Manua highwayl

7/24/2019 Manua highwayl

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JOB NO. 1

Layout Plan of Transportation Lab.

Layout:

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EXPERIMENT NO. 1

Deterination of t!e fla"iness an# t!e elon$ation in#e% for t!e

$i&en a$$re$ate saple.

'la"y parti(le: A flaky particle is the one whose least dimension (thickness) is

less than 0.6 times the mean size. Mean size means the meanof passed sieve & retained sieve. (! "#$%' A""

!#$%*# !#+ AAA!%").Elon$ate# parti(le:

!hese are the particles havin, len,th considera-ly lar,er thanthe other two dimensions and it is the particle whose ,reaterdimension is ./ times its mean size. (! "#$%' $! A""!#$%*# "+1+).

)*OPE + )I,NI'I*-N*E:!his test is 2sed to determine the particle shape of the

a,,re,ate and each particle shape -ein, preferred 2nder specificconditions.

!he si,nificance of flakiness & elon,ation inde3 is as follows4 !he de,ree of packin, of the particles of one size

depends 2pon their shape. '2e to hi,h s2rface area to vol2me ratio5 the flaky and

elon,ated particles lower the worka-ility of concrete

mi3es. laky and elon,ated particles are considered 2ndesira-lefor -ase coarse constr2ction as they may ca2se weaknesswith possi-ilities of -rakin, down 2nder heavy loads.

7"89: specifies a lakiness inde3 not e3ceedin, ;0?? @ 9??5 >?? @ ?? & >?? @ ;B/??.

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7oth lakiness and +lon,ation tests are not applica-le tosizes smaller then 6.;mm i.e. C?? sieve.

REL-TED T EOR/:

)-PE) O' P-RTI*LE)!he 2s2al shapes of the particles are4

i o2nded (river ,ravel)ii laky (laminated rock)iii +lon,atediv An,2lar( cr2shed rock)

PRE'ERRED 0)E O' E-* )-PE

Roun#e# a$$re$atesare preferredin concrete roads (ri,id pavements) asthe worka-ility of concrete increases d2eto the less friction -etween the s2rfaces.

-n$ular s!apeof the particles isdesira-le in ,ran2lar -ase coarse(fle3i-le pavement) d2e to -etterinterlockin, and increased sta-ility.

'la"yand Elon$ate# parti(lesare considered as a so2rce ofweakness.

- PP-R-T0):

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!hicknessBlakiness nde3 *a2,e en,thB+lon,ation nde3 *a2,e A,,re,ate sample to -e tested

'L-/ A flaky particle is the one whose least dimension (thickness) is

less than 0.6 times the mean size. !hese are the materials of which the thickness is small as

compared to the other two dimensions. imit of flaky particles in the mi3es is ;0


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Pro(e#urePerfor t!e sie&e analysis on t!e $i&en a$$re$ate saple

!he a,,re,ates are then arran,ed in the into a n2m-er of

closely limited particle size ,ro2ps 8stored sorted on the testsieves into a n2m-er of closely limited particle size ,ro2ps @ 9>?? @ 9??5 >?? @ ?? & >?? @ ;B/??

+ach ,ro2p (fraction) is wei,hed and tested for thickness onappropriate openin, of the thickness ,a2,e -y passin, eachparticle thro2,h slot of specified thickness alon, leastdimension.

!he wei,ht of particles passin, the thickness ,a2,e is

recorded for each fraction. !his is the wei,ht of flakyparticles.

!he flakiness inde3 is calc2lated -y e3pressin, the wei,ht offlaky particles as a percenta,e of total wei,ht of the sample.

*al(ulation for )ie&e -nalysis:

"ample Dt. E =000 ,m.

)ie&e )i2e 3ei$!tRetaine# 4$5

Per(enta$e Retaine#

465

*uulati&e 7ei$!tretaine#

465

Per(enta$e passin$

465Passin

$4in.5

Retaine#

4in.5

9 > ;6= 9F.; 9F.; F9.F

> :60 9G.9 =6.= :;.=

G9= /.= F= 9=

> F:0 :/ /G./ 0.9> ;B/ 9/= =.F G=.= :.=

;B/ C /= ;.F GG.9 0./

C an 0 8 8 8

89:G60

Loss 9 ; $

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*al(ulation for 'la"y Parti(les:


Per(enta$e Retaine#465

3ei$!tof 'la"yParti(le

s4$5

In#i&i#ual'la"inessIn#e%465

3ei$!te#'la"inessIn#e%465

Passin$4in.5

Retaine#

4in.5

9 > ;6= 9F.; 60 ::.6/ 9.;

> :60 9G.9 :0 G.6 9./

G9= /.= ;= :.6 9.F

> F:0 :./ == 9 ;.

> ;B/ 9=/ =.F 6= 99./ .;;B/ C /= ;.F F0 ;F./ .:

C an 0 8 8 8 8

89:G60 89

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ELON,-TED P-RTI*LE)!hese are the particles havin, len,th considera-ly lar,er than

the other two dimensions and it is the particle whose ,reaterdimension is ./ times its mean size.

imit of elon,ated particles in the mi3es is :=


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*al(ulation for Elon$ate# Parti(les:


Per(enta$e Retaine#

465

3ei$!tof

Elon$ate#

Parti(les4$5

In#i&i#ualElon$ation In#e%

465

3ei$!te#Elon$ation In#e%

465

Passin$

4in.5

Retaine#

4in.5

9 > ;6= 9F.; 99= 6.= :.=

> :60 9G.9 ;/= 96.: F./

G9= /.= 0 9.0 9.9

> F:0 :./ 00 ;.= 9

> ;B/ 9/= =.F G= ;;.;; .G

;B/ C /= ;.F :0 9.6 0./

C an 0 8 8 8 8

89:G60 89 1?. in 8 8 8 89=00

=08 8

9 > in 9 in 8 8 8 89=00

=08 8

9 in > in 8 8 8 8=000

=0=000

=08

> in in 9=090

8 8 8 8 =000=0

=0009=

in in9=090

8 8 8 8 8 =0009=

in > in9=00

9=000

8 8 8 8 8

> in ;B/ in9=00

9=000

8 8 8 8 8

;B/ in C in 8 89=00

0 8 8 8 8

C in I: 8 89=00

08 8 8 8

I: I/ 8 8 8=000

08 8 8

Total 7ei$!treuire#

=0000

=0000

=0000

=0000

000000

0000F=

0000=0

-brasi&e *!ar$esNo. of

Re&olutionsNuber of)p!eres

3ei$!t of *!ar$es 4$.5

A

=00

9 =0009=

7 :=/:9=

J / ;;;090

' 6 9=009=

000

9 =0009=

9 9 =0009=

; 9 =0009=

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OB)ER@-TION) + *-L*0L-TION): *radin, 2sed for the test E -

2m-er of a-rasive char,es 2sed E 1 > 9 9 > ; ; >

Ma3im2m"ample Dt.(P,)

9 ; : = / 9 / 9=

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PRO*ED0RE:

!he sample of the a,,re,ate is immersed in water for 9:hrsto essentially fill all the pores.emove the test sample from the water and roll it in a lar,ea-sor-ent cloth 2ntil all visi-le films of water are removed. Dipethe lar,er particles individ2ally. A movin, stream of air is permittedto assist in the dryin, operation. !ake care to avoid evaporation ofwater from a,,re,ate pores d2rin, the s2rface8dryin, operation.'etermine the mass of the test sample in the sat2rated s2rface8dry

condition. ecord this and all s2-seK2ent masses to the nearest 0.= ,or 0.0= < of the sample mass5 whichever is ,reater. n order to calc2late the vol2me of the a,,re,ate5immediately place the sat2rated8s2rface8dry test sample in thesample container and determine its apparent mass in water at 9; 9NJ. !ake care to remove all entrapped air -efore determinin, itsmass -y shakin, the container while immersed. !he difference-etween the mass in air and the mass when the sample is immersedin water eK2als the mass of water displaced -y the sample. !his massof water eK2als the vol2me of water displaced -eca2seO

QwaterE M waterB1 waterM waterE 1water QwaterE ,mBcm;1waterE 1 a,,re,ate

'ry the test sample in the oven to constant mass at a temperat2reof 0 NJ5 cool in air at room temperat2re to ;h5 or 2ntil the

a,,re,ate has cooled to a temperat2re that is comforta-le to handle(appro3imately =0 NJ)5 and determine the mass in order to calc2latethe oven specific ,ravity of the specimen.

OB)ER@-TION):Dei,ht of oven dried a,,re,ate in air5 A (,m) E 9G/=Dei,ht of sat2rated s2rface dry a,,re,ate in air5 7 (,m) E ;00Dei,ht of sat2rated a,,re,ate and -2cket in water5 D (,m) E ;=00

Dei,ht of -2cket in water5 D9(,m) E =00

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Dei,ht of sat2rated a,,re,ate in water5 J (,m) E (D @ D9) E 9000

$ven 'ried 72lk "pecific *ravity5 "DE A B (7 @ J) E 9.G=

"at2rated "2rface 'ry 72lk "pecific *ravity5 "sE 7 B (7 @ J) E 9.G/Dater A-sorption5 D.A. E R(7 @ A) B AS 3 00 E 0./;F

)PE*'I* ,R-@IT/ TE)T ON BIT0MINO0)M-TERI-L).(A"!M '+"*A!$O ' F08F6)

)PE*I'I* ,R-@IT/:!he specific ,ravity of semi8solid -it2mino2s material5 asphalt

cements5 and soft tar pitches shall -e e3pressed as the ratio of themass of a ,iven vol2me of the material at 9= NJ to that of an eK2al

vol2me of water at the same temperat2re.

)*OPE + )I,NI'I*-N*E:

"pecific ,ravity of a -it2men -inder is a f2ndamentalproperty freK2ently reK2ired as an aid in classin, -indersfor 2se in pavin, Ho-s.

7it2men wei,hts sometimes have to -e converted intovol2mes for asphalt concrete mi3 desi,n calc2lations forwhich a knowled,e of specific ,ravity is essential.

"pecific ,ravity is also 2sed in identifyin, the so2rce of-it2men -inder.

7it2men -inder has specific ,ravity in the ran,e of 0.GFto .09.

n case -it2men contains mineral imp2rities the specific,ravity will -e hi,her. !h2s it is possi-le for aK2antitative e3traction of mineral imp2rity in -it2men.

-PP-R-T0): Py(noeter ,lass5 consistin, of a cylindrical or conical

vessel.

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3ater bat!Aconstant8temperat2re5 capa-le of maintainin, thetemperat2re within 0. NJ of the test temperat2re.

T!eroeters cali-rated liK2id8in8,lass5 total immersion

type5 of s2ita-le ran,e. Balan(eT a -alance conformin, to the reK2irements of

AA"#!$. Distille# 7ater freshly -oiled and cooled distilled water

shall he 2sed to fill the ycnometer and the -eaker

PRO*ED0REPREP-R-TION O' )-MPLE

1- #eat the sample with care5 stirrin, to prevent local overheatin,2ntil the sample has -ecome s2fficiently fl2id to po2r. Dhileheatin,5 keep in mind the followin, considerations4

i n no case sho2ld the temperat2re -e raised to more than=6 NJ a-ove the e3pected softenin, point for tar5 or tomore than NJ a-ove the e3pected softenin, point forasphalt.

ii 'o not heat for more than ;0 min2tes over a flame or hotplate or for more than 9 ho2rs in an oven5 and avoidincorporatin, air -2--les in the sample.

98 !horo2,hly clean5 dry5 and wei,h the ycnometer to the nearest m,. 'esi,nate this mass as UA?.

;8 !hen fill the -eaker with freshly -oiled distilled water5 placin,the stopper loosely in the ycnometer. lace the ycnometer inthe -eaker and press the stopper firmly in place. et2rn the-eaker to the water -ath5 and allow the ycnometer to remainin,the water -ath for a period of not less than ;0 min2tes. emovethe ycnometer5 immediately dry the top of the stopper with onestroke of a dry towel5 then K2ickly dry the remainin, o2tside area

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Specifc Gravity Computation o Bituminous Material

A B C D

of the ycnometer and wei,h to the nearest m,. 'esi,nate themass of the ycnometer pl2s water as U7?.

:8 o2r eno2,h sample into the clean5 dry5 warmed ycnometer to fillit a-o2t three8fo2rths of its capacity. !ake preca2tions to keepthe material from to2chin, the sides of the ycnometer a-ovethe final level5 and to prevent the incl2sion of air -2--les. Allowthe ycnometer and its contents to cool to am-ient temperat2refor a period of not less than :0 min2tes5 and wei,h with5 thestopper to the nearest m,. desi,nate the mass of theycnometer pl2s sample as UJ?.

=8 emove the -eaker from the water -ath. ill the ycnometercontainin, the asphalt with freshly -oiled distilled water5 placin,the stopper loosely in the ycnometer. 'o not allow any air-2--les to remain in the ycnometer. lace the ycnometer in the-eaker and press the stopper firmly in place. et2rn the -eakerto the water -ath. Allow the ycnometer to remain in the water-ath for a period of not less than ;0 min2tes. emove theycnometer from the -ath. 'ry and wei,h 2sin, the sametechniK2e and timin, as that employed in I 9. 'esi,nate this massof ycnometer pl2s sample pl2s water as U'?.

*-L*0L-TION)

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Jalc2late the specific ,ravity to the nearest third decimal asfollowsO

'CD(A)(

AC(*ra+it,-.e#i/#

Dhere5A E mass of ycnometer (V stopper)7 E mass of ycnometer filled with water.J E mass of ycnometer partially filled with asphalt5 and' E mass of ycnometer V asphalt V water.

OB)ER@-TION) + RE)0LT)

,roup

3ei$!ts

)]()[(

)(

CDAB

ACGravitySpecific

=Py(noeter

A 4-5

Py(noeter

3aterA4B5

Py(noeter

-sp!altA4*5

Py(noeter

3ater -sp!altA4D5

4$5 4$5 4$5 4$5

1 ;.F9 ;G.F ;:.0 :.F9 .:

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< ;.69 ;G.:= ;9.6 :.; .0

*oents:

!he specific ,ravity of o2r sample t2rned o2t to -e .:.

!he res2lt is not in ran,e of 0.GF @ .095 and the reason is thatthe sample had some imp2rities5 which may -e the presence ofmoist2re content5 that ca2sed the variation in res2lts.

!here was personal error in notin, down the readin, of thesample.

n second attempt5 we did o2r e3periment accordin, tospecifications5 and took all the safety preca2tions and thespecific ,ravity t2rned o2t to -e in ran,e5 i.e. .0.

EXPERIMENT NO.

)O'TENIN, POINT O' BIT0MEN

(*8A'87A AAA!%").

A"!M 'esi,nationO ' ;68F6AA"#!$ 'esi,nationO ! =;8/G

)O'TENIN, POINT:!he softenin, point is defined as the mean of the

temperat2res at which the -it2men disks soften and sa, downwardsa distance of 9= mm 2nder the wei,ht of a steel -all.


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!his method is 2sef2l in determinin, the consistency of-it2men as one element in esta-lishin, the 2niformity ofshipments or so2rces of s2pply.

9 "oftenin, point is the temperat2re at which the -it2mino2s-inders have an eK2al viscosity (i.e. the consistency of allthe ,rades will -e same at the softenin, point e.,. if twosamples have softenin, points of :0 NJ and /0 NJrespectively5 -oth will have the same consistency at theirsoftenin, point.).

; !he test ,ives an idea of the temperat2re at which the-it2mino2s materials attain a certain viscosity.

: 7it2men with hi,her softenin, point may -e preferred inwarmer places.

= "oftenin, point sho2ld -e hi,her than the hottest daytemperat2re5 which is anticipated in that area otherwise-it2men may s2fficiently soften and res2lt in -leedin, anddevelopment of r2ts.

-PP-R-T0)

Rin$ T A -rass sho2ldered rin,.Ball A steel -all5 G.=; mm 4=KF5in diameter5 wei,hin, -etween;.:= and;.== ,rams.

Ball *enterin$ ,ui#e T A ,2ide for centerin, the -all and made of-rass.

Rin$ ol#er T !he rin,s shall -e s2pported on a -rass rin, holder.

.

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Brass Pourin$ Plate T A flat5 smooth -rass plate appro3imately F=-y =0 mm that has -een treated to prevent the -it2mino2s materialfrom adherin, to it. A s2ita-le treatment is to coat the plate H2st

-efore 2se with a thin layer of a mi3t2re of ,lycerin and de3trin5talc5 or china clay.

Bat!

T!eroetersT havin, a ran,e from 89 to V/0NJ. .

PRO*ED0RE

a5 H 'OR M-TERI-L) -@IN, )O'TENIN, POINT) ;* ORBELO3

Assem-le the apparat2s with the rin,s5 A"!M !hermometer = NJ

or = N5 and -all centerin, ,2ides in position and fill the -ath with

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freshly -oiled water to a depth of not less than 09mm and not morethan 0/mm.

Maintain the -ath temperat2re at = NJ for = min5 placin,the test container in ice water if necessary.%sin, forceps5 place a-all5 previo2sly adH2sted to the -ath temperat2re5 in each -all8centerin, ,2ide.

Apply heat in s2ch a manner that the temperat2re of the liK2id israised =NJBmin. Avoid the effect of drafts5 2sin, shields ifnecessary. (i,id adherence to the prescri-ed rate of heatin, isa-sol2tely essential for reprod2ci-ility of res2lts. +ither a ,as-2rner or electric heater may -e 2sed4 however5 the latter m2st -eof the low8la,5 varia-le o2tp2t type to maintain the necessary rateof heatin,.)

!he rate of rise of temperat2re shall -e 2niform and shall not -eavera,ed over the period of the test. !he ma3im2m permissi-levariation of any 8mm period after the first ; mm shall -e Q ;.CNJ.eHect all tests in which the rate of rise does not fall within theselimits.

ecord for each rin, and -all the temperat2re shown -y thethermometer at the instant the specimen s2rro2ndin, the -allto2ches the -ottom plate. Make no correction for the emer,entstem of the thermometer. f the difference -etween the val2eso-tained in the d2plicate determinations e3ceeds NJ repeat thetest.

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b5 H 'OR M-TERI-L) -@IN, )O'TENIN, POINT) -BO @E;*

ollow the same proced2re as descri-ed a-ove5 e3cept 2se %",lycerin instead of water and 2se A"!M !hermometer l6NJ or 6N.!he startin, temperat2re of the ,lycerin -ath shall -e ;9NJ.


)r. )O'TENIN, POINT ME-N

4*5 4*5 =/

=/.=9 =G

*OMMENTS: De 2sed water in o2r e3periment as the softenin,

point t2rned o2t to -e at temperat2re of =/.= de,ree

Jelsi2s. "o this allows 2s to 2se this -it2men in areas with peak

temperat2re less than == de,ree Jelsi2s. #i,her the softenin, point5 stiffer the 7it2men.

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EXPERIMENT NO.

TO PER'ORM D0*TILIT/ TE)T ON -)P-LT.(A"!M '+"*A!$O ' ;8/6)

REL-TED TEOR/

D0*TILIT/:!he d2ctility of a -it2mino2s material is defined as the

distance in centimeters5 to which it will elon,ate -efore -reakin,when two ends of a -riK2et specimen of the material5 are p2lled

apart at a specified speed and a specified temperat2re.%nless otherwise specified5 the test shall -e made at a

temperat2re of 9= 0.= NJ and with a speed of = cmBmin =.0


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BRIQUET AARATUS

: "everal a,encies have specified minim2m d2ctility val2es forvario2s types of -it2men pavements. #owever a d2ctility of00 cm?s is specified ,enerally for -it2mino2s constr2ction.

= oads e3pand at daytime while they contract at ni,ht. "o5 ifthe -it2men is not adeK2ately d2ctile crackin, will occ2r.6 More than one ,rade may -e 2sed in the same proHect. or

e3ample4 we may 2se ,rade /0B00 on the main traffic laneand lower ,rades on the arteries.

-PP-R-T0)

Mol# T themold is made of -rass5the ends -ein, known as clips5 andthe middle parts asides of the mold.

3ater Bat! T thewater -ath shall-e maintained at the specified testtemperat2re5 varyin, not more than0. NJ from this temperat2re. !hevol2me of water shall -e not less than 1; liters5 and the specimenshall -e immersed to a depth of not less than 1;cm and shall -es2pported on a perforated shelf not less than C cm from the -ottomof the -ath.

Testin$ Ma(!ine T or p2llin, the briuetof -it2mino2s materialapart5 any apparat2s may -e 2sed which is so constr2cted that the

specimen will contin2o2sly immersed in water5 while the two clips arep2lled apart at a 2niform speed5 as specified5 witho2t 2nd2evi-ration.

T!eroeter T Athermometer havin, a ran,e 8/ to ;9 NJ (/ 8 /GN)

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PRO*ED0REAssem-le the mold on a -rass plate. !horo2,hly coat the s2rface ofthe plate and interior s2rfaces of the sides of the mold with a thin

layer of a mi3t2re of ,lycerin and china clay to prevent the material2nder test from stickin,.

!he plate 2pon which the mold is placed shall -e perfectly flat andlevel so that the -ottom s2rface of the mold will -e in contactthro2,ho2t.

Jaref2lly heat the sample to prevent local overheatin, 2ntil it has

-ecome s2fficiently fl2id to po2r.

"train the molten sample thro2,h a C; sie&e. After a thoro2,hstirrin,5 po2r it into the mold. n fillin, the mold5 take care not todisarran,e the parts and th2s distort the -riK2et.

nfillin,5 po2r the material in a thin stream hack and forth from endto end of the mold 2ntil the mold is more than level f2ll.et the mold containin, the material cool to room temperat2re for aperiod of from ;0 to :0 min2tes and then place it in the water -athmaintained at the specified temperat2re of test for ;0 min2tes4then c2t off the e3cess -it2men with a hot strai,ht ed,ed knife orspat2la to make the mold H2st level f2ll.

lace the -rass plate and mold5 with briuet spe(ien5 in water -ath

and keep at the specified temperat2re for a period of from /= to G=min2tes. !hen remove the -riK2et from the plate5 detach thesidepieces5 and immediately test the -riK2et.

TE)TIN,:Attach the rin,s at each end of the clips to the pin or hooks in

the testin, machine and p2ll the two clips apart at a 2niform speed

specified 2ntil the -riK2et r2pt2res.

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Meas2re the distance in centimeters thro2,h which the clips have-een p2lled to prod2ce r2pt2re. Dhile the test is -ein, made5 thewater in the tank of the testin, machine shall cover the specimen

-oth a-ove and -elow it -y at least 9.= cm and shall -e keptcontin2o2sly at the temperat2re specified.

f the -it2mino2s material comes in contact with the s2rface of thewater or the -ottom of the -ath5 the test shall not -e considerednormal. AdH2st the specific ,ravity of the -ath -y the addition ofeither methyl alcohol or sodi2m chloride so that the -it2mino2smaterial neither comes to the s2rface of the water5 nor to2ches the

-ottom of the -ath at any time d2rin, the test.

OB)ER@-TION) + RE)0LT))r.

DE)*RIPTION RE)0LT

1 *rade of 7it2men /0B00

< o2rin, !emperat2re= !est !emperat2re 9=0J

eriod of Joolin,

a)8 in Air ;08:0M%!+"

-)8 in water -ath @ -eforetrimmin,

;0 M%!+"

c)8 in water -ath @ aftertrimmin,

/=8G= M%!+"

*OMMENT):. !he res2lt of d2ctility t2rned o2t to -e 0:cm.9. !here were many errors while performin, the

+3periment.;. Dater 2sed was not clean and sli,ht vi-rations

were prod2ced in the apparat2s -y the presenceof st2dents who dist2r-ed the apparat2s.

:. !he movin, ed,e was tilted. And the electricityfail2re also occ2rred.

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EXPERIMENT NO. ?

'L-) -ND 'IRE POINT TE)T 'OR -)P-LTB/ *LE@EL-ND OPEN *0P

REL-TED TEOR/:

'L-) POINT:

lash point is the lowest temperat2re corrected to a

-arometric press2re of 0.; ka (F60 mm #,)5 at which applicationof a test flame ca2ses the vapor of a specimen to i,nite 2nderspecified conditions of test.

!he material is deemed to have flashed when a lar,e flameappears and instantaneo2sly propa,ates itself over the s2rface of

the specimen.

Note:$ccasionally5 partic2larly near the act2al flash point5 theapplication of test flame will ca2se the -l2e halo or an enlar,edflame4 this is not a flash and sho2ld -e i,nored.

'IRE POINT

t is the lowest temperat2re at which a specimen will s2stain-2rnin, for = seconds.

A flamma-le material is the one5 which form flames5 -2t doesnot s2stain fire while a com-2sti-le material is the one5 whichs2stains fireB-2rnin,.

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lash point meas2res the tendency of the sample to forma flamma-le mi3t2re with air 2nder controlled la-oratoryconditions. t is only one of a n2m-er of properties thatm2st -e considered in assessin, the overall flamma-ilityhazard of a material.

lash point is 2sed in shippin, and safety re,2lations to

differentiate -etween UUflamma-le?? and UUcom-2sti-le??materials.

lash point can indicate the possi-le presence of hi,hlyvolatile and flamma-le materials in a relatively nonvolatileor nonflamma-le material.

ire point meas2res the characteristics of the sample to

s2pport com-2stion.

7it2mino2s materials ,ive rise to volatiles at hi,htemperat2re5 as they are -asically the hydrocar-ons.!hese volatiles catch fire ca2sin, a flash5 which is veryhazardo2s.

'2rin, constr2ction of -it2mino2s pavements5 the

en,ineer may restrict the mi3in, or application

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temperat2res well within the limits. !he test therefore,ives indication of critical temperat2re at and a-ovewhich s2ita-le preca2tions sho2ld -e taken to eliminate

fire hazards d2rin, 2se of asphalts. n other wordsheatin, sho2ld -e limited to a temperat2re well -elow theflash point.

-)P-LT *EMENT 4-*5

Asphalt Jement shall -e oil asphalt or a mi3t2re of refined

liK2id asphalt and refined solid asphalt5 prepared from cr2deasphaltic petrole2m. t shall -e free from admi3t2re with anyresid2es o-tained -y the artificial distillation of coal5 coal tar orparaffin and shall -e homo,eneo2s and free from water.

!emperat2re Jondition W Asphalt *rade

Jold5 mean ann2al airtemperat2re

X F NJ (:= N)

AJ80

A8:000

/0 B 00 pen

Darm5 mean ann2al airtemperat2re -etween F NJ(:= N) and

9: NJ (F= N)

AJ890

A8/000

60 B F0 pen

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#ot5 mean ann2al airtemperat2re

Y 9: NJ (F= N)

AJ8:0

A8/000

:0 B =0 pen

-PP-R-T0):

Jleveland J2p Apparat2sO t consists of test c2p5 heatin,plate5 test flame applicator5 heater5 thermometer s2pport andheatin, plate s2pport.

PRO*ED0RE:

ill the c2p4 at any convenient temperat2re not e3ceedin,00 NJ or a-ove the softenin, point4 so that the top ofthe menisc2s is at the fillin, line.

emove the e3cess sample 2sin, a pipette or others2ita-le device4 however5 if there is sample on the

o2tside of the apparat2s5 empty5 clean5 and refill it.'estroy any air -2--les on the s2rface of the sample.

it the test flame and adH2st it to a diameter of ;./ to=.: mm.

Apply heat initially so that the rate of temperat2re riseof the sample is : to F NJ per min2te. Dhen the sample

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temperat2re is appro3imately =6 NJ -elow the anticipatedflash point5 decrease the heat so that the rate oftemperat2re rise for 9/NJ -efore the flash point is = to

6NJ per min2te.

"tartin, at least 9/ NJ -elow the flash point5 apply thetest flame when the temperat2re read on thethermometer reaches each s2ccessive 9 NJ mark. ass thetest flame across the center of the c2p5 at ri,ht an,lesto the diameter5 which passes thro2,h the thermometer.Dith a smooth5 contin2o2s motion apply the flame either

in a strai,ht line or alon, the circ2mference of a circlehavin, a radi2s of at least =0 mm. !he center of thetest flame m2st move in a plane not more than 9.= mma-ove the plane of the 2pper ed,e of the c2p passin, inone direction first5 then in the opposite direction thene3t lime. !he time cons2med in passin, the test flameacross the c2p shall -e a-o2t one second ( s.). '2rin, thelast F NJ rise in temperat2re prior to the flash point5

care m2st -e taken to avoid dist2r-in, the vapors in thetest c2p -y careless movements or -athin, near the c2p.

ecord as the o-served flash point the temperat2re readon the thermometer when a flash appears at any point onthe s2rface of the material5 -2t does not conf2se thetr2e flash with the -l2ish halo that sometimes s2rro2ndsthe test flame.

!o determine the fire point5 contin2e heatin, so that thesample temperat2re increases at a rate of = to 6 NJ.Jontin2e the application of the test flame at 9NJintervals 2ntil the oil i,nites and contin2es to -2rn for atleast = second. ecord the temperat2re at the point asthe fire point of the oil.

PRE*-0TION):

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'o not -reathe close to the apparat2s as the f2mes areinH2rio2s to health.

!2rn the fans off so that the f2mes can -e acc2m2latedover the c2p.

!ip of the thermometer sho2ld not to2ch the -ottom orsides of the c2p.

!he operator m2st e3ercise and take appropriate safetypreca2tions d2rin, the initial application of the testflame5 since samples containin, low flash material may

,ive an a-normally stron, flash when the test flame isfirst applied.

*-L*0L-TION) -ND REPORT:

$-serve and record the -arometric press2re at the time of

the test. Dhen the press2re differs from F60 mm #,5 correct theflash or fire point5 or -oth5 -y means of the followin, eK2ationsO

Jorrected flash or fire point5 or -oth E * ;.;= 4>; P5

DhereO

J E o-served flash or fire point5 or -oth5 to the nearest 9 NJ5and

E 7arometric press2re5 mm #,.

ecord the corrected flash or fire Hoint val2e5 or -oth5 to the

nearest = NJ or 9NJ.

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'L-) POINT O' DI''ERENT ,R-DE) O' -)P-LT:

@I)*O)IT/ ,R-DE)

roperty AJ @ 9.= AJ @ = AJ @ 0 AJ @ 90 AJ @ :0

lash oint

J$J5NJ min.

6; FF 9G 9;9 9;9

oteO AJ @ 0 is most commonly 2sed in akistan.


)r.

Tie 4in5 Teperature 4*5 Rear"s

1.1 34

Increasing temperature

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. 6 72 //

. 7 --- //

. 8 158 //

?. 9 180 //

1;. 10 194 //

11. 11 218 //

1


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1. 14 256 //

1C. 15 266 //

1>. 16 276 //

1.17 284 //

1. 18 292 //

1?. 19 302 Sti No !ash point "ametemperature continue

increasing


55/56

. 26 344 //


56/56

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Time ! Temp"

!emperat2re 1s. !ime

Results:

lash oint E ;6: NJ at ;:min

ire oint E :0: NJ

*OMMENT):

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