Manual Básico de Horticultura Urbana

8/9/2019 Manual Básico de Horticultura Urbana

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LBEYBM HÂTFDG @I OGXPFDYMPYXB YXHBEB



8

Ìe`fdi

Pilb >2 - ^rflirgs pbsgs

2.>2 - Imfjfie`g ue mujbr2.>8 - Festbmbe`g im Ouirtg urhbeg

2.>4 - Imfjfie`g mb tfirrb2.>0 - Dgediptgs hâsfdgs; silfmmb y pmbetim

Pilb >8 — Tudisfgeis

8.>2 - Tudisfôe Iesbmb`b (^rflbvirb-Sirbeg)8.>8 - Tudisfôe Xâpf`b (^rflbvirb u Gtgòg)8.>4 - Tudisfôe Sbrfb`b (^rflbvirb-Sirbeg)8.>0 - Tudisfôe Lfxtb (^rflbvirb)8.>9 - Tudisfôe Bpfg (^rflbvirb-Sirbeg)8.>3 - Tudisfôe Lbìz (Sirbeg)8.>: - Tudisfôe Fevirebm (Gtgòg-Fevfireg)

8.>? - Tudisfôe Fevfiregs @urgs (Gtgòg-Fevfireg)

Pilb >4 - ^brb ixpirtgs

4.>2 - Prbhbkgs pgr istbdfgeis4.>8 - Dbmie`brfg ì ispidfis4.>4 - Dglpbtfhfmf`bìs ietri ispidfis4.>0 - Dglpgstbki `glæstfdg

Pilb >0 - Li`fdfeb Ogrtìdgmb

0.>2 - Iecirli`b`, ^mbjb g Cfsfgpbtìb.

0.>8 - @fbjegstfdbe`g.0.>4 - Cbmtb ì eutrfietis.0.>0 - Hfg`fvirsf`b`, ìciesb ebturbm.0.>9 - Fesidtgs, ogejgs, âdbrgs y ìpri`b`gris.0.>3 - Xili`fgs

Pilb >9 - Gtrgs Dumtfvgs

9.>2 - Ofirhbs y pmbetbs brglâtfdbs9.>8 - Titbs9.>4 - Cmgris dglistfhmis



4

Pilb >2 - ^rflirgs pbsgs

2.>2

- Imfjfie`g ue mujbr

Oby ue cbdtgr cue`blietbm b mb ogrb ì imijfr mb sftubdfôe ì euistrg Ouirtg urhbeg, mb muz. ^brb quieuistrbs pmbetbs si ìsbrrgmmie ôptflblieti y im crutg sib im bìdub`g eidisftblgs ueb dbetf`b` ì muz

`fbrfb sucfdfieti pbrb euistrb pmbetb.

^brb mb ogrtfdumturb mg fìbm is mb muz `fridtb ìm sgm, pirg ie tg`g dbsg tblhfæe pgìlgs kujbr dgesupircfdfis ricmidtbetis pbrb qui euistrb muz mmijui ie im likgr âejumg pgsfhmi bm ouirtg. Mbs pmbetbstfieìe ob jfrbr sus ogkbs obdfb mb muz, bsì qui sf obdilgs qui mb muz ìm sgm fedf`b ì cgrlb mbtirbm, tg`bsmbs pmbetbs si jfrbrâe obdfb isi mb`g, ìsiqufmfhrbe`g euistrg ouirtg. Mg fìbm is qui mb muz fedf`b ìsìbrrfhb.

Oby ueb prijuetb luy sflpmi qui obdiregs pbrb sbhir sf im mujbr is huieg g eg; ·Ie mgs `ìbs lâs mbrjgsìm bòg `fspgejg ì lâs ì dfedg ogrbs ì muz `fridtb ìm sgm7 Ie dbsg bcfrlbtfvg im mujbr is huieg.

Gtrg cbdtgr flpgrtbeti b tieir ie duietb is im bjub, puis ie virbeg oilgs ì rijbr bm liegs ueb vizbm `ìb euistrg ouirtg, ie mujbris lâs sidgs fedmusg `gs. Tf eg tieilgs ue jrfcg dirdb puiì mmivbregsludog trbhbkg. Ie hbmdgeis eg oby ludog prghmilb, puis ìsì im hbòg (mmiebs mb rijbìrb) obstb im

hbmdôe eg suimi obhir ludob `fstbedfb. Ie tirrbzbs supirfgris mg fìbm is `fspgeir ì jrfcg. @i eg sirbsì, bprgvidobr im bjub ì mbs mmuvfb ie ìpôsftgs egs puiì bogrrbr ludogs vfbkis.

@i tg`bs cgrlbs ie mgs hbmdgeis im jrfcg eg is eidisbrfg, y ie mb lbygrìb ì mbs tirrbzbs suimi obhirmg. Tfquirilgs pgeir ue sfstilb ì rfijg butglâtfdg b ue Ouirtg urhbeg Pirrbzb, mg fìbm is dgeidtbrmg b uejrfcg g ìpôsftg dirdbeg. Ie ue Ouirtg urhbeg Hbmdôe pg`rìblgs pgeir ue piquiòg ìpôsftg dgmjb`gì mb pbri`.

^gr ûmtflg ìhilgs ì privir im tieir euistrg ouirtg bm risjubr`g ì dbì`bs ì bjub ìm tikb`g,lbsdgtbs, vfietgs cuirtis, itd, b cfe ì jbrbetfzbr mb fetijrf`b` ì euistrbs pmbetbs.



0

2.>8

- Festbmbe`g im Ouirtg urhbeg

Ie im dbsg ì ue Ouirtg urhbeg ie ue hbmdôe, eg sgmilgs tieir ludog lbrjie ì lbefghrb pbrbfestbmbr. Mg obhftubm is tieir tu hbmdôe/is obdfb mb dbmmi y bmmì dgmgdbr euistrg Ouirtg urhbeg.

^gìlgs istrudturbrmgs hfie ì tbm lbeirb qui pg`blgs bulietbr euistrb dbpbdf`b` ì prgùddfôe

tiefie`g vbrfgs. Ie hbmdgeis bedogs puiìe ietrbregs ueg g `gs ie mb hbrbe`fmmb, y qufzâs bmjueg lâsie mb pbri`. Ie ue bpbrtblietg ì 3> litrgs dub`rb`gs dge `gs obhftbdfgeis pg`rìbe pgeirsi `gs pgrhbmdôe, tiefie`g bsì ueb supircfdfi ì dumtfvg ì bmjg lâs ì 2,9l8. Ie ue pfsg qui eg `fspgei ìtirrbzb is tg`g ue mukg.

Mb festbmbdfôe is siedfmmb. Pieilgs `gs hbm`bs y `gs pbtbs. Dgmgdblgs im cgrrg fetirfgr b mbs hbm`bs y mgsukitblgs dge mbs dofedoitbs. Eg is eidisbrfg bjbrrbrmg luy cuirti puis dge im pisg ìm sustrbtg egvgmbrâ. Bìlâs, dge im pbsg ì mbs dgsidobs is pgsfhmi qui eidisftilgs dblhfbrmg. Btgrefmmblgs mbshbm`bs b mbs pbtbs, ìkbe`g ietri hbm`b y hbm`b bm liegs uegs 4> dietìlitrgs. Mg fìbm is pgeir mb ìbrrfhb mg lâs brrfhb pgsfhmi sfe qui tbpi mgs bjukirgs ì bjbrri y mb ì bhbkg mg lâs bhbkg pgsfhmi sfe quitgqui im suimg. Bsì euistrbs pmbetbs tie`râe lâs ispbdfg pbrb dridir y ridfhfrâe lâs muz. Yeb vizlgetb`g mg dgmgdblgs ie mb hbrbe`fmmb ìm hbmdôe y mg btblgs dge mbs hrf`bs ì pmâstfdg. Pblhfæe

pgìlgs usbr bmblhri, hrf`bs litâmfdbs, dgr`ôe, itd.

Mmieblgs ì sustrbtg mbs hbm`bs, ìkbe`g ue pbr ì dietìlitrgs ì lbrjie ie mgs hgrìs pbrb qui bmrilgvir im sustrbtg eg si egs dbfjb pgr cuirb. Vb mg tieilgs mfstg pbrb dumtfvbr.



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^brb ue Ouirtg urhbeg ie mb tirrbzb, mg fìbm is lgetbrmg ie im prgpfg mujbr `geì vbyblgs b festbmbrmg.Tf mg lgetblgs ie gtrb istbedfb egs brrfisjblgs b qui ìspuæs eg egs ietri pgr mbs puirtbs. Im lgetbkiis siedfmmg. Pfiei ueb hbsi, dubtrg pbriìs mbtirbmis y dubtrg pbtbs. Bpgyblgs mb hbsi ie im suimg yvblgs dgmgdbe`g mbs pbriìs mbtirbmis ueb b ueb y btgrefmmbe`g. Ye viz btgrefmmb`g pgìlgs imijfr sfquirilgs im dumtfvg ie bmturb g lâs hbkg, ìpie`fie`g ì mg qui vbyblgs b dumtfvbr. Tf mg quirilgs iebmturb, fesirtbrilgs ie mb lisb mb pbtbs dge mb pbrti dgrtb pbrb brrfhb, bsì mb pbrti mbrjb egs qui`brâ

obdfb bhbkg mivbetbe`g mb lisb. Tf mg qui vblgs b dumtfvbr sge pmbetbs bmtbs dglg mbs tglbtirbs g mbs ku`ìbs pgìlgs litir mbs pbtbs dge mb pbrti mbrjb obdfb brrfhb, qui`be`g mb dgrtb obdfb bhbkg ymivbetbe`g pgdg mb lisb ìm suimg. @i istb lbeirb egs cbdfmftbrâ ìspuæs mb pg`b y mb ridgmiddfôe. Mbspbtbs mbrjbs obdfb brrfhb egs `be tblhfæe ue luy huie bpgyg pbrb dgmgdbr istrudturbs ì sukidfôedglg duir`bs, bmblhris, pbmgs, itd.

Tf tieilgs sftfg pbrb dgmgdbr vbrfgs Ouirtgs urhbegs, mg fìbm is qui mgs `fspgejblgs ì tbm lbeirb quipg`blgs trbhbkbr sfilpri pgr mb pbrti mbrjb ìm lfslg, mg qui egs sirâ lâs dôlg`g. Ie tirrbzbspiquiòbs pgìlgs dgmgdbrmgs ie M flftbe`g mbs lisbs ì gcfdfeb. Tf vblgs b dgmgdbr ue sfstilb ì rfijgbutglâtfdg, mg fìbs is qui mbs lisbs istæe pijb`bs pgr su mb`g lâs dgrtg pbrb qui pg`blgs ixtieìrmbs lbejuirbs ì jgtig tg`g b mg mbrjg.



3

2.>4

- Imfjfie`g mb tfirrb

Mb tfirrb g sustrbtg qui vbyblgs b utfmfzbr pbrb euistrg dumtfvg is ueg ì mgs cbdtgris lâs ìdfsfvgs quibcidtbrâe b mgs risumtb`gs ì euistrg ouirtg. Oilgs ì bsijurbregs qui euistrb tfirrb tfiei mbssfjufietis prgpfi`bìs;

Yeb pgrgsf`b` imivb`b qui cbvgrizdb im dridflfietg ì mbs rbìdis ì mbs pmbetbs.

Yeb bmtb bfribdfôe qui pirlftb imflfebr im ixdiìeti ì bjub y bpgrtbr bfri b mbs rbìdis.

Yeb dgrridtb ritiedfôe ì bjub pgr pbrti ìm sustrbtg pbrb qui eg si siqui ìlbsfb`g râpf`g.

Ye Ô (cbdtgr ì bdfìz) dgrridtg pbrb im dumtfvg ì ogrtbmfzbs (ietri 3 y :).

Ye dgrridtg bmlbdieblfietg ì eutrfietis qui egs bpgrtie b dgrtg, li`fg y mbrjg pmbzg (ivftbrcirtfmfzbetis quìlfdgs).

Mb lâxflb mfjirizb pgsfhmi pbrb eg sghrisbturbr ì pisg euistrg ouirtg y euistrb tirrbzb, bsìdglg cbvgridir im qui pg`blgs lgvirmg ie dbsg ì eidisf`b`.

Ye dgrridtg bpgrti ì eutrfietis ì cgrlb ebturb, dglpmitb y ie iqufmfhrfg.

Ie mb tbhmb qui lgstrblgs b dgetfeubdfôe iedgetrblgs uegs vbmgris bprgxflb`gs ì mg qui egs bpgrtbdb`b tfpg ì sustrbtg;

Tustrbtgs Bfribdfôe XitiedfôeBjub

Bmlbdieblfietgì eutrfietis

îsg (j/m) pO Bpgrti ìeutrfietis

Cfhrb ì dgdg 4: 9? Imivb`g 9>-2>> Eiutrg Isdbsg

Dgrtizb ìpfeg

4> 89 Li`fg 29>-0>> Âdf`g Isdbsg

XisfùgsCgristbmis

0> 0> Li`fg 29>-4>> Âdf`g Hbkg

Dglpgst ì kbr`ìe

0> 9> Li`fg 8>>-9>> Eiutrg Tucfdfieti

Sirlfdumftb 09 4 Imivb`g 2>>-29> Hâsfdg Hbkg

îrmftb :> 9 Isdbsg 28> Eiutrg Isdbsg

Purhb Xuhfb 3> 29> Imivb`g 9>-2>>

Luyâdf`g

Eumg

Tustrbtgistâe`br

4> 3> Li`fg 0>> Âdf`g Isdbsg

Pfirrb dglûe 8> 2> Isdbsg 29>> Sbrfbhmi Sbrfbhmi



:

Mg lâs obhftubm is qui egs bdirquilgs pgr euistrb tfie`b ì kbr`feirìb g ogrtfdumturb obhftubm ydglprilgs uegs sbdgs ì sustrbtg pbrb ogrtfdumturb. Piei` duf`b`g pgr qui dfirtgs istrbtgs pbrb kbr`feirìb, sghri tg`g mgs ì cmgris, eg sge huiegs pbrb im dumtfvg ì ogrtbmfzbs.

^brb qui tiejâfs ueb riciriedfb ìm pridfg, ue sbdg ì 9> mftrgs ì sustrbtg puiì dgstbr uegs dubtrg gdfedg iurgs. Mg obhftubm is dgetbhfmfzbr ue iurg pgr db`b `fiz mftrgs.

Tf ì tg`bs cgrlbs gs quiræfs bvieturbr b cbhrfdbrgs vuistrg prgpfg sustrbtg (pbrb dbetf`bìs luyjrbeìs suimi sbmfr lâs idgeôlfdg) bquì tieæfs uebs lizdmbs qui cuedfgebe hbstbeti hfie;

3>% ì cfhrb ì dgdg + 0>% ì oulus ì mglhrfz.

33% ì sustrbtg istâe`br + 44% ì istfærdgm ì dbhbmmg dglpgstb`g.

9>% ì dgrtizb dglpgstb`b + 8>% ì turhb ruhfb + 4>% ì jbmmfebzb dge sirrìe dglpgstb`b.

2.>0

- Dgediptgs hâsfdgs; silfmmb y pmbetim

Mb jrbe prijuetb ì ludob jieti ueb viz tfiei tg`g pripbrb`g pbrb dumtfvbr is; ·V bogrb pgr `geì

ilpfizg7 Huieg, mg ridglie`bhmi pbrb prfedfpfbetis is bdirdbregs pgr bm liegs ue pbr ì tfie`bs ìogrtfdumturb pbrb vir qui egs puiìe gcridir pbrb pmbetbr ie mb æpgdb ìm bòg ie mb qui istilgs. @fjgue pbr ì immbs, pgrqui is huieg dglpbrbr ie vbrfi`b` pbrb pgìr imijfr, eg tg`bs mbs tfie`bs tfieiesfilpri mg lfslg.

^brb pgìr mmijbr bm sftfg y bm liegs sbhir qui pi`fr vblgs b ìkbr dmbrgs uegs dgediptgs hâsfdgs;

Tilfmmb; Pg`gs sbhilgs qui sge mbs silfmmbs ì ueb pmbetb. Ie mbs tfie`bs ì ogrtfdumturb egrlbmlietimbs vieìe ie sghris (silfmmbs dglirdfbmis) g b jrbeim g ie hgmsftbs (silfmmbs ebturbmis). Mmblblgssilfmmbs dglirdfbmis b bquimmbs qui vfieie pripbrb`bs ie sghris oirlætfdgs, obhftubmlieti ispidfis ìtfpg dglûe (eg butôdtgebs). Obhftubmlieti istbs silfmmbs suimie viefr dge bhgegs g pistfdf`bsbrtfcfdfbmis pbrb dgesirvbrmbs, dge mg qui dge im tfilpg b li`f`b qui ti ixpirtfzbs ie mb lbtirfb suimistieìr b husdbr silfmmbs ebturbmis, dge ispidfis butôdtgebs qui sge mbs qui likgr si b`bptbe bm dmflbì mb zgeb.

^mbetim; Tge silfmmbs jirlfeb`bs ie hrgtis. Im tblbòg ìm hrgti puiì ìpieìr ì mb pmbetb, pirgoilgs ì ìsdbrtbr bquimmgs qui sibe ìlbsfb`g piquiògs g ìlbsfb`g jrbeìs. Tbhilgs qui isìlbsfb`g piquiòg sf tg`bvìb tfiei mbs prflirbs ogkbs ì hrgti y is ìlbsfb`g jrbeì dube`g impmbetim ilpfizb b sidbr y b dgjir ue dgmgr blbrfmmg pgr cbmtb ì bjub g eutrfietis ie im ridfpfieti ìsfilhrb. Ytfmfzbr pmbetim is mb cgrlb obhftubm ì dgesijufr euistrbs pmbetbs pbrb ogrtfdumturb urhbeb.



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Tilfmmirg; Tge ridfpfietis pripbrb`gs dge dglpbrtflietgs fe`fvfùbmis pbrb silfmmbs. Istgsdglpbrtflietgs suimie tieir ueb li`fb ì 2>dl4 ì dbpbdf`b`. Ie mb æpgdb ì sfilhrb ì db`bispidfi si mmiebe istgs dglpbrtflietgs ì sustrbtg y si pmbetb ueb silfmmb ie db`b ueg. @i istb

lbeirb dube`g ilpfizbe b jirlfebr si puiìe quftbr mgs hrgtis dge rbìz y tfirrb (tg`g kuetg) pbrbtrbspmbetbr ie su uhfdbdfôe ìcfeftfvb. Ysbe`g silfmmirgs bogrrblgs ispbdfg ì euistrgs ouirtgsurhbegs pbrb pgìr tieir euistrg prgpfg pmbetim. Mgs silfmmirgs prgcisfgebmis suimie sir ì pgmfispâe,dgrdog g pmâstfdgs dge dbpbdf`b` pbrb dfietgs ì silfmmbs pgr hbeìkb (obhftubmlieti sghri 4>>uef`bìs). Mgs bjrfdumtgris urhbegs ì be`br pgr dbsb tblhfæe pgìlgs riutfmfzbs mgs ilhbsis ìygjurt g pitfts, qui pbrb im dbsg tblhfæe egs vbmie.

Tbhfie`g istg, mg qui tieilgs qui obdir is fr b mb tfie`b ì ogrtfdumturb y pi`fr qui egs ìe ue pmbetimvbrfb`g pbrb euistrg ouirtg. Ie mb siddfôe ì sudisfgeis tieæfs uegs dubetgs ikilpmgs ìdglhfebdfgeis qui pgìlgs ribmfzbr.



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Pilb >8 — Tudisfgeis

8.>2 - Tudisfôe Iesbmb`b (^rflbvirb-Sirbeg).

Istb sudisfôe istâ piesb`b pbrb pgìr obdir euistrbs iesbmb`bs dbsirbs mmijb`g im virbeg. Mbs ispidfistfieie dfdmgs `fcirietis pu`fie`g tieir dgsidobs isdbmb`bs ùrbeti vbrfgs lisis.

Ispidfis; Pglbti, Dihgmmb, Xâhbeg y Midoujb.

Æpgdb; ^rflbvirb g Sirbeg.

@fstrfhudfôe;

Ti pmbetbe prflirg mbs tglbtirbs qui egs quipbe sipbrb`bs uegs 0> dl uebs ì gtrbs.(^mbetim)

B 2> dl b blhgs mb`gs ì db`b tglbtirb pmbetblgs ueb midoujb. (^mbetim)

Mbs dihgmmbs si dgmgdbe ie ofmirbs bmriì`gr g bm mb`g ì mgs tglbtis y mbs midoujbs ìkbe`g

29dl ietri dihgmmb y dihgmmb. (^mbetim)Ie mgs ouidgs qui egs quiìe mfhris silhrbrilgs im râhbeg. (Tilfmmb)

Im râhbeg oilgs ì silhrbrmg ì tbm lbeirb qui ie dubetg hrgti egs quiì 9dl ietri râhbeg yrâhbeg. Ie dbsg ì sghripbsbregs dge mbs silfmmbs, ie dubetg hrgtie pg`rilgs brrbedbr dge duf`b`g mbspmbetbs qui egs sghrie.

Im dfdmg ì ridgjf`b sirâ im sfjufieti; Mgs râhbegs tbr`brâe uebs dubtrg silbebs ie tieir im tblbògbìdub`g. B mbs sifs silbebs pg`rilgs ilpizbr b dgkir mbs prflirbs midoujbs. Mbs tglbtirbsilpizbrâe b `br crutg prgetg, pirg virilgs qui im tglbti virì tg`bvìb tbr`b ue pgdg b ie lbùrbrie rblb. Im tglbti lbùrb`g ie rblb tfiei ue sbhgr ludoìsflg likgr qui im ridgjf`g virì ylbùrb`g ie dâlbrbs ì crìg (dglg im ìm supirlirdb`g). Mbs dihgmmbs pgìlgs dgesulfrmbs tfirebs

(dihgmmitbs) g ispirbr b qui siquie b li`fb`gs ìm virbeg y ridgjirmbs sidbs qui si egs dgesirvbrâetg`g im bòg. Mb tglbtirb `brâ tglbtis obstb cfebmis ì bjgstg.

Dglhfebdfgeis; ^gìlgs dglhfebr pmbetbs ìm lfslg tfpg g pbridf`g ie istb sudisfôe, pgr ikilpmgpmbetbe`g rudb ie mujbr ìm râhbeg, ispfebdbs ie mujbr ì midoujb, bkg g puirrg ie mujbr ì dihgmmb ypflfietgs g hiriekiebs ie mujbr ì tglbti. Pblhfæe pgìlgs dglhfebr pgefie`g ueb ì tglbti, uebì pflfietgs, g lftb` ì midoujbs y lftb` ì ispfebdbs. Mb ispfebdb usb`b dru`b ie iesbmb`b tblhfæeistâ rfquìsflb, sf eg mb obs prghb`g, ti mb ridglfie`g iedbridf`blieti.



2>

8.>8 - Tudisfôe Xâpf`b (^rflbvirb u Gtgòg).

Fìbm sf mg qui quirilgs is ilpizbr b vir risumtb`gs y ridgkir mb prflirb dgsidob mg betis pgsfhmi.

Ispidfis; Dihgmmb, Xâhbeg y Midoujb.

Æpgdb; ^rflbvirb u Gtgòg.

@fstrfhudfôe;

^mbetblgs ueb g `gs ofmirbs ì midoujbs dge 89dl ietri midoujb y midoujb. (^mbetim)

Ie li`fg ì mbs midoujbs silhrblgs râhbegs ie mb lfslb ofmirb. (Tilfmmb)

Ie mgs ouidgs ietri mbs ofmirbs ì midoujbs pmbetblgs mbs dihgmmbs. (^mbetim)

Ie ue Ouirtg urhbeg Pirrbzb ì 2,9 pgr ikilpmg egs qui`brìbe 9 ofmirbs b mg mbrjg ie isti grìe;Dihgmmb, Midoujb, Dihgmmb, Midoujb, Dihgmmb. Mgs râhbegs ie li`fg ì mbs midoujbs. Ietri ofmirb i ofmirb

ob ì obhir bm liegs uegs 2> dl.

Oilgs ì tieir duf`b`g dge qui mgs râhbegs istæe bm liegs b 9 dl ueg ì gtrg, brrbedbe`g bmjueg iedbsg ì sir eidisbrfg. Mb dgsi si sudiìrâ ì mb sfjufieti lbeirb; b mbs 0 silbebs pg`rilgs ilpizbrdge mgs râhbegs. B mbs 3 silbebs mbs midoujbs y b mbs 2> silbebs mbs dihgmmbs tfirebs. ^gìlgs ispirbr bqui mbs dihgmmbs siquie y ridgkirmbs sidbs pbrb qui si egs dgesirvie tg`g im bòg.

Dglhfebdfgeis; ^gìlgs dblhfbr mbs midoujbs pgr ispfebdbs, mb dihgmmb pgr bkg g puirrg, y im râhbegpgr rudb. Yeb viz dgsidob`bs mbs midoujbs, ie dubetg tiejblgs sftfg pgìlgs pmbetbr bmjueb tglbtirbg hiriekieb, pirg sfilpri is pricirfhmi rilgvir dge duf`b`g ue pgdg im sustrbtg prflirg. Pblhfæepgìlgs sustftufr bmjueb ofmirb ì dihgmmbs pgr zbebogrfbs pbrb bpgrtbr lâs vbrfi`b` bm ouirtg.



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8.>4 - Tudisfôe Sbrfb`b (^rflbvirb-Sirbeg).

Fìbm pbrb pirsgebs qui yb obe b`qufrf`g ue dgetrgm sghri su ouirtg, g bquimmgs qui mis justb brrbedbrdge huiegs ritgs. Bpgrtb ueb luy huieb vbrfi`b` b euistrb lisb.

Ispidfis; Pglbti, îpfeg, Xâhbeg, Dihgmmb y [bebogrfb.

Æpgdb; ^rflbvirb-Sirbeg.

@fstrfhudfôe;

Ti pmbetb ue pipfeg ie im dietrg ìm ouirtg. (^mbetim)

B blhgs mb`gs ìm pipfeg, sf tieilgs sftfg ue pbr ì tglbtirbs, b uegs 0>dl db`b ueb (uebtglbtirb y ue pipfeg ie mi lgìmg ì hbmdôe) (^mbetim)

B mgs hgrìs ìm ouirtg (hgrì prgcue`g ie im lgìmg ì hbmdôe) si pmbetb ueb ofmirb ìdihgmmbs y zbebogrfbs sbmtib`bs b uegs 2> dl db`b ueb.

Ie mgs ouidgs mfhris pgìlgs silhrbr râhbeg g rudb. (Tilfmmb)

Pieilgs qui tieir duf`b`g pbrb qui im râhbeg sfilpri tiejb bm liegs 9dl ì sipbrbdfôe pbrb pgìrdridir ietri ueg y gtrg. Bprgvidobrilgs ie im lgìmg ì hbmdôe mbs zgebs dge liegs prgcue`f`b` pbrbisti tfpg ì ispidfis.

Im dfdmg ì ridgmiddfôe sirâ ì 0 silbebs pbrb im râhbeg g mb rudb. Ie 2> silbebs mb dihgmmb tfireb(tblhfæe mb pgìlgs ìkbr sidbr). Mgs tglbtis g pipfegs egs `brâe crutgs dbsf tg`g im virbeg g obstbqui si bjgtie mgs eutrfietis ì euistrg sustrbtg.

Dglhfebdfgeis; Yeb viz ridgmidtb`bs mbs dihgmmbs y mbs zbebogrfbs, pgìlgs silhrbr ku`ìbs g jufsbetisqui egs bpgrtbrâe eftrôjieg y eg sge luy ixfjietis ie eutrfietris. Ie mujbr ì tglbtis g pipfegstblhfæe pgìlgs pmbetbr hiriejiebs, pflfietgs, dbmbhbdfôe, limôe g sbe`ìb. Pg`g is oidobrmi

flbjfebdfôe.

Oilgs ì tieir ie duietb qui dfirtbs pmbetbs dglg mb hiriejieb eidisftbe uegs 4> mftrgs ì tfirrb sômgpbrb sus rbìdis, dge mg qui ìhilgs ì istrudturbr hfie euistrg ouirtg (dglhfebr mbs bmturbs ie im dbsgìm lgìmg ì hbmdôe).



28

8.>0 - Tudisfôe Lfxtb (^rflbvirb).

Istb sudisfôe egs bpgrtb vbrfi`b` ì ogrtbmfzbs pbrb iesbmb`bs y pbrb dgdfebr. @b`g bm tblbòg ì mbspmbetbs `brâ b euistrg ouirtg ueb hgeftb crge`gsf`b`.

Ispidfis; Pglbti, Dihgmmb, Xilgmbdob, Dgm y Midoujb.

Æpgdb; ^rflbvirb.

@fstrfhudfôe;

^mbetblgs mb dgm ie li`fg ìm ouirtg. (^mbetim)

B 0> dl ì istb, b db`b mb`g pmbetbrilgs ueb tglbtirb. (^mbetim)

Xgìbe`g b db`b tglbtirb pg`rilgs pmbetbr uebs midoujbs bm liegs b 29dl ietri pmbetbs.(^mbetim)

Ie mgs hgrìs ìm ouirtg pg`rilgs pmbetbr dihgmmbs y rilgmbdobs sbmtib`bs ìkbe`g 2> dlietri db`b pmbetb. (^mbetim)

Mb midoujb y mb rilgmbdob si ridgmidtbe b mbs sifs silbebs. Mb dihgmmb y mb dgm b pbrtfr ì mbs 2> g 28silbebs. Mgs tglbtis egs `brâe crutg dbsf tg`g im virbeg.

Dglhfebdfgeis; Dube`g quftilgs mb dgm, pgìlgs pmbetbr ku`ìbs ie virbeg g jufsbetis b cfebmis ìmlfslg. ^gìlgs tblhfæe sustftufr mgs tglbtis pgr pflfietgs y mbs dihgmmbs pgr bkgs g puirrgs.



24

8.>9 - Tudisfôe Bpfg (^rflbvirb-Sirbeg).

Istb sudisfôe is tblhfæe luy crge`gsb y eg tfiei ludob dglpmfdbdfôe.Ispidfis; Pglbti, Ispfebdbs, Xâhbeg, y Bpfg.

Æpgdb; ^rflbvirb-Sirbeg.

@fstrfhudfôe;

Yeb ofmirb ì tglbtirbs y bpfgs sbmtib`gs b 89dl ietri db`b pmbetb. (^mbetim)

Yeb g `gs ofmirbs ì ispfebdbs ie mgs hgrìs. (Tilfmmb)

Xâhbegs pbrb duhrfr mgs ispbdfgs mfhris. (Tilfmmb)

Mbs ispfebdbs y im râhbeg riqufirie ì bm liegs 9 dl ietri db`b pmbetb pbrb pgìr ìsbrrgmmbrsi. Tfoilgs silhrb`g dge lbygr ìesf`b` pgìlgs quftbr pmbetbs ueb viz jirlfeie pbrb pgìr ìkbr uepgdg ì ispbdfg pbrb su ìsbrrgmmg.

Mgs râhbegs istbrâe mfstgs b mbs 0 silbebs y mbs ispfebdbs b mbs 3 silbebs. B mbs 3 g : silbebsilpizbrilgs b pgìr quftbr mbs ogrbs lâs jrbeìs bm bpfg b li`f`b qui mbs eidisftilgs. Mbs tglbtirbsegs frâe `be`g crutg isdbmgeb`blieti ùrbeti dbsf tg`g im virbeg.

Dglhfebdfgeis; ^gìlgs dblhfbr mgs tglbtis pgr hiriekiebs g pflfietgs. Ie mujbr ì râhbeg tblhfæepgìlgs silhrbr rudb.



20

8.>3 - Tudisfôe Lbfz (Sirbeg).

Istb sudisfôe egs pirlfti pgìr ridgmidtbr uebs lbzgrdbs ì lbìz qui pgìr usbr tfirebs ie euistrgspmbtgs. Mb lbzgrdb bsb`b b mb pbrrfmmb dge sbm y lbrjbrfeb is luy tìpfdb ì dfirtbs zgebs obdfb cfebmis ìvirbeg.Ispidfis; Lbìz, îpfeg, Dihgmmb y Xâhbeg.

Æpgdb; Sirbeg.

@fstrfhudfôe;

Tilhrblgs im lbìz b 0> dl ietri pmbetb y pmbetb pgr tg`g im ouirtg. (Jrbeg)

Yeb g `gs pmbetbs ì pipfeg ie li`fg ì mgs ouidgs ìm lbìz. (^mbetim)

^gr mgs hgrìs lâs prgcue`gs pmbetbrilgs dihgmmb b 2> dl ietri db`b pmbetb. (^mbetim)

Ie mgs ouidgs y hgrìs liegs prgcue`gs silhrbrilgs râhbeg dge 9dl ietri pmbetbs. (Tilfmmb)

B li`f`b qui im lbìz y im pipfeg vbybe dridfie`g pgìlgs usbr im tbmmg ìm lbìz pbrb fr jufbe`g bmpipfeg pbrb tripbr pgr æm y bsì usbrmg ì sgpgrti.

Mgs dfdmgs ì ridgmiddfôe sirâe ì 0 silbebs pbrb mgs râhbegs, `fiz pbrb mb dihgmmb tfireb (si puiì ìkbrsidbr). Im lbìz istbrâ mfstg b li`fb`gs g cfebmis ì virbeg y im pipfeg egs frâ `be`g crutgisdbmgeb`blieti.

Dglhfebdfgeis; B mb jieti qui eg mi justb im pipfeg puiì prghbr dge dbmbhbdìe qui eg tfiei ue sbhgrtbe cuirti. Im râhbeg si puiì sustftufr g lizdmbr dge bmjueb midoujb sf tieilgs sftfg y dblhfbr mbdihgmmb pgr bkg g puirrg.



29

8.>: - Tudisfôe Fevirebm (Gtgòg-Fevfireg).

^brb mgs lisis ì crìg `geì eg pgìlgs pmbetbr jrbe vbrfi`b` ogrtìdgmb.Ispidfis; Obhb, Midoujbs y Ebhgs.

Æpgdb; Gtgòg-Fevfireg.

@fstrfhudfôe;

Ie im dietrg pmbetblgs ueb cfmb ì midoujbs y ebhgs sbmtib`gs b 29 dl ietri db`b pmbetb.

B mgs mb`gs silhrblgs mbs obhbs (`gs g tris silfmmbs pgr bjukirg) dge 0> dl ietri db`bbjukirg.

^g`rilgs ridgmidtbr mbs midoujbs y mgs ebhgs b pbrtfr ì mb sixtb silbeb, pirg eidisftbrilgs tg`g imfevfireg pbrb ìkbr dridir euistrbs obhbs, qui ridgmidtbrilgs obdfb cfebmis ì fevfireg g prfedfpfgs ìprflbvirb.

Dglhfebdfgeis; Tf mb sfilhrb si obdi b cfebmis ì gtgòg g prfedfpfgs ì fevfireg, mb isdbrgmb puiì

sgpgrtbregs likgr im crìg qui mb midoujb. ^gìlgs ìkbr ouidgs tblhfæe pbrb pmbetbr ispfebdbs qui si`be ùrbeti dbsf tg`g im bòg. Mgs ebhgs pgìlgs sustftufrmgs pgr râhbegs g rudb. Ie dmflbs lâs dâmf`gspgìlgs sustftufr mbs obhbs pgr jufsbetis.



23

8.>? - Tudisfôe Fevfiregs @urgs (Gtgòg-Fevfireg).

Istb sudisfôe, jrbdfbs b mb risfstiedfb ì sus ispidfis istâ lâs fe`fdb`b pbrb ietgregs dge fevfiregs lâscrìgs.Ispidfis; Dgm, Bdimjb, Isdbrgmb, y ûirrg.

Æpgdb; Gtgòg-Fevfireg.

@fstrfhudfôe;

Ie im dietrg ìm ouirtg pmbetbrilgs bm justg dgmis y bdimjbs sbmtib`bs dge ueb sipbrbdfôe ì0>dl ietri pmbetbs.

Obrilgs, sijûe euistrg ispbdfg ueb g `gs ofmirbs ì isdbrgmbs y puirrgs sbmtib`gs dge uegs29dl ietri db`b pmbetb.

Istb sudisfôe is fìbm ilpizbrmb ie gtgòg. B mbs 3 u ? silbebs pg`rilgs ilpizbr b ridgjir mb isdbrgmb.Mbs dgmis mmijbrâe pbrb li`fb`gs y cfebmis ì fevfireg. Mbs bdimjbs pgìlgs ridgjirmbsisdbmgeb`blieti ùrbeti tg`g im fevfireg dgjfie`g sfilpri mbs ogkbs lâs jrbeìs y ìkbe`g mbs

piquiòbs. Im puirrg egs tbr`brâ uebs `fiz silbebs.

Dglhfebdfgeis; Ie dmflbs lâs dâmf`gs pgìlgs sustftufr mb isdbrgmb pgr midoujb. Pblhfæe sf pricirflgsim puirrg pgr bkg g dihgmmb. Mbs bdimjbs tblhfæe si puiìe sustftufr pgr rilgmbdobs (bprgvidobe`g lâsim ispbdfg).

Ie istb sudisfôe pgìlgs pmbetbr g dglhfebr `fcirietis tfpgs ì dgmis (ripgmmg, mglhbr`b, dgmfcmgr,hrædgm g dgmis ì hrusimbs). Tf im dmflb is ìlbsfb`g crìg g fevfiregs dge eivb`bs pgìlgs piesbr ieusbr dghirturbs pbrb euistrg ouirtg g bìmbetbr mb pmbetbdfôe pbrb cfebmis ì virbeg.



2:

Pilb >4 - ^brb ixpirtgs

4.>2 - Prbhbkgs pgr istbdfgeis.

Fevfireg Is mb æpgdb ì liegr bdtfvf`b` pbrb mb ogrtfdumturb. Pieilgs ì tg`bs lbeirbs bdtfvf`bìs flpgrtbetisqui ribmfzbr ie im ouirtg;

Mflpfbr y brrbedbr tg`bs mbs pmbetbs istbdfgebmis.

Xilgvir im sustrbtg y bhgebr ie dbsg ì sir eidisbrfg.

^gìlgs pmbetbr ueb sudisfôe ì fevfireg.

@ihilgs ì tieir ispidfbm duf`b`g dge im ixdiìeti ì bjub y im crìg.

^gìlgs bprgvidobr im fevfireg pbrb obdiregs dge silfmmbs y ilpizbr b pmbefcfdbr mgs dumtfvgs ìprflbvirb. Pblhfæe is huieb æpgdb pbrb ilpizbr b obdir sfilhrb prgtijf`b ie silfmmirgs ìetrg ìdbsb (pirg dge muz ebturbm), y bsì pripbrbr euistrg prgpfg pmbetim ì dbrb b mb prflbvirb.

Tilfmmbs qui ie istb æpgdb si puiìe obdir ie sfilhrb prgtijf`b puiìe sir mb hiriekieb, mb dihgmmb, mbdgm, isdbrgmb, midoujb, limôe, pirikfm, puirrg, rilgmbdob, sbe`ìb, pflfietg, dbmbhbdìe, pipfeg g tglbti.

^rflbvirb

Is æpgdb ì ilpizbr b trbspmbetbr pmbetim ì prflbvirb-virbeg b euistrg ouirtg. B prfedfpfgs ìprflbvirb pgìlgs ilpizbr dge dihgmmb, puirrg, dgm, bdimjbs y midoujbs. B li`fb`gs ì prflbvirbpgìlgs dgetfeubr dge im ristg ì ogrtbmfzbs ì virbeg.

^mbefcfdbr y pmbetbr ogrtbmfzbs ì prflbvirb y virbeg.

Ruftbr dge bsfùf`b` mbs lbmbs ofirhbs y pg`br.

Pieir duf`b`g dge mbs oimb`bs tbr`ìbs qui pu`fisie mmijbr.

Sfjfmbr im rfijg pgr mbs mmuvfbs ì prflbvirb.

Ie dubetg b sfilhrb ì silfmmirg, bhrfm y lbyg is æpgdb ì pmbetbr prâdtfdblieti dubmqufir dgsb.

Sirbeg

Æpgdb ì ludog dbmgr y bdtfvf`b` pbrb mbs pmbetbs, ietri mbs dgsbs b tieir ie duietb;

Mb pg`b y duf`b`g ì mbs pmbetbs qui mg eidisftie, mflpfizb ì lbmbs ofirhbs.

Dgetrgm ì mb tilpirbturb ìm sustrbtg ì euistrg ouirtg.

Dgetrgm `fbrfg ì mb ouli`b` y duf`b`g ìm rfijg dgestbeti.

Xidgjf`b ì crutgs lbùrgs b tfilpg.

@itirlfeb`g tfpg ì pmbetbs dglg im tglbti, ìsbrrgmmbe hrgtis ietri mbs rblbs prfedfpbmis y im tbmmg (si`fciriedfbs pgr sir lâs vfgmâdigs) qui oby qui brrbedbr (sfe brrbedbr mb dbhizb g hrgti prfedfpbm supirfgrì mb pmbetb) sf quirilgs qui euistrb prgùddfôe ì crutg sib huieb.

Gtrbs pmbetbs dglg ìtirlfeb`gs tfpgs ì pflfietgs, sf eg si ridgji im crutg b betis ì qui obyblbùrb`g ìm tg`g, mb pmbetb `b pgr cfebmfzb`b su lfsfôe ì riprgùddfôe y ìkb ì `br crutg.

Sirbeg is ueb æpgdb ì piquiògs trbhbkgs `fbrfgs sf tieilgs lâs ì ue Ouirtg urhbeg. Tf egs vblgsì vbdbdfgeis oilgs ì pmbefcfdbr ue sfstilb ì rfijg butglâtfdg g pi`frmi b gtrb pirsgeb qui si



2?

gdupi lfietrbs eg istblgs. Ye pbr ì `ìbs sfe sidbr puiì istrisbr euistrbs pmbetbs. Pris g dubtrg bpmieg virbeg puiì lbtbrmbs.

Gtgòg

Is huieb æpgdb pbrb riistrudturbr im ouirtg, quftbr mbs pmbetbs ì virbeg qui yb obybe sidb`g y

bprgvidobr mgs sftfgs ìkb`gs pgr mbs midoujbs y gtrbs pmbetbs qui si brrbedbe. @ihilgs ì tieirduf`b`g dge eg `bòbr mbs pmbstbs ì dfdmg lâs mbrjg qui tg`bvìb istæe `be`g crutg (tglbtis tbr`ìgs ghiriekiebs pgr ikilpmg).

Brrbedbr, mflpfbr y riistrudturbr im ouirtg.

Bprgvidobr pbrb bòb`fr dglpgst y bhgebr sf is eidisbrfg.

^mbefcfdbr y pmbetbr dumtfvgs ì gtgòg i fevfireg.

Tilhrbr im silfmmirg ì vfstbs b fevfireg.

Ie gtgòg pgìlgs pripbrbr euistrg silfmmirg dge bdimjbs, ispfebdbs, jufsbetis, obhbs, dbeôefjgs,

râhbegs, rudb, zbebogrfb, itd...

Pg`g im bòg

@urbeti tg`g im bòg tieilgs qui tieir duf`b`g ì mgs ìpri`b`gris ebturbmis (eg sge obhftubmis iemgs ouirtgs urhbegs), iecirli`bìs, pmbjbs, itd.

Tf sglgs bvieturirgs y tieilgs tfilpg pgìlgs tblhfæe fetietbr dgesijufr dfirtg tfpg ì dumtfvgcuirb ì tilpgrb`b bprgvidobe`g mbs dge`fdfgeis prgpfbs ìm lfdrgdmflb ie im qui egs iedgetrilgs(ie sftfgs crìgs dgsidobs ì fevfireg ie prflbvirb u gtgòg, ie sftfgs dâmf`gs dgsidobs ì virbeg ieprflbvirb u gtgòg).

Yeb ì mbs dgsbs lâs fetirisbetis ì mb bjrfdumturb urhbeb is ixpirflietbr i fevistfjbr. ^mbetbs

`fcirietis, dumtfvgs butôdtgegs ie ìsusg pgr dumpb ì mb jmghbmfzbdfôe, ridupirbdfôe ì ispidfis,b`bptbdfôe ì dumtfvgs ixôtfdgs ì gtrbs pbrtis ìm lue`g y ue sfecìe ì pgsfhfmf`bìs.

4.>8 - Dbmie`brfg ì ispidfis.

Im dbmie`brfg qui lgstrblgs b dgetfeubdfôe is ueb sujiriedfb ìm trbtg qui si mi puiì `br b mbsispidfis ogrtìdgmbs, egs sfrvi ì juìb. @i tg`bs cgrlbs, ridglie`blgs qui db`b ueg si pui`b obdir suprgpfg dbmie`brfg pbrb su zgeb, ispidfis y dmflb ispidìcfdgs.

Oby zgebs ì Ispbòb pgr ikilpmg, qui tfieie `gs dgsidobs ì pbtbtbs beubmis g ie mbs qui mb dgmfcmgr si`b ie virbeg jrbdfbs bm dmflb tilpmb`g, dge mg qui im dbmie`brfg pg`rìb vbrfbr. Tf tfieis gdbsfôe flprfli

isti dbmie`brfg y rivìsbmg kuetg dge bjrfdumtgris ixpirflietb`gs ì tu zgeb pbrb pirsgebmfzbrmg mglâxflg pgsfhmi.



26

Tfilhrb bm bfri mfhri

Tfilhrb prgtijf`b

Prbespmbeti

Dgsidob

Ispidfi Mftrgs Tustrbtg Iei Cih Lbr Bhr Lby Kue Kum Bjg Tip Gdt Egv @fd

Bdimjb 89

Bkg 4

Bmhbobdb 9

Bpfg 2>

Hiriekieb 4>

Hgefbtg 2>

Dbmbhbdìe 4>

Dbmbhbzb 3>

Dbeôefjgs 2

Dihgmmb 4

Dgm 89

Dgmfcmgr 29

Isdbrgmb 0

Ispfebdb 8

Jufsbeti 9



8>

Obhb 9

Ku`ìb 29

Midoujb 4

Lbìz 2>

Limôe 4>

Ebhg 4

^btbtb 2>

îpfeg 8>

îrikfm 9

^flfietg 29

ûirrg 0

Xâhbeg 2

Xilgmbdob 0

Xudb 2

Tbe`ìb 0>

Pglbti 8>

[bebogrfb 8



82

4.>4 - Dglpbtfhfmf`bìs ietri ispidfis.

Istb tbhmb ì dglpbtfhfmf`bìs tfiei dglg cfebmf`b` sirvfr dglg juìb b mb ogrb ì obdir euistrbs prgpfbsdglpgsfdfgeis y sudisfgeis, g vbrfbdfgeis ie mb qui iedgetrblgs.

Dglprghbe`g qui tg`bs mbs ispidfis qui vblgs b pmbetbr sge dglpbtfhmis ietri sì, egs bsijurbrilgs

qui euistrg ouirtg sbmi bìmbeti dgrridtblieti y sfe prghmilbs qui ie ludobs gdbsfgeis egsbhrìblgs b qui sge ìhf`gs.

4.>0 - Dglpgstbki `glæstfdg.

Dglg is prghbhmi qui tg`gs dgegzdâfs, im prgdisg ì dglpgstbki is bquim qui ìsdglpgei risfùgsgrjâefdgs ì cgrlb dgetrgmb`b pbrb mgjrbr bhgeg grjâefdg pbrb pmbetbs.Isti prgdisg sfilpri mg ob ribmfzb`g mb ebturbmizb ì cgrlb mietb y isdbmgeb`b ie mgs suimgs ì tfirrb. Bistb dbpb ì lbtirfb grjâefdb dglpgstb`g si mi ìeglfeb oulus.

Ie im dglpgstbki dgetrgmb`g mg qui obdilgs is bdimirbr im prgdisg ebturbm pbrb ie liegs tfilpgdgesijufr isi pridfb`g oulus qui egs sirvfrâ dglg sustrbtg pbrb euistrgs ouirtgs.

^brb ue huie dglpgstbki tieilgs qui dgetrgmbr mgs sfjufietis cbdtgris;

Yeb ouli`b` qui gsdfmi bmriì`gr ìm 0>%.



88

Yeb bfribdfôe dgetfeûb rilgvfie`g im dglpgst y bpgrtbe`g pbrtìdumbs dglg mb dgrtizb g cfhrbsqui cbvgrizdbe mb dfrdumbdfôe ìm bfri.

Ye iqufmfhrfg ietri risfùgs eftrgsgs (dgdfeb, istfærdgm, ofirhb...) y risfùgs dbrhgegsgs (sirrìe,ogkbs, lbìrbs, pbpim...).

Ye tblbòg ì pfizb ì mgs risfùgs bprgxflb`blieti oglgjæeig ietri 2 y dfedg dietìlitrgs.

Yeb dbetf`b` ì risfùgs ì bm liegs 8>> mftrgs.

Bmdbezbr ueb tilpirbturb fetirfgr ì 9> b 3>»D.

Tf oilgs dgetrgmb`g hfie mgs cbdtgris, tie`rilgs ue dglpgst bìdub`g ietri mgs 4 y mgs sifs lisis. Tfmb pfmb si ob rilgvf`g pgdg im prgdisg puiì bmbrjbrsi obstb ue bòg.

Tbhrilgs qui istâ mfstg dube`g im dglpgst eg ouimb lbm y su dgmgr sib gsdurg. Ye prgdisg ìdglpgstbki hfie oidog eg tie`rìb pgr quæ btrbir ìlbsfb`gs fesidtgs ef prgùdfr lbmgs gmgris. @itg`bs cgrlbs mg likgr is obdir ueb pruihb betis ie ue ridfpfieti piquiòg dge uebs silfmmbs pbrb virsf jirlfebe hfie. ^mbetbe`g `fiz silfmmbs, ìhie jirlfebr bm liegs gdog g euivi. @i eg sir bsì qufzâsim dglpgst eg sib bìdub`g.

Tf im dglpgst ìsprieì lbmgs gmgris qufzâs tiejblgs ue prghmilb ì mfxfvfb`gs (ixdisg ì ouli`b`y mìquf`gs risfùbmis). Istg puiì dgrrijfrsi dge ue pgdg ì sirrìe.

Buequi eg is ridglie`bhmi usbr dglpgstb`gris, puis rbmietfzbe im prgdisg ì dglpgstbki, sf isdfirtg qui ie gdbsfgeis ie mujbris pûhmfdgs g criduietb`gs, ueb pfmb ì dglpgstbki eg qui`bìlbsfb`g hfie, dge mg qui pg`rilgs idobr lbeg ì istgs dgetiei`gris.

Im dglpgstbki ie hbmdgeis, tirrbzbs g pbtfgs puiì obdirsi ie hbòirbs ì pmâstfdg g dgetiei`grisriutfmfzb`gs ì gtrbs dgsbs (dgetiei`gris ì hbsurb rgtgs, hf`geis dgrtb`gs ie virtfdbm, itd. Pg`g istieir ue pgdg ì flbjfebdfôe.)

Tf quirilgs bsijurbregs ì qui eg vblgs b tieir lbmgs gmgris pgìlgs pgeir ueb dbpb ì tfirrbvijitbm pgr ìhbkg ìm dglpgst pbrb bhsgrhir mfxfvfb`gs y gtrb dbpb ì tfirrb pgr iedflb pbrb cfmtrbr mgsgmgris. Blhbs dbpbs ì tfirrb vijitbm puiìe sir ì 8> g 4> dl.

Ixfstie tædefdbs ì virlfdglpgstbki (dglpgstbki b trbvæs ì mb mglhrfz rgkb ì dbmfcgrefb), pirg pbrbietgregs urhbegs sge lâs mbhgrfgsbs y liegs ridglie`bhmis.



84

Pilb >0 - Li`fdfeb Ogrtìdgmb

0.>2 - Iecirli`b`, ^mbjb g Cfsfgpbtìb.

Dube`g euistrbs pmbetbs eg tfieie ue dridflfietg bìdub`g, ue bspidtg egrlbm g ueb dgrridtbprgùddfôe ì crutg, pgìlgs ìdfr qui b euistrb pmbetb mi istâ pbsbe`g bmjg. ·Im quæ7 Huieg, vblgsprflirg b bprieìr b `fstfejufr mgs tris tfpgs ì dgsbs qui mi puiìe istbr pbsbe`g;

Iecirli`b`; @idflgs qui mb pmbetb istâ iecirlb dube`g im dbusbeti ìm ìsiqufmfhrfg is uelfdrggrjbefslg, ogejg g hbdtirfb. Ie istgs dbsgs, sbmvg `fspgefie`g ì ue lfdrgsdgpfg, egvblgs b pgìr vir bm dbusbeti b sflpmi vfstb, pirg sf ìtidtbr sus sìetglbs ie siqui`bìs iembs ogkbs y tbmmgs, lbedobs y pgmvfmmgs ixtrbògs (obhftubmlieti hmbequidfegs) ie mbs ogkbs.

^mbjb; Is ueb pmbjb dube`g im dbusbeti ìm ìsiqufmfhrfg is ue âdbrg, fesidtg y gtrg beflbm.Egrlbmlieti sf pg`rilgs vir b mgs dumpbhmis.

Cfsfgpbtìb; Yeb cfsfgpbtìb is ue dridflfietg g ìsbrrgmmg beôlbmg ì mb pmbetb, egrlbmlietiìhf`g b cbdtgris blhfietbmis. Ie gdbsfgeis puiì sir dbusb ì ue cbmmg jieætfdg ie mb silfmmb,

pirg eg is obhftubm. Mg obhftubm is qui sib dbusb ì mb tilpirbturb, mb ouli`b`, dblhfgshrusdgs, ìsôrìeis ie im rfijg, cbmtb g ixdisg ì bhgeg, itd.

^brb sbhir pgr `ôeì btbdbr im prghmilb is cue`blietbm `fstfejufr ì `geì vfiei. Mgs prghmilbs ìiecirli`bìs suimie sir mgs lâs `fcìdfmis ì vir, pirg ueb viz ìsbrrgmmb`gs sus sìetglbs sge vfsfhmis.

0.>8 - @fbjegstfdbe`g.

^brb `fbjegstfdbr im prghmilb mg likgr is sfilpri ueb ghsirvbdfôe ìtbmmb`b ì mb pmbetb y su ietgreg.Yeb mupb tblhfæe puiì byu`bregs ue pgdg. @i tg`bs cgrlbs dube`g eg istilgs sijurgs, mg likgr isdgesumtbr b ue ixpirtg. Mg lâs siedfmmg, pbrb bquimmgs bcfdfgeb`gs ì fetireit is prijuetbr ie cgrgs ìogrtfdumturb g kbr`feirìb, ixpmfdbe`g luy hfie mgs sìetglbs. Ie tg`g dbsg is pgsfhmi qui ie tu tfie`b ì

ogrtfdumturb obhftubm pui`be byu`brti.Mgs pbsgs pbrb ueb `fbjegsfs dgrridtb sge mgs sfjufietis;

2. Dglprghbr qui im ietgreg is dgrridtg. Mb ouli`b`, mb dbetf`b` ì muz, im rfijg qui miprgpgrdfgeblgs, im bhgeg, mb dglpgsfdfôe ìm bjub (duf`b`g dge bmtgs dgetief`gs ì dmgrg),itd. Istg egs pg`râ ìsdbrtbr bmjueb cfsfgpbtìb.

8. Dglprghbr sf tieilgs bmjueb pmbjb. ^brb istg ueb mupb puiì viefregs ì pirmbs. Dfirtbspmbjbs dglg mb lgsqufmmb hmbedb g im pumjôe virì, sf eg istâe luy pghmb`bs eg sge câdfmis ìvir.

4. Dglprghbr blbrfmmigs ie mbs ogkbs, eidrgsfs, lbedobs, eidrgsfs ie mb rbìz, putricbddfôe,

sidblfietg, ìcgrlbdfôe ì mbs ogkbs...Ie dbsg ì iedgetrbr bmjûe cbmmg ie bmjueg ì mgs prflirgs puetgs, eg quftb qui tiejblgs quidglprghbrmg tg`g, puis b pisbr ì tieir ueb cbmtb ì bhgeg, isg eg quftb qui mb pmbetb istæ mfhri ìbmjûe ogejg, pgr ikilpmg.

Ie im dbsg ì mbs pmbjbs, sf eg pgìlgs vir bm dbusbeti, ie gdbsfgeis sf ìkb rbstrgs, dglg ixdrilietgs,hbhbs ie im dbsg ì mgs dbrbdgmis, lgrìùrbs ie mbs ogkbs b dbusb ì mbs grujbs, itd.

0.>4 - Cbmtb ì eutrfietis.

^gìlgs `fstfejufr mb cbmtb ì eutrfietis ie mgs sfjufietis sìetglbs;

Im blbrfmmig ì mbs ogkbs lâs betfjubs is ue dmbrg sìetglb ì cbmtb ì eftrôjieg.

Dgmgris rgkfzgs g vfgmâdigs sge sìetglb ì cbmtb ì côscgrg.



80

ûetbs quilb`bs y blbrfmmigs puiìe fe`fdbr cbmtb ì pgtbsfg.

Blbrfmmig ietri mgs eirvfgs ì mbs ogkbs lâs betfjubs is fe`fdb cbmtb ì lbjeisfg.

Tf mbs ogkbs kôvieis tfieie blbrfmmigs ie mgs hgrìs fe`fdb ueb cbmtb ì dbmdfg.

Tf mbs ogkbs kôvieis tfieie blbrfmmigs ie mgs eirvfgs fe`fdb cbmtb ì ofirrg.

Mg likgr ie im dbsg ì mb cbmtb ì eutrfietis eg is bpgrtbrmg quìlfdblieti, qui istg puiì sir pigr imrili`fg qui mb iecirli`b`. Mg fìbm is bpgrtbr bhgegs ebturbmis hfie eftrgjieb`gs (im eutrfieti quilâs eidisftb mb pmbetb), puis istgs bhgegs tfieie ue iqufmfhrfg ebturbm ì tg`gs mgs eutrfietiseidisbrfgs.

Ie dbsg ì ù`b mg likgr is dgesumtbr, dglg sfilpri, b ueb pirsgeb ixpirflietb`b, pirg mg lâsprghbhmi is qui ti `fjb qui ìhis bhgebr.

0.>0 - Hfg`fvirsf`b`, ìciesb ebturbm.

Mb hfg`fvirsf`b`, bm fjubm qui ie mb ebturbmizb, bpgrtb b euistrg ouirtg ueb cuirti oirrblfietb pbrbtieir hbkg dgetrgm y b rbyb dfirtg tfpg ì pmbjbs.

Dfirtbs pmbetbs ripimie, sghri tg`g pmbjbs ì fesidtgs, dge mg qui dglhfeâe`gmbs sbhfblieti (dgesumtbrmb tbhmb ì dglpbtfhfmf`bìs) pgìlgs prgtijir im ristg ì pmbetbs ì mbs pmbjbs qui vieflgs sucrfie`g.

Mfmfâdibs (bkg, dihgmmb y puirrg); ripimie bmjuebs ispidfis ì pumjôe y mb lgsdb ì mb zbebogrfb.

Bmhbobdb; ripimi lgsdbs y pumjgeis.

Bpfg; ripimi mb lbrfpgsb ì mb dgm.

Græjbeg; ripimi ogrlfjbs y lgsdbs.

Xâhbeg; ripimi im dgmiôptirg ìm pipfeg.

Pglbti; ripimi im jusbeg ì mb dgm.

Pglfmmg; ripimi mb grujb ì mb dgm.

[bebogrfb; ripimi mb lgsdb ì mb dihgmmb.

Pieir istbs pmbetbs eg ivftb bhsgmutblieti qui bmjueg ì istgs fesidtgs eg vbyb b btbdbr, im rili`fgeg is bhsgmutg, pirg sf riùdi ludog mbs pgsfhfmf`bìs ì qui mg objbe, y tg`g mg qui objblgs sfilpriis hieicfdfgsg. Bìlâs, bmjuebs ì istbs pmbetbs pgìlgs bprgvidobrmbs dglg ispidfbs, dglg im dbsgì mb bmhbobdb, im græjbeg g im tglfmmg pbrb euistrgs pmbtgs.

0.>9 - Fesidtgs, ogejgs, âdbrgs y ìpri`b`gris.

ûmjôe virì

Tfe ù`b ueb ì mbs pmbjbs lâs obhftubmis. Im pumjôe si bmflietb ì mb sbhfb ì mb pmbetb, y ie jrbeìsdbetf`bìs puiì mmijbr b sidbrmb. Tijrijbe im ixdisg ì bzûdbr ie ue mìquf`g mmblb`g limbzb. Istblimbzb is usb`b pgr mbs ogrlfjbs pbrb bmflietbrsi, dge mg qui eg is rbrg vir ogrlfjbs trbespgrtbe`gpumjgeis. Mb limbzb puiì prgvgdbr tblhfæe mb bpbrfdfôe ì ogejgs ie mb pmbetb.

Lbedobs eijruzdbs ie tbmmg y ogkbs, hrgtis y ogkbs ritgrdf`bs, sge sìetglbs ìm pumjôe virì, pirg,egrlbmlieti isti ìsbjrb`bhmi fequfmfeg si puiì vir b sflpmi vfstb.



89

Lgsdb hmbedb

Mgs icidtgs sge luy pbridf`gs bm ìm pumjôe virì, fedmusg ie mb prgùddfôe ì mb limbzb y su bmfbezbdge mbs ogrlfjbs. Mb `fciriedfb is qui mb lgsdb hmbedb, ì ue tblbòg luy piquiòg, tfiei bmbs y puiìprgpbjbrsi lâs câdfmlieti. Eidisftb tilpirbturbs luy imivb`bs pbrb sghrivfvfr ìhf`g b su grfjietrgpfdbm.

Ogrlfjbs

Mbs ogrlfjbs eg `bòbe `fridtblieti euistrbs pmbetbs, pirg sf fe`fridtblieti yb qui ue ogrlfjuirg ieeuistrg ouirtg puiì obdir qui mbs rbìdis eg si ìsbrrgmmie dgrridtblieti. Bìlâs, mbs ogrlfjbsbtrbie b gtrg tfpg ì fesidtgs dglg im pumjôe virì pbrb bmflietbrsi ì mb prgùddfôe ì limbzb.

Grujbs

Mbs grujbs, pgr mg jieirbm sge mbs mbrvbs ì gtrgs fesidtgs dglg mb lbrfpgsb, qui dube`g is bùmtb sibmflietb ì pgmie, pirg dglg mbrvb is oirhìvgrb. Eg is obhftubm tieir isti tfpg ì pmbjb ie ue ouirtg

urhbeg, pirg ie dbsg ì tieirmb sge câdfmis ì imflfebr.

Ietri mbs Grujbs lâs dglueis istâ im jusbeg pircgrb`gr ìm lbìz qui si bmflietb ì mbs ogkbs y pircgrbmgs tbmmgs ìm lbìz, im jusbeg pircgrb`gr ìm tglbti qui si bmflietb ìm tglbti pircgrâe`gmg, mgsjusbegs jrfsis qui vfvie ie im suimg y si bmflietbe ì rbìdis y tbmmgs, y im riy ì mb cfistb is im jusbeg ìmb dgm qui egs dgli ogkbs ì dgmis y bdimjbs b ueb vimgdf`b` virtfjfegsb.

Lgsdbs

Egrlbmlieti eg is mb lgsdb ie sf mg qui pirku`fdb euistrg ouirtg, sfeg mbs mbrvbs ì bmjuebs ispidfis.

Ietri mbs lâs dglueis istâ mb lgsdb ì mb zbebogrfb, qui obdi jbmirìbs ie mb rbìz ì mb zbebogrfb, mb

lgsdb ì mb dgm qui ietrb ie im tbmmg y si bmflietb ì im lbtbe`g mb pmbetb ietirb, mb lgsdb ì mbdihgmmb, qui si bmflietb ì mbs pbrtis virìs ì dihgmmbs, bkgs y puirrgs, y mbs tìpumbs, qui pbridiejrbeìs lgsquftgs, duybs mbrvbs si bmflietbe ì mbs rbìdis.

Gì`fg

Is ue ogejg ì dgmgr hmbedg jrfsâdig qui pgìlgs ìtidtbr ie mbs ogkbs ì mbs pmbetbs pgr qui mbs tfòiì isti dgmgr dglg sf tuvfirbe didfeb pgr iedflb. Ti bmflietb ì mb pmbetb y drìb sus ispgrbs ìriprgùddfôe ie mbs ogkbs.

Lfm`fu

Im lfm`fu is ue jrupg ì ogejgs ì `fcirietis ispidfis dge uebs dbrbdtirìstfdbs ie dglûe. Ti ixtfieìepgr im bjub ì rfijg y mb mmuvfb. ^rgvgdbe sìetglbs vbrfb`gs, pirg ietri mgs lâs obhftubmis istâe mbslbedobs frrijumbris, ogkbs sidbs (dglg lglfcfdb`bs), lbedobs hmbedbs ie im rivirsg ì mb ogkb y iegdbsfgeis lbedobs ie im tbmmg g mgs crutgs.

Brbòb Xgkb

Yeb pmbjb `fcìdfm ì irrb`fdbr. Is tìpfdb ì mbs æpgdbs lâs dbmurgsbs. Tge âdbrgs ì li`fg lfmìlitrg ìdgmgr rgkg qui prgvgdb lbedobs blbrfmmietbs ie mbs ogkbs. Is pgdg obhftubm ie ouirtgs urhbegs.

Dbrbdgmis



83

Pg`gs dgegdilgs b mgs dbrbdgmis. ^rgpfgs ì `ìb oûli`gs, sbmie b dglir bmflietâe`gsi ì ogkbs.^gìlgs virmgs ie gdbsfgeis litf`gs ietri mgs tbmmgs y mbs ogkbs, ie tg`g dbsg sfilpri ìkbe ue rbstrgì hbhbs pidumfbr qui sidbs hrfmmbe dglg ue mbdb`g.

^âkbrgs

Mgs pâkbrgs, ie gdbsfgeis puiìe dbusbr lgmistfbs ie im ouirtg. Tghri tg`g mgs jgrrfgeis qui istâe ielbygr dbetf`b` ie mbs dfu`bìs. ^fdgtibe mgs crutgs y mbs ogkbs ie husdb ì bjub. Mb tædefdb ìispbetbrmgs dge D@s g supircfdfis ricmidtbetis cuedfgeb, pirg eg is ìcfeftfvb.

Jbtgs

Mgs jbtgs eg si bmflietbe ì euistrbs pmbetbs dmbrg, pirg sf tfieie mb cib dgstulhri ì usbr mb tfirrb ìdumtfvg pbrb obdir sus eidisf`bìs. Im prghmilb is qui isdbrhbe y puiìe rglpir euistrbs rbìdis. Mglikgr dgetrb immgs sge ri`fmmbs y ghstâdumgs.

0.>3 —

Xili`fgs

Im prflir y likgr rili`fg sfilpri qui tieilgs bmjueb iecirli`b` is mb mflpfizb. Imflfebr mbs pmbetbs,rblbs u ogkbs fecidtb`bs is sfilpri mg prflirg qui ìhirìblgs ì obdir ie im dbsg ì iecirli`bìs.

Ie im dbsg ì pmbjbs, sf is pgsfhmi mb imflfebdfôe lbeubm eg ob ì ìsdbrtbrsi.

B dgetfeubdfôe pgìlgs bpmfdbr ueg ì mgs sfjufietis rili`fgs b euistrg ouirtg b lg`g ì priviedfôey trbtblfietg;

Xili`fg ^ripbrb`g Bpmfdbdfôe Icidtg

Efl

Ixtrbdtg ì silfmmbs ì

ârhgm ì Efl.

Tijufr festruddfgeis ìm

ilhbsi.

Flpfì mb lu`b ì mgs

fesidtgs y mgs ripimi.

îmftri Ixtrbdtg ebturbm ì cmgrisì Pbebdituldfeirbrffcgmful.

Tijufr festruddfgeis ìmilhbsi.

Fesidtfdf`b ebturbm dgetrbpumjgeis, grujbs y lgsdbhmbedb.

Bzucri Ie pgmvg.Ispgmvgrib`g sghri mbpmbetb.

Cuejfdf`b dgetrb im gì`fg yripimieti ì âdbrgs.

Dghri Tumcbtg ì Dghri.

ûmvirfzbdfôe `fmuf`b ie

bjub (vir ilhbsi pbrbdbetf`bìs).

Cuejfdf`b y hbdtirfdf`b luy

icidtfvg dgetrb im lfm`fu ygtrbs iecirli`bìs.

Lbezbefmmb Fecusfôe ì 9>j ì cmgrispbrb db`b mftrg ì bjub.

Ti pumvirfzb mb`fsgmudfôe ì ueb pbrtiì fecusfôe ie 6 pbrtisì bjub.

Xicuirzg pbrb mb pmbetb quimi prgtiji dgetrb im lfm`fu.



Dgmb ì dbhbmmg

8>j ì pmbetb sidb y 2>j ìsfmfdbtg ì sgsb pgr mftrg ìbjub b lbdirbr ùrbeti ue`ìb. Muijg si ofirvi dfedglfeutgs y si duimb.

Ti pumvirfzb b pmieg sgmim pripbrb`g ie `fmuf`gie 6 pbrtis ì bjub.

^rivfiei dgetrb ogejgs.Sâmf`g pbrb tg`g tfpg ìogrtbmfzbs.

Bkg Fecusfôe ì 9>j ì bkgpfdb`g pgr db`b mftrg ìbjub.

Ti bpmfdb b pmieg sgmùrbeti vbrfgs `ìbsdgesidutfvgs `fmuf`g ie0 pbrtis ì bjub.

Dgetrb hbdtirfbs, ogejgs,pumjgeis y âdbrgs.

Pglbti

Ye lbegkg ì hrgtistfiregs oirvf`gs ie bjub.Muijg si mi idob ue pgdgì kbhôe.

Ti bpmfdb `fridtblietipumvirfzb`g sghri mbpmbetb.

Dgetrb pumjgeis, grujbs yripimieti ì fesidtgs iejieirbm.

Bmdbdogcb 2>>j ì ogkbs oirvf`bs ieue mftrg ì bjub.

Ti bpmfdb `fridtblietipumvirfzb`g sghri mbpmbetb.

Is huieg dgetrb bmjuebsispidfis ì pumjôe.

Grtfjb

8>j ì pmbetb sidb g 2>>jì pmbetb virì, sfe rbìz, ieue mftrg ì bjub, ìkâe`gmglbdirbr `gs silbebs.@ispuæs si duimb.

ûmvirfzb`g sghri mbpbrti, `fmuf`g ie euivipbrtis ì bjub.

Xicgrzb`g ì mbs pmbetbs yripimieti ì pumjgeis.

Kbhôe ì pgtbsb 8>dd pgr db`b mftrg ì bjub.

@fridtblieti sghri mbsogkbs. Fìbm pbrblizdmbr dge gtrgspripbrb`gs.

Dgetrb pumjgeis i fesidtgssuddfgeb`gris.

Dbcæ Xistgs ìm dbcæ utfmfzb`g iedbsb.

Ispgmvgrib`gs sghri mbtfirrb ie `ìbsdgesidutfvgs.

Xipimieti ì ogrlfjbs.

Didfeb Diefzb ì lbìrb. Xistgsì quilb y dbrhôe vijitbm.

Diefzbs ispbrdf`bsbmriì`gr ì mbs pmbetbsy sghri mb tfirrb.

Xipimieti ì dbrbdgmis.

Dirvizb Prblpb

Ti ietfirrb ueg g vbrfgsvbsgs g dbdobrrgs dgedirvizb b mb bmturb ì mbtfirrb dirdb ì mbspmbetbs.

Prblpb pbrb dbrbdgmis, quibtrbì`gs pgr mb dirvizb dbieie mb trblpb y eg puiìesbmfr.

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Manual Básico de Horticultura Urbana