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01/06/2014
1
Managing Innovation in Language Education
Alan Waters Lancaster University, UK
E-mail: [email protected]
What is innovation?
• �There is nothing more difficult to plan, more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to manage than the creation of a new system.��Machiavelli
• �Change can be likened to a planned journey in a leaky boat on uncharted waters with a mutinous crew.���Michael Fullan
The self-system
Real world experiences
contribute to development of
network of meanings
enabling us to cope with
Development of Key Meanings (Hutchinson, 1992)
The nature of change
• �All changes, even the most longed for, have their melancholy; for what we leave behind us is a part of ourselves; we must die to one life before we can enter another.���Anatole France
• Change triggers �the conservative impulse� (Marris) – a defence mechanism for protecting Key Meanings
The transition curve
TIME
CO
MPE
TEN
CE
Beginning of transition
1. Immobilisation
2. Denial
3. Awareness
4. Acceptance
5. Testing
6. Search for meaning
7. Integration
(Manchester Open Learning, 1992)
Supporting the transition process
I keep six honest serving men. (They taught me all I knew.) Their names are What and Why and
When And How and Where and Who.
Rudyard Kipling
“WHO adopts WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, WHY and HOW?” (Markee 97: 43)
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2
WHO: innovation roles (1)
TIME
CO
MPE
TEN
CE
Beginning of transition
1. Immobilisation
2. Denial
3. Awareness
4. Acceptance
5. Testing
6. Search for meaning
7. Integration
(Manchester Open Learning, 1992)
CHANGE AGENT
END USER
WHO: innovation roles (2)
• �The reformers have already assimilated these changes to their purposes, and worked out a reformulation which makes sense to them, perhaps through months of years of analysis and debate. If they deny others the chance to do the same, they treat them as puppets dangling by the threads of their own conceptions.� (Marris: 166 – my emphasis)
WHAT: innovation characteristics
• Relative advantage • Compatibility • Complexity • Trialability • Observability
(Rogers)
POLITICAL
ADMINISTRATIVE
EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONAL
WHERE: innovation context (1)
CLASSROOM INNOVATION
CULTURAL
(Kennedy 1988: 332)
(Kennedy 1988: 332)
POLITICAL
ADMINISTRATIVE
EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONAL
WHERE: innovation context (2)
CLASSROOM INNOVATION
CULTURAL
POLICY LEVEL
IMPLEMENTATION LEVEL
WHEN/HOW LONG: the adoption curve
S-shaped curve of adoption (Rogers)
Percentage of potential adopters
Laggards Innovators Early majority
Late majority
Early adopters
Time
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3
WHY: innovation causes Internally-generated idea
Externally-generated idea
Internally-generated motivation to change
High level of potential for ownership/ adoption
Mid-level potential for ownership/ adoption
Externally-generated motivation to change
Mid-level potential for ownership/ adoption
Low-level potential for ownership/ adoption
Based on Rogers in Markee (1997: 48-9) Project Time-frame
HOW: innovation strategies • Power co-ercive: brute force • Rational empirical: brute sanity • Normative re-educative: problem-solving
P-C R-E
N-R
(Chin & Benne, 1976)
Conclusion Go in search of your people.
Love Them. Learn from Them. Plan with Them.
Serve Them. Begin with what They have. Build on what They know.
But of the best leaders when their task is accomplished,
their work is done, The People all remark �We have done it
Ourselves.� Lao-tse
Bibliography • Chin, R. & K. D. Benne (1976) General strategies for effecting
changes in human systems in W.G. Bennis, K. D. Benne, R. Chin and K.E. Corey (eds.) The Planning of Change, 3rd ed., 22 – 45. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
• Fullan, M. (2001) The New Meaning of Educational Change (3rd Edition), RoutledgeFalmer
• Hutchinson, T (1992) The Management of Change The Teacher Trainer, 3/1
• Kennedy, C. (1988) Evaluation of the management of change in ELT projects, Applied Linguistics, 9/4
• Manchester Open Learning (1992) Planning and Managing Change Kogan Page
• Markee, N. (1997) Managing Curricular Innovation Cambridge University Press
• Marris, P. (1977) Loss and Change London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
• Rogers, E. M. (2003) Diffusion of Innovations (5th edition), The Free Press
Contact details
If you would like a copy of this PPT file, please e-mail me at: