliskveTeba Sehqonda mkacrad racionalur eTikaSi da klasikurad mowesrigebul

kultSi. “rasakvirvelia, oficialur konfucianelobaSi ar iyo individualuri

locvebi am sityvis dasavluri azriT; man icoda mxolod ritualuri formebi”.

adamiansa da RmerTs Soris individualuri, piradi urTierTobis ararsebobis gamo

SeuZlebeli iyo warmoSobiliyo “Sewyalebis”, “RvTis rCeulobis” ideebi. “rogorc

budizmi, konfucianeloba iyo mxolod eTika. magram budizmis sapirispirod, igi

iyo gansakuTrebiT Sida samyaroseuli profanuli eTika da budizmTan ufro

kontrastulad igi iyo Segueba samyarosadmi, misi wesrigisa da pirobebisadmi...”

weswyobileba _ wyoba, wesrigi da harmonia _ ai konfucianuri eTikis ZiriTadi

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principebi, romlebic Tanabrad misaRebia saxelmwifoebrivi viTarebisa da

adamianuri sulis mdgomareobisaTvis. “konfucianelobis goneba”, _ wers veberi _

iyo wesrigis racionalizmi... aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis amocanebi mTlianad

daqvemdebarebuli iyo am ZiriTad Rirebulebebze. ganaTleba atarebda humanitarul

xasiaTs (“literaturul xasiaTs”): klasikuri Cinuri literaturis codna

leqsTwyobis xelovnebis floba, mravalricxovan ritualTa faqizi codna _ ai is

wminda tradiciuli elementebi, romlebic aucilebeli iyo aeTvisebina Cinel

aristokrats.konfucionaluri eTikis specifikaa is, rom miuxedavad

racionalizmisa igi ar aris magiis mimarT mtrul damokidebulebaSi. marTalia,

eTikuri saTnoebani magiur Tilismebze _ jadoze da Selocvebze maRla dganan:

“magia saTnoebaTa winaaRmdeg uZluria”, _ Tvlida konfuci, magram principulad

magia ar aris uaryofili, aRiarebulia, rom mas Zalaufleba _ Zala aqvs borot

sulebze, Tumca ara aqvs Zala keTilze _ da es Seesatyviseboda bunebis Sesaxeb

konfucianur warmodgenebs, romelic savse iyo sulebiT rogorc keTili, ise

boroti sulebiT. amgvarad, veberi aCvenebs, rom konfucianelobaSi SeerTebuli iyo

ori sawyisi: eTikur-racionaluri da iracionalur – magiuri; aq racionalizms

hqonda gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba racionalizmis

dasavluri tipisgan: igi gaerTianebuli iyo magiasTan da tradicionalizmTan.

Swored am garemoebaTa ZaliT CineTSi ver SeZlo warmoqmna mecnierebis im tipma,

romelic ganviTarda dasavlur-evropul niadagze, da ver SesZlo Seeqmna

mmarTvelobis formalur-racionaluri tipi.

SemdgomSi sxva msoflio religiur-eTikur sistemaTa individualuri saxis

ganxilvisas, veberi iZleva maT klasifikacias imasTan SedarebiT, da

SesabamisobaSi, Tu saxeldobr romeli socialuri fenebi iyvnen am sistemaTa

mTavari matareblebi: konfucianelobis matarebeli _ msoflios mamoZravebeli

biorokrati, induizmisa _ msoflios momwesrigebeli magia_jadoqari, budizmis _

msoflioSi moxetiale beri _ mWvreteli, islamisa _ msoflios mpyrobeli _

damamorCilebeli meomari; qristianobisa _ moxetiale xelosani.

veberis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro pariebis e.w. religiis problemam, e.i.

jgufTa religiam, romlebic idgnen socialuri ierarqiis yvelaze dabal

safexurze an am ierarqiis miRmac ki imyofebodnen. Tu yvelaze privilegirebul,

aristokratiuli fenebisaTvis, rogorc wesi (magram ara gansakuTrebiT),

damaxasiaTebelia interesTa mimarTuleba amqveyniur samyaroze, mowesrigebis

miswrafeba (konfucianeloba), organizebis miswrafeba (induizmi), am samyaros

gaSuqeba _ ganaTeba (samyaros msoflios am “gaSuqebis” miswrafebis elementebi

SeiZleba vipovoT qristianobis kaTolikur da marTlmadideblur variantebSi),

maSin “pariebis religiaSi” pirvel planze gamodian esqatologiuri motivebi,

“miRmurisaken” miswrafebani.

“pariebis religiuri eTikis” iudaizmis masalaze analizisas, gansakuTrebiT

winaswarmetyvelTa religiebis, agreTve sxvadasxva Sida qristianul

mimdinareobaTa da seqtaTa analizisas, veberi aCvenebs, rom “pariaTa”

religiurobis matarebelni arasdros yofilan monebi an Tavisufali medReuri

mSromelebi, romlebic veberis mixedviT, saerTod ar arian aqtiurni religiur

52

mimarTebaSi. am gamonakliss ar Seadgens, veberis Tanaxmad, misi Tanamedrove

proletariatic. religiur mimarTebaSi yvelaze aqtiurni araprivilegirebulTa

fenebSi, veberis mixedviT, arian wvrili xelosnebi, ufro privilegirebuli

fenebisgan gamosuli gaRaribebulni (mag: Cinel mandarinTa) an mRvdelTa –

moZRvarTa (induizmi, iudaizmi) da a.S. inteleqtualizmi.

veberi religiis klasifikacias axdens agreTve samyarosadmi maTi sxvadasxva

damokidebebulebis safuZvelze. mag: konfucianelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

samyaros miReba; piriqiT, samyaros uaryofa da miuRebloba damaxasiaTebelia

budizmisaTvis. indoeTi, veberis mixedviT, esaa religiur-eTikur moZRvrebaTa

akvani, romlebic Teoriulad da praqtikuladac uaryofen samyaros _ moflios.

zogierTi religia samyaros _ msoflios iRebs misi gaumjobesebisa da

gamosworebis pirobiT: aseTebia islami, qristianoba, zoroastrizmi. imisagan,

miiReba samyaro Tu ara da Tu miiReba, maSin rogori zomiT, damokidebulia

religiuri eTikis mimarTeba politikis sferosadmi, sazogadod Zalauflebisadmi

da Zaladobisadmi. samyaros _ msoflios uarmyofeli religia, rogorc wesi ,

apolitikuria, igi gamoricxavs Zaladobas; aq yvelaze Tanmimdevrulia budizmi,

Tumca araZaladobis ideebi damaxasiaTebelia agreTve qristianobisTvisac. iq,

sadac samyaro mTlianad miRebulia, religiuri Sexedulebebi, SeniSnavs veberi,

advilad eTanadebian politikur sferos, sazogadod magiuri religiebi ar

upirispirdebian politikas.

msoflio religiebi atareben, rogorc wesi, soteriologiur xasiaTs. xsnis

problema _ erT-erTi centraluria religiur eTikaSi. veberi aanalizebs

religiur-eTikur ganwyobebs imisda mixedviT. Tu xsnis rogor gzebs gvTavazoben

isini; uwinares yovlisa, SesaZlebelia ori varianti: xsna sakuTari moqmedebebis

meSveobiT, mag: budizmSi, da xsna Suamavali _ mxsnelis meSveobiT (iudaizmi,

islami, qristianoba). pirvel SemTxvevaSi xsnis meTodebia an ritualuri sakulto

moqmedebani da ceremoniebi, an socialuri moqmedebani (moyvasis siyvaruli, sikeTis

mqneloba, axloblebze zrunva _ konfucianelobaSi), da bolos, TviTsrulyofileba.

meore SemTxvevaSic (xsna macxovris meSveobiT) agreTve ramdenime variantia xsnisa.

pirveli, institucionalizaciis (eklesiisadmi mikuTvnebuloba rogorc xsnis

piroba kaTolicizmSi) meSveobiT; meore, gangebis, bedisweris wyalobis meSveobiT

(islami, kalvinizmi).

bolos veberi ganasxvavebs xsnis gzebs, romlebic damokidebulnia ara imdenad

morwmuneTa mier mcnebebisa da saritualo moqmedebebis Sesrulebaze, ramdenadac

maT Sinagan ganwyobebze. aqac igi aRmoaCens or gansxvavebul tips: xsna aqtiuri

eTikuri moqmedebiT da mistikuri Wvretis meSveobiT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi morwmune

acnobierebs Tavis Tavs rogorc RvTaebrivi nebis iaraRs. misi saqmianobis eTikuri

xasiaTis aucilebeli pirobaa _ asketizmi. aqac Tavis mxriv SesaZlebelia ori

SemTxveva: an mizania msofliosagan gaqceva _ da maSin asketizmi aris

ganTavisufleba yvela jaWvisagan, romlebic adamians msofliosTan akavSireben,

anda mizania samyaros _ msoflios gardaqmna (kalvinizmi) _ da aqac asketizmi

emsaxureba Sida ekonomikuri, mecnieruli da sxva saxis saqmianobaTa miznebs.

meore _ WvretiT _ gzas miznad aqvs mistikuri ganaTebis mdgomareobis miRweva,

union mistica-s miRweva, RvTaebrivSi gansveneba. aqac askezi atarebs racionalur

53

xasiaTs. magram racionalur-asketuri qceva mimarTulia amqveynidan gandgomaze da

usasrulobis WvretaSi Caflobaze.

rogorc vxedavT, klasifikaciisa da Sedarebebis is meTodebi, romlebsac mudam

mimarTavs veberi, moiTxoven religiuri cnobierebis fenomenTa dapirispireba-

Sepirispirebasa da mudmiv gansxvavebas. gansxvavebis safuZvlad veberTan kvlav

gvevlinebian idealuri tipebi, romlebic gamodian rogorc racionaluri,

qarizmatuli da tradiciuli.

am idealuri tipebis ukan dganan TviT veberis “ukanaskneli Rirebulebani”: 1. Zmuri

siyvarulis eTika (“sikeTe”); 2. Rirebulebebisagan ganTavisuflebuli da wmindad

funqcionalurad gamxdari “goneba”, e.i. formaluri racionaluroba (yofili

“WeSmariteba”, sekuliarizebul meqanizmamde); 3. stiqiur-eqstatikuri sawyisi,

qarizma _ magiur religiaTa safuZveli. (iracionaluri “Zala”, stiqiuri

“Zala_Zliereba”, “mSveniereba”, romlis mxarezea yvelaze iracionaluri

sasicocxlo Zala _ sqesobrivi siyvaruli).

ueWvelia, rom es sami “sawyisi” _ idealuri tipebia, rom empiriul sinamdvileSi

isini wminda saxiT, rogorc wesi, ar gvxvdebian, magram ueWvelia isic, rom yvela

isini warmoadgenen ZiriTad “Rirebulebebs”, romlebic TviT veberis

msoflmxedvelobaSic iseve iswrafvian erTmaneTisken da gamoricxaven erTmaneTs,

rogorc maT Sesabamisad konstruirebuli idealuri tipebi. “Cven dRes viciT ara

mxolod is, rom raRac SeiZleba iyos mSvenieri, Tumca igi ar aris keTili, aramed

isic,rom igi mSvenieria swored imaSi, raSic igi ar aris keTili; es CvenTvis

cnobilia nicSes droidan, xolo kidev ufro adre Tqven ipoviT mas “borotebis

yvavilebSi”, rogorc bodlerma uwoda misi leqsebis tips da ukve moxetiale-

moaruli sibrZnea is, rom raRac SeiZleba iyos WeSmariti, imdenad. ramdenadac igi

“araa mSvenieri, araa wminda da araa keTili”. (veberi, rC. Canawerebi gv.726).

poliTeizmi “RmerTTa maradiuli brZola” _ veberis azrovnebis

msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvelia, religiis sociologiaSi igi gamoCnda yvelaze

gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT, ramdenadac TviT veberi ganixilavs religiis rogorc

yvela RirebulebaTa ukanasknel, sxvaze dauyvanad safuZvels; erTmaneTis

dapirispirebul _ mebrZol “RirebulebaTa” Serigeba, veberis mier SeuZlebelia ,

rom veraviTari mecnieruli azrovneba, veraviTari filosofiuri meditacia, veraa

SemZle ipovos sakmarisi safuZveli RirebulebaTa erTi jgufis meoreze

upiratesobis dasadgenad. “Tu rogor iazreben frangul da germanul kulturebs

Soris “mecnieruli” arCevanis SesaZleblobas, es me ar vici. aqac igive kamaTia

gansxvavebul RmerTTa da kamaTi maradiulia... xolo am RmerTebze da maT

brZolaze batonobs bediswera _ bedi, magram ara “mecniereba...”…romeli adamiani

gabedavs “mecnierulad uaryos” mTiani qadagebis eTika, magaliTad debuleba

“borotebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gauwevlobis Sesaxeb” an igavi adamianis Sesaxeb,

romelic uSvers marcxena da marjvena loyas da miuxedavad amisa, naTelia, rom aq,

Tu amas SevxedavT saero TvalsazrisiT, naqadagebia eTika, romelic moiTxovs

sakuTari Rirsebis grZnobebze uaris Tqmas. saWiroa, arCevani gavakeToT religiur

Rirsebaze, romelsac gvaZlevs es eTika da mamakacur Rirsebas Soris, rom eTika

qadagebs raRaca savsebiT sxvas: “winaaRmdegoba gauwios borotebas, sxvagvarad Sen

pasuxismgebeli iqnebi Seni wili pasuxismgeblobisa, Tu igi dagZalavs”. individis

saboloo ganwyobis Sesabamisad erT-erTi am eTikuri poziciebidan amodis

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eSmakisagan, meore _ RmerTisagan, da individma unda gadaWras, vinaa misTvis RmerTi

da vin _ eSmaki”. (726-727).

es “poliTeizmi” “saboloo RirebulebaTa” doneze avlens veberSi ukve ara

imdenad kantisa da neokantianelebis mimdevars, ramdenadac moazrovnes, romelic

Tavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi ganwyobebiTa da tradiciebiT axlosaa hobsis,

makiavelis, nicSes poziciebTan. swored maTgan miiRo veberma memkvidreobiT

moTxovna mkacri da vaJkacuri miswrafebisa WeSmaritebis Semecnebisaken, rogorc

ar unda yofiliyo igi. swored am tradiciisagan momdinareobs veberis Rrma

rwmena, rom WeSmariteba _ ufro saSineli da mkacria, vidre damamSvidebeli.

Taviseburi “winaaRmdegobizmi”, “bedisweris siyvaruli”, rogori mkacric ar unda

iyos igi, veberma memkvidreobiT miiRo nicSesgan.

veberis sociologiam Tavis TavSi gaaerTiana yvela is winaaRmdegobani, romelic

damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove burJuaziuli sazogadoebisaTvis. es winaaRmdegobani

veberis azrovnebas afeTqeben Signidan. marqsisti sociologebis azriT, saWiroa,

TviT wanamZRvrebis Secvla, burJuaziuli tipis msoflmxedvelobis gadalaxva,

rasac veberi principulad da Segnebulad akeTebs da ar surs, rameTu “me

burJuaziuli klasis wevri var, vgrZnob Tavs aseTad da aRzrdili var misi

SexedulebebiTa da idealebiT” _ araorazrovnad acxadebda igi jer kidev 1885

wels.

55

veberis sociologia da meTodologia

jorj ritceris mixedviT (moamzada ana kvintraZem)

1. istoria da sociologia 2. Verstehen 3. kauzaloba 4. idealuri tipebi 5. Rirebulebebi 6. substanciuri sociologia 7. ra aris sociologia? 8. socialuri moqmedeba 9. klasi, statusi da partia 10. mmarTvelobis struqtura 11. racionalizacia 12. religia da kapitalizmis aRmasvla

maqs veberi (1864-1920) savaraudod yvelaze cnobili da gavleniani figuraa

sociologiur TeoriaSi. veberis Sromebi imdenad gansxvavebuli da sxvadasxva

interpretaciis mqonea, rom man sociologiuri Teoriis sakmaod farTo nawilze

moaxdina gavlena. mas namdvilad hqonda gavlena struqturul funqcionalizmze,

talkot parsonsis Sromebidan gamomdinare. mas aseve didi gavlena hqonda

konfliqtisa da kritikuli Teoriebis tradiciaze, romelic iseve gansazRvra

veberis ideebma, rogorc marqsis orientaciam, iseve rogorc iurgen habermasma,

rogorc kritikuli-Teoriis tradiciebis STamomavalma. simboluri

interaqcionizmic moeqca veberis gavlenis qveS, verstehen-isa da sxva Sromebis gamo. alfred Sutci, romelsac Cven mecamete TavSi ganvixilavT, veberis

mniSvnelobebisa da motivebis Sesaxeb Teoriebis gavlenis qveS iyo, da man Tavis

mxriv umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula fenomenologiisa da eTnomeTodologiis

ganviTarebaSi. veberi iyo da rCeba mniSvnelovnad gavlenian Teoretikosad.

am Tavs Cven daviwyebT veberis im ideebis gacnobiT, romelic socialuri

mecnierebebis meTodologias exeba (1903-17/1949) (rac dResac ki sakmaod

mniSvnelovani da nayofieria). am ideebis srulyofilad gageba mniSvnelovania

veberis substanciuri da Teoriuli ideebis gasagebad. veberi upirispirdeboda

wminda abstraqtul Teoritizirebas. amis sapirispirod misi Teoriuli ideebi

Caflulia empiriul, ZiriTadad istoriul, gamokvlevebSi. veberis meTodologia

gansazRvravda mis kvlevas, am oris kombinacia ki qmnis misi Teoriuli

mimdinareobis bazas.

meTodologia

istoria da sociologia

veberi meTodologiis sakiTxebs did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda. rogorc lasmani

da velodi aRniSnaven “vebers namdvilad ar hqonia kanonebis krebuli swori

praqtikisaTvis... misi meTodologiuri naSromebi ufro metad warmoadgens

56

filosofiur refleqsias istoriuli da socialuri codnis debulebebis

xasiaTisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb” (1989:192). am zogadi sakiTxebis ganxilva

veberisaTvis “nayofieri inteleqtualuri Sromis mosamzadebel fazas”

warmoadgenda (1903-17/1949:115; ixileT aseve mariana veberi, 1975:309). veberi

fokusirebas axdenda substanciur samuSaoze: “mxolod substanciuri problemebis

gadawyvetiT SesZlebs mecniereba Tavisi meTodebis ganviTarebas. TumcaRa, mxolod

epistemologiur da meTodologiur refleqsiebs arasdros ar uTamaSiaT

gadamwyveti roli aseT ganviTarebaSi” (1903-17/1949:116).

imisaTvis, rom veberis meTodologias CavwvdeT, jer misi damokidebuleba unda

gavigoT istoriisa da sociologiis Soris urTierTobis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa,

rom veberi samarTlis studenti iyo da misi pirveli akademiuri samsaxuric

samarTalTan iyo dakavSirebuli, misi adreuli kariera istoriisadmi interesiT

xasiaTdeba. misi sadoqtoro disertaciac Sua saukuneebisa da romis istoriul

Seswavlas Seexeboda. Tumca, mogvianebiT wlebSi is ufro da ufro metad

identificirdeba sociologiasTan. arsebobs mosazreba, rom swored 1909 wlidan,

rodesac veberma Tavis masiur Sromaze “ekonomika da sazogadoeba” daiwyo muSaoba,

miuZRvna sakuTari Tavi mTlianad sociologias (R. Frank, 1976:13).

rac ufro metad miiwevda veberi sociologiis SedarebiT axali dargisaken, miT

ufro metad cdilobda Tavisi damokidebulebis gamorkvevas ukve Camoyalibebul

istoriis dargTan. miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeuli maTgani saWiroebda meores,

sociologiis amocanad is istoriisTvis “samuSaos Sesrulebas” ganixilavda (Roth, 1976:307). veberis sityvebiTve, sociologia asrulebda “mosamzadebel, sakmaod

umniSvnelo samuSaos” (R. Frank, 1976:21). veberma gansazRvra gansxvaveba

sociologiasa da istorias Soris: “sociologia miznad isaxavs empiriuli

procesebis tipiuri konceptebis da generalizebuli formebis Camoyalibebas. es

ganasxvavebs mas istoriisgan, romelic orientirebulia kulturuli mniSvnelobis

matarebeli individualuri qmedebebis, struqturebisa da pirovnebebis mizez-

Sedegobriv analizsa da axnaze” (1921/1968:19). miuxedavad am mkveTri gansxvavebisa,

veberi mainc axerxebs am oris dakavSirebas Tavis SromebSi. misi sociologia

orientirebuli iyo naTeli cnebebis ganviTarebaze, raTa SesZleboda istoriuli

fenomenebis mizez-Sedegobrivi gaanalizeba. veberma Tavisi idealuri procedura

gansazRvra rogorc: “istoriul realobaSi individis konkretuli qmedebebis

darwmunebiTi pasuxismgebloba konkretul istoriul SemTxvevebSi im zusti

empiriuli monacemebis Seswavlis gziT, romlebic amorCeuli iqna specifiur

TvalTaxedvebze dayrdnobiT” (1903-17/1949:69). Cven veberi SegviZlia istoricistul

sociologad miviCnioT.

sociologiis Sesaxeb veberis Sexedulebaze gavlena iqonia im inteleqtualurma

debatebma (Methodenstreit) romlebic im periodis germaniaSi mimdinareobda. amaTgan

yvelaze mniSvnelovani Seexeboda istoriisa da mecnierebis urTierTmimarTebas. am

debatebis saZirkvels warmoadgenda is Sexedulebebi romlebic (pozitivistebi)

Tvlian rom istoria Sedgeba zogadi (nomoTeturi) kanonebisagan da isini

romlebsac (subieqtivistebi) istoria dayavT idiosinkretul (ideografiul)

moqmedebebsa da movlenebze. (pozitivistebi Tvlidnen, rom istoria SegviZlia

57

ganvixiloT rogorc naturaluri mecniereba da obieqtivistebi am ors

radikalurad ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisgan.) magaliTad, nomoTeturi mozarovne

moaxdens ganzogadoebebs socialuri revoluciebis Sesaxeb, xolo ideografiuli

analitikosi fokusirebas im specifiur movlenebze moaxdens, romlebsac

amerikuli revoluciisaken mivyavarT. veberi am or radikalur mimarTebas

uaryofda da istoriuli sociologiis gansxvavebul gzas anviTarebda. veberis

azriT, istoria Sedgeba unikaluri empiriuli movlnebisagan: empiriul doneze

veranairi generalizeba ver moxerxdeba. sociologebma erTmaneTisgan unda

ganacalkevon empiriuli samyaro im konceptualuri universidan, romelsac isini

qmnian. konceptebi verasdros srulad ver aRweren empiriul samyaros, Tumca maTi

gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia realobis ukeTesad gagebisaTvis. am konceptebis

meSveobiT sociologebs SeuZliaT generalizeba, magram es ganzogadoebebi ar

warmoadgenen istorias da ar SeiZleba maTi empiriul realobaSi areva.

miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi ganzogadoebebis momxre iyo, is mainc uaryofda im

istorikosebis Sexedulebas, romelTac istoria kanonebis martiv Semadgenlobze

dayavdaT: “konkretuli istoriuli fenomenebis Sesaxeb codnis misaRebad, yvelaze

zogadi kanonebi yvelaze nakleb Rirebulia, radgan isini Tavs arideben Sinaarss”

(1903-17/1949:80). magaliTad, veberi uaryofda erT-erT istorikoss (vilhelm roSers),

romelic xalxTa istoriuli evoluciis kanonebs eZebda, da Tvlida, rom xalxebma

ganviTarebis tipiuri stadiebi ganvles (1903-06/1975). rogorc veberma gansazRvra,

“empiriuli realobis “kanonebze” dayvana azrs moklebulia” (1903-17/1949:80). sxva

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: “kulturis sistemuri mecniereba azrs moklebulia Tavis

TavSive” (veberi, 1903-17/1949:84). es Sexeduleba asaxulia mraval istoriul

kvlevebSi. magaliTad Tavis kvlevaSi antikuri civilizaciis Sesaxeb veberi

acxadebs, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul doneze adreuli wlebi imis

winamZRvari iyo, rac momavalSi moxdeboda, “xmelTaSuazRvis evropuli

civilizacia ar xasiaTdeba sruli ciklebiT an lineuri progresiT. zogjer

antikuri civilizaciis fenomenebi sruliad uCinardebodnen da Semdeg sruliad

axali konteqstiT aRmocendebodnen” (1896-1906/1976:366).

germanuli istoriuli mecnierebis am ori midgomis uaryofiT veberi ayalibebs

Tavis sakuTar perspeqtivas, romelic am ori orientaciis sinTezs warmoadgens.

veberi grZnobda, rom istoria (anu, istoriuli sociologia) aucileblad iyo

dakavebuli rogorc individualizmiT, ise ganzogadebiT. maTi gaerTianeba

moxerxda zogadi konceptebis ganviTarebiTa da gamoyenebiT (romelTac Cven

mogvianebiT “idealur tipebs” vuwodebT) kerZo individis, movlenisa Tu

sazogadoebis Seswavlisas. es zogadi konceptebi gamoyenebuli unda iqnas

“TiToeuli ganviTarebis identifikaciisa da gansazRvris dros, im Taviseburebebis

gansazRvrisas, romlebic ase ansxvaveben erT maTgans meorisagan. amis Semdeg, ukve

SesaZlebeli gaxdeba im mizezebis Zieba, romlebmac am gansxvavebisken ubiZga

movlenebs” (veberi, 1896-1906/1976:385). am tipis mizez-Sedegobrivi (kauzaluri)

analizisas veberi istoriis manZilze mxolod erTi kauzaluri mizezis Zebnas

uaryofda, yovel SemTxvevaSi cnobier doneze mainc. amis nacvlad, man Tavisi

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konceptualuri arsenali mocemuli istoriuli SemTxvevisaTvis kauzaluri

mniSvnelovnebis xarisxiT sxvadasxvagvarad daalaga (Roth, 1971).

veberis Sexeduleba istoriuli sociologiis Sesaxeb garkveulwilad

gansazRvruli iyo erTis mxriv empiriuli istoriuli monacemebis arsebobiTa da

meores mxriv misi mondomebiT Seeswavla es monacemebi. igi ekuTvnoda mecnierebis

pirvel Taobas, romelsac xeli miuwvdeboda sando monacemebze istoriuli

fenomenebis Sesaxeb msoflios sxvadasxva nawilidan (MacRae, 1974). veberi ufro

metad iyo dainteresebuli gamoekvlia es monacemebi, vidre istoriis Sesaxeb

abstraqtuli ganzogadoebebi moexdina. miuxedavad imisa, rom aman migviyvana

zogierT mniSvnelovan Sexedulebamde, aseve didi problema Seqmna misi Sromis

gagebisas; zogjer igi imdenad erTveboda istoriul detalebSi, rom istoriuli

Seswavlis bazisur mizezs sruliad scildeboda. amasTanave, istoriulma

mecnierebam imdeni epoqa da sazogadoeba gamoiara, rom mas uxeSi generalizaciis

garda araferi darCenoda (Roth, 1971). miuxedavad am problemebisa, veberis

mondomebam, empiriuli fenomeni Seeswavla mecnierulad, igi amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi ganviTarebadi sociologiis disciplinisaTvis mimzidveli gaxada.

jamSi, vebers sjeroda, rom istoria specifiuri fenomenebis dausrulebeli

nakrebisgan Sedgeboda. am fenomenebis Sesaswavlad, saWiro iyo sxvadasxva

konceptebis ganviTareba, romlebic realur cxovrebaSi kvlevisaTvis gamoyenebadi

iqneboda. rogorc wesi, arc veberi da arc sociologTa da istorikosTa

umravlesoba emorCileba mkacrad imas rom, sociologiis amocanaa ganeviTaros

iseTi konceptebi, romelTac istoria sxvadasxva istoriuli fenomenis kauzaluri

analizisas gamoiyenebs. am gziT, veberi konkretulisa da zogadis erTmaneTTan

SerwymiT cdilobda ganeviTarebina mecniereba, romelic socialuri cxovrebis

kompleqsur bunebas gamoikvlevda.

Verstehen

veberi grZnobda, rom sociologebs bunebis mecnierebebTan SedarebiT upiratesoba

gaaCndaT. es upiratesoba mdgomarobda imaSi, rom sociologebs SeeZloT

socialuri fenomenis gageba, maSin rodesac bunebis mecnierebs ar SeeZloT atomis

an qimiuri naerTis moqmedebis gageba. gagebis germanuli Sesatyvisi aris sityva

verstehen. veberis mier am terminis specialurad gamoyeneba Tavis istoriul

kvlevaSi aris misi yvelaze metad cnobili da yvelaze kontroversuli wvlili

Tanamderove sociologiis meTodologiur ganviTarebaSi. mas Semdeg, rac

ganvsazRvarv Tu ras gulisxmobda veberi verstehen-Si, Cven aseve davinaxavT im

poblemebs romlebic dakavSirebulia mis konceptualizaciasTan. im dapirispirebas

rac Tan sdevs koncepts verstehen da aseve im problemebs rac erTvis mis

veberiseuli interpretacias, mivyavarT veberis meTodologiuri azrovnebis zogad

problemebamde. rogorc Tomas burgeri acxadebs, veberi ar yofila arc

darwmunebuli da arc mdgardi Tavis meTodologiur gancxadebebSi (1976, aseve ix.

hekmani, 1983:26). igi did yuradRebas ar uTmobda d arc azustebda, radgan Tvlida,

rom igi ubralod imeorebda im ideebs romlebic ukve kargad iyo cnobili misi

59

drois germanel istorikosebSi. amas garda, rogorc zemoT ukve davinaxeT, veberi

didad ar ufiqrdeboda meTodologiur refleqsiebs.

veberis azrebi verstehen-is Sesaxeb kargad iyo cnobili im periodis germenel

istorikosebs Soris, da momdinareobda iseTi dargidan rogoric hermenevtikaa

(Mueller-Vollmer, 1985; Pressler & Dasilva, 1996). hermanevtika warmoadgenda specialur

midgomas gamoqveynebuli naSromebis gagebisa da interpretaciisaTvis. mis mizans

warmoadgenda rogorc avtoris naazrevis, aseve teqstis bazisuri struqturis

gageba. veberi da sxvebi (magaliTad vilhelm dilTai) cdilobdnen teqsis gagebis

ideis socialur cxovrebaze gavrcelebas:

rogorc ki gavaanalizebT, rom misi istoriuli meTodi sxva araferia Tu ara

interpretaciis klasikuri meTodi, romelic morgebulia moqmedebebze da ara

teqstze, meTodi, romelic miznad isaxavs adamianis dizainis identificirebas,

“mniSvnelobis” povnas dakvirvebad movlenebSi, Cven aRar gagviZneldeba imis miReba,

rom igi SeiZleba iseve moergos adamianTa interaqcias, rogorc individualur

aqtors. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, mTeli istoria warmoadgens interaqcias,

romlis interpretireba unda moxdes sxvadasxva aqtorebis mtruli gegmebis

terminebSi.

(Lachman, 1971:20)

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, veberi iyenebda hermanevtikis iaraRebs, raTa

Caswvdomoda aqtorebs, interqcias, da mTlianad adamianur istorias. verstehen-is erT-erTi yvelaze xSir miskoncepcias warmoadgens misi mkvlevris “intuiciasTan”

gaigiveba. Sesabamisad, bevri mkvlevari miiCnevs mas, rogorc “rbil”, iracionalur

da subieqtur kvlevis meTodologiad. Tumca, veberi aqtiurad ewinaaRmdegeboda im

ideas, rom verstehen moicavs ubralod intuicias, simpateTikur monawileobas an

empaTias (1903-17/1949). misTvis, verstehen moicavda sistematur da TavauRebel kvlevas

da ara ubralod teqstisa da socialuri fenomenis Sesaxeb “SegrZnebis”

Camoyalibebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, veberisaTvis (1921/1968) verstehen Seswavlis

racionalur proceduras warmoadgenda.

veberiseuli verstehen-is interpretaciisas sakvanZo SekiTxvaa is Tu misi azriT verstehen ufro metad miesadageboda individualuri aqtoris subieqturi

mdgomareobis aRweras Tu ufro farTo masStabiani struqturebis (magaliTad,

kulturis) subieturi aspeqtebis analizisasac gamodgeboda. Tuki mxolod veberis

pozicias daveyrdnobiT, mivxvdebiT rom igi verstehen-is individualur doneze

interpretaciisaken ixreba (magaliTad, veberi, 1903-06/1975:125). am interpretacias

iziarebs damkvirvebelTa garkveuli jgufic (Burger, 1976; Shutz, 1932/1967; Warriner, 1969). Tumca zogierTma verstehen-isa da veberis Sexedulebis interpretacia

moaxdines rogorc gamosadegi teqnikis, romlis mizani kulturis gagebacaa. susan

hekmani amas veberis axlebur interpretaciad miiCnevs, iseT kulturul

elementebze fokusirebisas, rogorebicaa “intersubieqturi mniSvnelobebi an

socialurad konstruirebuli wesebi, romlebic gansazRvraven moqmedebas

konkretuli sazogadoebis farglebSi” (1983:46). l. m. lakmani gansakuTrebiT

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yuradRebas am aspeqts aqcevs: “gegmiuri elementebi romlebic Cven gvainteresebs ar

warmoadgenen milionobiT adamianis miznebs, aramed im saerTo elementebs,

rogorebicaa normebi, institutebi da zogadi garemo, romelSic es yvela gegma

unda realizdes” (1971:21). msgavsi TvalsazrisiTve, v. g. runcimani (1972) da m. veqsi

(1967) verstehen-s mocemuli sazogadoebis kulturisa da enis Seswavlis iaraRad

miiCnevdnen.

sabolood, zogierTma moazrovnem wamoayena Tvalsazrisi rom verstehen moicavs

orive midgomas. magaliTad, p. a. munqi (1975) ambobs, rom moqmedebis sruliad

gagebisaTvis Cven (1) unda movaxdinoT moqmedebis avtoriseuli miznis

identificireba da (2) unda gavarCioT is konteqsti romelsac es moqmedeba

ekuTvnis da romlisTvisac azrs iZens.

verstehen-is mravali interpretacia gvexmareba imis danaxvaSi Tu ratom ikavebs

veberi aseT centralur rols sociologiur TeoriaSi. verstehen-is kulturul

doneze interpretacia makro donis mqone Teoriebis Semadgenelia (magaliTad,

struqturuli funqcionalizmis), xolo indvidualur doneze interpretacia mikro

donis mqone Teoriebisa (magaliTad, simboluri interaqcionizmi). munqis

urTierTTavsebadi midgoma ki misaRebia orive tipis TeoriebisaTvis. am samidan,

romeli interpretaciaa swori? erTis mxriv, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom amas did

mniSvneloba ar aqvs. mniSvnelovani ki swored is aris, rom arsebobs mravali

interpretacia da maT gavlena moaxdines sxvadasxva Teoriul prespeqtivebze.

Tumca meores mxriv, Cven unda SevTanxmdeT verstehen-is Sesaxeb veberis SromebSi. yvelaze sando informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras gulisxmobda veberi verstehen-Si da sxva meTodologiur iaraRebSi, moipoveba ara mis programul gancxadebebSi

meTodologiis Sesaxeb, aramed mis substanciur SromebSi. rogorc vnaxavT, veberis

kulturul da socio-struqturul konteqstebze fokuss mivyavarT verstehen-is iseT xedvamde, romelic mas makro-donis analizis iaraRad ganixilavs.

kauzaloba

veberis meTodologiis kidev erT aspeqts warmoadgenda mis mier kauzalobis

Seswavla (Ringer, 1997:75). veberi socialuri fenomenebis mizezebis Seswavlas

istoriis dargSi ufro metad xedavda vidre sociologiis. da imdenad ramdenadac

sociologiisa da istoriis gancalkeveba mkafiod ar xdeba – da isini namdvilad

ar arian gancalkevebulni veberis substanciur SromebSi – kauzalobis sakiTxi

relevanturia sociologiisTvisac. kauzaloba aseve mniSvnelovania, radganac

rogorc SemdegSi vnaxavT igi swored is adgilia sadac veberi nomoTeturi da

idiografiuli midgomebis gaerTianebas isaxavda miznad.

kauzalobis qveS vebers (1921/1968) ubralod esmoda imis albaToba, rom garkveul

movlenas mohyveba an Tan sdevs sxva movlena. misi azriT, sxva istorikosebis

msgavsad mxolod istoriuli ganmeorebadobebis, analogiebisa da paralelebis

Zebna sakmarisi ar aris. amis magivrad mkvlevarma unda eZebos istoriuli

cvlilebebis mizezebi da aseve mniSvnelobebi (Roth, 1971). miuxedavad imisa, rom

SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rom vebers hqonda rogorc erTmniSvnelovani kauzaluri

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modeli – marqsis mizezobriobis dialeqtikuri modelis sapirispirod – Tavis

substanciur sociologiaSi igi ikvlevda interdamokidebulebas ekonomikas,

sazogadoebas, politikas, organizacias, social stratifikacias, religiasa da

sxva mravals Soris (Roth, 1968). veberi multikauzaluri midgomiT operirebda,

sadac “interaqtiuli gavlenis maspinZlebi (mimRebni) sakmaod xSirad efeqturi

kauzaluri faqtorebi iyvnen” (kalbergi, 1994:13).

veberi sakmaod mkafio iyo multikauzalobis Sesaxeb protestantizmisa da

kapitalizmis sulis damokidebulebis swavlisas. Tumca xandaxan misi

interpretacia gansxvavebulad xdeba, veberi (1904-05/1958) ubraod Tvlida rom

protestantuli eTika erT-erTi faqtori iyo Tanamedrove kapitalizmis sulis

aRmasvalSi. igi “sulelurad” miiCnevda iseT ideas, romlis mixedviTac

protestantizmi erTaderTi mizezi iyo. aseve sulelurad miiCnevda im xedvasac,

rom kapitalizmi “mxolod” protestantuli reformaciis Sedegad aRmocenda; sxva

faqtorebsac SesaZloa igive gamoewviaT. qvemoT moyvanilia Tu rogor

gansazRvarvda amas veberi:

Cven rac SeiZleba kargad unda ganvsazRvoT is zogadi gza, romliTac religiurma

mimdinareobebma gavlena iqonies materialuri kulturis ganviTarebaze. mxolod

mas Semdeg rac es iqneba mniSvnelovani akuratulobiT gansazRvruli,

SesaZlebelia imis garkveva Tu ra ZaliT SeiZleba Tanamedrove kulturis

istoriuli ganviTareba mivakuTvnoT am religiur Zalebs da ra ZaliT sxvebs.

(veberi, 1904-05/1958:91-92)

protestantul eTikasa da kapitalizmis sulSi da aseve sxva istoriul SromebSi

veberi kauzalobiT Zalian iyo dainteresebuli, Tumca mxolod calmxrivi

modeliT ar operirebda; igi yovelTvis sxvadasxva socialur faqtorebs Soris

urTierTobiT iyo dainteresebuli.

veberis kauzalobis Sesaxeb saubrisas kritikulia imis gaxseneba, rom radgan Cven

SegviZlia socialuri cxovrebis gageba (verstehen), socialuri mecnierebebis

kauzaluri codna gansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis kauzaluri

codnisgan. rogorc veberma gansazRvra: “mniSvnelobiT savse interpretirebadi

adamianuri qmedebebi (“moqmedeba”) identificirebadia “Sefasebasa” da

mniSvnelobasTan mimarTebaSi. swored am mizezis gamo, kauzaluri axsnis Cveneuli

kriteriumebi floben unikalur dakmayofilebas msgavsi “erTobis” “istoriuli”

axsnisas” (1903-06/1975:185). swored amitomac, socialur mecnierTa kauzaluri codna

gansxvavdeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierTa codnisagan.

kauzalobis Sesaxeb veberis Sexedulebebi dakavSirebulia mis cdasTan gadaelaxa

konfliqti nomoTetur da idiografiul codnas Soris. isini, vinc nomoTetur

Tvalsazriss emxrobian Tvlian, rom aucileblad arsebobs kavSiri socialur

fenomenebs Soris, amis sapirispirod, idiografiuli perspeqtivis mixedviT am

erTobebs Soris kavSiri mxolod SemTxveviTia. rogorc yovelTvis veberi saSualo

pozicias ikavebda, da saubrobda iseTi terminiT rogoricaa “adekvaturi

kauzaloba”. adekvaturi kauzalobis mixeviT saukeTeso rac Cven SegviZlia

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gavakeToT sociologiis farglebSi aris albaTuri xasiaTis debulebebis

wamoyeneba socialur fenomenebs Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb; es niSnavs, rom Tuki X

arsebobs, maSin SesaZloa aseve iarsebos Y-m. mizania “rom Sefasdes is xarisxi ra donezec faqti “xelSewyobilia” garkveuli ‘pirobebiT’’’ (veberi, 1903-17/1949:183).

idealuri tipebi

idealuri tipis cneba veberis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Senatania

Tanamedrove sociologiaSi (Drysdale, 1996; Hekman, 1983; Lindbekk, 1992; McKinney, 1966). rogorc ukve vnaxeT, veberis azriT, sociologebi pasuxismgeblebi iyvnen

ganeviTarebinaT konceptualuri iaraRebi, romelTac mogvianebiT istorikosebi da

sociologebi gamoiyenebdnen. msgavs konceptualur iaraRebs Soris yvelaze

mniSvnelovani idealuri tipi iyo:

ideluri tipi Seqmnilia erTi an ramodenime midgomis erTmxrivi aqcentirebiT da

uamravi difuziuri, gansxvavebuli, met-naklebad warmodgenili da SemTxveviT

ararsebuli individualuri fenomenebis sinTeziT, romlebic dalagebulia erTian

analitikur konstruqtad am erTmxrivad xazgasmuli xedviT... Tavis konceptualur

siwmindeSi, es mentaluri konstruqti... realobaSi empiriulad mocemuli ar aris.

(veberi, 1903-17/1949:90)

miuxedavad am gansazRvrebisa, veberi mainc ar inarCunebda SeTanxmebulobas

idealuri tipis gamoyenebisas. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT Tu ras niSnavs es koncepti,

aucileblad unda gadavxedoT zogierT SeuTavseblobas. upirveles yovlisa,

idealuri tipi aris socialuri mecnieris mier, misi interesebidan da Teoriuli

orientaciidan gamomdinare, Seqmnili konstruqti, romelic saWiroa socialuri

fenomenebis Sinagani maxasiaTeblebis Sesaswavlad.

idealuri tipis Sesaxeb yvelaze mniSvelovni aris is, rom igi damxmare xasiaTisaa,

igi gamoiyeneba da gvexmareba empiriuli kvlevis warmarTvaSi da socialuri

samyraos (an “istoriuli individis”) specifiuri aspeqtis gagebaSi. rogorc

lakmanma aRniSna idealuri tipi “Sinaganad mzomavi iaraRia” (1971:26) an kelbergis

mixedviT “kriteriumi” (1994:87). qvemoT moyvanilia veberiseuli ganmarteba: “misi

funqcia empiriul realobasTan SedarebaSi mdgomareobs, raTa davinaxoT

msgavsebebi an gansxvavebebi, raTa avRweroT isini yvelaze naklebad bundovani,

Wkvianuri konceptebiT, da gavigoT da avxsnaT isini kauzalurad” (1903-17/1949:43).

idealuri tipebi istoriuli realobis nawilebis Sesaswavli damxmare

instrumentebia. magaliTad, socialuri mecnierebi Seqmnian biurokratiis idelur

tips, maTi istoriul monacemebSi gamoCenis mixedviT. idealuri tipi Semdeg

SesaZlebelia rom Sedardes realurad arsebul biurokratias. mkvlevari cdilobs

ipovos is gansxvavebebi rac arsebobs realursa da idealur tips Soris. amis

Semdeg, socialurma mecnierma unda eZios deviaciuri SemTxvevebis mizezebi.

zogierTi tipiuri mizezi am gansxvevebisa aris:

1. biurokratTa is moqmedebebi, romelic misi informaciiT imarTeba. 2. biurokratiuli liderebis mier daSvebuli strategiuli Secdomebi.

63

3. liderebis an maTi mimdevrebis moqmedebis Sedegad gamowveuli logikuri warumateblobebi.

4. emociebiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi.

5. biurokratiuli liderebisa da maTi mimdevrebis moqmedebebis nebismieri

iracionaluroba.

sxva magaliTi rom ganvixiloT, idelur-tipuri samxedro brZola aseTi tipis

brZolis yvela principul komponents Seicavs – mowinaaRmdege armiebi,

mowinaaRmdege strategiebi, TiToeuli maTganis xelT arsebuli materialuri

SesaZleblobebi, miwa, romelic brZolis mizezi gaxda (“arcerTi adamianis” miwa),

resursebi da damxmare Zalebi, gankargulbiTi centrebi, da liderTa xarisxi.

uSualod brZolas SesaZloa ar hqondes es yvela elemti, da swored es aris erT-

erTi sakiTxi risi codnac mkvlevars ainteresebs. aq mniSvnelovani sakiTxi swored

imaSi mdgomarobs, rom nebismieri samxedro brZolis elementebi SeiZleba Sedardes

idealur tipSi identificirebul elementebTan.

idealuri tipis (magaliTad idealur-tipuri samxedro brZolis) elementebi

uyuradRebod ar unda SeirCes; maTi kombinireba swored maTi Tavsebadobidan

gamomdinare xdeba. rogorc hekmani gansazRvravs: “idealuri tipebi socialuri

mecnierebis keTilganwobis an arakeTilganwyobis produqtebs ar warmoadgenen,

isini logikurad konstruirebuli konstruqtebia” (1983:32). (Tumca isini SeiZleba

da sasurvelicaa rom asaxavdnen socialuri mecnieris interesebs).

veberis mixedviT, idealuri tipi socialuri istoriuliis samyarodan induqciis

meTodiT unda aigos. veberis azriT, mxolod yuradRebiT SerCeuli konceptebis

erTobliobis SeTavazeba sakmarisi ar iyo, miTumetes Tu isini abstraqtuli

Teoriidan deduqciis gziTaa miRebuli. konceptebi unda iyos empiriulad

adekvaturni (Roth, 1971). Sesabamisad, imisaTvis rom miviRoT idealuri tipi,

mkvlevarma pirvel rigSi istoriul realobaSi unda SeaRwios da Semdeg am

realobidan Seqmnas es tipi.

nomoTetur da idiografiul codnas Soris oqros Sualedis povnis cdis Sedegad,

veberis azriT, idaluri tipi arc Zalian zogadi unda iyos, da arc Zalian

konkretuli. magaliTad, istoriis SemTxvevaSi, igi uaruofda zogadad religiis

istorias rogorc idealur tips, magram amavdroulad igi kritikulad Sexvdeboda

Zalzed specifiuri fenomenis, magaliTad individualuri religiuri gamocdilebis

idealur tips. amis nacvlad, idealuri tipebi iqmneba iseTi saSualo fenomenebis

mixedviT rogorebicaa kalvinizmi, meTodizmi da baptizmi (veberi, 1904-05/1957).

miuxedavad imisa, rom idealuri tipebi realuri samyarodan iqmneba, isini mainc ar

unda warmoadgendnen am samyaros sarkisebur suraTs. amis nacvlad, isini unda

warmoadgendnen imis erTmniSvnelovan gazviadebas (mkvlevaris interesebidan

gamomdinare) Tu ra xdeba am realur samyaroSi. veberis mixedviT, rac ufro

gadaWarbebulia idealuri tipi, miT ufro gamosadegi iqneba is istoriuli

kvlevisaTvis.

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sityvis idealuri an utopia xmareba ar unda moxdes iseT konteqstSi, romelic am

konceptSi saukeTeso samyaros arsebobas gulisxmobs. rogorc Tavad veberi

iyenebda, es koncepti aRwers iseT formas, romelic iSviaTad an arsdros gvxvdeba

realobaSi. veberi Tvlida, rom idealuri tipi ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc

pozitiuri an swori; idealuri tipi aseve SeiZleba iyos negatiuri an moraluri

TvalsazrisiT autaneli (1903-17/1949).

idealuri tipebi TavisTavSive unda qmnidnen azrs, maTi komponentebis mniSvneloba

urTierT Tavsebadi unda iyos da realuri samyaros gagebaSi unda gvexmarebodnen.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven mivediT im azramde rom idealuri tipebi gamoiyeneba

statikuri erTobebis aRsawerad, veberi Tvlida, rom maTi gamoyeneba aseve

SesaZlebelia rogorc statikuri ise dinamiuri erTobebis aRsawerad. ase rom,

Cven SegviZlia gvqondes socilauri struqturis, magaliTad biurokratiis,

idealuri tipi, da aseve socialuri ganviTarebis, vTqvT biurokratizaciis

idealuri tipi.

idealuri tipebi ar yalibdebian mxolod erTxel da yvelafrisaTvis. gamomdinare

iqedan, rom icvleba rogorc socialuri samyaro, ise socialuri mecnieris

interesebi, aucilebelia ganvaviTaroT axali tipologiebi, romelic moergeba

cvalebad realobas. es kidev erTxel miyveba veberis im ideas, romlis mixedviTac

socialur mecnierebebSi ar arsebobs maradiuli terminebi (Roth, 1968).

miuxedavd imisa, rom idealuri tipis sakmado garkveuli xati SevqmeniT, veberis

mier am konceptis gansazRvrisas mainc arsebobs winaaRmdegobebi. amasTanave, Tavis

substanciur SromaSi, veberi ise iyenebda am koncepts, rogoradac gansazRvravda

rom ar unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. rogorc burgerma aRniSna: “SromaSi

ekonomika da sazogadoeba warmodgenili idealuri tipebi warmoadgenen

gansazRvrebebis, klasifikaciis, da specifiuri hipoTezebis erTobliobas,

romelic sakmado gansxvavebulia imisaTvis, rom moergos veberis gancxadebebs”

(1976:118). miuxedavad imisa, rom hekmani (1983:38-59) ewinaaRmdegeba burgeris ideas

veberis mier idealuri tipis gansazRvrisas araerTgvarovnebaSi, igi aseve Tvlis,

rom veberma idealuri tipis sxvadasxva variantebi SemogvTavaza:

1. istoriuli idealuri tipebi. es gulisxmobs garkveul fenomenebs, romlebic

SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT konkretul istoriul epoqaSi (magaliTad, Tanamedrove

kapitalistur bazarze).

2. zogadi sociologiuri idealuri tipebi. es gulisxmobs im fenomenebs,

romlebic arseboben ramdenime istoriul periodsa da sazogadoebaSi

(magaliTad, biurokratia).

3. moqmedebis idealuri tipebi. es gulismobs aqtoris motivaciaze dafuZnebul

moqmedebebis idealur tipebs (magaliTad, afeqturi moqmedeba).

4. struqturuli idealuri tipebi. es ki gulisxmobs iseT formebs, romlebic

aRebulia socialuri moqmedebis mizezebidan (magaliTad, tradiciuli

dominireba).

65

naTelia, rom veberma idealuri tipebis gansxvavebuli variacia SemogvTavaza, da

misi Sromis Rirsebac swored am gansxvavebulobidan gamomdinareobs, Tumca is,

rasac TiToeuli maTgani iziarebs aris maTi construirebis meTodi.

kalbergi (1994) aseve miiCnevs, rom rodesac vsaubrobT empiriul kvlevaSi

idealuri tipebis damxmare rolze, ar unda dagvaviwydes isic, rom isini sakvanZo

Teoriul rols asruleben vebris SromaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi uaryofs

Teoriul wesebs, idealur tipebs sxvadasxva gziT Teoriuli modelebis

Sesaqmneladac iyenebs. anu, idealuri tipebi qmnian Teoriul samSeneblo agurebs

sxvadasxva Teoriuli modelebis konstruqciisaTvis (magaliTad, qarizma, an

sazogadoebis racionalizacia – orive maTgani mogvianebiT iqneba ganxiluli am

TavSi), da es modelebi Semdeg konkretuli istoriuli ganviTarebis

analizisTvisaa gamoyenebuli.

Rirebulebebi

Tanamderove amerikuli sociologiuri midgoma socialur mecnierebebSi

Rirebulebebis rolis Sesaxeb Camoyalibda veberis Rirebulebebisgan-Tavisufali

sociologiis xSirad martivi da SecdomiTi interpretaciiT (Hennis, 1994). veberis midgomis yvelaze xSiri warmodgena gulisxmobs imas, rom socialurma mecnierebma

ar unda miscen sakuTar Tavs imis neba, rom maTma personalurma Rirebulebebma

raime tipis gavlena iqonion mecnierul kvlevaze. rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, veberis

Sroma Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb ufro metad rTulia, da ar unda moxdes misi dayvana

im martiv Sexedulebaze, romlis mixedviTac sociologia Rirebulebebisagan unda

gavanTavisufloT (Tribe, 1983:3).

Rirebulebebi da swavla. veberi (1903-17/1949) yvelaze kargad gansazRvravda imas,

Tu rogor unda Seikavon Tavi maswavleblebma saklaso oTaxSi sakuTari

Rirebulebebis gamovlenisagan. misi azriT, akademikosebs Tavsuflad SeuZliaT

sakuTari perosonaluri Rirebulebebis gamovlena TavianT gamosvlebSi, presaSi

da ase Semdeg, magram saleqcio auditoria sul sxvaa. veberi ewinaaRmdegeboda im

leqtorebs, romlebic “SekiTxvebze sakuTar Sefasebebs qadagebdnen “mecnierebis

saxeliT” mTavrobis privilegirebul saleqcio auditoriebSi sadac arc maTi

gakontroleba xdeba, arc Semowmeba diskusiis gziT, da arc

SewinaaRmdegeba...saleqcio auditoria gancalkevebuli unda iyos sajaro

diskusiisagan” (1903-17/1949:4). yvelaze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba sajaro gamosvlasa

da leqcias Soris auditoriis bunebaSia. xalxi, romelic sajaro gamosvlas

usmens iq sakuTari surviliT mivida da nebismier dros SeuZlia wasvla. magram

studentebs, miTumetes Tu warmatebis miRweva surT, sakuTari profesoris

RirebulebebiT-Seferili poziciis yuradRebiT mosmenis garda araferi darCeniaT.

arsebobs mcire gaurkvevloba veberis poziciaSi Rirebulebisgan-Tavisuflebis

Sesaxeb. akademikosma auditoriaSi unda gamoxatos “faqtebi”, da ara Tavisi

personaluri Rirebulebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom maswavlebels SeiZleba didi

cduneba hqondes sakuTari Rirebulebebis gamoxatvisa, radgan es ufro

sainteresoso gaxdidida leqcias, Tumca leqtorma mainc Tavi unda Seikavos

Rirebulebebis CarTvisagan, radgan es studentebs “Seumcirebs wminda empiriuli

66

analizis Catarebis survils” (veberi, 1903-17/1949:9). mniSvnelovan kiTxvad rCeba Tu

ramdenad realuria rom profesorebma sakuTari Rirebulebebis amogdeba SesZlon

prezentaciebidan. veberi miiRebda am pozicias, radgan misi azriT SesaZlebelia

faqtisa da Rirebulebebis gamijvna. Tumca, marqsi mas ar daeTanxmeboda, radgan

misi azriT faqtebi da Rirebulebebi urTierTgadabmulia da dialeqtikur

kavSirSi imyofebian.

Rirebulebebi da kvleva. veberis pozicia kvelvaSi Rirebulebebis adgilis Sesaxeb

kidev ufro bundovania. vebers swamda rom SesaZlebelia faqtisa da Rirebulebebis

gamijvna da misi es pozicia SegviZlia kvleviT samyarozec ganvavrcoT:

“mkvlevarma da maswavleblebma upirobod unda ganacalkevon empiriuli faqtebis

ganviTareba... da misi piradi Sefaseba, magaliTad, imis Sefaseba Tu ramdenad

damakmayofilebeli an aradamakmayofilebelia es faqtebi” (1903-17/1949:11). igi

xSirad ganacalkevebda erTmaneTisagan egzistencialur codnas imis Sesaxeb Tu ra

aris da normatiul codnas imis Sesaxeb Tu ra unda iyos (veberi, 1903-17/1949).

magaliTad, germanuli sociologiuri asociaciis dafuZnebisas man ganacxada:

“asociacia principulad da aucileblad uaryofs nebismier qmedebaze-

orientirebuli ideis propagandas”. amis nacvlad, asociacia mimarTuli iyo imis

Seswavlaze Tu “ra aris, ratom aris iseTi saxiT rogoriTac aris, da ra

istoriuli da socialuri mizezebis gamo” (Roth, 1968:5).

miuxedavad zemoT aRwerilisa, faqtebi imasac mowmoben, rom veberi zogjer ar

xelmZRvanelobda im martivi midgomiT, rom Rirebulebebi sruliad unda

gamovTiSoT kvlevidan. veberi Rirebulebebis rols kvlevis specifiur aspeqtSi

xedavda da miiCnevda rom isini kvlevis monacemTa Segrovebis procesisgan unda

CamovaSoroT. amiT veberi gulisxmobda, rom Cven unda vixelmZRvaneloT

mecnieruli kvlevis regularuli procedurebiT, rogorebicaa dakvirveba da

sistematuri Sedareba.

Rirebulebebi aseve unda SevzRudoT im periodisaTvis sanam kvleva uSualod

daiwyeba. maT unda gansazRvon imis SerCeva Tu risi Seswavla gadavwyviteT. veberis

(1903-17/1949:21) idea Rirebulebebis rolze kvlevis dawyebamde procesSi kargad

aris warmodgenili mis konceptSi RirebulebiT-relevanturi. rogorc veberis

bevri sxva meTodologiuri koncepti RirebulebiT-relevanturoba aseve

momdinareobs germanel istorikos heinrix rikertisgan, romlisTvisac es koncepti

gulisxmobda “empiriuli realobis im nawilebis SerCevas romlebic

adamianebisaTvis moicaven im kulturul Rirebulebebs, romelTac iziarebs is

sazogadoeba sadac mecnieri damkvirveblebi cxovroben” (Burger, 1976:36). istoriul

kvlevaSi es gulisxmobs, rom Sesaswavli obieqtebis SerCeva moxdeba imis

safuZvelze Tu ra miiCneva mniSvnelovnad im konkretul sazogadoebaSi sadac

mkvlevari cxovrobs. anu, isini warsulis faqtebis Seswavlas gadawyveten iqidan

gamomdinare Tu rogoria Tanamedrove RirebulebiTi sistema. Tavis konkretul

SemTxvevaSi, veberi RirbulebiTi-relevanturobis Sesaxeb “Tanamedrove evropelis

TvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare” werda (1903-17/1949:30). magaliTad, biurikratia veberis

droindeli germaniis Zalzed mniSvnelovani nawili iyo da swored amitom

67

gadawvita man Seeswavla am fenomenis (an misi ar arsebobis) SemTxvevebi sxvadasxva

istoriul periodSi.

Sesabamisad, veberis azriT, RirebulebiTi gansjebi srulebiT ar unda

CamovaSoroT mecnierul diskurss. miuxedavad imisa, rom veberi ewinaaRmdegeboda

Rirebulebebisa da faqtebis aRrevas, igi mainc ar Tvlida rom Rirebulebebi

sruliad unda CamovaSoroT socialur mecnierebebs: “moraluri indiferentulobis damokidebulebas araferi ar aqvs saerTo mecnierul “obieqturobasTan”” (1903-

17/1949:60). igi Tvlida, rom Rirebulebebs garkveul adgili aqvT, Tumca aseve

afrTxilebda mkvlevarebs rom frTxilad yofiliyvnen Rirebulebebis rolis

Taobaze: “aucileblad unda ganisazRvros... Tu rodis Cumdeba mecnieruli

mkvlevari, da rodis iwyebs Semfasebeli da moqmedi adamiani saubars” (veberi, 1903-

17/1949:60). rodesac gamoxataven RirebulebiT pozicias, sociologi mkvlevarebi

yovelTvis unda ecadon moaridon sakuTari Tavica da auditoriac am poziciebs.

didi gansxvaveba arsebobs imas Soris Tu ras ambobda da ras akeTebda veberi.

vebers ar eSinoda RirebulebiTi gansjis gamovlena, Tundac es yofiliyo

istoriuli monacemebis analizi. magaliTad, igi acxadebda rom romi itanjeboda

sakuTari socialuri sxeulis avadmyofobisagan. SegviZlia ganvacxadoT rom veberi

Rurebulebebs mxolod Sesaswavli obieqtebis SerCevisas ar gamoiyenebda, igi maT

socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb codnis drosac iyenebda. gari abrahami (1992) Tvlida,

rom veberis Sromebi da gansakuTrebiT misi Sexedulebebi iudaizmis, rogorc

msoflio religiis Sesaxeb, misive Rirebulebebis gavlenis qveS iyo. Tavisi

religiis sociologiaSi (romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT am TavSi) igi

ebraelebs “pariaTul xalxs” uwodebda. veberma es autsaideris pozicia kidev

ufro gaamyara ebraelebis surviliT moexdinaT segregacia da ar gamoetovebinaT

sakuTari Tavi mTeli darCenili sazoggadoebidan. igi eTanxmeboda imdroindel

gavrcelebul Sexedulebas, romlis mixedviTac imisaTvis rom ebarelebis

asimilacia momxdariyo germanul sazogadoebaSi saWiro iyo ebraelebs

mietovebinaT iudaizmi. abrahamis mixedviT msgavsi uzustobebi gavlenas axdenen ara

mxolod veberis Sexedulebebze ebraelebis Sesaxeb, aramed mis Sromebze zogadad.

es ki eWvs aRZravs veberis rogorc Rirebulebisgan-Tavisufali sociologis da

rogorc liberali moazrovnis Sesaxeb. rogorc abrahami ambobs: “maqs veberi iseve

axlos iyo tolerantul liberalizmTan, rogoradac amis saSualebas germanuli

umravlesoba aZlvda” (1992:22). veberi ufro metad nacionalisti iyo, romelic

umciresobaTa jgufebis asimilaciis momxre iyo, vidre klasikuri liberali

romelic mxars dauWerda pluralizms, da am faqtma didi gavlena iqonia mis

Sromebze.

amerikeli sociologebis umravlesoba vebers Rirebulebisgan-Tavisufali

sociologis eqponantad miiCnevs. saqme ki imaSia, rom amerikeli sociologebis

umravlesoba miuTiTeben Rirebulebisgan-Tavisuflebaze, da sakuTari poziciis

gasamyareblad veebris moSveliebas cdiloben. da rogorc ukve vnaxeT, veberis

Sromebze didi gavlena swored Rirebulebebs aqvT.

68

veberis Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb Sromis kidev erTi aspeqti mdgomareobs im rolSi,

romlis mixedviTac socialuri mecnierebebi adamianebs sxvadasxva RirebulebiT

poziciebebs Soris arCevanis gakeTebaSi exmarebian. veberis idea mdgomareobs imaSi,

rom warmoudgenelia alternatiul RirebulebiT poziciebs Soris mecnierulad

gaakeTo arCevani. Sesabamisad, socialur mecnierebs ar SeuZliaT msgavsi arCevanis

adamianebis magivrad gakeTeba. “socialuri mecnierebebi, romlebic wmindad

empiriuli mecnierebebia, yvelaze naklebad exmarebian adamianebs rTuli arCevanis

gakeTebaSi” (veberi, 1903-17/1949:19). socialur mecniers SeuZlia miiRos garkveuli

faqtobrivi daskvnebi socialuri kvlevidan, magram am kvelvas ar SuZlia uTxras

adamianebs Tu ra “unda” gaakeTon maT. empiriul kvlevas SeuZlia daexmaros

adamianebs miznis misaRwevi adekvaturi saSualebis arCevaSi, magram ver daexmareba

am miznis arCevaSi sxva miznebidan. veberi ambobs: “empiriuli mecnierebis amocanas

arasodes ar Seadgens normebisa da idealebis miwodeba, romlis mixedviTac

ganxorcieldeba moqmedebebi” (1903-17/1949).

69

maqs veberi da Tanamedroveoba1

entoni gidensi

socialur mecnierebebSi arsebul naSromebs Soris (veberis) `protestantuli

eTika da kapitalizmis suli~ ueWvelad erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da amave dros

sadavoa. es naSromi pirvelad gamoqveynda 1904-05 wlebSi JurnalSi `Arshiv Sozialwissernschaft und Sozialpolitik~ (veberi am Jurnalis erT-erTi redaqtorTagani iyo)

da maSinve gamoiwvia kritikuli diskusia, romelSic Tavad veberic aqtiur

monawileobas iRebda. am diskusias Svidi aTeuli wlis Semdegac jer kidev ar

daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba.

< . . . >

`protestantuli eTika~ veberma dawera Tavisi inteleqtualuri karieris

umniSvnelovanes periodSi, maleve mas Semdeg, rac gamojanmrTelda mZime

avadmyofobisagan, romelmac oTxiode wlis manZilze moswyvita igi seriozul

mecnierul muSaobas. am avadmyofobamde veberis naSromTa umravlesoba

warmoadgenda umetesad teqnikuri xasiaTis gamokvlevebs ekonomikuri istoriis,

ekonomikisa da iurisprudenciis sferoSi, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, am naSromebSi ukve

gamokveTili iyo is Temebi, romlebic centraluri gaxda veberis Semoqmedebis

gviandel periodSi. misi adrindeli naSromebi miZRvnili iyo iseTi sakiTxebisadmi,

rogorebicaa Sua saukuneebis savaWro kanonmdebloba (es misi sadoqtoro

disertaciis Tema iyo), miwaTmflobelobis wesebis ganviTareba romSi, sasoflo-

sameurneo muSebis socialur-ekonomiuri mdgomareoba veberis Tanamedrove

aRmosavleT germaniaSi. veberis interesi am Temebisadmi garkveulwilad

ganpirobebuli iyo ekonomikur mecnierebaTa e.w. `istoriuli skolis~ gavleniT,

romlis warmomadgenlebic xazs usvamdnen ekonomikuri cxovrebis Seswavlis

aucileblobas kulturis istoriuli ganviTarebis analizis farTo konteqstSi.

veberi mTeli Tavisi Semoqmedebis manZilze iziarebda am Tvalsazriss. magram is

naSromebi, romlebic man Seqmna gamojanmrTelebis Semdeg, da is sakiTxebi,

romlebiTac is iyo dakavebuli Tavisi mecnieruli saqmianobis bolo wlebSi,

gacilebiT ufro farTo speqtrs moicavs, vidre es mis adrindel naSromebs

axasiaTebda. `protestantuli eTika~ am axleburi midgomis pirveli nayofi iyo.

imisTvis, raTa sworad moxdes imis Sefaseba, Tu ras miaRwia veberma am

naSromiT, saWiroa yuradReba mivaqcioT am naSromis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebul

garemoebaTa or jgufs: (1) inteleqtualuri garemo, romelSic es naSromi Seiqmna,

da (2) rogoraa dakavSirebuli es naSromi im farTo SemecnebiT programasTan,

romelic veberma daisaxa Tavisi karieris meore etapze.

1. winamZRvrebi

britanuli tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT, XIX saukuneSi germanuli filosofia,

politikuri Teoria da ekonomika ar ganicdida utilitarizmis da klasikuri

politikuri ekonomiis gavlenas. amis sapirispirod, germaniaSi mefobda idealizmi,

xolo XIX saukunis dasasruls aq sul ufro did gavlenas iZenda marqsizmi.

1 wignidan: Max Weber. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Poutldge, 1992. Pp.vii-xxvi.

70

britanelma j.s. milma Tavis `logikis sistemaSi (1843) gaerTianebuli

sabunebismetyvelo da socialuri mecnierebebi Tavisi qveynis tradiciebs

daukavSira. mili iyo kontis yvelaze gamorCeuli britaneli mimdevari. miuxedavad

imisa, rom is mwvaved akritikebda frangi mecnieris zogierT debulebas. rac

Seexeba germanias, aq kontis pozitivizmma ver pova noyieri niadagi; dilTais

mxridan `moraluri mecnierebebis~ miliseburi versiis TanamgrZnobma, magram

kritikulma Sexvedram biZgi misca im dinebis Camoyalibebas, romelic SemdgomSi

cnobili gaxda Geisteswissenschaften-is saxeliT (da romelic Tavdapirvelad

aRiqmeboda rogorc `moraluri mecnierebebis~ zusti [germanuli] Targmani).

Geisteswissenschaften-is `hermenevtikul~2 tradicias safuZveli dilTaize bevrad ufro

adre Caeyara, da ukve XVIII saukunis Sua wlebidan dawyebuli is ukavSirdeba,

Tumca amasTanave upirispirdeba kidec, germanuli idealisturi filosofiis

farTo dinebas. is mecnierebi, romlebic hermenevtikul tradicias iziareben,

moiTxovdnen sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis gancalkevebas adamianis Semswavleli

mecnierebebisagan. Tumca isini SesaZleblad miiCnevdnen bunebrivi movlenebis

`axsnas~ mizezobrivi kanonebis meSveobiT, adamianis saqciels isini ganixilavdnen

rogorc mravalmniSvnelovans, amitom misi `axsnis~ an `gagebis~ saSualebebi

gansxvavebuli unda yofiliyo im saSualebebisagan, romlebic sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneboda. es pozicia mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli istoriuli

mecnierebis upiratesobis aRiarebasTan adamianTa saqcielis, ekonomikuri qcevis da

sxva sferoebis Seswavlis saqmeSi, vinaidan arsebuli rwmenis Tanaxmad, is

kulturuli faseulobebi, romlebic aniWeben azrs adamianTa cxovrebas,

socialuri ganviTarebis specifikuri procesebis Sedegad iqmneba.

SeiTvisa ra idea, rom istoriis mniSvneloba socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis

gadamwyvetia, veberma daaskvna, rom adamianTa qmedebis (action) axsnis umTavres

pirobas am qcevis mniSvnelobis `gageba~ (Verstehen) warmoadgens. amasTan, is

kritikulad afasebda iseT midgomebs, rogorebicaa `intuicia~, `empatia~

(TanagrZnoba) da sxv., romlebic, sxva mecnierebis azriT, aucilebel pirobas

warmoadgenen qcevis interpretaciisa da gagebisaTvis. rac ufro mniSvnelovania,

man uaryo is Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianTa qcevis

`mravalmniSvnelovnebis~ aRiareba gulisxmobda imas, rom socialur mecnierebebSi

SeuZlebelia mizezobrivi axsnebis gamonaxva. abstraqtuli meTodis doneze veberma

ver SeZlo damakmayofileblad daekavSirebina erTmaneTTan is gansxvavebuli

elementebi, romelTa Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiris Seswavlasac is cdilobda;

magram aseTi sinTezis mcdelobis Sedegad man SeimuSava istoriuli gamokvlevis

axleburi stili, romelic xasiaTdeba gansxvavebuli kulturuli azrebis mimarT

gamoCenili gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT da moiTxovs istoriuli ganviTarebis

axsnas `materialuri~ faqtebis gavlenidan gamomdinare.

swored aseTi inteleqtualuri gadasaxedidan uyurebda veberi marqsizms,

rogorc swavlebas da rogorc politikur Zalas, romelic praqtikuli miznebis

ganxorcielebas cdilobda. veberi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli liberalurad

ganwyobil mecnierTa jgufTan `Verein fur Sozialpolitik~ (`socialuri politikis

asociacia~), romlis wevrebic dainteresebulni iyvnen progresuli socialuri

reformebis gatarebiT. veberi ekuTvnoda am asociaciis e.w. `axalgazrdul~ frTas;

71

es iyo pirveli jgufi [germaniaSi], romelmac safuZvlianad Seiswavla marqsis

Teoria da cdilobda, SemoqmedebiTad gamoeyenebina marqsizmis elementebi _

miuxedavad imisa, rom isini ar Tvlidnen marqsizms azrovnebis dasrulebul

sistemad da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iziarebdnen mis revoluciur politikur

midgomas. aRiarebda ra marqsis miRwevebs, Tavisi saxelmoxveWili Tanamedrovis,

zombartisagan3 gansxvavebiT veberi sakmaod TavdaWerilad afasebda marqsizms (da

xSirad mwvaved akritikebda marqsis mimdevrebis naSromebsac da maT politikur

saqmianobasac). Tumca, veberic da zombartic did dainteresebas amJRavnebdnen

industrialuri kapitalizmis warmoSobisa da misi ganviTarebis SesaZlo gzebis

mimarT rogorc germaniaSi, aseve, ufro farTod, dasavleTSi. kerZod, isini

aRiarebdnen im ekonomikuri winapirobebis arsebobas, romlebmac, marqsis rwmeniT,

ganapirobes kapitalizmis ganviTareba da misi Semdgomi cvlilebebi. orivem Tavisi

naSromebis didi nawili miuZrvna dasavleTis Tanamedrove kapitalisturi wyobis

`eTikis~, an `sulis~ (Geist) warmoSobis Seswavlas.

2. `protestantuli eTikis~ Temebi

Tanamedrove kapitalizmis gansxvavebuli Tvisebebis gamovlenis mizniT `

protestantuli eTikaSi~ veberi upirveles yovlisa erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs

kapitalistur sawarmos da [ubralod[ mogebis miRebisadmi ltolvas.

simdidrisadmi midrekileba yvelgan da yovelTvis arsebobda, da TavisTavad amas

araferi aqvs saerTo kapitalisturi xasiaTis saqmianobasTan, romelic gulisxmobs

mogebis miRebaze orientacias regularuli da, rogorc wesi, mSvidobiani gacvla-

gamocvlis Sedegad. amgvarad gansazRvruli `kapitalizmi~, romlis ZiriTad

damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas savaWro operaciebi warmoadgenen, sxvadsxva tipis

sazogadoebaSi arsebobda: babilonSi, Zvel egvipteSi, CineTSi, indoeTsa da Sua

saukuneebis evropaSi. magram mxolod dasavleTSi, da SedarebiT bolo periodSi

moxda kapitalisturi saqmianobis dakavSireba formalurad Tavisufali samuSao Zalis racionalur organizaciasTan. samuSao Zalis `racionalur organizaciaSi~

veberi gulisxmobs mis sistematur da gaangariSebul marTvas uwyvetad moqmed

sawarmoebSi.

racionaluri kapitalisturi sawarmos arseboba ori pirobis dakmayofilebas

moiTxovs: disciplinirebul samuSao Zalas da kapitalis uwyvet dabandebas. orive

es piroba mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba ekonomikuri saqmianobis tradiciul tips.

pirveli pirobis did mniSvnelobas adasturebs maTi gamocdileba, vinc daaarsa

Tanamedrove tipis sawarmoebi garemoSi, sadac aseTi saqmianoba manamde ar iyo

cnobili. warmovidginoT aseTi mewarmeebi, romlebic warmoebis efeqturobis

gazrdis mizniT aweseben sacalo anazRaurebas da Tvlian, rom Sromis

anazRaurebis aseTi principi gamoiwvevs Sromis nayofierebis gazrdas, vinaidan am

SemTxvevaSi muSebs eZlevaT SesaZlebloba, meti imuSaon da ufro maRali

anazRaureba miiRon. sinamdvileSi ki amis Sedegi, SesaZloa, sapirispiro iyos:

muSebi naklebs imuSaveben, vinaidan isini dainteresebulni arian ara Tavisi

yoveldRiuri anazRaurebis maqsimalur gazrdaSi, aramed imaSi, rom miiRon iseTi

anazRaureba, romelic daakmayofilebs maT tradiciul moTxovnilebebs.

analogiuri fenomeni SeiniSneba tradiciuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenel

mdidrebs Sorisac: kapitalistur sawarmoSi miRebuli mogebiT isini miznad

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isaxaven mxoloddamxolod fulis Sovnas, raTa Seiqmnan materialuri komforti,

uzrunvelyon maTTvis sasiamovno cxovrebis stili an Zalaufleba. tradiciuli

tipis mewarmeTaTvis ucxoa zrunva kapitalis uwyvet reproduqciaze, rac

iTvaliswinebs mis mudmiv investirebas warmoebaSi. aseTi tipis saqmianoba

gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobis Sedegia, da swored es gansxvavebuli

msoflmxedveloba gamoyofs mewarmeebs, romelTa mizansac warmoadgens

mxoloddamxolod simdidris dagroveba simdidrisTvisave, da ara im materialuri

waxalisebebisaTvis, romelTa motanac am simdidres SeuZlia. `isini fuls

Souloben, SeZena maTi cxovrebis saboloo mizani xdeba. ekonomiuri mogeba aRar

warmoadgens adamianisaTvis misi materialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis

saSualebas~. veberis Tanaxmad, swored amaSi mdgomareobs Tanamedrove

kapitalizmis suli.

rogor SeiZleba aixsnas es istoriulad gansakuTrebuli fenomeni, romelic

xasiaTdeba, erTis mxriv, simdidris moxveWis surviliT da amave dros ar

gamoxatavs raime interess amqveyniuri, siamovnebis momtani survilebis

dakmayofilebisadmi, risi uzrunvelyofac am simdidres SeuZlia? veberis azriT,

mcdari iqneboda mosazreba, TiTqos es tradiciuli moralis dasustebiT aixsneba,

vinaidan es axleburi msoflmxedveloba xazgasmulad moraluri xasiaTisaa da

sinamdvileSi iSviaT TviTdisciplinas moiTxovs. mewarmeebisaTvis, romlebic

racionaluri kapitalizmis ganviTarebas uwyoben xels, damaxasiaTebelia mogebis

miRebisadmi ltolva da amave dros, xazgasmiT mokrZalebuli, zomieri cxovrebis

stili. veberis azriT, es aixsneba puritanizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `amqveyniuri

asketizmiT~, romelic gamoxatulia `mowodebis~ koncefciaSi. veberis Tanaxmad,

mowodebis cneba ar arsebobda arc antikur da arc kaTolikur TeologiaSi; is

reformaciam Semoitana. misi ZiriTadi idea imaSi mdgomareobs, rom adamianis

umTavres moralur valdebulebas warmoadgens Tavisi movaleobis Sesruleba

amqveyniur saqmianobaSi. aseTi TvalTaxedvis Sedegad, religiuri saqcieli

yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawili xdeba, da upirispirdeba samonastro cxovrebis

kaTolikur wess, romlis mizania saero cxovrebis moTxovnilebebis daZleva.

metic, protestantis moraluri pasuxismgebloba kumulatiur xasiaTs atarebs,

vinaidan protestantizmSi ara aqvs adgili kaTolikuri samyarosadmi

damaxasiaTebeli codvis, monaniebisa da patiebis cikls, romelic SesaZlebelia

usasrulod ganaxldes kaTolikes cxovrebis manZilze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mowodebis idea ukve luTeris doqtrinebSi gvxvdeba,

veberi amtkicebs, rom is gacilebiT ufro Rrmad iqna ganviTarebuli puritanuli

seqtebis _ kalvinizmis, meTodizmis, pietizmis da baptizmis swavlebaSi. veberis

ganxilva ZiriTadad pirvel maTganze, kalvinizmzea dayrdnobili, Rumca is

dainteresebulia ara imdenad kalvinisturi doqtrinebiT, ramdenadac maTi

Semdgomi ganviTarebiT. kalvinizmis im elementebs Soris, romlebsac veberi

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs, misi mTavari TezisisaTvis yvelaze ufro

mniSvnelovani, albaT, bedisweris (predestination) doqtrinaa: rwmena, rom mxolod

adamianTa nawilia SerCeuli jojoxeTidan gadasarCenad, da es arCevani winaswaraa

gansazRvruli RmerTis mier. TviTon kalvini SeiZleba darwmunebuli yofiliyo

sakuTar gadarCenaSi, vinaidan is RvTiuri winaswarmetyvelebis instruments

warmoadgenda; magram arc erT mis mimdevars ar SeeZlo gaeziarebina es rwmena.

73

`Tavis ukidures arahumanurobaSi, _ ambobs veberi, _ am doqtrinas sul cota

umniSvnelovanesi gavlena unda hqonoda im Taobis cxovrebaze, romelic misi

gavlenis qveS imyofeboda ... _ uprecedento Sinagani martoobis grZnoba~. veberis

azriT, swored am tanjvam gamoiwvia kapitalizmis sulis Camoyalibeba. adgili

hqonda or mniSvnelovan cvlilebas: (1) savaldebulo gaxda, adamians rCeulad

CaeTvala Tavi, xolo amgvari darwmunebis nakleboba gaxda arasakmarisi rwmenis

maCvenebeli; (2) saero saqmianobaSi `kargi saqmeebis~ keTeba aRiqmeboda rogorc

macne, romelic iuwyeboda am adamianis `SerCevis~ Sesaxeb. amrigad, mowodebaSi

warmatebis miRweva CaiTvala im `niSnad~, romelic adasturebs, rom es adamiani

rCeulTa ricxvs ekuTvnis. simdidris dagroveba moralurad iqna sanqcionirebuli

imdenad, ramdenadac es procesi dakavSirebuli iyo zomier cxovrebasa da muyaiT

saqmianobasTan; simdidre iZraxeboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamoiyeneboda

fufunebaSi usaqmod drostarebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.

veberis mtkicebiT, kalvinizmi aZlevs kapitalistur mewarmes moralur energiasa

da stimuls; veberi Tvlis, rom kalvinistur doqtrinebs axasiaTebs `rkiniseburi

Tanmimdevroba~ Tavisi mimdevrebisagan pirquSi disciplinis moTxovnaSi. ra Tqma

unda, saero saqmeebSi asketuri TavdaWerilobis da TviTkontrolis elementi sxva

puritanuli seqtebisTvisac iyo damaxasiaTebeli; magram maT akldaT kalvinizmis

dinamizmi. amitom veberi Tvlis, rom maTi gavlena mdgomareobda ZiriTadad

moraluri msoflmxedvelobis SemuSavebaSi, romelic aZlierebda samuSao

disciplinis kapitalisturi sawarmos dabal da saSualo rgolebSi. `pietizmi

xazs usvamda Tavis keTilganwyobas im Rirsebebis mimarT~, rogorebic

damaxasiaTebeli iyo, magaliTad, `erTguli Tanamdebobis piris, klerkis, muSis an

moaxlisaTvis~.

3. `protestantuli eTika~ veberis sxva naSromebis konteqstSi

miuxedavad imisa, rom ase farTodaa cnobili, `protestantuli eTika~ veberis

naSromebis mxolod erT fragments warmoadgens, is ufro mcire moculobisa da

naklebad detaluria, vidre veberis mier sxva `msoflio religiebis~ _ Zveli

idealizmis, induizmis da konfucianobis _ Seswavla (veberi gegmavda agreTve

islamis srul Seswavlas, magram man es veRar moaswro). es naSromebi erTian cikls

warmoadgenen. arc `protestantuli eTika~ da arc romelime sxva am naSromebidan

ar moiazreba veberis mier rogorc religiis tipebis ubralo aRwera. isini

Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc kulturis racionalizaciis gansxvavebuli tipebis

analizi da rogorc mcdeloba, gamovleniliyo aseTi gansxvavebebis mniSvneloba

sazogadoebis socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis.

< . . . >

veberi ambobs, rom `protestantul eTikaSi~ is ganixilavs `mizezobrivi jaWvis

mxolod erT mxares~, kerZod, imas, romelic akavSirebs puritanizms Tanamedrove

kapitalizmTan. is ar cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom religiuri eTikis

racionalizaciis formebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi, romlebsac is gamohyofs,

warmoadgenen erTaderT mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

dasavlur tipebs Soris. piriqiT, is ayalibebs ramdenime sxva fundamentur socio-

ekonomikur faqtors, romlebic ganasxvaveben evropul gamocdilebas indoeTisa da

CineTis gamocdilebebisagan, da romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes Tanamedrove

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kapitalizmis Camoyalibebis procesSi. es Semdegi faqtorebia: 1. warmoebis gamotana

Sinameurneobis farglebs gareT, rac jer kidev industriuli kapitalizmis

ganviTarebamde gacilebiT ufro miRebuli iyo dasavleTSi vidre is odesme

ganviTarda msoflios nebismier sxva kuTxeSi. kerZod, CineTSi ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobis ZiriTadi formebi farTo naTesaur urTierTobebs eyrdnoboda,

rac bunebrivad zRudavda rogorc profesiuli amqrebis, aseve kerZo mewarmeebis

saqmianobas. 2. dasavluri tipis qalaqebis ganviTareba. Sua saukuneebis Semdgom

periodSi evropis qalaqebma miaRwies politikuri avtonomiis maRal dones, da

gamoiwvies dapirispireba `burJuaziul~ sazogadoebasa da agrarul feodalizms

Soris. aRmosavleTSi ki qalaqebi mWidrod darCa dakavSirebuli adgilobriv

agrarul ekonomikasTan, rac nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo naTesauri kavSirebis

gavleniT, romlebic asusteben gansxvavebebs cxovrebis qalaqur da soflur

wyobas Soris. 3. romauli [iuridiuli] kanonebis tradiciuli siZliere evropaSi,

rac xels uwyobda iuridiuli praqtikis ufro srulyofil racionalizacias,

vidre amas adgili hqonda msoflios nebismier sxva kuTxeSi. 4. am ukanasknelma ki

SesaZlebeli gaxada erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba, romlebic imarTeba

profesionaluri biurokratiuli aparatiT, risi msgavsic araferi arsebobda

aRmosavlur civilizaciaSi. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis iuridiuli sistemis

racionaluri buneba garkveulwilad aTvisebuli iqna saqmiani organizaciebis mier,

ramac safuZveli Cauyara kapitalisturi ekonomikis saerTo CarCoebs. 5. evropaSi

ormagi buRalteriis ganviTareba. veberis azriT, es iyo umniSvnelovanesi piroba

kapitalisturi warmoebis danergvisa da regulirebisaTvis. 6. cvlilebaTa mTeli

rigi, romlebmac SesaZlebeli gaxades, marqsis TqmiT, `Tavisufali~ muSebis farTo

masebis gamoTavisufleba, romelTa arsebobis wyarosac warmoadgens bazarze

sakuTari samuSao Zalis gayidva.

erTad aRebuli, es faqtorebi warmoadgenen im aucilebeli pirobebis

kombinacias, romlebmac, puritanTa moralur energiasTan Serwymis Sedegad,

gamoiwvies Tanamedrove dasavluri kapitalizmis Camoyalibeba. magram Tu

kapitalizmma sicocxle misca aseT cvlilebebs, axalma cxovrebis wesma,

Camoyalibda ra, ukuagdo kerZod religiuri elementebi, romlebmac gamoiwvies misi

warmoSoba:

`rodesac asketizmi samonastro oTaxebidan yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamovida da amqveyniuri zneobrivi wesebis ganpirobebas Seecada, man Tavisi roli iTamaSa Tanamedrove ekonomikuri wyobis rTuli sistemis SeqmnaSi. ... emyareba ra meqanikur safuZvlebs, gamarjvebul kapitalizms aRar esaWiroeba misi daxmareba. ... moTxovna yoveli adamianis mier Tavisi mowodebis aRsrulebis aucileblobis Taobaze Semoipara Cvens cxovrebaSi, rogorc gardacvlili religiuri rwmenis aCrdili~.

amgvarad, `protestantuli eTika~, romelic upirveles yovlisa Tanamedrove

kapitalizmis warmoSobas Seiswavlis, warmoadgens agreTve veberis pirquS ganaCens,

romelic man gamoutana Tanamedrove industrialuri kulturis bolodroindeli

ganviTarebis gzas. puritanizmma Tavisi roli iTamaSa im `rkinis galiis~ SeqmnaSi,

romelSic iZulebulia iarsebos Tanamedrove adamianma _ aitanos cxovrebis sul

ufro da ufro biurokratizirebuli wesi, saidanac ulmobladaa amoRebuli

`spontanuri cxovrebiseuli xalisi~. rogorc veberi askvnis, `puritans undoda

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eSroma Tavisi mowodebis gasamarTleblad; Cven ki iZulebulebi varT, ase

moviqceT~.

4. polemika

`protestantuli eTika~ dawerili iyo polemikuri diskusiis gamowvevis mizniT,

romelic aSkarad Cans veberis mier `idealizmisa~ da `materializmis~ Sesaxeb

gakeTebul SeniSvnebSi. misi TqmiT, es gamokvleva `gvexmareba SeviswavloT is, Tu

rogor gvevlineba ideebi istoriis mamoZravebel Zalad~, da mimarTulia

ekonomiuri determinizmis winaaRmdeg. reformacia da puritanuli seqtebis

Semdgomi ganviTareba ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc manamde momxdari

ekonomikuri cvlilebebis `istoriulad gardauvali Sedegi~. aSkaraa, rom aq

veberi gulisxmobs marqsizms, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, marqsistuli istoriuli

analizis im droisaTvis gavlenian dinebebs. amasTan, is xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom

ar cdilobs Secvalos deterministuri marqsizmi amdenadve monisturi

idealisturi narkveviT. es naSromi gamoxatavs veberis Rrma rwmenas imaSi, rom

`istoriuli kanonebi~ ar arsebobs _ dasavleTSi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis

Camoyalibeba garemoebaTa istoriulad gansakuTrebuli damTxvevis Sedegi iyo.

veberis naSromis faruli enTuziazmi SeiZleba SevniSnoT puritanizmis da misi

memkvidreobis Sesaxeb gakeTebul daskvniT komentarebSi. `rkinis galiis~ metafora

sakmaod kargad gamoxatavs veberis uaryofiT damokidebulebas saero cxovrebisa

da im yofisadmi, romelic, misi azriT, gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove

kulturaSi. amasTan, is iSveliebs goeTes gamonaTqvams: `specialistebi sulis

gareSe, specialistebi gulis gareSe; es araraoba fiqrobs, rom miaRwia

civilizaciis umaRles dones~. aseTi radikaluri Sefaseba ucnaurad

ewinaaRmdegeba veberis mier Tavisi mTavari Tezisis dasasabuTeblad SerCeul

frTxil gzas. SesaZloa, swored am kontrastma gamoiwvia is polemika, romelic am

naSromis gamoqveynebas mohyva. magram rogor SeiZleba aixsnas am debatebis

intensiuroba da maTi xangrZlivoba?

am wignis mier gamowveuli diskusiis emociuri daZabulobis umniSvnelovanes

mizezs udavod is garemoeba warmoadgens, rom orive ZiriTadi termini, romlebsac

veberi iyenebs, `religia~ da `kapitalizmi~ potenciurad feTqebadia, rodesac

ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove dasavluri ekonomikis safuZvlebis axsnas. veberi

cdilobs daamtkicos garkveuli religiuri ideebis transformaciuli Zala, raSic

mas ar eTanxmebian Tanamedrove marqsistebi; mis mier kaTolicizmis daxasiaTebam

rogorc saero wesrigs moklebulma religiam, romlis gavlenac Tanamedrove

ekonomikur ganviTarebaze Semaferxebeli da ara wamaxalisebeli aRmoCnda,

gamoiwvia mravali kaTolike istorikosis mtruli damokidebuleba; xolo mis mier

SemoTavazebuli protestantizmis analizi, sadac xasgasmulia puritanuli

seqtebis roli (romelTa gavlenac, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove

kulturis `rkinis galiasTan~) Znelad Tu gamoiwvevda protestanti moazrovneebis

sayovelTao aRiarebas. da bolos, TviT sityva `kapitalizmis~ xmarebac sadavo iyo:

bevri dRemde darwmunebulia, rom am termins ar gaaCnia raime gamosadegi

mniSvneloba ekonomikur istoriaSi.

`protestantuli eTikis~ mier gamowveuli gamopasuxebebis mravalferovneba

dagvexmareba avxsnaT diskusiis xangrZlivoba. amasTan, Cven aq saqme gvaqvs sxva

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mniSvnelovan faqtorebTanac, veberis argumentebis inteleqtualuri Zala

didwilad ganpirobebulia mis mier tradiciuli disciplinaruli sazRvrebis

ugulebelyofiT, rac SesaZlebeli gaxada misma iSviaTad farTo mecnierulma

Tvalsawierma. Sesabamisad, Cven SeiZleba SevafasoT misi naSromi ramdenime doneze:

rogorc kerZod istoriuli gamokvleva, romelic adgens kavSirs kalvinizmsa da

samewarmeo midgomas Soris; rogorc puritanizmis mier kapitalistur saqmianobaze

moxdenili gavlenis mizezobrivi analizi; rogorc Tanamedrove dasavluri

sazogadoebis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis warmoSobis interpretacia; da,

Tu mas veberis SedarebiTi naSromebis konteqstSi ganvixilavT, esaa nawili misi

mcdelobisa, gamoyos dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis civilizaciebSi kulturis

racionalizaciis gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebi. polemika, romelic

`protestantulma eTikam~ gamoiwvia, erTi meoreze gadadioda da exeboda ara

mxolod Sinaarsobriv sakiTxebs, aramed agreTve im meTodologiur midgomaTa

umravlesobas, romelTa gaSuqebasac veberi miznad isaxavda am naSromSi; man

moiSvelia gamaognebeli mravalferovneba naSromisa iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaa

ekonomika, istoria da ekonomiuri istoria, SedarebiTi religia, anTropologia da

sociologia. metic, am polemikam Tavi iCina agreTve im mecnierebis naSromebTan

dakavSirebiT, romlebmac aRiares veberiseuli analizi da Seecadnen misi

elementebis Semdgom gavrcobas, _ kerZod, diskusiuri aRmoCena r.k. mertonis mier

XVII saukunis inglisis mecnierebaze protestantizmis gavlenis Sesaxeb

gakeTebuli analizi.4

Zneli iqneboda imis uaryofa, rom `protestantuli eTikis~ kritikuli

Sefasebebis nawili, gansakuTrebiT isini, romlebic gaCnda germaniaSi am naSromis

pirveli gamocemis gamosvlisTanave, an 1930 wels misi pirveli [inglisuri]

Targmanis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, gamowveuli iyo an aSkara gaugebrobiT imisa, Tu

ras amtkicebda am naSromSi veberi, an araswori SefasebiT imisa, Tu ris miRwevas

cdilobda is amiT. veberi Tavis Tavsac Tvlida nawilobriv pasuxismgeblad misi

azrebis arasworad gagebaSi zogierTi misi adrindeli kritikosis, magaliTad,

fiSerisa da reCfalis mier. ra Tqma unda, am kritikosebs ar hqondaT saSualeba,

moeTavsebinaT `protestantuli eTika~ veberis SedarebiTi kvlevebis farTo

konteqstSi. maT SeiZleba vapatioT is, rom maT ar gaiTvaliswines am naSromis

fragmentuli xasiaTi, Tumca Tavad veberi auwyebs Tavis mkiTxvelebs, rom misi

miznebi am naSromSi sakmaod viwro xasiaTs atarebs. magram gacilebiT Znelia aseve

advilad mivutanoT 1920-1930-ian wlebSi gamoCenil kritikosebs, romlebmac TiTqmis

sruliad ugulebelyves `ekonomika da sazogadoeba~.5 am periodis [kritikuli]

literaturis nawili ar warmoadgens raime faseulobas veberis argu-mentebis

Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT, kerZod, iq, sadac kritikosebi ar eTanxmebian vebers

imaSi, rom swored kalvinizmma ganapiroba Tanamedrove kapitalizmis ganvi-Tareba;

an rodesac isini xazs usvamen im garemoebas, rom zogierTma Tanamedrove qveyanam,

magaliTad, iaponiam miaRwia swraf ekonomiur zrdas miuxedavad imisa, rom am

qveynebis mosaxleobas ar axasiaTebda araviTari `protestantuli eTika~.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, veberis gamarTlebuli kritikis ramdenime

SesaZlebloba mainc arsebobs; isini SeiZleba davajgufoT Semdegi Tvalsazrisebis

irgvliv:

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1. protestantizmis veberiseuli daxasiaTeba araswori iyo. isini, vinc Tavis

kritikas am mimarTulebiT anviTarebdnen, xazs usvamdnen veberis midgomas

reformaciisadmi, mis mier puritanuli seqtebis da, kerZod, kalvinizmis aRweras.

iTvleba, rom veberi Secda, rodesac `mowodebis~ koncefciis warmoSoba luTeris

saxels daukavSira da rodesac Tvlida, rom es koncefcia gamoxatavda

principulad axlebur religiur xedvas; es kritikosebi Tvlian, rom kalvinisturi

eTika sinamdvileSi anti-kapitalisturi iyo, ramdenadac is arasodes uWerda mxars

simdidris dagrovebas, Tundac rogorc arapirdapir mizans. sxva kritikosebi

Tvlidnen, rom veberis mier benjamen franklinis ideebis ganxilva, rasac

`protestantul eTikaSi~ centraluri adgili ukavia, iseve rogorc amerikuli

puritanizmis veberiseuli analizis sxva aspeqtebi, miuRebelia. Tu kritikosTa es

argumentebi sworia, isini mniSvnelovnad unda CaiTvalos, vinaidan veberi Tvlida,

rom SeerTebul StatebSi puritanizmis gavlena saqmian urTierTobebze

xazgasmulad aSkara iyo, rac misi Teoriis mnisvnelovan dasturs warmoadgenda.

2. veberma arasworad Seafasa kaTolikuri doqtrina. kritikosebi aRniSnavdnen,

rom vebers ar hqonda safuZvlianad Seswavlili kaTolicizmi, miuxedavad imisa,

rom misi mTavari idea gulisxmobda, rom kaTolizmsa da protestantizms Soris

arsebobda mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi ekonomiur faseulobebTan dakavSirebiT.

veberis kritikosebi Tvlidnen, rom Sua saukuneebis Semdgomi periodis

kaTolicizmi Seicavda elementebs, romlebic dadebiT gavlenas axdendnen

`kapitalistur sulze~; da rom sinamdvileSi reformacia unda ganvixiloT

rogorc reaqciuli Zala, mimarTuli am `sulis~ winaaRmdeg, da ara rogorc Zala,

romelmac gza gauxsna mis Camoyalibebas.

3. veberis mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom puritanizmi da kapitalizmi

dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan, araa dasabuTebuli sakmarisi empiriuli monacemebiT.

es garemoeba mravaljer iyo xazgasmuli. aRniSnuli iyo, rom erTaderTi

raodenobrivi analizi, romelsac veberi iSveliebs, aris kaTolikebisa da

protestantebis ekonomiuri saqmianobis Seswavla badenSi 1895 wels _ magram am

monacemta sizuste eWvs iwvevda. kritikosebi agreTve aRniSnavdnen, rom is

pirvelwyaroebi, romlebsac veberi eyrdnoba, ZiriTadad anglo-saqsuri

warmoSobisaa, da amtkiceben, rom XVI_XVII saukuneebis rainlandis, niderlandebis

da Sveicariis ekonomiuri ganviTarebis Seswavlis Sedegad ar yofila

gamovlenili ramdenadme mWidro kavSiri kalvinizmsa da kapitalistur warmoebas

Soris.

4. vebers ar eTanxmebodnen mis mcdelobaSi, erTmaneTisTvis daepirispirebina

Tanamedrove, `racionaluri~ kapitalizmi da kapitalisturi saqmianobis adrindeli

formebi. amasTan, aRniSnuli iyo, rom `Tanamedrove kapitalizmis~ koncefcia

veberma gangeb warmoaCina ise, raTa is ukeT daekavSirebina puritanizmis im

elementebTan, romlebsac igi xazs usvamda. meores mxriv, Tvlidnen kritikosebi,

is, rasac veberi Tanamedrove kapitalizmis `suls~ uwodebs, sinamdvileSi wina

periodebSic arsebobda. Touni (Tawney) eTanxmeba eTanxmeba veberiseul gansxvavebas

luTeranizmsa da gviandel protestantul seqtebs Soris, magram amtkicebs, rom

sinamdvileSi `kapitalisturi sulis~ ganviTarebam gamoiwvia puritanizmis

evolucia, da ara piriqiT.

78

5. veberi cdeba mizezobrivi kavSiris bunebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic misi

azriT arsebobs puritanizmsa da Tanamedrove kapitalizms Soris. es daskvna

warmoadgens Tavisebur gagrZelebas im argumentisa, rom aseTi kavSiri ar arsebobs.

am etapze diskusia ukavSirdeba davas istoriuli meTodis abstraqtuli

problemebis Sesaxeb, da, kerZod, ganixilavs sakiTxs imis Taobaze, SesaZlebelia

Tu ara saerTod mizezobrivi analizis arseboba istoriaSi. marqsisti kritikosebi

uaryofdnen veberiseul axsnas masSi ramdenime istoriuli mizezis arsebobis gamo,

zogierTi maTgani ki Seecada, `Seecvala~ `protestantuli eTikis~ mTavari idea da

ganixilavdnen veberis mier moyvanil puritanul doqtrinebs rogorc maT

daarsebamde Camoyalibebuli ekonomikuri cvlilebebis Tanmxleb movlenas. sxva

avtorebma, ara aucileblad marqsistebma, uarhyves meTodologiuri CarCoebi,

romlebSic moTavsebuli iyo veberis naSromi, da Seecadnen eCvenebinaT, rom am

CarCoebma garkveuli gavlena iqonia kapitalisturi sulis Camoyalibebis

veberiseul axsnaze.

ramdenad Seswevs Zala veberis narkvevs, gaumklavdes im farTomasStabian kritikas,

romelic man gamoiwvia? dRemde arian mkvlevarebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom am

nawarmoebs es savsebiT ZaluZs, vinaidan, maTi azriT, kritikis umetesi nawili an

mcdaria, an gamowveulia veberis poziciis araswori gagebiT. me ar mgonia, rom

aseTi Tvalsazrisi SeiZleba safuZvlianad CavTvaloT. aSkaraa, rom veberis

naSromiT gamowveuli kritikuli SeniSvnebis garkveuli nawili mcdaria, vinaidan

arsebul kritikul literaturaSi Sida winaaRmdegobebi gvxvdeba: erTi

kritikosebis mier gakeTebuli SeniSvnebi ewinaaRmdegeba sxva avtorebis SeniSvnebs.

miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi avtoris mosazreba Zlieri argumentebiTaa

dasabuTebuli, da erTad aRebuli, es mosazrebebi warmoadgenen veberis

azrebisadmi wamoyenebul Znelad mosageriebel braldebas. me vityodi, rom

veberiseuli analizis is elementebi, romlebic aSkarad iwveven SekiTxvebs,

Semdegia: `mowodebis~ cnebis gansakuTrebuloba luTeranizmisaTvis; kaTolicizmsa

da regularul samewarmeo saqmianobas Soris `urTierTkavSiris~ uaryofa; da, misi

Tezisis centraluri idea, ramdenad mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa kalvinisturma

eTikam simdidris dagrovebis `gakeTilSobilebaSi~ da Rirseulad miCnevaSi, rasac

mxars uWers veberi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu veberi cdeboda am sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT, misi mravalricxovani naSromebis gavlenis Sefaseba mecnierebis

Semdgom ganviTarebaze mainc Zalze rTul amocanas warmoadgens. imisaTvis, raTa

aseTi Sefaseba odnav mainc damakmayofilebeli iyos, is aucileblad unda

iTvaliswinebdes `Tanmxleb~ naSromebs `msoflios religiebis~ Sesaxeb, kulturis

racionalizaciis saerTo problemas _ da im meTodologiur CarCoebs, romlebSic

moTavsebulia veberis naSromebi. arc erT avtors ar ucdia dRes-dReobiT am

amocanis gadaWra; albaT, unda gamoCndes mecnieri, visac eqneba veberis analogiuri

mecnieruli Tvalsawieri, rom is SeeWidos aseT saqmes warmatebis mcire imediT

mainc.

kembriji, 1976 weli.

79

maqs veberi

mecniereba rogorc mowodeba da profesia

(Targmna flora esebuam)

am etapze mecnieruli warmoebisadmi, rogorc profesiisadmi damokidebuleba

pirvel rigSi imiT aris gamowveuli, rom mecniereba Sevida specializaciis im

stadiaSi, romlis Sesaxebac adre ar iyo cnobili, da imiT, rom es mdgomareoba

momavalSic SenarCundeba. ara mxolod garegnulad, aramed Sinaganadac saqme imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom calkeul individs SeuZlia mecnierebis sferoSi raRac

dasrulebulis Seqmna mxolod mkacri specializaciis pirobebSi. yovelTvis,

rodesac mkvlevari iWreba monaTesave sferoSi, rac CvenTan xSirad xdeba _

sociologebi mudmivad iWrebian monaTesave sferoSi da Tan es aucileblobiT aris

ganpirobebuli, _ mkvlevars uCndeba mosazreba, rom mis mier gaweul samsaxurs

SeuZlia specialists SesTavazos im sakiTxis sasargeblod Camoyalibeba, romelic,

specialuri Tvalsazrisis gamo, mas azradac ar mouva. mxolod mkacri

specializaciis wyalobiT adamians, romelic mecnierebiT aris dakavebuli,

SeuZlia cxovrebaSi mxolod erTxel SeigrZnos, rom man SeZlo raRac iseTi, rac

didxans darCeba. realurad, dasrulebuli samuSao Cvens droSi yovelTvis

specialuri samuSaoa. amitmac, is, visac ar ZaluZs TvaldaxuWulad gadaeSvas am

oromtrialSi, mas urCevnia ar Seexos mecnierebas. is verasodes SeigrZnobs imas,

rasac mecnierebiT gataceba hqvia. ucnauri kmayofilebis gareSe, rac mavanTa

Rimils iwvevs, ltolvisa da imaSi darwmunebulobis gareSe, rom `Sens gaCenamde

aTaswleulebi unda gasuliyo, da kidev sxva aTaswleulebi Cumad gvelodebian~, _

amis gareSe adamians mecnierebisken mowodeba ar gaaCnia da, am SemTxvevaSi, sjobs

is sxva ramiT dakavdes. radganac, adamianisTvis araviTari Rirebuleba ar aqvs

imas, rasac is swrafvis gareSe gaakeTebs.

magram, swrafvia arsebobis miuxedavad, rogori Rrma da gulwrfelic ar unda

iyos is, Sedegi SesaZloa didxans ar gvqondes saxeze. Tumca, swrafva aris

yvelaze mTavaris _ `SRagonebis~ umTavresi winapiroba. dRes axalgazrdebs Soris

gavrcelebulia warmodgena, rom mecniereba aris raRac ariTmetikuli amocanis

magvari, rom is iqmneba laboratoriebSi an statistikuri karTotekebiT, mxolod

civi gonebiT, rogorc qarxanaSi da ara mTeli `suliT~. amdenad, unda aRiniSnos,

rom adamianebma, romlebic ase fiqroben, araferi ician imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba

qarxanasa Tu laboratoriaSi. iqac da aqac adamians sWirdeba idea, amasTan swori

idea, da mxolod am pirobebSi is SeZlebs raRac Rirebulis Seqmnas. magram,

araferi modis TavSi survilis gamo. verafers miaRwev mxolod civi gaTvlebiT.

Tumca, gaTvla aucilebeli winapirobaa. magaliTad, yvela sociologma unda

icodes, rom sibereSic ki mas Tveebis ganmavlobaSi aTeulobiT sruliad

trivialuri ariTmetikuli amocanis amoxsna mouwevs. amocanis amoxsnis srulad

meqanikur WrilSi gadatana ki dausjeli ar rCeba: saboloo Sedegi xSirad

mizerulia. magra, Tu mkvlevars ar uCndeba sruliad gansazRvruli idea gaTvlis

mimarTulebis Sesaxeb, gaTvlis dros ki _ calkeuli Sedegebis mniSvnelobis

Sesaxeb, is saboloo mizeruli Sedegic ki miuRweveli SeiZleba iyos. ideis

momzadeba SesaZlebelia mxolod didi Sromis Sedegad. Tumca, ara yovelTvis.

mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT diletantis ideas SesaZloa hqondes igive an meti

mniSvneloba, vidre specialistisa. swored diletants unda vumadlodeT bevri

80

problemis dayenebasa da mignebas. rogorc helmholcma robert maierze Tqva,

diletanti specialistisgan mxolod imiT gansxvavdeba, rom ams ar hyofnis

samuSao meTodis saidumlooba da amitomac mas ar SeuZlia mignebis mniSvneloba

Seamowmos, Seafasos da cxovrebaSi gaataros. uecar mignebas ar SeuZlia Sroma

Caanacvlos. da meore mxriv, Sromas ar ZaluZs Caanacvlos an iZulebiT migiyvanos

mignebasTan, iseve rogorc ver aRwevs amas swrafva. mxolod orive am moments _ da

aucileblad orives erTad _ SeuZlia migviyvanos mignebasTan. magram migneba

mxolod maSin keTdeba, rodesac es mas Tavad awyobs, da ara maSin, rodesac es

gvawyobs Cven. da marTlac, rogorc ieringi gviCvenebs, saukeTeso ideebi sigaretis

mowevis an seirnobis dros, an iseT situaciaSi modis, rodesac mas saerTod ar

elodebi da ara sawer magidasTan, rodesac bevrs fiqrob da kiTxvebze pasuxis

povnas cdilob. Tumca, migneba ver iqneba, Tu amas win ar uswrebs fiqrebi

magidasTan.

mecnier-muSaki im risksac unda Seeguos, romelic nebismier samecniero samuSaos

Tan sdevs: mova `STagoneba~ Tu ara? SeiZleba iyos Zalian kargi muSaki, magram

verc erTi mniSvnelovani aRmoCena ver gaakeTo. magram Secdomaa vifiqroT, rom

aseTi situaciaa mxolod mecnierebaSi da sxva ram xdeba, magaliTad, kantoraSi.

komersants an msxvil mewarmes `komerciuli fantaziis~ gareSe, anu genialuri

gamogonebis gareSe, umjobesia is darCeniliyo xelmZRvanelad an teqnikur

Cinovnikad; amis gareSe is siaxles ver Seqmnis. STagoneba mecnierebaSi met rols

sulac ar TamaSobs, rogorc es mecnierebs warmoudgeniaT, vidre praqtikul

cxovrebaSi, sadac Tanamedrove saqmiani adamiani moRvaweobs. da meore mxriv, _

rasac aseve ar aRiareben, _ is aq asrulebs aranakleb rols, vidre xelovnebaSi.

es xom egzom bavSvuri warmodgenaa, rom maTematikosi raRac daskvnamde midis

sawer magidasTan saxazaviT an sxva meqanikuri saSualebiT didixnis muSaopbis

Semdeg: magaliTad veierStrasis maTematikuri fantazia, SinaarsiTa da SedegiT, ra

Tqma unda, sruliad gansxvavebulia mxatvris fantaziisagan; anu, Tvisebrivad

gansxvavebulia, Tumca fsiqologiuri procesi erTi da igivea. orives

erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs platoniseuli `eqstazi~ da `STagoneba~.

aqvs Tu ara vinmes mecnieruli STagoneba, es CvenTvis farul bediswerazea da

`niWzea~ damokidebuli. am utyuarma WeSmaritebam iTamaSa mniSvnelovani roli

axalgazrda TaobaSi _ rac gasagebia _ Zalian popularuli wesebis warmoSobaSi,

rac zogierTi idealisadmi msaxurebas gulisxmobs; maTi kultebi, rogorc

vxedavT, farTod aris warmodgenili yvela SemTxvevasa da yvela JurnalSi. es

idealebia `pirovneba~ da `gancda~. isini mWidro kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan:

gabatonebulia warmodgena, rom ukanaskneli qmnis pirvels da warmoadgens mis

sakuTrebas. adamianebi aiZuleben sakuTar Tavs `ganicadon~, radganac `gancda~

cxovrebis wesisgan ganuyofeli ramaa da axasiaTebs pirovnebas, warumateblobis

SemTxvevaSi ki, unda SevqmnaT iluziuri warmodgena, rom Sen es zeciuri niWi

gagaCnia. adre amgvar gancdas `grZnobas~ (sensation) uwodebdnen. da saerTod,

vfiqrob, adre `pirovnebis~ Sesaxeb zusti warmodgena hqondaT...

mecnierebis sferoSi `pirovneba~ mxolod is aris, romelic erT saqmes emsaxureba.

da es exeba ara mxolod mecnierebis sferos. Cven ar viciT arc erTi mxatvari,

romelic sakuTari saqmis garda, kidev sxva rames emsaxureboda. iseTi donis

pirovnebasac ki, rogoric goeTe, Tu mis Semoqmedebaze visaubrebT, didi ziani

81

miayena im garemoebam, rom man sakuTari `cxovrebis~ xelovnebis nimuSad qceva

moindoma. SesaZloa, ukanaskneli debuleba saeWvod mogeCvenoT, magram iseT

mxatvarsac ki, rogoric goeTe da romelic ataswleulSi erTxel modis amqveynad,

amisTvis safasuris gadaxda uwevda. zustad aseTive mdgomareobaa politikaSic.

Tumca, axla amaze ar visaubrebT. magram mecnierebaSi pirovneba namdvilad ar aris

adamiani, romelic scenaze im saqmis impresariod gvevlineba, romlisTvisac mas

sakuTari Tavi unda mieZRvna, romelsac surs `gancdis~ gziT sakuTari adgilis

damkvidreba da svams kiTxvas: rogor davamtkico, rom var ara mxolod

specialisti, rogor vaCveno, rom me _ formiTa da SinaarsiT vambob iseT rames,

rac jer aravis uTqvams ise, rogorc me _ var movlena, romelic dRes masobrivad

iqca, aqcia yvelaferi wvrilmanad, amcirebs mas, vinc svams am kiTxvas, ar ZaluZs

im saqmis simaRlesa da Rirsebamde amaRleba, romlis erTgulebac unda yofiliyo

misTvis mTavari amocana. amrigad, gansxvaveba mxatvrisgan ar arsebobs.

da miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni samuSao winaswari pirobebi xelovnebasac

axasiaTebs, misi bedi samxatvro xelovnebisgan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.

samecniero muSaoba progresis moZraobaSia CarTuli. piriqiT, am TvalsazrisiT,

xelovnebis sferoSi araviTari progresi ar arsebobs. arasworia vifiqroT, rom

romelime epoqis xelovnebis nimuSi, romelmac axali teqnikuri saSualebebi, an

kanonis perspeqtivebi SeimuSava, amis wyalobiTac is wminda mxatvruli

Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, xelovnebis nawarmoebze maRla dgas; is absolututad

Tavisufalia yvela CamoTvlili saSualebisa da kanonisgan, Tu is masalisa da

formis mixedviT Seiqmna, anu, Tu is SeirCa da gaformda xelovnebis yvela wesis

mixedviT da ara mogvianebiT Seqmnili saSualebebisa da pirobebis mixedviT,

xelovnebis srulyofili nimuSi arasdros gaicviTeba da daberdeba; calkeul

pirovnebas SeuZlia gansxvavebulad Seafasos misi mniSvneloba, magram veravin

SeZlebs imis Tqmas, rom xelovnebis romelime srulyofil nimuSs sxva nimuSma

`ajoba~.

piriqiT, TiToeulma Cvenganma icis, rom mecnierebis sferoSi mis mier miRweuli da

gakeTebuli ram 10, 20, 40 weliwadSi gacvdeba. aseTia bedi da arsi mecnieruli

Sromisa, rasac es ukanaskneli eqvemdebareba da emsaxureba; swored es aris misi

kulturis elementebisgan gansxvavebuli specifikuri niSani; mecnierebaSi

Canafiqris nebismieri Sesruleba axal `kiTxvebs~ niSnavs da is, Tavisi arsiT,

cdilobs iyos daZleuli. amas unda Seeguos yvela, visac surs emsaxuros

mecnierebas. mecnieruli Sromebi, SesaZloa, didxans inarCunebdnen sakuTar

mniSvnelobas da `siamovnebas aniWebdnen~ sxvebs sakuTari TvisebebiT an iyos

mecnieruli muSaobis Seswavlis saSualeba. magram iyo daZleuli samecniero

TvalsazrisiT _ aris Cveni ara mxolod saerTo bedi, aramed Cveni saerTo mizanic.

Cven ver vimuSavebT imedis gareSe, rom sxvebi Cvenze mets miaRweven. da principSi,

es progresi usasrulobamde iweleba.

da amiT Cven mivdivarT mecnierebis arsis problemamde. TavisTavad ar niSnavs, rom

raRac, rac amgvar kanons eqvemdebareba, TavisTavad gaazrebuli da gonivrulia.

ratom aris mecniereba dakavebuli iseTi ramiT, rac realirad arasdros

sruldeba da arc SeiZleba rom dasruldes? upirveles yovlisa, Cndeba pasuxi:

sruliad praqtikuli azriT _ teqnikuri miznebisTvis, raTa Cveni praqtikuli

qmedebis orientireba moxdes im movlenebis Sesabamisad, romelsac Cven

82

mniSvneloba mxolod praqtikosisTvis aqvs. da rogoria mecnierebiT dakavebuli

adamianis Sinagani pozicia sakuTari poziciisadmi, Tu is saerTod cdilobs iyos

mecnieri? is amtkicebs, rom is mecnierebiT aris dakavebuli `Tavad

mecnierebisTvis~, da ara mxolod im praqtikuli da teqnikuri miRwevebis gamo,

romelTac SeuZlia Cveni kvebis, Cacmulobis, marTvis gaumjobeseba. magram ris

ganxorcielebas imedovnebs mecnieri sakuTari qmnilebiT, romlisTvisac winaswar

aris gansazRvruli dabereba? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ramdenime zogadi

mosazreba unda gaviTvaliswinoT.

mecnieruli progresi aris im inteleqtualuri procesis mniSvnelovani nawili,

romelic aTaswleulebis manZilze grZeldeba da romlis mimarTac am etapze

sakmaod negatiuri damokidebuleba arsebobs. upirveles yovlisa, unda gaviazroT,

Tu ras niSnavs es inteleqtualuri racionalizacia, romelic mecnierebisa da

mecnieruli teqnikis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom dRes

yovelma CvenTaganma, romelime indielze ukeT icis sakuTari arsebobis

cxovrebiseuli pirobebi? savaraudod, ara. man, vinc tramvaiT mgzavrobs, Tu is

profesiiT fizikosi ar aris, ar icis Tu rogor modis tramvai moqmedebaSi. mas

amis codna arc sWirdeba. sakmarisia imis codnac, rom mas SeuZlia tramvais

konkretuli `qcevis~ imedi hqondes, ris Sesabamisadac is axdens sakuTari qcevis

orientirebas, Tumca rogor unda moiyvanos tramvai moqmedebaSi, es individma ar

icis. velurma gacilebiT ukeT icis sakuTari iaraRebis arsi. marTalia, Cven

vxarjavT fuls, magram vdeb sanaZleos, rom aq, darbazSi msxdom politikuri

ekonomikis specialistTagan, Tu aseTebi arian, ar SeuZlia upasuxos kiTxvas:

rogor aris SesaZlebeli, rom fuliT raRacis yidva aris SesaZlebeli? velurma

icis, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofs sakuTar yoveldRiur gamokvebas da ra institutebi

exmareba mas amaSi. Sesabamisad, mzardi inteleqtualizacia da racionalizacia ar

niSnavs cxovrebiseuli pirobebis codnis zrdas. es sxva rames niSnavs: adamianebma

ician an sjeraT imis, risi mondomebac aris sakmarisi da am yvelafris gageba

nebismier dros aris SesaZlebeli; rom ar arsebobs araviTari saidumlo Zala,

romelic gansjas ar eqvemdebareba, magram aq moqmedebs da romlis mixedviTac,

SesaZlebelia yvela nivTiT daisakuTro angariSianobis mixedviT. es ukanaskneli

niSnavs, rom samyaro aRar aris mojadoebuli. magiuri saSualebebi ukve aRar aris

saWiro imisTvis, raTa gadmovibiroT an davimorCiloT sulebi, rogorc amas

veluri akeTebda, romlisTvisac arsebobdnen saidumlo Zalebi. axla yvelaferi

keTdeba teqnikuri saSualebebisa da angariSiT. ai, es aris inteleqtualizacia.

magram jados moxsnis procesi, rasac aTaswleulis manZilze dasavlur

kulturaSi aqvs adgili, da saerTod `progress~, romelSic monawileobas

mecnierebac iRebs, _ rgolisa da mamoZravebeli Zalis statusiT, _ aqvs Tu ara

maT praqtikuli da teqnikuri sferosgan damoukidebeli arsi? amgvari kiTxvebi

Zalian principulad aris dayenebuli lev tolstois SemoqmedebaSi. is am

kiTxvebTan Taviseburad mivida. misi gansja koncentrirdeboda erTi kiTxvis

garSemo, aqvs Tu ara azri sikvdils? lev tolstois pasuxia: kulturuli

adamianisTvis _ `ara~. da swored imitom `ara~, rom calkeuli adamianis cxovrebas,

civilizebul cxovrebas, CarTuls usasrulo `progresSi~, misi Sinagani arsiT, ar

SeiZleba dasasruli hqondes. radganac is, vinc progresSia CarTuli, Semdgomi

progresis winaSe aRmoCndeba. momakvdavi adamiani ver miaRwevs mwvervals _ es

83

mwvervali usasrulobaSi gadadis. abraami, an romelime glexi Zvel epoqebSi

kvdeboda ``moxuci da cxovrebiT maZRari~, radganac CarTuli iyo cxovrebis

organul oromtrialSi, radganac misi cxovreba Tavisi arsiT, sikvdilis pirasac,

aZlevda mas imas, risi micemac SeeZlo; misTvis ar rCeboda amocanebi, romlis

amoxsnasac is isurvebda da misTvis sakmarisi iyo isic, rasac man miaRwia.

piriqiT, civilizaciaSi CarTuli, kulturis adamiani, romelic mudmivad

mdidrdeba ideebiT, codniT, problemebiT, SeiZleba `daiRalos cxovrebisgan~,

magram misiT maZRari ver gaxdeba. radganac is wvdeba imis mxolod mcire nawils,

Tanac raRac winaswargansazRvrulsa da dausrulebels, amitomac misTvis

sikvdili _ aris Sinaarss moklebuli movlena. da radganac sikvdili Sinaarss

moklebulia, Sinaarss moklebulia kulturuli cxovrebac rogorc aseTi _

radganac swored is, Tavisi uazro/uSinaarso `progresiT uSinaarsobiT Tavad

sikvdilsac emuqreba~. es azri aris tolstois gviani romanebis mTavari

Semadgeneli.

ra unda viRonoT aq? aqvs ki `progress~, rogorc aseTs, azri, romelsac

SeiZleba wvde da romelic teqnikuri sferos farglebs scildeba da Tan ise, rom

progresisTvis msaxuri SeiZleba iqces mowodebad, romelsac marTlac SeiZleba

hqondes azri? aseTi kiTxva unda daisvas. Tumca, es ukve ar iqneba mxolod kiTxva

imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara mecniereba profesia da mowodeba adamianisTvis,

romelmac sakuTari cxovreba mas (mecnierebas miuZRvna). aq sxva sakiTxic dgas:

rogoria mecnierebis mowodeba sruliad kacobriobis cxovrebaSi? rogoria misi

Rirebuleba?

am mecnierebis Zvel da Tanamedrove gagebas Soris gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania.

gaixseneT platonis mier `saxelmwifos~ meSvide wignSi moyvanili saocari saxe, _

gamoqvebuls mijaWvul adamianTa saxe, romelTac saxeebi kedlisken aqvT

mimarTuli, sinaTlis Suqi ki, zurgs ukanaa, ise, rom maT am sxivis xilva ar

SeuZliaT; amitomac, isini mxolod aCrdilebiT arian dakavSirebulni da maT

axsnas cdiloben. magram erT-erTi maTgani axerxebs jaWvebisgan Tavis daRwevas,

zurgisken trialdeba da xedavs mzes. dabrmavebuli, xelis cecebiT axerxebs gzis

gakvalvas da yveba nanaxis Sesaxeb. magram sxvebi miiCneven, rom is gagiJda. magram,

is TandaTan swavlobs Suqis sxivis wvdomas da axla misi amocana imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom Cavides adamianebTan gamoqvebulSi da isini mzis Suqze

gamoiyvanos. es adamiani aris filosofosi, mze ki _ mecnierebis WeSmariteba,

erTaderTi ram, rac ar misdevs moCvenebebsa da aCrdilebs, aramed WeSmariti

yofierebisken iswrafvis.

vis aqvs dRes amgvari damokidebuleba mecnierebisadmi? dRes axalgazrda Taobas

ufro sawinaaRmdego grZnoba gauCnda, kerZod, rom mecnierebis unari iazrovnos

warmoadgens realobas moklebul gamogonil abstraqciebs, romelic yovelnairad

cdilobs realuri cxovrebis arss gamokras xeli, magram amas ver axerxebs. amis

sapirispirod, aq, cxovrebaSi, imaSi, rac platonisTvis gamoqvebulis kedelze

gamosaxuli aCrdilebis TamaSi iyo, feTqvas sinamdvilis guliscema, sxva

yvelaferi ki usicocxlo aCrdilebia da sxva araferi. rogor moxda aseTi

gardasaxva? `saxelmwifoSi~ platonis gasuliereba, saboloo jamSi imiT aixsneba,

rom mis dros cnobierebisTvis pirvelad gaixsna nebismieri mecnieruli Secnobis

udidesi saSualeba _ gageba. Tavisi yvela mniSvnelobiT is sokratem aRmoaCina. da

84

ara mxolod man. indoeTSi seiZleba aRmovaCinoT im logikis sawyisebi, romelsac

aristotelesTan vxvdebiT. Tumca, arsad, saberZneTis garda es aRmoCena ar aris

gacnobierebuli. rogorc Cans, aq adamianebis xelSi pirvelad aRmoCnda saSualeba,

romlis saSualebiTac SeiZleba adamianis logikis CarCoebSi Caketva, saidanac

gamosvlas is manam ver SeZlebs, sanam ar aRiarebs: man an araferi icis, an es _

swored es da ara sxva ram _ aris WeSmariteba, maradiuli. es iyo uCveulo gancda,

romlis winaSec sokrates moswavleebi aRmoCndnen. aqedan gamomdinareobda:

sakmarisia mivagnoT lamazis, keTilis, an, magaliTad, sulis simamacis swor

gagebas, da mivagnebT maT WeSmarit yofasac. es ki, gzas uxsnida imas, rom Tavad

gveswavla da sxvebisTvisac gveswavlebina, Tu rogor unda moiqces adamiani

cxovrebaSi, pirvel rigSi ki, rogorc saxelmwifos moqalaqem. radganac

berZnebisTvis, romlebic mxolod politikurad azrovnebdnen, am sakiTxze iyo

yvelaferi damokidebuli. swored amaSi imaleba mecnierebiT gatacebis mizezi.

elinuri gonis am aRmoCenis paralelurad gaCnda mecnieruli samuSaos meore didi

instrumenti, aRorZinebis epoqis Svili _ racionaluri eqsperimenti, rogorc

saimedod kontrolirebadi cnobierebis saSualeba, romlis gareSec Tanamedrove

empiriuli mecniereba ver iarsebebda. marTalia, eqsperimentebs adrec atarebdnen:

fiziologiis sferoSi eqsperimenti arsebobda, magaliTad, indoeTSi iogebis

asketur teqnikaSi; Zvel saberZneTSi arsebobda samxedro teqnikasTan

dakavSirebuli maTematikuri eqsperimenti. Tumca, eqsperimentis, rogorc kvlevis

principis gamoyeneba, aRorZinebis epoqis damsaxurebaa. xelovnebis sferoSi didi

novaciis pionerebi leonardo da vinCi da sxvebi iyvnen, pirvel rigSi,

eqsperimentatorebi XVI saukunis musikaSi. maTgan eqsperimentma mecnierebaSi

gadainacvla, pirvel rigSi, galileos wyalobiT, TeoriaSi ki, es procesi bekonis

wyalobiT moxda; Semdeg, eqsperimenti evropis, pirvel rigSi ki, italiisa da

holandiis universitetebSi calkeulma zustma mecnierebebma gadaitanes.

ras niSnavda mecniereba axali epoqis zRurblze mcxovrebTaTvis? leonardo da

vinCis msgavsi mxatvari-eqsperimentatorebisaTvis da novatorebisTvis musikis

sferoSi es niSnavda gzas WeSmariti xelovnebisken, anu gzas WeSmariti bunebisken.

amiT, xelovneba gansakuTrebuli mecnierebis rangSi iyo ayvanili, mxatvari ki,

socialuri TvalsazrisiT da sakuTari cxovrebis gamo, eqimis rangSi iyo ayvanili.

swored es devs magaliTad, leonardo da vinCis iseTi wignis safuZvelSi,

rogoricaa `wigni ferweris Sesaxeb~.

da ra xdeba dRes? `mecniereba rogorc gza bunebisken~ _ es axalgazrda

TaobisTvis JRers, rogorc mkrexeloba. piriqiT, aucilebelia mecnieruli

inteleqtualizmisgan gaTavisufleba, raTa davubrundeT sakuTar bunebas da amiT

davubrundeT bunebas zogadad! SesaZloa, es aris gza xelovnebisken? amgvari

mosazreba veranair kritikas ver uZlebs.

magram zusti mecnierebis warmoSobis epoqaSi mecnierebisgan kidev ufro mets

elodebodnen. Tu gaixsenebT svamerdamis gamoTqmas _ `me dagimtkicebT RvTaebrivi

winaswarmetyvelebis arsebobas mkbenaris anatomirebiT~ _ Tqven naxavT, rom

protestantizmisa da puritanizmis iribi zegavlenis qveS myofi samecniero

saqmianobis amocanad RvTisken mimavali gzis aRmoCena warmoadgenda. im droisaTvis

mas filosofosebTan veRar poulobdnen. RvTis povna SeuZlebelia ia, sadac mas

SuasaukuneebSi eZebdnen, _ amaSi darwmunebuli iyo im drois Teologia da, pirvel

85

rigsi, Speneri. RmerTi idumalia, misi gzebi, Cvens gzas ar warmoadgens, misi

azrebi, Cveni azrebi ar aris. magram zust mecnierebebSi, sadac RmerTis qmnileba

fizikuri materiebiT aixsneba, arsebobda imedi, rom SeiZleboda RmerTis samyaros

Sesaxeb arsebuli ideebi gamogvecno.

dRes ra xdeba? zust mecnierebebSi CarTuli zogierTi `ufrosis~ garda, vuRas

sjera, rom astronomiis, biologiis, fizikis an qimiis codnas, naklebad, magram

mainc SeuZlia agvixsnas samyaros arsi, an migviTiTos mainc, Tu sad SeiZleba

mivakvlioT am `arss~, Tu is saerTod arsebobs? erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac

mecnierebas ZaluZs, aris rwmenis mokvla, rom saetRod arsebobs iseTi ram, rasac

samyaros `arsi~ gqvia! da miTumetes warmoudgenelia vifiqroT, rom RmerTisTvis

ucxo Zalas SeuZlia `RmerTTan~ migviyvanos. Tu ras warmoadgens is, amaSi dRes

gulis siRrmeSi aRaravis epareba eWvi. mecnierebis racionalizaciisa da

inteleqtualizmisagan gaTavisufleba aris cxovrebis RvTaebrivi erTianobis

ZiriTadi winapiroba _ es an amis msgavsi Tezisi Cveni religiuri ganwyobilebebisa

da axalgazrobid religiuri gancdebis ZiriTad lozungad iqca. da ara mxolod

religiuei, aramed zogadad gancda. Tumca, aq ucnauri gazaa arCeuli: erTaderTi,

rasac inteleqtualizmi jer kidev ar Sexebia, kerZod, iracionalizmi, ris

cnobierebamde miyvanasa da detalurad Secnobas cdiloben. swored aqamde midis

iracionaluris Tanamedrove inteleqtualuri romantika. inteleqtualizmisgan

gaTavisuflebis aseTi gza imis sawinaaRmdegos iZleva, ris mignebasac isini

cdilobdnen, romlebic mis gzas daadgnen. dabolos, im faqts, rom mecnierebas,

cxovrebis aTvisebis masze dafuZnebul teqnikas miamiti optimizmiT

miesalmebodnen, rogorc bednierebisken mimaval gzas, me SemiZlia gverdze

movitovo nicSes gamanadgurebeli kritikis Semdeg, romelic exeboda `ukanasknel

adamianebs, romelTac bedniereba gamoigones~. vis sjera amis, garda zogierTi

``zrdasruli~ bavSvisa kaTedrebsa Tu saredaqtoro kabinetebSi?

da mainc, raSi mdgomareobs mecnierebis, rogorc profesiis arsi axla, rodesac

yvela warsuli iluzia daimsxvra, romelTa wyalobiTac mecniereba warmoadgenda

`gzas WeSmariti yofisken~, `gzas WeSmariti xelovnebisken~, `gzas WeSmariti

bunebisken~, `gzas WeSmariti RmerTisken~, `gzas WeSmariti bednierebisken~, am

kiTxvaze yvelaze martivi pasuxi tolstoim warmoadgina: is arsisgan daclilia,

radgan ar iZleva pasuxs mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze: `ra unda vakeToT?~. `rogor

vicxovroT?~. is ki, rom am kiTxvebze pasuxebi ar arsebobs, udavoa. problema

mxolod imaSia, Tu ra azriT ar iZleva is `araviTar~ pasuxs. SesaZlebelia, amis

nacvlad mas SeuZlia raRac mainc misces mas, vinc am kiTxvas svams?

dres bevrs saubroben mecnierebaze, romelsac winapiroba ar aqvs. arsebobs ki

aseTi mecniereba? yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra esmiT am terminis qveS.

nebismier mecnierul Sromas ukavSireben logikisa da meTodis _ samyaroSi

orientaciis sazogado safuZvels _ garkveul mniSvnelobas. rac Seexeba aRniSnul

winapirobebs, isini, Cveni specialuri kiTxvebidan gamomdinare, naklebad

problematuria. magram arsebobs kidev erti winapiroba: mecnieruli Sromis

Sedegebis mniSvneloba, maTi mecnieruli Rirebuleba. cxadia, swored aq imaleba

yvela Cveni problema. radganac es winapiroba ar SeiZleba damtkicdes mecnierebis

xelT arsebuli SaSualebebiT. SesaZlebelia mxolod misi saboloo arsze

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miTiTeba, romelsac Semdeg an uaryofen, an miiReben imis da mixedviT, Tu ra

saboloo cxovrebiseuli Rirebulebebi gaaCniaT Tavad.

gansxvavebulia samecniero muSaobis kavSiri mis winapirobebtan: is mecnierebis

struqturazea damokidebuli. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, magalitad fizika,

qimia, astronomia, miiCneven, rom mecnierebis mier konstruirebuli kosmiur

movlenaTa Sesaxeb umaRlesi kanonebi imsaxurebs imas, rom maT Sesaxeb icodnen.

ara mxolod imitom, rom amgvari codniT teqnikuri warmatebebis miRwevaa

SesaZlebeli, aramed `Tavad mis gamoc~ _ Tu mecniereba aris `mowodeba~. Tavad am

winapirobis damtkiceba SeuZlebelia. aseve SeuZlebelia daamtkico, imsaxurebs Tu

ara arsebobas samyaro, romelsac aRweren sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi, aqvs ki

mas raime `arsi~ da aqvs Tu ara azri arsebobas amgvar samyaroSi. amgvari kiTxvebi

ar Cndeba.

an aiReT mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT praqtikuli xelovneba, rogoricaa

Tanamedrove medicina. Tu trivialurad aRvwerT, samedicino moRvaweobis sazogado

`winapiroba~ mdgomareobs debulebaSi, rom aucilebelia cxovrebis< rogorc

aseTis ubralod SenarCuneba. Tavad es amocana ki problematuria. mis xelT

arsebuli saSualebebiT, eqimi amxnevebs da Zalas hmatebs avadmyofs, romelic

sasikvdilod aris avad da es im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu avadmyofi mas cxovrebisgan

gaTavisuflebas sTxovs, Tu axloblebisTvis avadmyofma dakarga Rirebuleba da

maT ar ZaluZT misi mxardaWera, da romeltac surT da unda surdeT amgvari

avadmyofis sikvdili imis miuxedavad, utydebisn sakuTar Tavs amaSi Tu ara.

mxolod medicinis winapirobebi da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi uSlis xels eqims

uari Tqvas sasikvdilo avadmyofis mxardaWeraze? aris ki cxovreba Rirebuli da

rodis? am kiTxvas medicina ar svams. yvela sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba gvaZlevs

pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu ra unda vakeToT, Tu gvsurs teqnikurad davipyroT cxovreba.

magram, gvsurs ki es Cven da unda gavakeToT Tu ara es, aqvs Tu ara mas, saboloo

jamSi, raime azri _ amgvar kiTxvebs is upasuxod tovebs, an aRiqvams mas, rogorc

winapirobas sakuTari miznebisTvis.

an aireT iseTi disciplina, rogoricaa xelovnebaTmcodneoba. esTetikosisTvis

calsaxaa, rom arsebobs xelovnebis nimuSebi. is cdilobs ganazogados, Tu ra

pirobebSi aqvs am faqts adgili. magram is ar svams kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, xom ar

aris xelovnebis samefo eSmakiseuli sidiadis samefo, romelic Tavisi siRrmiT

RmerTis winaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, da adamianTa winaaRmdegad. esTetika ar svams

kiTxvas, unda arsebobdes Tu ara xelovnebis nimuSi.

an aiReT iurisprudencia. is adgens, Tu ra aris mniSvnelovani: iuridiuli

azrovnebis wesebis Sesabamisad, nawilobriv iZulebiT logikuri, nawilobriv

konvencionalurad mocemul sqemebTan dakavSirebuli; Sesabamisad, samarTlebrivi

principebi da maTi axsnis garkveuli meTodebi winaswar aris aRiarebuli, rogorc

aucilebeli. unda arsebobdes Tu ara samarTali da unda iyos Tu ara swored es

wesebi dadgenili _ amgvar kiTxvebze pasuxs iurisprudencia ar iZleva. mas

SeuZlia mxolod miuTiTos: Tu surT konkretuli Sedegi, maSin romeliRac

samarTlebrivi principi aris misi miRwevis saukeTeso saSualeba.

an aiReT istoriuli mecnierebebi kulturaze. isini gvaswavlian gavigoT

kulturis politikuri, mxatvruli, literaturuli da socialuri movlenebi, maTi

warmoSobisda mixedviT. magram Tavad isini ar gvTavazoben pasuxs kiTxvaze, aris

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Tu ara Rirebuli kulturis es movlenebi da unda iarsebon Tu ara maT momavalSi;

saWiroa Tu ara maT Sesaswavlad Zalisxmevis daxarjva, arc am kiTxvaze

gvTavazobs is pasuxs. isini ubralod gvaZleven Sanss viyoT darwmunebulni, rom

`kulturul adamianTa~ sazogadoebaSi amgvarad monawileoba, sainteresoa.

Tumca, `mecnierulad~ imis damtkiceba, rom es namdvilad asea, kulturis

mecnierebebs ar SeuZlia; xolo is, rom isini mocemul faqts iReben rogorc

winapirobas, sulac ar amtkicebs, rom es yvelaferi TavisTavad igulisxmeba.

modiT visaubroT CvenTvis ufro axlo disciplinebze _ sociologiaze, istoriaze,

politekonomiasa da saxelmwifos Teoriaze, aseve kulturis filosofiis im

saxeebze, romlebic miznad CamoTvlili disciplinebis axsnas isaxaven. arsebobs

mosazreba, da me mas viziareb, rom politikis adgili auditoriaSi ar aris.

studentebi auditoriaSi politikiT ar unda iyvnen dakavebulni. magaliTad, Cemi

yofili kolegis ditrix Seferis auditoriaSi berlinSi pacienturad ganwyobili

studentebi kaTedras alyas Semoartyamdnen da xmaurs daiwyebdnen, me am movlenas

iseTive primitiuls vuwodebdi, rogorc imas, rasac antipacifisturad ganwyobili

studentebi akeTebdnen profesor fiorsteris auditoriaSi, romlis ideebsac me

srulebiTac ar viziareb.

Tumca, politikiT auditoriaSi arc pedagogi ar unda iyos dakavebuli. da

miTumetes im SemTxvevaSi, Tu politika misi mecnieruli Seswavlis sagania.

radganac, praqtikulad, politikuri ganwyoba da politikur warmonaqmnTa da

partiul poziciaTa mecnieruli analizi, es ori gansxvavebuli ram aris. rodesac

demokratiaze saxalxo krebaze saubroben, maSin sakuTar pozicias ar

asaidumloeben; sakuTari poziciis Riad dafiqsireba aq arasasiamovno

valdebuleba da movaleobaa. sityvebi, romelsac am dros iyeneben, aris ara

mecnieruli analizis saSualeba, aramed politikur momxreTa daverbovkebis

saSualeba. sityvebi aq warmoadgens brZolis saSualebas, xmals, romelic

mowinaaRmdegis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. piriqiT, leqciaze an auditoriaSi

amgvari sityvebis gamoyeneba danaSauli iqneboda. Tu magaliTad `demokratiazea~

saubari, aucilebelia aq gansxvavebuli formebis warmodgena, maTi funqcionirebis

gaanalizeba, imis dadgena, Tu ra sasicocxlo kavSiri aqvs ama Tu im formas;

Semdeg SesaZlebelia misi politikuri wesrigis sxva, arademokratiul formebTan

Sedareba da swrafva, rom msmenelma, met-naklebad ipovos iseTi punqti,

romlidanac is gamova da daikavebs sakuTar pozicias sakuTari idealebis

Sesabamisad. Tumca, WeSmariti `mwvrTneli~ ar Seecdeba msmenels kaTedridan esa

Tu is pozicia moaxvios Tavs, iqneba es pirdapiri Tu STagonebis gziT, radganac

yvelaze arasworia xerxi, rodesac `gaiZuleben isaubro faqtebze~.

ratom ar unda gavakeToT es? me vuSveb imas, rom zogierTi Cemi kolega amgvar

TviTSezRudvas SeuZleblad miiCnevs, da is SesaZlebeli rom yofiliyo, misgan

gaqceva ubralod kaprizi iqneboda. cxadia, veravis daumtkiceb mecnierulad, Tu

raSi mdgomareobs misi, rogorc akademiuri pedagogis valdebuleba. SeiZleba mas

mxolod inteleqtualuri faqtebis, sagnebis maTematikuri an logikuri arsebobis,

an kulturuli Rirebulebis Sinagani struqturis dadgena erTi mxriv, da meore

mxriv _ pasuxi kiTxvaze, romelic kulturis Rirebulebebsa da mis calkeul

warmonaqmnebs exeba, Sesabamisad kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda imoqmedo

88

kulturisa da politikuri kavSirebis farglebSi, ori absoluturad

gansxvavebuli problemaa.

Tu is amis Semdegac ikiTxavs, Tu ratom ar unda imsjelos man am problemebze

auditoriaSi, mas unda vupasuxoT: saswavlo auditoriaSi demagogebisa da

winaswarmetyvelTa adgili ar aris. winaswarmetyvelsa da demagogs uTxres: `gadi

quCaSi da isaubre Riad~. es niSnavs: wadi iq, sadac kritika SesaZlebelia.

auditoriaSi pedagogi zis msmenelTa winaSe: isini Cumad unda iyvnen, man ki unda

isaubros. da vTvli, rom upasuxismgeblobaa isargeblo imiT, rom studentebi,

sakuTari momavlis gamo, unda daeswron padagogTa leqciebs da rom iq ar aris

aravin, vinc kritikiT SeZlebda gamosvlas mis winaaRmdeg; upasuxismgeblobaa

isargeblo sakuTari codniTa da mecnieruli gamocdilebiT ara imisTvis, rom

sargebeli moutano msmenels _ raSic mdgomareobs kidev pedagogis amocana _

aramed gamoiyeno auditoria sakuTari politikuri SexedulebebisTvis.

ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia adgili hqondes iseT SemTxvevasac, rodesac adamiani

sakuTar subieqtur Sexedulebebze uars srulad ver ambobs. maSin is xdeba

umwvavesi kritikis obieqti, romelsac misive sindisi sTavazobs. Tumca, mocemuli

SemTxveva jerjerobiT arafers ar amtkicebs, radganac SesaZlebelia sxva,

faqtobriv Secdomebs hqondes adgili, da mainc, isini ar aris Cveneba

valdebulebis winaaRmdeg, valdebuleba ki WeSmaritebis ZiebaSia. me uarvyof

subieqtur Sexedulebebs wminda mecnieruli interesebidan gamomdinare. me mzad

var Cveni istorikosebis namuSevrebSi vipovo imis dadastureba, rom iq, sadac

adamiani mecnieri modis sakuTari RirebulebiTi msjelobiT, adgili faqtebis

srul gagebas ar aqvs. (gv. 723) magram es dRevandeli Temis farglebs scildeba da

xangrZliv msjelobas moiTxovs.

me ssvam erTaderT kiTxvas: rogor SeuZliaT, erTi mxriv, morwmune kaTalikossa da

meore mxriv, masons, romlebic eklesiisa da saxelmwifos formebis Sesaxeb ismenen

leqcias, mividnen mocemul saganTa msgavs Sefasebamde? es SeuZlebelia. da mainc,

akademiur pedagogs unda hqondes survili, sakuTari codniTa da meTodiT

sargebeli moutanos rogorc erTs, aseve meores. man sakuTar Tavs aseTi moTxovna

unda wauyenos. Tqven SeiZleba ar dameTanxmoT da samarTlianadac: morwmune

kaToloki arasdros gaiziarebs faqtebis im gagebas, romelic qristianobis

warmoSobas exeba da romelsac mas dogmaturi winapirobebisgan Tavisufali

pedagogi SesTavazebs. cxadia! magram mecniereba rwmenisgan SemdegiT gansxvavdeba:

religiur CarCoebSi moqcevis aucileblobisgan Tavisufali mecniereba

religiurad ar aRiarebs `saswaulsa~ da `gulwrfelobas~, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

is sakuTari `winapirobebis~ erTguli ver iqneba. morwmune aRiarebs rogorc

saswauls, ise gulwrfelobas. da amgvari, winapirobebisgan Tavisufali mecniereba

misgan iTxovs erTaderTs: aRiaros, rom mocemul movlenaTa ganvitarebis axsna

SesaZlebelia mxolod ise, rogorc amas mecniereba cdilobs da ar dauSvas

zebunebrivis arseboba, rasac empiriuli axsna gamoricxavs. magram amis aRiareba

morwmunes SeuZlia ise, rom ar uralatos sakuTar rwmenas.

magram aqvs ki mecnierul miRwevebs raime azri misTvis, visTvisac faqtebi, rogorc

aseTi, umniSvneloa, da mniSvnelovania mxolod praqtikuli pozicia? albaT, mainc

mniSvnelovania.

89

dasawyisisTvis aseT arguments warmovadgen. Tu pedagogs aqvs unari, misi

upirvelesi amocanaa aswavlos moswavleebs aRiaron arakomfortuli faqtebi,

gulisxmobs arakomfortuls partiuli poziciidan; yvela partiul poziciaSi, maT

Soris CemSic, arsebobs aseTi arakomfortuli faqti. vfiqrob, am SemTxvevaSi

akademiuri pedagogi aiZulebs sakutar msmenelebs mieCvion imas, rom is sCadis

raRac ufro mets, vidre inteleqtualur aqts, uflebas mivcem Tavs da viqnebi

araTavmdabali da gamoviyeneb frazas `zneobrivi aqti~, miuxedavad imisa, rom es

ukanaskneli ZeiZleba Zalian paTetikurad JRerdes aseTi ubralo da TavisTavad

cxadi saqmisTvis.

am dromde vsaubrobdi mxolod praqtikul safuZvlebze, ris gamoc piradi

poziciis Tavsmoxvevisgan Tavi unda SevikavoT. Tumca es yvelaferi ar aris.

praqtikuli poziciis `mecnieruli~ gamarTlebis SeuZlebloba _ im SemTxvevis

garda, rodesac winaswar gansazRvruli miznis miRwevis saSualebebze msjeloben _

ufro Rrma safuZvlebidan gamomdinareobs. amgvari gamarTlebisken swrafva

principulad azrs aris moklebuli, radganac samyaros gansxvavebuli

RirebulebiTi skalebi erTmaneTTa mourigebel brZolaSi arian CarTulni. batonma

milma _ mis filosofias ver Sevaqeb, Tumca aq is marTali iyo, _ erTxel Tqva: Tu

wminda gamocdilebidan gamoxval, poliTeizmamde mixval. pirdapir aris naTqvami

da paradoqsulad JRers, magram sworia. dRes Cven kargad mogvexseneba, rom wminda

SeiZleba araCveulebrivad kargi arc iyos, metic, is wmindaa swored imitom da

imdenad, ramdenadac araCveulebrivad kargi ar aris. Cven amis magalitebs isaiis 53-

e tavsa da 21-e fsalmunSi aRmovaCenT???. Cven aseve viciT, rom araCveulebrivad

kargi SesaZloa keTili arc iyos da is araCveulebrivia swored imitom, rom

keTili ar aris; es CvenTvis nicSes droidan aris cnobili, ufro adre ki amgvar

mosazrebas Tqven aRmoaCenT `borotebis yvavilebSi~ _ swored ase uwoda bodlerma

sakutari leqsebis tomeuls. da ukve moaruli sibrZnea is, rom weSmariti SesaZloa

ar iyos araCveulebrivad kargi da raRac WeSmaritebaa swored imdenad, ramdenadac

is arc araCveulebrivia, arc keTili da arc wminda.

magram es aris RmerTebis brZolis, RirebulebaTa SeuTavseblobis yvelaze

elementaruli SemTxvevebi. rogor warmoudgeniaT `mecnieruli~ arCevanis gakeTeba

frangul Rirebulebasa da germanul kulturas Soris, ar vici. aqvea

gansxvavebuli RmerTebisa da demonebis brZola: zustad ise, rogorc elins

mohqonda msxverpli afroditasTvis, Semdeg apolonisTvis da upirvelesad

sakuTari qalaqis yvela RmerTisaTvis, es dResac grZeldeba, mxolod moqmedebis

mocemuli miTiuri tipis mojadoebis gareSe, aramed Signidan, WeSmariti plastikiT

Sesrulebuli. am RmerTebsa da maT brZolas ki marTavs bediswera da ara

`mecniereba~. ubralod unda gaverkveT imaSi, Tu ra aris RvTaebrivi erTisTvis da

ra meoresTvis, an rogor gvevlineba is an erT, an meore SemTxvevaSi. magram amiT

sruldeba auditoriaSi profesoris mier am sakiTxis ganxilva _ es ukanaskneli,

cxadia, ar niSnavs, rom amiT es Zalian seriozuli problemas cruldeba.

ubralod, aq ukve sityva ara sauniversiteto kaTedrebs, aramed sxva Zalebs rCebaT.

vin gabedavs `mecnierulad uaryos~ magalitad mTis qadagebis eTika, magaliTad

`borotebisTvis winaaRmdegobis argawevis~ mcnebisa an marcxena loyaSi silis

miRebis SemTxvevaSi marjvena loyis SeSverisa? TumcaRa mainc cxadia, rom aq, Tu

amas saero poziciidan SevxedavT, qadageben eTikas, romelic sakuTari Rirsebis

90

SegrZnebaze uaris Tqmas qadagebs. unda gavakeToT arCevani religiur Rirsebasa,

romelsac es eTika gvaZlevs, da mamakacur Rirsebas Soris, romlis eTikac

sruliad sxva rames qadagebs: `ebrZole borotebas, sxvagvarad mogviwevs

pasuxismgeblobis sakutari wilis atreba, Tu is gaimarjvebs~. individis saboloo

Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare, aqedan erT-erTi eTikuri pozicia eSmakiseulia,

meore ki _ RvTisgan modis, da individma unda gadawyvitos, vin aris misTvis

RmerTi da vin eSmaki. da swored aseTi viTarebaa cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.

cxovrebis meTodur-eTikuri wesis racionalizmma, romliTac nebismieri

religiuri, gamsWvaluli, es yvelaferi erTis sasargeblod gadawyvita, Semdeg ki,

gare da Sida cxovrebis realobebis winaSe iZulebuli gaxda relativizmi

Semoetana da im kompromisebze wasuliyo, romlebic CvenTvis qristianobis

istoriidan aris cnobili.

magram dRes es religiur `yoveldRiurobad~ aris qceuli. mravalricxovani

uZvelesi RmerTebi, romelTac sakuTari xibli dakarges da upirovno Zalis saxe

miiRes, gamodian Crdilidan da cdiloben Cveni cxovrebiT daisakuTron da kvlav

iwyeben mudmiv brZolas erTmaneTs Soris. magram, rac Tanamedrove adamians

yvelaze metad uWirs is aris, rom iyos am yoveldRiurobis Sesabamisi. yovelgvari

`gancdebze~ gamokideba am sisustidan aRmocendeba. radganac uunaroba TvalebSi

Caxedo bedisweras, drois bedisweras, aris kidec sisuste.

Tumca, Cveni kulturis bediswera imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven yvelani kvlav

aSkarad vacnobierebT mas da es maSin, rodesac aTaswleulis manZilze,

qristianuli eTikis paTosiT gamsWvalulni, Cven am Zalebs ver vamCnevdiT. Tumca,

am sakiTxebze msjeloba sakmarisia, radganac mas Zalian Sors mivyavarT. magram is

axalgazrdebi, romlebic ityvian, _ Cven davdivarT leqciaze, raTa ganvicadoT

raRac ufro meti, vidre mxolod analizi da faqtebis konstatacia~, _ SecdomaSi

Sedian, rodesac profesorSi cdiloben ara imis danaxvas, rasac is Tavad xedavs:

belads, da ara maswavlebels. magram Cven kaTedraze wardgenilebi varT, mxolod

rogorc maswavleblebi. es ori gansxvavebuli ramaa, raSic darwmuneba martivia.

amerikaSi aseT rames xSirad SeiZleba SexvdeT Tavisi uxeSi gamovlinebiT.

amerikeli biWi evropelTan SedarebiT saocrad cotas swavlobs. miuxedavad

gamocdilebis didi odenobisa, is Tavisi swavlis goniT jer kidev ver gaxda

`gamocdis adamiani~, rogorc es germanelma biWunam moaxerxa. radganac

biurokratia, romelsac diplomi sWirdeba, romelic afiqsirebs gamocdis Sedegebs

da visTvisac diplomi adamianur karieraSi SeRwvis bileTia, iq jer kidev Casaxvis

stadiaSia. axalgazrda amerikeli gansakuTrebul pativs arc aravis da arc

arafers ar cems: arc tradicias, arc samsaxurs; is pativs mxolod sakuTar, pirad

Rvawls scems _ ai, es aris amerikeli da amas `demokratias~ eZaxis. rogori

damaxinjebulic ar unda iyos realobis damokidebuleba amgvari ideuri Sinaarsis

mimarT, ideuri Sinaarsi swored aseTia da aq Cven amaze vsaubrobT. sakuTar

pedagogze amerikel biWunas sruliad garkveuli warmodgena aqvs: mamaCemis fuli

sanacvlod is Cemze yidis sakuTar codnas da meTodur principebs zustad ise,

rogorc bostneuliT movaWre, romlisganac deda kombostos yidulobs. da morCa.

Tumca, Tu maswavlebeli, magaliTad fexburTelia, am sferoSi is beladis

statusiT gamodis. magram Tu is aseTi (an raRac amgvari sportis sxva saxeobaSi)

ar aris, maSin is mxolod maswavlebelia da sxva araferi, da axalgazrda

91

amerikels azradac ar mouva iyidos misgan `msoflmxedveloba~ an wesebi,

romlebiTac cxovrebaSi unda ixelmZRvanelo. cxadia, amgvar mkacr formebze Cven

uars vacxadebT. magram gana amgvar, Cems mier ganageb daZabul viTarebaSia

WeSmaritebis marcvali?

studentebi modian CvenTan leqciebze, iTxoven Cvengan raRacas, rogorc

beladisgan, da ver xvdebian, rom asi profesoridan sul mcire 99 fexburTis

sferoSi ara mxolod ostatebi ar arian, aramed arc aqvT arc amis pretenzia da

arc imisa, rom `beladebi~ iyvnen, romlebic miuTiTeben studentebs, Tu rogor

unda icxovron. adamianis Rirebuleba imaze rodia damokidebuli, aqvs Tu ara mas

beladis Tvisebebi. da namdvilad ar aqcevs adamians gansakuTrebul mecnierad da

akademiur pedagogad is Tvisebebi, romlebic mas aqcevs beladad praqtikul

cxovrebaSi, ufro zustad ki, politikaSi. Tu vinme am Tvisebasac flobs, maSin

Cven saqme gvaqvs wminda wylis SemTxveviTobasTan da Zalian saSiSia, Tu yvela,

vinc kaTedrazea iZulebulia iyos aseTi. kidev ufro saxifaToa, Tu yvela

profesori Seecdeba auditoriis winaSe beladis rolSi wardges. radganac isini,

vinc Tvlis, rom am rols kargad gaarTmevs Tavs, sulac ar flobs beladis

Tvisebebs, da rac mTavaria _ kaTedraze arsebuli situacia ar iZleva saSualebas

daamtkicon es asea Tu ara. profesori, romelic grZnobs, rom misi mowodebaa

axalgazrdobiT marTva da maT ndobasac imsaxurebs, axalgazrdebTan pirad

urTierTobebSi SeiZleba Zalian axlo adamiani iyos. da Tu is grZnobs, rom unda

msoflmxedvelobaTa da partiul SexedulebaTa brZolaSi CarTva, mas SeuZlia es

saswavlo auditoriis miRma, cxovrebiseul scenaze ganaxorcielon: wreebSi,

Sekrebebze, sadac gnebavT. magram Zalian komfortulia sakuTari mowodebis

demonstrireba iq, sadac sxvebi, maT Soris sxvagvarad moaxzrovnenic, iZulebulni

arian Cumad iyvnen.

dabolos, Tqven SeiZleba ikiTxoT: Tu yvelaferi asea, maSin pozitiurs ras iZleva

mecniereba praqtikuli da piradi `cxovrebisTvis~? amiT Cven kvlav vdgavarT

mecnierebaSi `mowodebis~ problemis winaSe. pirvel rigSi, mecniereba SeimuSavebs

cxovrebiT _ rogorc sagnebiT, aseve adamianebiT _ dauflebis teqnikas gaTvlis

gziT. magram Tqven SeiZleba TqvaT, rom es bostneuliT vaWrobas gavs. geTanxmebiT.

meore, mecniereba gvTavazobs azrovnebis meTodebs, samuSao instrumentebs da

SeimuSavebs maTTan urTierTobis unarebs, rasac bostneuliT vaWroba ver

gvTavazobs. SesaZloa, Tqven TqvaT: magram, mecniereba bostneuli ar aris, magram

arc im saSualebaze metia, romelic bostneulis sayidlad aris saWiro. modiT es

Tema Riad davtovoT. magram amaze mecnierebis saqme, sabedniero, jer kidev ar

sruldeba; Cven SegviZlia Tqven raRac mesamesTan urTierTobaSi SegiwyoT xeli,

kerZod, sicxadis SetanaSi. cxadia, rom is Tavad Cven gagvaCnia.

Cven imis axsna SegviZlia, Tu ramdenad aris es ase. Rirebulebis problemasTan

mimarTebaSi, razec yovelTvis saubroben. SeiZleba gansxvavebuli poziciebi

davikavoT _ simartivisTvis, magaliTad socialuri movlenis aRebas gTavazobT. Tu

garkveul pozicias ikaveben, maSin mecnierebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT

Sesabamisi saSualebac unda gamoiyenon, raTa es pozicia praqtikaSi gatardes. es

saSualebebi SesaZloa TavisTavad iyos iseTi, rom Tqven mas uaryofis Rirsad

miiCnevT. am SemTxvevaSi, aucilebelia arCevanis gakeTeba mizansa da misi miRwevis

aucilebel saSualebas Soris. `naTels~ xdis Tu ara es saSualeba mizans?

92

maswavlebelma Tqven amgvari arCevanis aucilebloba unda daganaxon. meti mas

araferi SeuZlia manam, sanam maswavleblad rCeba da jer kidev ar aris demagogi.

mas, cxadia, SeuZlia giTxraT: Tu Tqven gsurT raime mizans miaRwioT, unda miiRoT

Sesabamisi Sedegebic, romelTac, rogorc gamocdileba cxadhyofs, Tan sdevs

miznis misaRwevad saWiro qmedebebi.

yvela es problema SesaZloa teqnikossac Seeqmnas, isic xom xSirad dgas arCevanis

winaSe nakleb borotebasa Tu SedarebiT ukeTes variants Soris. misTvis

mniSvnelovania, rom arsebobdes erTi umTavresi ram _ mizani. magram swored is,

radganac saubaria namdvilad `ukanasknel~ problemebze, Cven ar gvaqvs. amiT Cven

ukanasknel aqtamde mivediT, romelic mecnierebam, rogorc aseTma, unda

ganaxorcielos sicxadis misaRwevad, imavdroulad Cven mivuaxlovdiT Tavad

mecnierebis sazRvrebs.

Cven SegviZlia da unda giTxraT: raRac praqtikuli mignebebi? Sinagani

TanamimdevrulobiT da, Sesabamisad, gulwrfelobiT SesaZloa gaviyvanoT _ maT

gonTan Sesabamisad, _ raRac ukanaskneli msoflmxedvelobrivi poziciidan

(SesaZloa erTi, an meti poziciidan), sxvebidan ki _ SesaZlebelia. Tu Tqven am

debulebas irCevT, maSinTqven, Tu xatovnad vityviT, emsaxurebiT erT RmerTs da

amcirebT yvela sxva RmerTs. radganac, Tu Tqven sakuTari Tavis erTguli rCebiT,

Tqven aucileblad midixarT raRac ukanasknel Sinagan SedegebTan. amis gakeTeba

principSi SesaZlebelia. ukanaskneli debulebebis maT SedegebTan kavSiris

gamovlena _ es filosofiis, rogorc socialuri disciplinisa da sxva

mecnierebebis filosofiuri bazis amocanaa. Tu Cven gvesmis sakuTari saqmis, Cven

SegviZlia vaiZuloT individi _ an davexmaroT mas _ ganWvritos sakutari

qmedebebis saboloo arsi. amgvari amocana Zalianac mniSvnelovnad meCveneba. da Tu

romelime maswavlebeli amis ganxorcielebas SeZlebs, maSin vityodi, rom is

`zneobriv~ Zalebs emsaxureba, radganac sicxade Seaqvs; rom is miT ukeT asrulebs

sakuTar amocanas, rac ufro keTilsindisierad gaeqceva sakuTari azris

msmenelisTvis Tavsmoxvevas.

is, razec aq vsaubrob gamomdinareobs erTi ZiriTadi debulebidan; kerZod, rom

sakuTar Tavze dafuZnebulma da sakuTari TaviTve gasagebma cxovrebam icis

mxolod RmerTebis maradiuli brZola, icis mxolod metad principialuri, ufro

mniSvnelovani cxovrebiseuli poziciebis Seusabamoba da maTi mourigebloba,

Sesabamisad, maT Soris arCevanis gakeTebis aucileblobac. imsaxurebs ki

mecniereba am pirobebSi imas, rom iqces vinmes `mowodebad~, da aqvs Tu ara mas

raime obieqturad Rirebuli `mowodeba~ _ es kvlavac RirebulebiTi mtkicebaa,

romlis ganxilvac auditoriaSi SesaZlebelia, radganac dadebiTi pasuxi masze

aris auditoriaSi mecnierebis winapiroba. piradad me gaveci am kiTxvas dadebiTi

pasuxi sakuTari muSaobiT da dadebiTi pasuxi masze aris aseve winapiroba im

Tvalsazrisisa, romelsac iziarebs, aq qmnis iluzias, rom iziarebs,

axalgazrdobas sZuls inteleqtualizmi, rogorc eSmaki. da aq samarTliania

sityvebi: `eSmaki moxucia _ daberdiT, raTa mas gaugoT~. es SewinaaRmdegeba unda

gaigoT ara pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, aramed im TvalsazrisiT, rom gsurT ra

gauswordeT eSmaks, ar unda gaiqceT mis danaxvaze, rogorc amas xSirad akeTeben,

aramed gadaxedoT mis mier ganvlil gzas da dainaxoT misi Zala da sazRvrebi.

93

dRes mecniereba aris profesia, romelsac axorcieloeben, rogorc specialur

disciplinas; is emsaxureba TviTSegnebasa da faqtobrivi kavSirebis Semecnebas.

mecniereba ar aris winaswarmetyvelTa gansakuTrebuli niWi, romelsac xsna da

gilwrfeloba moaqvs; is arc brZenTa da filosofosTa samyaros arsis Sesaxeb

gansjis aucilebeli nawilia. es aris aucilebeli mocemuloba Cvens istoriul

situaciaSi, romlisganac ver gamovalT manam, sanam sakuTari Tavis erTgulni

varT.

da Tu CvenSi kvlav tolstoi alaparakdeba da gvkiTxavs _ `Tu ara mecniereba,

maSin ver gagvcems pasuxs kiTxvaze: ra vakeToT, rogor vaSenoT sakuTari

cxovreba?~ _ an dRevandeli eniT _ `erTmaneTTan mebrZoli RmerTebidan, vis unda

vemsaxuroT?~, an, SesaZloa unda vemsaxuroT sxva RmerTs da vin aris is? _ maSin

unda vTqvaT: amaze pasuxs mxolod winaswarmetyveli an gadamrCeni gascems. Tu is

ar arsebobs, an misi aRar sjeraT, maSin Tqven verafers ver miaRwevT imiT, rom

aTasobiT profesori, romelsac xelfass saxelmwifo uxdis, an auditoriaSi myofi

winaswarmetyveli am rolis morgebas cdilobs. amiT Tqven mxolod xels uSliT

imis gacnobierebas, rom ar arsebobs winaswarmetyveli, romlis aryofnasac

axalgazrda Taobis bevri warmomadgeneli ganicdis. vfiqrob, religiuri

TvalsazrisiT namdvilad `musikalur~ adamians ar gamoadgeba, Tu misganac

damalaven im ZiriTad faqts, rom misi bedi _ RvTisgan miviwyebul epoqaSi

cxovrebaa; Tu am garemoebas damalaven, kaTedrebis warmomadgenelTa msgavsi

surogatis daxmarebiT. mgonia, rom amis winaaRmdeg misma religiurma

gulwrfelobam unda gailaSqros.

magram rogori damokidebuleba unda gvqobdes `Teologiis~ arsebobisa da

`mecnierebad~ yofnis pretenziaze? sjobs gverdi ar avuaroT am pasuxs.

`Teologia~ da `dogmebi~, marTalia arsebobs ara yvela religiaSi, magram is

mxolod qristianobaSic ar aris warmodgenili. Tu warsuls davubrundebiT,

SesaZloa maT sakmaod ganviTarebul formebs islamSic, sufinizmSi, parsizmSi,

budizmSi, induistur seqtebSi, daosizmSi, iudaizmSic SevxvdeT. Tumca, cxadia maT

gansxvavebuli sistemuri ganviTareba hpoves. da ar aris SemTxveviTi is faqti, rom

dasavluri qristianoba iudaizmis sawinaaRmdegod Seiqmna. Tumca, ganviTarebas

qristianobaSi meti istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda. amas safuZveli elinurma

sulma Cauyara da dasavleTis mTeli Teologia zustad ise midis iqamde, rogorc

aRmosavluri Teologia _ indur azrovnebamde.

nebismieri Tologia religiuri xsnis inteleqtualur racionalizacias

warmoadgens. verc erTi mecniereba ver daumtkicebs sakutar Rirebulebas mas, vinc

mis winapirobebs uaryofs. principSi, sakuTari rolis Sesasruleblad da

sakuTari arsebobis gasamarTleblad nebismieri Teologia amatebs specifikur

winapirobebs. maT aqvT gansxvavebuli azri da gansxvavebuli moculoba. nebismieri

TeologiisTvis, maTSoris induisturisTvisac, ZalaSi rCeba winamZRvari: samyaros

unda hqondes azri, da misTvis ismis kiTxva, rogor gavigoT samyaro, raTa misi

arsi gavigoT.

kanti Semecnebis TeoriaSi Semdegi debulebidan amodioda: mecnieruli WeSmariteba

arsebobs da mas aqvs Zala, Semdeg ki svamda kiTxvas: ra azrobriv winapirobaSi

aqvs azri amgvar mtkicebas? zustad aseve Tanamedrove esTetikosebi amodian

94

winamZRvridan, rom arsebobs xelovnebis nawarmoebi, Semdeg ki svams kiTxvas: da

mainc, rogor aris es SesaZlebeli?

Tumca, Teologebi, rogorc wesi ar kmayofildebian amgvari (arsebiTad, religiur-

fsiqologiuri) winamZRvriT, aramed amodian ufro Sors mimavali wanamZRvridan _

`gulwrfelobis~ rwmenidan, rac ase mniSvnelovania xsnisTvis. isini uSveben, rom

garkveul mdgomareobas da cxovrebis wess, aqvs siwmindis Tvisebebi.

Tqven isev mkiTxavT: rogor avxsnaT wanamZRvrebi, romlebic unda miviRoT, raTa

mas hqondes raime azri? Tavad aseTi wanamZRvrebi TeologiisTvis `mecnierebis~

meore mxaresaa. isini aris ara `codna~ Cveulebrivi azriT, aramed _ erTgvari

`monapovari~. visac ar aqvs rwmena an sxva ram, rac aucilebelia religiisTvis,

misTvis Teologia verafers ver Secvlis. miTumetes, verc erTi sxva mecniereba.

piriqiT, nebismier `pozitiur~ TeologiaSi morwmune aRwevs im punqts, sadac

avgustinis debulebas _ Credo non quid, sed quia absurdum est3 sakuTari Zala aqvs.

`inteleqtis msxverplad Sewirvis~ mitanis virtuozuli aqti aris pozitiur-

religiuri adamianis mTavari niSani. da es imaze metyvelebs, rom RirebulebiTi

daZabulobis moxsna mecnierebisa da religiis sferoebs Soris SeuZlebelia,

miuxedavad Teologiis arsebobisa (SesaZloa, swored misi wyalobiTac).

`inteleqts msxverplad~ Cveulebriv wiraven: ymawvili _ winaswarmetyvels,

morwmune _ eklesias. jer arasdros warmoqnila axali winaswarmetyveleba imis

gamo, rom zogierTi Tanamedrove inteleqtuali ganicdis moTxovnilebas

antikvaruli nivTebi ganaTavsos sulSi, romelTa namdviloba garantirebuli

iqneboda, da am yvelaferTan erTad ixseneben, rom maT Soris religiac iyo;

marTalia, es maT ar aqvT, magram ageben mas, rTaven xatebiT, an gancdebisgan qmnian

surogats, romelsac mastiuris Rirsebebs miaweren da romliTac wignis bazarze

vaWroben. es an sakuTari Tavis motyuebaa an TaRliToba. piriqiT, ara TaRliTobasa

da motyuebas aqvs adgili maSin, rodesac zogierTi axalgazrduli kavSiri

sakutar erTobaSi religiur, kosmiur an mistiur erTobas xedavs. WeSmariti Zmobis

nebismier aqts samefoSi Seaqvs raRac iseTi, rac saukunod daeCeba; magram me eWviT

vuyureb swrafvas aamaRlo wminda adamianuri urTierTobebi da adamianuri erToba

religiuri gansjebiTa da interpretaciebiT. Tumca aq am sakiTxis ganxilvis dro

ar aris.

Cveni epoqis bedi, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli racionalizaciiTa da

inteleqtualizaciiT, aseve samyarosTvis jadosnuri niSnebis moxsna imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom maRali keTilSobili Rirebulebebi an mastiuri cxovrebis

miRmur samefoSi, an calkeuli individebis uSualo urTierTobis siaxlove

sazogadoebrivi sferodan gavida. SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom Cveni maRali

xelovneba intimuria da ara monumenturi; Tu SevecdebiT monumenturi xelovneba

ZaliT SeviyvaroT an `gamovigonoT~ mas, maSin miviRebT bevri Zeglis dar Zalian

usaxursa da uSno rames. Tu SemoviRebT axal religiur qmnilebebs siaxlis,

WeSmariti winaswarmetyvelebis gareSe, maSin gaCndeba raRac Tavisi SinaarsiT

msgavsi, magram uaresi ram da winaswarmetyveleba kaTedrebze, saboloo jamSi

Seqmnis mxolod fantastikur seqtebs. magram verasdros Seqmnis WeSmarit erTobebs.

is, vinc vaJkacurad ver gadaitans epoqis am beds, mas unda vuTxraT: sjobs, is

Cumad, sazogado reklamis gareSe, ubralod dabrundes Zveli eklesiis

95

wiaRSi. amis gakeTeba ki rTuli ar aris. man, asea Tu ise, msxverplad sakuTari

`inteleqti~ mainc unda miitanos _ es gardauvalia. da Cven ar davzraxavT, Tu mas

amis gakeTeba realurad SeuZlia. radganac unari, religias msxverplad Seswiro

sakuTari inteleqti, aris raRac gansxvavebuli zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, vidre

mcdeloba Tavi aarido movaleobas iyo keTilsindisieri inteleqtuali, rac maSin

xdeba, rodesac ar SeuZliaT vaJkacurad da naTlad daafiqsiron sakuTari

saboloo pozicia, aramed amsubuqeben am movaleobis Sesrulebas martivi

relativizmiT. es pozicia ufro maRal Rirebulebad mimaCnia, vidre kaTedris

winaswarmetyveleba, romelic ver xvdeba, rom auditoriis kedlebSi araviTar

keTilismqnels, garda erTisa, azri ar aqvs. is erTi winaswarmetyveleba ki ubralo

inteleqtualur gulwrfelobas niSnavs. magram aseTi gulwrfeloba moiTxovs

vTqvaT, rom dRes maTi mdgomareoba, vinc axal winaswarmetyvelsa da mxsnels

elodeba, Zalian hgavs maT mdgomareobas, viszec isais?4 erT-erT

winaswarmetyvelebaSia saubari; saubaria im periodis edemis baRis darajis erT

lamaz simReraze, romelic ebraelebis gandevnisas msaxurobda: `seiradan meZaxian:

daraji~ ramdeni Rame? daraji! ramdeni Rame? daraji pasuxobs: axlovdeba dila,

magram jer kidev Ramea. da Tu mainc kiTxulobs, mommarTeT da mobrZandiT~.

xalxi, romelsac es sityvebi ekuTvnoda, kiTxvas svamda da ori aTasi wlis

manZilze elodeboda, da Cven viciT misi araCveulebrivi bedis Sesaxeb. aqedan

gakveTili: mxolod molodiniTa da sevdiT verafers gaxdebi, aucilebelia

moqmedeba gansxvavebulad _ unda mimarTo sakuTar saqmes da Seesabamebode `drois

moTxovnas~ _ rogorc adamianuri, aseve profesiuli TvalsazrisiT. mocemuli

moTxovna ki iyo martivi da cxadi, Tu yvela ipovis sakuTar demons da iqneba

morCili demonisa, romelic mis cxovrebas qargavs.