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Managing Wildlife Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Page 1: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

Managing WildlifeManaging Wildlife

USDA NRCS

Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

Page 2: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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What we’ll be coveringWhat we’ll be covering

Impacts to and from wildlife, including disease

Methods to discourage wildlife

Aspects of predator control

Ways to deal with nuisance wildlife

Methods to encourage wildlife and the risks of doing so

Setting goals for managing wildlife on your property

Page 3: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Setting wildlife goalsSetting wildlife goals

What wildlife is common What wildlife is common in your area?in your area?Do you want to Do you want to encourage or encourage or discourage wildlife?discourage wildlife?What type of wildlife do What type of wildlife do you want to encourage?you want to encourage?What type of wildlife do What type of wildlife do you want to discourage?you want to discourage?

www.farmphoto.com

Page 4: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Impacts to and from wildlifeImpacts to and from wildlife

Habitat lossHabitat loss

Dependence on Dependence on artificial feedingartificial feeding

DiseaseDisease

www.farmphoto.com

NRCS, Bozeman, Mont.

Page 5: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Habitat lossHabitat loss

FencingFencing

Displaces Displaces some animals some animals

Subdivides Subdivides and and fragments fragments habitathabitat

www.farmpictures.com

Page 6: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Artificial feedingArtificial feeding

Attracts some Attracts some species to feeding species to feeding areasareas

Changes species Changes species balancebalance

Can make some Can make some species become species become more vulnerable to more vulnerable to predatorspredators www.farmphoto.com

Page 7: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Spread of diseaseSpread of disease

Domestic to wild Domestic to wild

Wild to domesticWild to domestic

From both to humans!From both to humans!

USDA NRCS

Page 8: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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BrucellosisBrucellosis

At risk: At risk: Cattle, goats, Cattle, goats,

sheep, swine and sheep, swine and other domestic other domestic animalsanimals

Moose, elk and bisonMoose, elk and bison HumansHumans

Historically spread from domestic to wildHistorically spread from domestic to wildSpread from bison and elk to domestic Spread from bison and elk to domestic herds todayherds today

www.montana.edu/wwwcbs

Page 9: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Transmissible spongiform Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies encephalopathies

Called TSEsCalled TSEs

Thought to be caused by prions, Thought to be caused by prions, infectious, self-replicating proteinsinfectious, self-replicating proteins

Three important diseases in animalsThree important diseases in animals Chronic wasting diseaseChronic wasting disease Bovine spongiform encephalopathyBovine spongiform encephalopathy ScrapieScrapie

Page 10: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Chronic wasting diseaseChronic wasting disease

At risk: mule deer, At risk: mule deer, white-tailed deer, white-tailed deer, Shiras moose and Shiras moose and mountain elkmountain elk

Always fatalAlways fatal

Not clear if Not clear if transmittable to transmittable to domestic animalsdomestic animals

Not clear if originally Not clear if originally transmitted from transmitted from domestic animalsdomestic animals

USDA NRCS

Page 11: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (aka “mad cow disease”)(aka “mad cow disease”)

Another TSE, much in the Another TSE, much in the newsnewsAffects cattle 2 to 8 years oldAffects cattle 2 to 8 years oldAlways fatalAlways fatalTransmitted through Transmitted through consumption of brain or consumption of brain or central nervous system central nervous system tissues of infected animalstissues of infected animalsCannot be transmitted by Cannot be transmitted by animals sharing pasture or animals sharing pasture or penspens

NRCS

Page 12: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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ScrapieScrapieAffects sheep and goats 2 to Affects sheep and goats 2 to 5 years old5 years oldAlways fatalAlways fatalPasses from mother to youngPasses from mother to youngCan be passed from animal Can be passed from animal to animal or animal to to animal or animal to environmentenvironmentHumans are not susceptible Humans are not susceptible to infection from meat, milk to infection from meat, milk or contact with infected or contact with infected animalsanimalsScrapie tag required in Scrapie tag required in breeder sheepbreeder sheep

NRCS

Page 13: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

ScrapieScrapie

NRCS

Page 14: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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West Nile virusWest Nile virus

Passed by mosquitoes Passed by mosquitoes from infected birds to from infected birds to other birds, horses and other birds, horses and humanshumans

Not passed animal to Not passed animal to animal or animal to animal or animal to humanhuman

Most humans and Most humans and animals infected show animals infected show only flu-like symptomsonly flu-like symptoms

www.insectidentification.org

Page 15: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

www.cdc.gov

Page 16: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Lyme diseaseLyme disease

Spread by deer Spread by deer ticksticks

Cannot be spread Cannot be spread animal to animal, animal to animal, animal to human, or animal to human, or human to humanhuman to human

Early symptoms are Early symptoms are flu-likeflu-like

www.insectidentification.org

Page 17: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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HantavirusHantavirusDeer mouse is Deer mouse is primary carrierprimary carrier

Passed through Passed through urine, droppings and urine, droppings and salivasaliva

Humans contract Humans contract disease by breathing disease by breathing in dust from the in dust from the infected materialsinfected materials

www.cdc.gov

Page 18: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Bubonic plagueBubonic plague

Transmitted by Transmitted by fleas that bite fleas that bite infected rodentsinfected rodents

Can be Can be transmitted transmitted human to humanhuman to human

Most common in Most common in southwestern southwestern statesstates

www.insectidentification.org

http://photogallery.nrcs.usda.gov

Page 19: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Avian influenza (bird flu)Avian influenza (bird flu)

Wild birds, domestic Wild birds, domestic poultry, and humans are poultry, and humans are at riskat risk

Passed from bird to bird Passed from bird to bird and bird to humanand bird to human

No documented human No documented human to human transmissionto human transmission

Concern regarding Concern regarding mutation possibilitiesmutation possibilities

www.smithmeadows.com

Page 20: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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RabiesRabies

Infectious viral disease affecting mammals, including humans

Passed through bites of infected animals

Vaccinations available for most domestic animals and humans

Treatable in humans after infection (before clinical signs appear)

Fatal in untreated animals

Page 21: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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E. coliE. coliRefers to a group of bacteria that are naturally occurring in the intestinal tracts of cattle, deer, goats and sheep

Transmitted to humans through ingestion of feces-contaminated food or water

Infected people, especially children, can also pass the disease

Most people recover without antibiotics, but in a small percentage of people, it can cause complications

Page 22: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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GiardiaGiardia

Gastrointestinal disease caused by a parasitePassed through ingestion of feces or food or water contaminated by manureCondition generally requires medical treatmentFound in soils, water, contaminated surfaces and food

Page 23: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Preventing contamination Preventing contamination

Small-acreage properties have the added complication of animal manure

Manage manure sources, storage areas, compost and other sources of contamination carefully

Page 24: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Preventing contaminationPreventing contamination

Clean water troughs regularly

Avoid contaminating irrigation water

UNCE, Reno, Nev.

Page 25: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Identifying wildlife damageIdentifying wildlife damage

Do you know that something is destroying your plants, property or livestock, but don’t know what animal it is?

You can’t control or discourage it until you can identify the animal

The following information may help you identify the culprit

Page 26: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Plant damagePlant damage

Nebraska Game and Park Commission

Page 27: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Plant damagePlant damage

Wildlife Damage Image Collection, U of N, Lincoln and USDA

Page 28: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Damage caused by carnivoresDamage caused by carnivores

National Park Service

Page 29: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Minimizing wildlife conflictsMinimizing wildlife conflicts

Limit access to your homeLimit access to your home

Limit access to your yardLimit access to your yard

Reduce the attractiveness of your Reduce the attractiveness of your living areasliving areas

Reduce the temptations to Reduce the temptations to predatorspredators

Page 30: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

Limit access to your homeLimit access to your home

www.crittercontrol.com

Page 31: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

Limit access to your yardLimit access to your yard

www.farmphoto.comwww.farmphoto.com

Page 32: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Fencing to Fencing to discouragediscourage wildlife wildlife

Type and species of wildlifeType and species of wildlifeAdditional purpose(s) of fencingAdditional purpose(s) of fencingType of fencingType of fencing Net wireNet wire ElectricElectric Electric modification of existing fencesElectric modification of existing fences Portable electric fencesPortable electric fences Deer fenceDeer fence

Page 33: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

Fencing Fencing considerationsconsiderations

UCCE

Page 34: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Reduce the temptations to Reduce the temptations to predatorspredators

UCCE

Page 35: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Pet management strategiesPet management strategies

Remove pet food Remove pet food from wildlife from wildlife accessaccessControl your pets, Control your pets, especially at especially at nightnightIf you confine If you confine your pets outside, your pets outside, make sure the make sure the area is safearea is safe

UCES

Page 36: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Livestock managementLivestock management

Some domestic Some domestic animals attract animals attract predatorspredators mountain lions, mountain lions,

bears, coyotes bears, coyotes and dogsand dogs

raccoons, raccoons, opossums and opossums and skunksskunks

www.aphis.usda.gov

Page 37: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Predator avoidancePredator avoidance

Move animalsMove animals

Guard animals Guard animals

Destroy pest Destroy pest animalsanimals

www.lgd.org

Page 38: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Move animalsMove animals

Moving Moving animals into animals into a barn or a barn or night pen night pen will reduce will reduce access by access by predatorspredators

UCCE

Page 39: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Guard animalsGuard animalsDogsDogs

LlamasLlamas

DonkeysDonkeys

UNCE, Reno, Nev.UCCE

Page 40: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Guard dogsGuard dogs

They are not shepherds or herders – they They are not shepherds or herders – they are protectorsare protectors Great Pyrenees, Akbash, Kommodores, Great Pyrenees, Akbash, Kommodores,

Anatolian shepherds, MaremmasAnatolian shepherds, Maremmas

Pros Pros Effective - 84% of respondents in a Colorado Effective - 84% of respondents in a Colorado

survey rated dogs’ performance at deterring survey rated dogs’ performance at deterring predators as excellent or goodpredators as excellent or good

Deters many species of wildlifeDeters many species of wildlife

ConsCons May be aggressive to peopleMay be aggressive to people Must be started as very young pupsMust be started as very young pups

Page 41: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

LlamasLlamas

ProsPros 80% of owners rated them as effective or very 80% of owners rated them as effective or very

effectiveeffective Most effective for coyotes and dogsMost effective for coyotes and dogs Need less trainingNeed less training Need no special foodNeed no special food Live longer than dogsLive longer than dogs

ConsCons May be afraid of mountain lions (who isn’t!)May be afraid of mountain lions (who isn’t!)

Page 42: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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DonkeysDonkeys

ProsPros Least expensiveLeast expensive Somewhat effective Somewhat effective

against dogs and against dogs and coyotescoyotes

ConsCons Not as effective as Not as effective as

dogs or llamasdogs or llamas 59% of Texas sheep 59% of Texas sheep

producers rated producers rated donkeys good or donkeys good or fairfair www.donkeybreedsociety.co.uk

Page 43: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Destroying pest animalsDestroying pest animals

Some may be destroyed without Some may be destroyed without permitpermit

Others require a permitOthers require a permit

Some may not be destroyed, such Some may not be destroyed, such as threatened species, endangered as threatened species, endangered species or other protected speciesspecies or other protected species

Page 44: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Resources for helpResources for help

USDA Wildlife ServicesUSDA Wildlife ServicesLocal Cooperative Extension office Local Cooperative Extension office State Department of AgricultureState Department of AgricultureLicensed pest control companiesLicensed pest control companiesLocal animal control authorities Local animal control authorities Local health departmentLocal health departmentLocal branch of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Local branch of the U.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceServiceLocal National Wildlife Federation chapterLocal National Wildlife Federation chapter

Page 45: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Regulations in local areaRegulations in local areaDogsDogsCoyotesCoyotesFoxesFoxesMountain lionsMountain lionsBearsBearsWolvesWolvesMooseMooseNuisance deer, etc.Nuisance deer, etc. texnat.tamu.edu/ranchref

Page 46: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Other wildlife pests that affect Other wildlife pests that affect domestic livestockdomestic livestock

Black fliesMormon cricketsScorpionsSnakesPigeonsStarlingsFlickers and woodpeckersCanada geeseCommensal rodentsPocket gophers, moles and voles

Prairie dogs and ground squirrelsTree squirrels and chipmunksBeavers and muskrats PorcupinesRabbitsRaccoon and opossumsLarge herbivores (deer and elk)Feral animals

Page 47: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Black fliesBlack flies

www.okstate.edu

Page 48: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Black fly controlBlack fly control

Use insecticides in still water

Improve water quality

Wear light-colored clothing to avoid bites

Apply repellant to individual animals

Try Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (Bti)

Page 49: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Mormon cricketsMormon crickets

www.uwyo.edu

Page 50: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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ScorpionsScorpions

western exterminators

Page 51: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Scorpion controlScorpion controlRemove all debris that provides cover for scorpionsKeep grass closely mowed Store garbage containers off the ground in a frameNever bring firewood in the house unless you are going to place it directly on the fire. Plug holes, repair screens, and fill all cracks to limit accessManage their food source (insects and spiders)

Page 52: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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SnakesSnakesMost snakes are not poisonousMost snakes eat insects and/or rodentsSnakes like cool, damp, dark shelters, which may lead them to your house or other buildings

Page 53: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Poisonous snakesPoisonous snakes

Nebraska Game and Park Commission

Page 54: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Nuisance birdsNuisance birds

Pigeons

Starlings

Woodpeckers

Canada geeseNebraska Game and Park Commission

Page 55: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Environmental modificationsEnvironmental modifications

Wildlife Damage Image Collection, U of N, Lincoln and USDA

Page 56: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Frightening devicesFrightening devices

www.myths.e2bn.org

Page 57: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Repellants or toxicants, trapping Repellants or toxicants, trapping and destroyingand destroying

Nebraska Game and Park Commission

Page 58: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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PigeonsPigeons

Ryancordell.com

Page 59: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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StarlingsStarlings

www.havahart.com

Page 60: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Controlling starlingsControlling starlings

Cover crops with nets

Clean up food sources

Use foods that are difficult for starlings to eat

Feed later in the day

Exclude birds from nesting and roosting areas

Page 61: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Woodpeckers and flickersWoodpeckers and flickers

www.gardencone.com

Page 62: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Canada geese Canada geese

www.gardencone.com

Page 63: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

Controlling Canada geeseControlling Canada geese

Make sites less desirable by discontinuing public feeding

Restrict easy access between land and water

Plant less-palatable grasses

Use dogs as a deterrent

Provide an alternate food source

Page 64: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Rodents and related varmintsRodents and related varmints

Commensal rodents (live near or with people) Mice Rats

Gophers, moles and volesPrairie dogs and ground squirrelsTree squirrels and chipmunksBeavers and muskratsPorcupines

Page 65: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Commensal rodentsCommensal rodents

www.ag.arizon.edu

Page 66: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Controlling commensal rodentsControlling commensal rodents

www.hpcsc.appstate.edu

Remove food sources

Exclude them by filling entry points

Use traps or toxicants

Get a cat

Page 67: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Pocket gophersPocket gophers

http://wdfw.wa.gov

Page 68: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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MolesMoles

www.palaoes.com

Page 69: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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VolesVoles

Laurie Smith, USDA

www.pestgon.com

Page 70: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Prairie dogs and Prairie dogs and ground squirrelsground squirrels

Nebraska Game and Parks COmmission

Page 71: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Tree squirrels and chipmunks Tree squirrels and chipmunks

Nebraska Game and Parks COmmission

Page 72: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Beavers and muskratsBeavers and muskrats

Nebraska Game and Parks Commission

Page 73: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Controlling beavers and muskratsControlling beavers and muskrats

, U of N, Lincoln and USDA

Exclude them from small water bodies

Vary water levels

Fence

Protect trees

Trap (need permit)

Shoot (if allowed)

Page 74: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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PorcupinesPorcupines

www.gpnc.org ICWDM.org and USDA/WS

Page 75: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Controlling porcupinesControlling porcupines

Modify the habitat

Exclude them

Use tree trunk guards

Trap

Shoot

Page 76: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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RabbitsRabbits

Nebraska Game and Parks Commission

Page 77: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Raccoons and opossumsRaccoons and opossums

www.unpronounceable.comICWDM.org and USDA/WS

Page 78: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Controlling raccoons and Controlling raccoons and opossumsopossums

Don’t feed them! Store all food and garbage in secure containersPrevent access through pet doorsExclude them from compost piles and other sources of food

Never feed raccoons, no matter how cute

they seem!

www.flicr.com

Page 79: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

More exclusion methodsMore exclusion methods

Nebraska Game and Parks Commission

Eliminate access to potential den sites

Secure poultry coops

Fence vegetable gardens and orchards

Fence ponds

Protect bird feeders and nest boxes

Page 80: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Large herbivores Large herbivores (deer and elk)(deer and elk)

USDA NRCS

Page 81: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

USDA NRCS

Page 82: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Feral animalsFeral animals

NRCS

Page 83: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Feral animalsFeral animals

Kayentaanimalshelter.org

www.caspca.org

Page 84: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

www.usda.gov

Encouraging WildlifeEncouraging Wildlife

Page 85: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension
Page 86: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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What wildlife needsWhat wildlife needs

Food: a variety of plant species and types

Water: natural or artificial sources

Shelter: safety, shade, cover and nesting

USDA NRCS

Page 87: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

Plant selectionPlant selection

Nebraska Game and Parks Commission

Match food and shelter plants to the needs of the species you want to attract

Create diversity

Make sure plantings mesh with the needs and capabilities of your landscape

Page 88: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

More about plant selectionMore about plant selection

WSU Clark County Extension

Mix sizes, heights and types of vegetation

Use native species

Don’t forget to maintain defensible space and basic safety

Page 89: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Water for wildlifeWater for wildlife

All life needs All life needs water, water, including including wildlifewildlife

Wildlife can Wildlife can use natural or use natural or artificial artificial sourcessources

dlp.cs.berkeley.edu

Page 90: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Natural water sourcesNatural water sources

Should provide:Should provide:Plants along edges Plants along edges to provide stabilityto provide stabilityBuffer areas of taller Buffer areas of taller plants to provide plants to provide cover for animalscover for animalsA variety of plants, A variety of plants, giving wildlife a giving wildlife a variety of habitats variety of habitats

birdsofoklahoma.net

Page 91: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Artificial ponds or water holesArtificial ponds or water holesShould provide:Should provide:

Both shallow and Both shallow and deep areasdeep areas

Rocks along the Rocks along the edgesedges

Plants along the Plants along the edges to provide edges to provide stabilitystability

Buffer areas of taller Buffer areas of taller plants to provide plants to provide cover for animalscover for animals

www.farmphoto.com

Page 92: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

NRCS, Mont.

Page 93: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Artificial water sourcesArtificial water sources

Troughs, tanks, etc. Troughs, tanks, etc. should have ramps to should have ramps to aid small animals and aid small animals and birds that might birds that might otherwise drownotherwise drown

On-demand water On-demand water sources for livestock sources for livestock should be routinely should be routinely checked for problemschecked for problems

What about What about mosquitoes?mosquitoes?

www.farmphoto.com

Page 94: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Shelter and nesting habitatShelter and nesting habitat

Provides shade, cover Provides shade, cover for nests and safety for nests and safety from predatorsfrom predators

Examples:Examples: Grasses and shrubs for Grasses and shrubs for

small animals and small animals and birdsbirds

Evergreen trees for Evergreen trees for year-round protectionyear-round protection

Snags for certain birds Snags for certain birds and small animalsand small animals

dlp.cs.berkeley.edu

www.farmphoto.com

Page 95: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Selecting areas to be used for Selecting areas to be used for shelter or nesting habitatshelter or nesting habitat

Areas that are not easily cultivated Areas that are not easily cultivated or accessed, such as seeps, bogs, or accessed, such as seeps, bogs, caves, roadsides, ditches, old caves, roadsides, ditches, old buildings, etc.buildings, etc.

OrchardsOrchards

Riparian buffer stripsRiparian buffer strips

Snags, fence rows, hedgerowsSnags, fence rows, hedgerows

Page 96: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Habitat for birdsHabitat for birds

Need a Need a combination of combination of shrubs, trees and shrubs, trees and grassesgrassesLeave occasional Leave occasional downed and downed and standing snags standing snags for nests and for nests and perchesperches

dlp.cs.berkeley.edu

Page 97: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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For hummingbirdsFor hummingbirds

Hummingbirds are Hummingbirds are pollinatorspollinators

As with all birds, As with all birds, they need water, they need water, food and shelterfood and shelter

Hummingbirds are Hummingbirds are omnivores (also omnivores (also eat insects and eat insects and spiders)spiders) birdwatching-bliss.com

Page 98: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Attracting songbirdsAttracting songbirdsIdentify the birds in your areaNeed food, water and shelter Some have special nesting needsControl potential predators, especially during the nesting season

USDA NRCS

Page 99: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

Habitat for upland game birdsHabitat for upland game birds

BLMNRCS

USDA NRCS

NRCS

Page 100: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

For birds of preyFor birds of prey

Nebraska Game and Park Commission

Page 101: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Habitat for batsHabitat for bats

Bats are great Bats are great insectivores!insectivores!

Like all animals, Like all animals, they need water, they need water, food and shelterfood and shelter

They are They are susceptible to susceptible to pesticidespesticides

New Jersey Audubon Society

Page 102: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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For butterfliesFor butterflies

Like all animals, Like all animals, they need water, they need water, food and shelterfood and shelterProviding food Providing food and shelter for all and shelter for all four stages of four stages of their life cycle can their life cycle can ensure return ensure return visitsvisits

http://news.synearth.net

Page 103: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Native or solitary beesNative or solitary bees

Recent studies indicate Recent studies indicate a reduction in a reduction in pollinators worldwide pollinators worldwide

Many areas are reporting Many areas are reporting the disappearance of the disappearance of honey beeshoney bees

Solitary bees are the Solitary bees are the unsung pollinators unsung pollinators present in most areaspresent in most areas

www.pollination.com

Page 104: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

AmphibiansAmphibians

Nebraska Game and Parks Commission

Salamanders

Frogs

Toads

www.statesymbolsusa.com

Page 105: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

ReptilesReptilesTurtles

Snakes

Lizards

Weforanimals.com

www.arabpinto.com

Nebraska Game and Parks Commission

Page 106: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Other species to attract???Other species to attract???

calpoly.edu

Page 107: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Pasture and landscape management Pasture and landscape management to encourage wildlifeto encourage wildlife

Keep wildlife needs in mindKeep wildlife needs in mind Provide access to waterProvide access to water Avoid early season mowing and chemical Avoid early season mowing and chemical

weed control in tall grassweed control in tall grass Control noxious weeds Control noxious weeds Maintain habitat corridors Maintain habitat corridors Manage fuels to reduce fire hazardsManage fuels to reduce fire hazards

Page 108: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Fencing considerations to Fencing considerations to encourage wildlifeencourage wildlife

Type and species of wildlifeType and species of wildlife

Continual or seasonal access Continual or seasonal access needsneeds

Localized or full accessLocalized or full access

Page 109: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Avoiding impacts to Avoiding impacts to wildlife requires: wildlife requires:

Pet managementPet management

Livestock Livestock management management

Pasture/landscape Pasture/landscape management management

Appropriate fencingAppropriate fencing

birdsofoklahoma.net

Page 110: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

www.flickr.com

Page 111: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Living with wildlifeLiving with wildlife

Determine local wildlife populationDetermine local wildlife population

Determine wildlife goals for your Determine wildlife goals for your propertyproperty Complete exclusionComplete exclusion Open accessOpen access Combination Combination

Determine available wildlife habitat on Determine available wildlife habitat on your propertyyour property

Page 112: Managing Wildlife USDA NRCS Developed by Melody Hefner, University of Nevada Cooperative Extension

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Your design for your propertyYour design for your property

Design or redesign your property layout and facilities, especially the portion dedicated to animal uses, to avoid impacts to the land and wildlife. Include: Existing or proposed space, shelter, water and

feed areas for animals Manure storage areas and schedules Fencing or strategies for avoiding predation or

limiting wildlife access Landscaping or features to attract desirable

wildlife


General Information: NRCS Job Approval Authority · NRCS ENGINEERING JOB APPROVAL AUTHORITY (JAA) • The NRCS District Conservationist (DC) is responsible for all NRCS activities

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