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MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES
Turkey Hatchery
able of ontents
n roduc ion• b ectives• iosecurit• nimal elfare
n ging ggs Prior o e• gg eceiving• hat is a ood ualit atching gg• gg torage• re aring ggs for ncubation
ncu ion• ulti tage• ingle tage• ggshell Tem eratures• Tem erature ariation• Turning
e suring er i i• easuring lock ertilit and arl eads• gg andling• arl mbr onic evelo ment and ortalit
e suring gg ois ure oss• gg oisture oss rocedure
H cher n ge en• Transfer• atcher nvironment• onitoring atch rogress
e suring Pou ie d• oult ield rocedure
n ing H ch e ris• mbr onic tagingo a in cleo esions
• mbr onic evelo ment• atch esidue gg reakout nal sis
n ging Pou Co for• oult ehavior• easuring oult Tem eratures
Pou er icing• ent e ing• eak ail onditioning, accination, and robiotics
H cher in en nce• aintenance rograms• onitoring• alibration• entilation
ec i es
• The ob ective of this anagement uidelines Turke atchermanual is to rovide a com rehensive overview of the critical hatcher rocesses and
rocedures necessar to o timi e both hatchabilit and oult ualit .
• The manual will begin with egg receiving egg storage and rogress throughoutincubation, hatching, and oult selection. ections will cover embr olog and mechanicalas ects of each rocess. Technical suggestions and advice will be given throughout thedocument.
• nformation resented in this booklet combines the collective data derived from internalresearch trials, ublished scientific knowledge, and the e ertise, ractical skills ande erience of viagen Turke s technical service team.
• ontents of this manual have been resented to ou b viagen. dvice given ma beused to guide our management rocesses and will var de ending on customero erations. This advice should not be regarded as a form of guarantee.
Introduction
iosecuri
• iosecurit is a set of reventative measures designed to reduce the transmission of disease. There are three t es of biosecurit that need to be considered conce tual location , structural h sical barriers , and o erational rograms, rotocols, and rocedures . ll three are re uired to successfull combat disease.
• t is im erative that all hatcheries have a biosecurit lan in lace that encom asses all three forms of biosecurit .
o once tual lthough this arameter ma be reali ed when hatcheries are initiall constructed, this arameter ma become ver difficult to control as other industries and cities e and.
o tructural This arameter is one of the easiest arameters to control and consists of
ecure buildings and erimeter
• osted signs rohibiting access
• ecured and locked doors
• uilding erimeter that discourages rodent and wild bird activit
o egular monitoring and baiting of rodents and insects
ro er hatcher setu and flow
• ir and traffic flow should go from the cleanest areas egg receiving to dirtiest areas oult trans ort .
o estrict the movement of eo le and e ui ment from dirt to clean areas, es eciall on hatch da s.
howering and or donning doffing rooms rior to entr
isinfecting foot ans, hand wash stations, and the use of gloves and or face masks
o erational elies on em lo ees and ersonnel to make this arameter successful.
rohibit em lo ees from owning or having contact with swine or other fowl
robust h giene rogram
• isinfect all e ui ment and su lies that will be entering and or leaving the facilit
o gg trolle s and tra s going back to the la farms
o oult bo es and dollies coming back from the brood farms
• ash saniti e areas between hatch da s to reduce the risk of carr over
estrict visitors into the facilit
• aintain traffic visitor logs
Introduction
ni e f re• t is highl recommended and encouraged that each com an devise and adhere to a stringent
nimal elfare rogram.
• est management ractices that avoid destructive behavior, revent disease, and romote good health and roduction, as set forth in this manual, are consistent with the generall acce ted ractices of animal welfare.
o t its basis are the five freedoms of animal welfare
reedom from thirst and hunger
reedom from discomfort
reedom from ain, in ur , and disease
reedom to e ress normal behavior
reedom from fear and distress
• es onsible management and good stockmanshi are essential to good animal welfare ractices.
• elfare egislation and odes of ractice s
o ot onl do we have a moral obligation to welfare, man countries also have sector codes or a legal obligation. e aware of local legislations and codes.
• ecificall with regards to hatcher o erations
o Tem erature
reas of the hatcher used for oult holding should be maintained, monitored, and recorded to ma imi e oult comfort.
o iosecurit ractices and rocedures should be in lace and followed.
• ncubators and atchers
o The incubators and hatchers should be maintained, o erated, and monitored in a manner that o timi es hatchabilit and oult ualit .
• ack stems and larms
o The hatcher should be e ui ed with an automatic stand b generator.
o The hatcher should be e ui ed with alarms to notif maintenance of a roblem in an incubator or hatcher.
o rocesses should be in lace to routinel test generators and alarms.
• mergenc es onse lan mergenc ontacts
o ave an u to date emergenc res onse lan and emergenc contact list for natural disasters and or fires osted in the facilit , on file, and available to em lo ees.
Introduction
• oult ualit is directl correlated to egg ualit . Therefore, it is critical that all eggs received into the hatcher are ins ected to ensure the are of acce table hatching egg
ualit .
o routine auditing rocess is highl recommended, as is constant communication between the hatcher and breeder farms with regards to egg ualit .
• timall onl good ualit hatching eggs should be used for egg sets.
• lthough not ideal, eggs with minor defects ma be set, but the are at an increased risk of contamination and reduced hatchabilit .
o inor defect include
lood on the shell
longated eggs
ough oor te tured eggs
lightl soiled eggs
hite shelled eggs
• ll eggs with ma or defects should be re ected and are not of acce table ualit for hatching eggs.
o a or defects include
olk on the shell
racked
• air line
• Toe unched
eavil leaned
Too large
Too small
hell less
oft shelled
issha en
oiled
• efer to h is ood u i H ching gg
gg ecei ing
anaging ggs rior to et
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atch
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Slig
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Whi
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hell
Skin
Smal
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Larg
e
Chal
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hell
Hai
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ck
Crac
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• ggs should be stored under the o timum conditions rior to incubation to o timi e hatch and minimi e losses.
• ggs should be stored at .
o f storage is likel to be less than da s, storage tem erature can be increased to .
o or long egg storage da s the store tem erature should be reduced to .
• The humidit in the egg storage area should be ke t at relative.
o ake sure that humidification e ui ment does not wet the eggs.
• efer to H ching gg or ge oo eco end ions
• t is a good ractice to record storage tem erature and humidit at least twice dail .
• o not store eggs directl in front of heaters, coolers and or humidifiers.
• The use of gentle air fans can im rove the uniformit of the tem erature and humidit in the storeroom.
o are should be taken not to have fans blowing directl on eggs
o ee cooler doors closed and minimi e the amount of e ternal air moving in and out of the room
or ge eng h• ggs can be stored between to da s with minimal effects on hatch. tending egg storage
be ond da s will result in a lower hatchabilit , the longer the storage the greater the im act.
• ggs stored for more than da s should have longer incubation times.
o hen hatches are dela ed, some oults ma not emerge in time to be counted, and oult ualit ma suffer because the oults are too immature when the are laced.
• ggs that have been stored for e tended eriods of time, da s or more, tend to have higher embr onic mortalit . The embr os that survive tend to be slower to develo and slower to hatch.
• nsure all eggs are correctl identified with the da of roduction so that the oldest eggs can be set before the freshest eggs.
• The age of a breeder flock affects the abilit of eggs to withstand long egg storage. ggs from oung weeks or old weeks breeder flocks are less able to tolerate long egg storage
and therefore the im act of storage on hatch is greater.
gg or ge
or ge Condi ions
anaging ggs rior to et
WARNING!
iin n c n n ic in n n i c
DANGER!
cc
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
WARNING!ni
c i
SAFE! ........
WARNING!Long term exposure (+18 hours) may reduce poult & egg content quality.
O.K. for pre-set conditioning up to 18hours, gradual cool down lay.
DANGER!(over 2-4 hours)
nicf
h h w lll
Normal Development Begins100
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
SAFE!i c n i i n
i i i
DANGER!n i c i n
i i
Temperature % Relative Humidity
Hatching Egg Storage Room Recommendations
Aviagen Turkeys, Inc. • 31186 Midland Trail East • Lewisburg, West Virginia • U.S.A. • www.aviagenturkeys.comTelephone: +1 304 793 2680 • Fax: +1 304 793 2684 • email: [email protected]
˚F ˚C*38
35
32
29
27
24
21
18
16
13
10
7
4
2
1
-4
-7
-9
-7
-15
-18
˚C is rounded to the nearest degree.
ED 0509
• everal techni ues have been shown to im rove the hatchabilit of eggs stored for more than da s. These recautions will not revent a reduction in hatchabilit , but will sim l slow
down egg deterioration thus lessening the im act on hatchabilit and ualit .
o torage nterventions include
educed storage tem erature
toring the eggs under lastic covers onl once the are cooled
lushing eggs with
Turning the eggs during storage
• Turning eggs regardless of storage time has shown to be hel ful in identif ing rack issues rior to set and reventing turning issues during incubation.
toring eggs u side down care needs to be taken to revent cracking
eating the eggs to . . for hours rior to storage
• . . . . . hort eriod of ncubation uring gg torage
o ound to be successful with chicken hatching eggs, but this is still a novel a roach to turke hatching eggs. onetheless, the basic
rinci les and conce ts a l to both s ecies.
or ge eng h Con
gg Turning uring torage
anaging ggs rior to et
• ncubation times length will var bo traino eek of la breeder flock age
oung weeks and older weeks re uire longer incubation times than rime flocks weeks
o a s of storage ncubation time increases as the number of da s in storage increases
o ncubation environment Tem erature
• ower machine tem eratures tend to decelerate embr onic growth, thus lengthen incubation times.
• igher machine tem eratures, u to a certain oint, accelerate embr onic growth and therefore tend to shorten incubation time. f the tem erature e ceeds what is re uired for normal embr onic growth, mortalit and or
h sical abnormalities will begin to develo . umidit
• oisture loss im acts and to a certain e tent dictates hatch timingo cessive moisture loss accelerates hatcho ow moisture loss slows down the hatch
o eason ggs laid in the summer tend to re uire less time than those laid in the winter
o re warming rofile Tem erature and the length of re warm
ncu ion i es
Pre ring ggs for ncu ion - gg e s
• ttention and lanning must be taken when creating egg sets.• onsideration with regards to the following must be done as individual incubation
re uirements will differ greatlo reedo
o ertilito ui ment t eo achine ca abilit or shortcomings set eggs b locationo gg ge
• f measuring egg moisture loss or oult ield, eggs need to be weighed at set. efer to e suring ois ure oss and e suring Pou ie d for information and details.
anaging ggs rior to et
• re warming consists of moving the eggs out of cold storage in to a warmer environment, rior to set.
• e uired duration de ends on room tem erature, air movement, and si e of the egg ack.
o The higher the tem erature, increased air flow, and smaller the egg ack, the uicker the eggs will come u to tem erature.
o The lower the tem erature, slower the air flow, and larger the egg ack the slower the eggs will come u to tem erature.
o nternal egg tem eratures must be taken when devising re warming rograms.
To ensure uniform re wraming is occurring, egg tem eratures should be measured from to to bottom as well as left to right on the rack.
ength of re warm should be long enough for internal egg core tem eratures to reach that of the machine room warming area.
o are should be taken not to heat u the egg ack too uickl as this ma cause condensation sweating and lead to increased contamination and a larger hatch window.
• re warming can be accom lished using a single stage incubator or a se arate tem erature controlled room.
• dvantages
o niform start to incubation that hel s kee narrower hatcher window
o educed chilling effect on eggs in multistage s stems
o imits the condensation on eggs during warm u thus reducing the otential contamination issues
• isadvantages
o f the rogram is not designed or carried out correctl , it ma
ccelerate the hatch
iden the hatch window
• Tem erature variation within the egg ack
ncrease the amount of earl dead embr os t icall from
• Too long and or slow of a re warm
• re warm tem eratures increases too uickl
Pre- r ing
e ending on the t e of e ui ment, re warming rofiles can
often times be rogramed directl into the incubators alongside the
redetermined start times.
anaging ggs rior to et
u i- ge ncu ion
• enerall s eaking, machines are continuousl o erated with eggs being set into and transfered out of once a week.
• This s stem uses the heat generated from the embr onic growth from eggs during the later half of incubation to warm the eggs in the first stages of incubation.
• dvantages
o enerall less s ace re uired
o ower o erating costs
o im licit of o eration
ne set tem erature and humidit target throughout incubation
• isadvantages
o ifficult to clean and disinfect due to continuous o eration
o ifficult to conduct routine maintenance within the machines
o ifficult to isolate flocks due to
isease
ontamination
o ot able to o timi e tem erature and humidit set oints to meet the s ecific egg re uirements
• ncubation arameters
o Tem erature
The e act tem erature set oint used will de end on the tem erature control characteristics of the multi stage machine, but the ob ective should be to maintain egg tem erature.
T icall multi stage incubators o erate at . . . . . owever, if the are tunnel ventilated, the o erate at a slightl cooler
tem erature, . . . . .• umidit
o The basic incubator humidit re uirements should be based on targeted egg moisture loss.
achine set oints t icall range from a relative humidit of or a wet bulb tem erature of .
Incubation
• entilation
o entilation is necessar to su l o gen to the develo ing embr o and to remove carbon dio ide .
entilation should be sufficient to kee the level below . .
• are should be taken as to not over under ventilate these machines as this will result in roblems of tem erature and humidit uniformit and control.
• ir ventilation and humidification s ra no les are t icall the onl cooling methods in the incubator, therefore the level of ventilation must be determined b the machine tem erature control s stem.
u i ge Con
Incubation
ing e ge
• ll eggs in the machine are at the same age stage of embr onic develo ment
• achines are filled at egg set and com letel em tied at each transfer
• dvantages
o as to full clean and disinfect machines between sets
o The incubation environment and rofile can be o timi ed throughout each stage of incubation to meet the s ecific re uirements of the given eggs
o ble to isolate flocks
• isadvantages
o rofiles can be difficult to manage
• T icall a single stage tem erature rofile will start between . . . . and begin to decline b the second week of incubation. idwa
throughout incubation, the machine tem erature will need to dro below . . to com ensate for the metabolic heat roduction of the develo ing embr os.
o t ical single stage rofile will graduall reduce the tem erature so that b the time of transfer the machine is o erating at between . . . . .
The e act tem erature rofile used will de end on the tem erature control characteristics of the machine, in addition to fertilit , flock age and egg age but the ob ective should be to maintain egg tem erature.
• n e am le of a t ical single stage rofile can be found below.
TR
TR
2 4 2 4 2 2 22 I I TI
SINGLE STAGE TEMP PROFILETarget Temp
Incubation
• umidit
o umidification s stems can cause locali ed cooling and result in large tem erature variations within the machine. Therefore it can be beneficial to design a rofile that minimi es the humidification demands.
o ulti le studies have shown that better results can be achieved when humidit is higher at the beginning of incubation and lower towards the end of incubation, as long as the ade uate level of egg moisture loss is achieved at the time of transfer.
act humidit set oints are based on targeted moisture loss for the given eggs
• s with the multi stage incubators, ventilation in the single stage machines is necessar to su l o gen to the develo ing embr o and to remove carbon dio ide .
o uring the second half of incubation, ventilation ma be used to su lement cooling.
o f ventilation is the onl s stem used for cooling the incubator, then the cooling re uirement rather than the o gen re uirement must determine the level of ventilation.
o The amount of ventilation re uired in the first da s of incubation is effectivel ero.
Therefore, the machine can be ke t com letel closed and levels can reach u to without an adverse im act on erformance.
o ee ing the ventilation closed for the first da s will naturall raise the humidit and minimi e the amount of heating and humidification re uired within the machine, thereb roducing a more stable environment.
owever, if humidit levels reach the oint where condensation begins to occur, the ventilation will need to be o ened slightl rior to da s of incubation.
e ending on the t e of e ui ment used, it ma be necessar to o en u the ventilation rior to da s to achieve moisture loss targets.
o fter da , the ventilation must be o ened torovide sufficient and remove .
The degree of ventilation should be set tomaintain levels o timall at . butmust be below . .
ing e ge Con
Incubation
ggshe e er ure
• orrect incubation and eggshell tem eratures are critical for the hatching of good ualit oults.
• The tem erature e erienced b the embr o is not the e uivalent to the air tem erature of the incubator.
o t is the embr onic tem erature that determines success.
• The difference between machine and embr o tem erature de ends rimaril on the rate of heat transfer between the egg and incubator air determined b airflow and the amount of metabolic heat generated b the embr o determined mainl b embr onic age and fertilit .
• ggshell surface tem eratures are closel related to the internal egg embr o tem erature. t is therefore a useful non destructive tool for determining whether or not the incubator tem erature is correct.
• timum shell tem erature for ma imum hatch and oult ualit is . . o . o throughout the incubation eriod. ee gra h below.
o The minimum eggshell tem erature should not be below . o . o
o The ma imum eggshell tem erature should not e ceed . o . o
o The t isk tem erature ranges de end and var on embr onic age. The are de icted in the gra h below.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
of ncu ion
he
eer
ure
o C
he
eer
ure o
nger
isk
de
isk
e ed H ch
he e er ure rge s
Incubation
ggshe e er ures Con
• n single stage s stems, o timal shell tem eratures are achieved b ad usting the tem erature rofile for each age of incubation. hown on the gra h on the ne t age.
• n multi stage s stems, where onl one tem erature setting can be used, it ma be necessar to com romise between the ideal re uirements for the embr os in the beginning and in the end of incubation. or e am le, eggs at the start of incubation ma need to be cooler than o rimal to ensure that eggs at the end of incubation do not become too hot. ee gra h on the ne t age.
• igher incubation tem eratures are t icall more damaging to the embr o than are lower incubation tem eratures.
• tudies have shown that high incubation tem eratures result in
o ncreased incidence of embr onic mortalit in the th da of incubation.
o ncreased incidence of embr onic mal ositions, articularl u side down.
o ncreased incidence of e e cataracts, oedematous heads, clubbed down, ru tured olk sacs and residual albumen.
• ow incubation tem eratures tend to be associated with
o ncreased incidence of late hatching or live unhatched embr os.
• n most cases, there will be some egg to egg tem erature variation so the ob ective is to get as man eggs as ossible within the targeted range.
• ote that infertile and earl dead germ eggs will have a lower tem erature after da of incubation, as these eggs are not generating an metabolic heat. This should be taken into consideration when checking tem eratures.
• ggshell tem eratures can also be used to measure incubator tem erature variations
o wide s read of eggshell tem eratures across one machine ma indicate that maintenance is re uired.
Incubation
ing e ge s u i ge s e ggshe e er ures
.
.
.
.
.
P
C
H PP H P
Incubation
.
.
.
.
.
P
C
H P T
• n incubators that are eas to work safel inside while the machine is still o erating, eggshell tem erature can be checked using a
raun Thermo can acTem ear thermometer.
• The eggshell tem erature must be measured where the embr o is located. void measuring at the air cell. The correct region for measuring shell tem erature is de icted below.
Procedures for e suring ggshe e er ures
• hen it is difficult to access eggs in various locations when the incubators are running or additional data is desired, eggshell tem eratures can be checked using a data logger with an e ternal robe. Tin Tag Talk , odel T These loggers can record eggshell tem eratures over time and to rovide a more detailed re resentation as to what is occurring inside the incubator.
egion for e suring eggshe e er ure
hermal image of eggs on an incubator tray. Note: that the air cells are much cooler than the
rest of the eggs and temperature of the eggs located near the edge of the tray are cooler then the those eggs located in the center of the tray.
38.3oC/100.9o
F
30.9oC/87.6o
F
dhere robe to the e uator of the egg with a small iece of ta e. om letel covering the
robe ti .
Incubation
• The ob ective is to sam le eggs within the machine from the various locations in the incubator left and right, front and back and to , middle and bottom. The e act location will var based on machine design but one should attem t to cover all of the areas.
• hoose eggs in the center of the incubator tra to monitor those at the edges of the tra will be cooler. ee image on revious age
• or a com rehensive anal sis and understanding, eggs need to be monitored at each stage of incubation.
Ho nd here o e sure ggshe e er ures
e
heck to make sure that the measuring ti of the thermometer is clean and that it has a new lastic cover on it. ome thermometer t es ma need to be at incubation tem erature for minutes rior to use to be accurate .
e
e
f it is not ossible to work inside the setter safel while it is o erating, turn it off and measure as man eggs as ossible in minutes or less. f it is not ossible to measure eggs at all locations within minutes, close and restart the machine and return after
minutes to com lete the measurements.e
easure shell tem erature at the e uator of the egg, not at the to or bottom. ake sure the ti of the thermometer is flat against the eggshell surface.
e
ecord results. etermine average eggshell tem erature and s read of eggshell tem eratures.
e om are results against the acce table arameters to determine if the incubation
tem erature and or rofile are correct or if further investigation is needed.
Procedure for sing he r un her o e er
e
am le eggs from the center of each setter tra . or eggs in the second half of incubation, re ect an measurement that is significantl cooler . . than the other eggs on that tra , as it is likel indicates that there is no viable embr o resent.
Incubation
efore o ening the incubator door, have a lan where to sam le eggshell tem eratures so that ou can work uickl once inside. nsure each area of the incubator is monitored.
e nsure that all data logger robes are reading accuratel and uniforml before each use
e
ollowing the manufacturers instructions, rogram the data loggers to record tem erature hourl
e
dentif an egg toward the center of the incubator tra to be monitored. This can be done rior to egg set and or at an oint during incubation
e overing the entire metal ti , ta e the ti of the data logger robe to the surface of
the egg along the e uator. se ualit ta e so that the robe sta s in lace during incubation but do not use an e cessive amount as to interfere with gas e change
e e lace the egg and attach the logger to the incubator tra
e llow the logger to record tem eratures over a eriod of at least one da
e ownload data from logger and gra h anal e the results
Procedure for sing oggers
om are information ac uired against the acce table arameters to determine if the incubation tem erature and or rofile are correct
e
n er re ing esu s• The measurement of eggshell tem erature should be used to establish machine tem erature
settings to o timi e conditions for differences in embr o heat roduction and machine design.
• ggshell tem eratures should not be used for calibrating incubators
• nvestigate tem eratures that are out of range
o andle the egg to ensure that it contains a viable embr o
o Take additional eggshell tem eratures from the surrounding eggs to ensure the tem erature taken was accurate
o f still out of range, com are to tem eratures taken on eggs of similar develo ment in the machine to verif whether it is a set oint or locali ed issue in the machine.
o onduct a thorough maintenance check of the machine and make necessar ad ustments or re airs.
Incubation
Procedure for e suring ncu or e er ure ri ion
• ncubator air tem erature variation can be monitored b measuring the shell tem erature of eggs that have little or no embr onic heat roduction infertile eggs or eggs incubated between and da s across various locations within the incubator.
• t is im ortant to use the same methodolog ever time.
• ake sure that test thermometers are ro erl calibrated and the same e ui ment is used to measure tem erature in all incubators.
• nl test incubators that are full loaded with eggs and that have balanced sets.
• llow the machine to stabili e for a ro imatel one da ost set and or transfer before taking tem eratures.
• The fre uenc of testing should de end on how often roblems are found.
o f roblems are oftentimes identified, incubator checks should be more fre uent
o t a minimum, check incubators ever months if more than of setters have e cessive tem erature variation then increase the fre uenc of checks
here o oni or for e er ure ri ion• The best location to measure tem erature variation de ends on incubator t e design
• The locations chosen should cover the different areas of the setter.
o n smaller incubators, different areas of the setter should be monitored.
o n larger incubators, with multi le control ones, each one should be monitored in at least two locations.
• The following diagrams illustrates suggested locations for monitoring tem erature.
• n single stage incubators, shell tem eratures should be checked between and da s of incubation before the develo ing embr o becomes e othermic.
Incubation
i
n r nce
-
- C
- C -
- -
cce e eggshe
e er ure r nge
ggshe e er ure shou d se i hin - C of incu or o er ing e er ure
ggshe e er ure shou d e i hin - C of incu or o er ing
e er ure
ggshe e er ure shou d e i hin - C of incu or o er ing e er ure
- C -
- C -
one
one
one
here o oni or for ncu or e er ure ri ion- u i- ge
Incubation
- H C C -
C
-H H
- -
here o oni or for ncu or e er ure ri ion- ing e ge
ing e ge eggshe e er ures shou d e i hin C of incu or o er ing e er ure nd recorded fro eggs e een nd
d s of incu ion
Incubation
• ggshell tem eratures will var slightl based on flock age
o ggshell conductance affects eggshell tem eratures
• cessive tem erature variation within and between incubators or those outside the acce table range ma indicate that the machine is not functioning ro erl
o om lete a thorough maintenance check on the incubator incubators including calibration
• ake necessar ad ustments and changes
o echeck the eggshell tem eratures to evaluate if changes were ade uate
n er re ing esu s
C uses of ncu or e er ure ri ions
40.6°C (105°F)
31.3°C (88.3°F)
hermal camera image of eggs chilled by faulty
humidity no les
• umidit s ra wetting eggs and or floors
• locked humidit no les
• Tem erature sensors out of calibration
• umidit sensors out of calibration
• ncorrect ventilation fan s eeds
• ater cooling or heating solenoids stuck o en
• ncorrect chiller tem eratures
• cessive cooling resulting in condensation
• alfunctioning heat source
• Too much cold air entering the incubator
• entilation dam ers not working correctl
• acks not ro erl ositioned in the machine
• ee records of results and an maintenance and or changes
• fter com leting maintenance and calibration, re check shell tem eratures to ensure that all locations are within normal range.
• outine monitoring of tem erature variation within and between incubators is a owerful tool when used as art of a hatcher maintenance rogram
Incubation
or nce of urning
• gg turning is re uired for normal embr o develo ment such as
o romoting the formation of the chorio allantoic membrane and sub embr onic fluid
o reventing embr o adhesions to the shell
o timulating heart beat
• ggs need to be turned from da to da if eggs are left unturned, or the turning angle is too shallow, embr o mortalit will be increased and thus hatchabilit reduced.
• e ending on the e ui ment, turning ma rovide a critical role to directing and redirecting airflow throughout the incubator and hel revent and or minimi e hot s ots from develo ing.
c ors or n for urning• re uenc eggs should be turned at a minimum of once an hour
• ng e egg should be turned degrees from the hori ontal at each turn. decrease in hatchabilit will occur if the turning angle is less than degrees.
• oo hness the turning rocess must be smooth as the embr o has ver delicate blood vessels that easil ru ture when the egg is arred or shaken.
• igns of urning n de u c• ncreased earl embr o mortalit if turning is
insufficient in da s of incubation
• ncreased late embr o mortalit
• ncreased fre uenc of mal ositions, articularl those that are u side down
• esidual albumen in the hatch residue breakout
• tick oults due to unabsorbed albumen
Incubation
• isuall check the turning angle in loaded machines regularl
o Turning angles tend to drift and are difficult to s ot unless regularl measured and noted.
nvestigate all racks that do not a ear to be at the ro er angle
• f in doubt, check it out
• ack ins ections can be done in the egg cooler rior to set
o Turning the eggs, regardless of storage time, is hel ful in identif ing rack issues rior to set and thus hel ful in minimi ing turning issues during incubation
• To measure e act angle or to investigate issues the following rocedure can be used
o se a lastic tem late, angle meter, or digital angle gauge
o heck the middle tra in each incubator rack.
The angle of the lastic egg tra ma differ from that of the metal rail, so make sure that the angle being measured reflects that of which the egg is e eriencing.
o sing the incubators turning mechanism, move the tra s from one e treme to the other. heck the turn angle in both directions.
o not move the tra s b hand
o ocument turning angle issues and include
ate
ncubator
osition or ack umber
ngle measured
• oth directions
n actions taken
In both pictures the turning angle is too lo at around degrees
Procedures for Checking- urning ng es
Incubation
• f se uential visual ins ections do not show an change in the osition of the egg tra s the turning mechanism should be activated immediatel to check that it is working correctl . f the eggs still do not turn it could be due to
o ack is not ro erl engaged with turning mechanism
o ack wheels worn leading to a misalignment with mechanism
o Turning sensor failure
o oftware failure or incorrect rogramming
o o air or ower to turning mechanism
o ault turning mechanism
rou e hoo ing- ncorrec urning ng e• f the turning angle is less than degrees, which is too low, ossible causes
include
o ent turning bars
o ear and or distortion of turning mechanism
o ow air ressure to com ressed air driven turning mechanism
o odifications to the machine which do not allow enough s ace to allow for the correct turning angle
rou e hoo ing- ck of urning
Procedures for Checking- urning re uenc
• lwa s watch the first full turn after a machine is started u and note whether or not the turning mechanism is o erating smoothl and covering turning full in both directions.
• ll racks trolle s must be visuall checked at least twice a da .
• The time between checks must be consistent and should be an odd number of hours to ensure that the direction of turn alternates from left to right on successive checks.
o The direction in which the tra s are tilted should be logged.
ee i ns ec ion hee in atcher aintenance
Incubation
e suring ock er i i nd r e ds
• easuring the level of fertilit of eggs is an im ortant task for several reasons.
o To determine whether hatchabilit issues are due to oor fertilit
o To monitor erformance of the artificial insemination crew on the farm and allow remedial action to take lace when fertilit declines
o f fertilit is low , removing the infertile eggs from the incubator ma reduce the cool s ots in the machine
o ertilit testing can also be used to detect earl embr onic mortalit , cracked eggs and or contaminated eggs
• lock fertilit de ends on the management of the males and females on the breeder farm
o True fertilit cannot be affected b egg handling, egg storage or incubation conditions gg handling, egg storage or incubation conditions can however affect
earl embr onic mortalit
• t should be noted that eggs identified as clear at candling ma not necessaril be infertile. The ma contain embr os that died at a ver earl stage
o The candling lam is not normall able to distinguish between infertile and embr os that have died during the first da s of incubation
o T icall in a good hatching flock, one third of clear eggs are found to contain ver earl dead embr os when o ened and e amined closer. f fertilit is a
roblem, then the ro ortion of infertile in the clear eggs will increase and the o osite is true if there is an earl dead germ roblem
• The action re uired to correct oor fertilit is not the same that is re uired to correct e cess earl deads, therefore it is im ortant to distinguish between infertilit and earl deads.
• ertilit testing is normall done at da s of incubation although sometimes it is done at transfer
o The advantage of earl fertilit testing
ertilit roblems are uickl identified and allows action to be taken on the farm sooner, thus minimi ing the overall im act
llows for time to make rofile ad ustments in the incubators to com ensate for the decreased heat roduction
o The disadvantage of earl fertilit testing
t adds an e tra handling rocedure in the hatcher
o or accurate results, of the eggs should be checked for fertilit er flock
easuring ertility
• hine a strong light candling through the egg after da s of incubation.
o n infertile egg will be seen as luminescent or clear when candled igure .
n infertile egg is one that has not been fertili ed
o fertile egg containing a viable embr o will a ear dark with noticeable blood vessels near the air cell igure .
o ith some candling s stems it is ossible to detect embr os that have died in the first few da s of incubation . arl dead germs can be identified b the lack of structured blood vessels near the air cell igures and .
n earl dead is an egg which has been fertili ed but the develo ing embr o died in the first week of incubation
fter an embr o dies it will deteriorate over time, therefore the longer eggs are incubated, the more difficult it becomes to distinguish earl deads from infertiles
o amine and record cracked, rot, or mis laced air cells.
o ince a clear egg ma be infertile or contain an embr o that has died during the first few da s of incubation, the must be broken o en and e amined to accuratel identif
• n some multi stage s stems eggs are candled at da s, rior to being moved into the ne t stage in re aration for the ne t set .
o Time and care must be taken when assessing fertilit at this earl of incubation stage as the infertile, earl dead, and viable embr os are more difficult to differentiate.
• everal manufacturers make e ui ment for candling that range from hand held lam s for testing each egg individuall to full automated machines for testing entire egg tra s at a time.
igure . nfertile igure . arl ead igure . arl ead igure . iable mbr o
Procedure for ssessing ock er i i - gg C nd ing
easuring ertility
• emove the clear eggs candled between and da s of incubation.
• t is not advisable to tr and assess fertilit on eggs candled an later than da s
o t becomes difficult to distinguish infertile eggs from those with ver earl embr onic develo ment due to the ost mortem degeneration.
Procedure for den if ing nfer i e ggs fro r e d r os
e andle three incubator tra s er flock, between and da s incubation.
e
emove and hold the clears, kee ing them se arate b flock and incubator tra
e en the eggs with force s at the air cell, taking care when removing the
membrane that no egg contents are damaged or removed.
e dentif fertilit or stage of develo ment, using the hotos on ne t age.
am les of eggs with mis laced air cells
gg C nd ing
easuring ertility
nfertile ertile
a a
a
r r onic e e o en nd or i
a a
a ead at andle a ead at andle
easuring ertility
e of gg C nd ing orkshee
Date: 10/19/2018
Egg Candling
Set Date: 10/7/2018 Hatch Date: 11/4/2018
FarmIncubator
# Rack #
# o Eggs Candled
ClearEarly Dead
CrackedMisplaced
Air CellRot
mith 44 22 2 2mith 2 44 2 4 2ind Hill 44 44 4 2ind Hill 44 2
e of gg C nd ing re kou orkshee
• nal e results and com are within the flock, machine, and what was e ected
• nvestigate outliers
o otice the results for ind ill ack
o This rack did not turn when the eggs were set
The air line was not ro erl attached when set
The issue was not discovered until the eggs were candled
• efer to the C nd e re kou rou e hoo ing uide on the ne t age
Note: It is very important that accurate records of egg candling and candling breakout data are
kept and that laying farms are quickly informed of the results.
Date: 10/19/2018 Set Date: 10/7/2018 Hatch Date: 11/4/2018
FarmIncuba
tor
#Rack #
Samp# o Eg
lged
s In ertile DIC 1-2 DIC 3-4 DIC 5-6 DIC 7-10
mith 4mith 2 4 2ind Hill 4 24 42ind Hill 2 2
Egg Candling Breakout
easuring ertility
n er re ing he esu s
Observation Potential Causes
In ertile
ales or females older in ageales or females under o er weight
Improper semen collection and handlingImproper insemination techniques
utritionrugs to ins in feedisease
DIC 1-3
oor semen qualitImproper egg handling- egg collection not frequent enough Improper cooler conditions at the farm or hatcher
ggs stored for a prolonged period of timetreme o erheating chilling prior to or at set
ack of turning at setToo long pre-warm
reeder nutrition
DIC 4-6ame as listed for I - but less se ere of an insult loor or soiled eggs
DIC 7-10re-incubation
Too high temp during week ack of turning at set
Rot
loor or soiled eggsImproper egg sanitation
ondensation on eggsault humidit no le resulting in wet eggs
Cracked
Improper egg handling at the farm - nest management egg picks toeholes egg packing
Rough truck transportationRough egg racking
ault rack rails
Misplaced Air-Cell
Candle Breakout Trouble Shooting Guide
easuring ertility
Improper egg picks- not frequent enough Rough HandlingTransporting eggs within 24hr of being laid
• hanges in egg weight during incubation are due strictl to the loss of water from the egg. Therefore egg water loss can be easil measured b weighing eggs. ue to individual egg variation, it is im ortant to weigh an aggregate of eggs. This can be achieved b weighing the entire tra before set and the same tra again at transfer rather than obtaining individual egg weights.
ncu or Hu idi oo High
ir cell too small and embr o cannot inflate lung
c ionecre se Hu idi
ncu or Hu idi oo o
ir cell too large and embr o is deh drated
c ionncre se Hu idi
ncu or Hu idi Correc
o c ion e uired
e suring gg ois ure oss
• or ma imum hatchabilit and oult ualit , one must determine the o timal humidit set oint during incubation. This can be achieved b measuring the moisture loss of the egg.
• gg moisture loss is the amount of water that is lost b diffusion through ores in the eggshell during the incubation rocess. The rate of egg moisture loss is controlled b the humidit of the incubator and the conductance orosit of the eggshell.
• oisture loss can be visuall evaluated b e amining the si e of the air cell at transfer, rior to the embr o i ing through the inner membrane, using a small flashlight.
easuring gg oisture oss
• To accuratel measure egg moisture loss
• onitor egg moisture loss from at least incubator tra s from each machine and or each breeder flock
• se a scale that can weigh a whole incubator tra of eggs to an accurac of at least grams . o
e
ill setter tra with the fresh eggs e clude an cracked or oor shell ualit eggs.
e eigh full setter tra record weight and number of
eggs on tra .
t da transfer, reweigh the tra of eggs and record weight. e ect an tra weights if there are cracked eggs on the tra .
e
eigh em t setter tra and record the weight.
he Procedure for e suring ois ure oss
abel the tra so that it can be relocated at transfer.
Note: rays should be located in the incubator so that one is positioned near the top one near the middle and one near the bottom of the incubator rack.
f eggs are fertilit tested rior to transfer, do not remove an clear or non viable eggs.
e
e
e
te
te
te
easuring gg oisture oss
Note: It is important not to include any cracked eggs in the calculation of egg moisture loss al ays check at setting and transfer removing them before eighing
and reducing the number of eggs accordingly in the calculation
gg ois ure oss Con
or e m t tra . g ull tra at set . g ull tra at transfer . g
oisture
oss m t tra weight
ull tra weight at set
ull tra weight at set
ull tra weight at transfer
oisture loss . .
.
. .
oisture loss
oisture loss .
Note: If eggs are not transferred and eighed at days the calculated moisture loss should be corrected to days to allo for accurate and appropriate quality control. his can be done by dividing by the actual number of days at transfer and then multiplying by . If eggs are transferred at
days then moisture loss corrected to days ould be: . .
.
• ggs that have been incubated correctl , lose on average . of their weight from the time in which the are laid and the time the egg is transferred at da s of incubation. The weight loss targets de end on the age of the breeder flock. ee Table below
• f too much moisture lost it will cause the embr o to desiccate and dr out too earl
• f not enough moisture lost, the air cell will be too small when it comes time to i and will revent the embr o from full inflating its lungs
• ow incubator humidit will increase egg weight moisture loss and high incubator humidit will decrease egg weight loss
C cu ing ois ure oss
This calculation also a lies to im erial measurements
Flock Age ( eeks) Egg Weight Loss Target- -
4- - 22-
Moisture Loss Targets
easuring gg oisture oss
n er re ing esu sThe gra h below de icts the moisture loss from from different incubators.
e er u er
er
oss
ncre se Hu idi
n es ig e
de
n es ig e
ecre se Hu idi
• To alter egg weight loss b , humidit should be changed b about or wet bulb.
ncu or oisture losses are within the acce table range.
o action re uired.
ncu or lightl lower moisture loss but close to the acce table range.
ction heck the moisture loss from this incubator again, make sure humidifiers are working correctl and if it is still low, decrease incubator humidit .
Note: this ater loss ould be normal for long stored eggs.
ncu or er high moisture loss.
ction ake sure there were no cracked eggs on these tra s these will lead to an artificiall high estimate of water loss , make sure humidifiers are working correctl
and increase incubator humidit .
Note: if cracked eggs are found to be resent the data for that tra should be ignored and a re eat measurement taken.
easuring gg oisture oss
am le of water loss recording sheet. This sheet also records
oult ield information as the two ualit control rocesses can be easil combined see
e suring Pou ie d
H O F Se lla bl e8 9. 1 5 %
8 8. 3 2 %
9 0. 2 8 %
8 9. 3 4 %
9 0. 2 9 %
9 4. 5 1 %
8 8. 6 8 %
8 8. 8 9 %
8 9. 6 1 %
9 3. 2 5 %
8 9. 0 3 %
8 2. 7 2 %
0 . 0 0 %
9 7. 5 3 %
9 5. 0 4 %
9 1. 6 0 %
9 2. 6 6 %89 .7 3 %
WV
86.0
0%67
.40%
02/1
9/19
89.7
3%12
.12%
03/1
6/19
1.93
%6.
41%
03/1
9/19
Mac
hine
#
Rack
Floc
k ID
/ Co
mpl
ex#
Eggs
Se
tW
OL
Egg
Age
Fert
ility
%
Egg
Wt a
t Set
(K
g)Tr
ans.
Wt.
(Kg)
Empt
y Tr
ay (
Kg)
Wt.
Loss
%
# Po
ults
W
eigh
edPo
ult W
t (K
g)Yi
eld
%38
Hr.%
HOS
Sella
ble
HOF
Sella
ble
224
AAA
-178
1160
016
.17
95.9
4%26
.40
23.9
07.
050
12.9
2 %
966.
3568
.37%
6.67
%85
.53%
89.1
5%
224
BAA
-178
1160
016
.17
94.6
9%26
.60
24.0
57.
200
13.4
1 %
976.
4067
.22%
9.00
%83
.63%
88.3
2%
225
CBB
-214
5800
7.1
1095
.62%
5.67
%86
.33%
90.2
8%
225
CBB
-214
5800
7.2
996
.88%
25.9
523
.75
7.95
012
.22%
103
6.00
64.7
2%5.
67%
86.5
5%89
.34%
225
DBB
-214
3600
7.2
995
.83%
14.0
0%86
.53%
90.2
9%
225
DBB
-214
600
7.2
994
.17%
14.0
0%89
.00%
94.5
1%
225
DBB
-214
7400
7.3
895
.00%
25.0
523
.10
6.90
010
.74
%10
36.
5069
.54%
14.0
0%84
.24%
88.6
8%
226
EBB
-214
1800
7.3
898
.75%
5.33
%87
.78%
88.8
9%
226
EBB
-214
9800
7.4
796
.50%
25.0
523
.20
7.05
010
.28%
986.
1069
.16%
5.33
%86
.47%
89.6
1%
226
FBB
-214
400
7.4
796
.25%
1.67
%89
.75%
93.2
5%
226
FBB
-214
5600
7.5
696
.00%
1.67
%85
.46%
89.0
3%
226
FCC
-388
256
0010
.58
94.7
9%25
.90
23.6
07.
050
12.2
0%10
06.
4568
.44%
1.67
%78
.41%
82.7
2%
227
GCC
-388
211
000
10.5
895
.48%
3.33
%0.
00%
0.00
%
227
GDD
-014
457
07.
17
97.5
0%25
.15
22.9
07.
200
12.5
3 %
975.
8567
.20%
3.33
%95
.09%
97.5
3%
227
HDD
-014
411
600
7.1
794
.79%
25.6
523
.45
7.55
512
.16
%92
5.60
67.2
8%7.
33%
90.0
9%95
.04%
228
IDD
-014
411
600
7.1
795
.83%
25.3
023
.00
7.05
012
.60
%10
26.
2066
.61%
5.67
%87
.78%
91.6
0%
228
JDD
-014
411
600
7.1
795
.42%
25.0
522
.85
7.05
012
.22
%10
06.
2068
.89%
4.67
%88
.41%
92.6
6%
Avg/
Tota
l11
5970
8.66
895
.85%
25.6
123
.38
7.20
66.
1767
.40%
6.41
%86
.00%
89.7
3%
HOS
Sella
ble
HOF
Sella
ble
% C
ulls
Avg
Yiel
d
Avg.
Wei
ght L
oss
Avg.
Out
. 38
Hrs.
HATC
HERY
: SET
DATE
:
TRAN
SFER
DAT
E:
HATC
H DA
TE:
HAT
CH IN
FORM
ATIO
N
12.1
2 %
easuring gg oisture oss
r nsfer• Transfer is the rocess b which eggs are moved from the incubator flats racks into
s eciall designed hatcher in baskets.
• ggs need to be transferred into a hatcher the last da s of incubation. The hatching hase is normall se arated from the incubation hase for these reasons
o The eggs need to be moved into baskets that can contain the oults once the hatch.
o The high uantit of oult down and meconium roduced during the hatching rocess is associated with higher levels of bacteria. atchers should be located
awa from clean areas of the hatcher such as the egg cooler and incubators to revent the cross contamination of these sensitive areas.
o The hatcher can rovide the s ecific environment re uired for successfull hatching and re aring of the oults for the brooding farm.
• ggs are normall transferred into the hatcher at da s of incubation
• Turke eggs no longer re uire turning after the st da of incubation and therefore in theor could be transferred after this date.
o owever, it is not advisable to transfer eggs earlier than the normal da eriod without thoroughl testing whether the hatcher can maintain the correct
incubation environment.
• hile it is advisable to minimi e the time the eggs are out of the machines during transfer, the task should not be rushed as to risk damaging the eggs.
o Transfer in a re warmed area to minimi e shock to the embr os
o ggs can be ke t at room tem erature on da s of incubation for a few hours without an adverse effect on hatch, although there ma be a slight hatch dela if the time out of the machine is longer than hours.
• The hatcher baskets are designed to kee the oults together with the eggshells once the have hatched. f the floor of the hatcher basket is too smooth, it can result in an increase in leg issues. The use of a hatcher ad tra liner can alleviate this issue.
H CH
atcher anagment
r nsfer Con inued
• wide range of e ui ment is available to assist with the transfer rocess including o anual transfer with a metal addle see images below
o im le hand o erated vacuum lifters
o om le automated s stems.
here vacuum egg lifters are used, articular care needs to be taken to ensure that eggs are icked u and released correctl to avoid the dro ing and cracking of eggs.
ll e ui ment used to transfer eggs should be ro erl maintained following the manufacturers recommendations.
• hatever s stem of egg transfer is chosen, it must be done with care to revent damage to the eggs. high incidence of cracked eggs and or hemorrhaging of the chorioallantoic membrane in unhatched eggs can indicate rough handling during the transfer
rocess.• The oults are normall removed from the hatcher hatch ull between da s .
o oults should not be held in the hatcher for long eriods after the hatch has com leted, as this will ra idl deh drate the oults.
o imilarl , the hatch ull should not be so earl that oults are still hatching.
atcher anagment
H cher n iron en
• The environment within the hatcher will go through three different hases ncubation, atching and r ing
o ncubation
uring the incubation hase, the eggs have not started to hatch and the hatcher environment needs to be managed as if it is the continuation of the incubator environment.
The hatcher is effectivel a single stage machine thus the rinci les of single stage incubation can a l .
f the eggs were incubated in single stage incubators then it is likel that the tem erature, humidit , and ventilation settings will be similar in the hatcher. This does assume that the hatcher and incubator are of similar design.
f the eggs were incubated in a multi stage incubator then it is likel that the o erating tem erature of the hatcher will be lower than the o erating tem erature of the incubator.
o atching
The hatching hase is when the oults start to i and make it s wa around the eggshell and hatch from the egg. n a hatcher that contains eggs that are from one breeder flock and have not been stored for a long eriod, this hase will t icall take less than hours between the first and last oult hatching.
hen oults begin to hatch, the are wet and release a lot of water va or into the hatcher, and result in a natural rise in humidit . nce the rise in humidit starts, man hatcheries increase the hatcher humidit setting for the rest of the hatching hase to match the natural rise in humidit . There is little scientific evidence that su orts this is necessar and it is likel to onl
revent high humidit alarms.
atcher anagment
t has been suggested that reducing the hatcher ventilation for a eriod of u to hours to allow the levels to rise u to a ma imum of , stimulates
oults to hatch together and ma im rove oult ualit . t should also be noted that good results can also be obtained without restricting ventilation.
entilation should never be restricted in hatchers where the rinci le method of cooling the machine is air.
• r ing
o nce the last oult has hatched, the humidit in the hatcher is decreased and the ventilation increased so that the oults dr read for hatch ull.
o T icall hours is sufficient for the dr ing of the oults
o not over e tend the dr ing eriod as it will result in deh drated oults.
o nce the hatch has finished and the oults are dr , it is best to remove them from the hatcher and hold them in oult bo es.
o oult ield is a strong indicator of oult h dration
t is recommended that oult ields are routinel measured as a wa to assess oult ualit h dration
• ee e suring Pou ie d
H cher n iron en Con inued
atcher anagment
• t is im ortant to monitor the rogress of the hatch to determine when it is the best time to ull the hatch, e amine the broadness of the hatch window, and when it is necessar to alter set times. atch rogress monitoring can be done multi le wa s
o visual ins ection of the oults hatching inside the hatcher can give an indication of the timing of the hatch. This is a uick and sim le check that can be easil undertaken. ening the hatcher for a short eriod of time should not adversel affect the hatch.
o easurement of the hatch window. ount the number of oults hatched on identified hatcher baskets and checked those in hour intervals starting
hrs rior to hatch ull . This method is more time consuming than a sim le ins ection but rovides more accurate information.
act counts are recommended at both and hrs rior to hatch. sim le visual check is recommended at the hour count.
o igital logging of the hatcher humidit levels throughout the hatch. This feature is available on man modern hatchers. The timing of the hatch can be monitored b looking at the natural increase in humidit , which occurs when oults begin to i , and the decline in humidit levels which coincides with the com letion of hatch.
ra hs should have a nice narrow and stee eak
• broad eak is indicative of a wide hatch window
The gra h below illustrates an e am le of the relative humidit trend in a hatcher
oni oring H ch Progress
atcher anagment
e suring Pou ie d
• oult ield the weight of the oult at hatch as a ercentage of the eggsetting weight is a sim le method to check whether hatch timing andincubation arameters are correct.
• oults with a low ield have either been
. atched for a long time before the were removed from the hatcher
. ncubated at a high tem erature and or a low humidit
o These oults are at risk of being deh drated and erforming oorl on the farm
• oults with a high ield have either
. ust finished hatching when the were removed from the hatcher
. ncubated at a low tem erature and or a high humidit
. f laced on the farm too uickl , these oults will tend to be lethargic and not read to eat and or drink
>High
This oult will be lethargic weak and
not read to feed and drink when laced.
- de
This oult will be active and read to feed and
drink when laced on farm.
o
This oult will bedeh drated and have little
olk reserve. ften ver active and nois .
Note: If poults are to be placed onto the farm the day after hatch should be added to the above ranges i.e. optimum poult yield ould be .
If eggs are stored . should be added for each eek of storage i.e. for eggs stored for eeks optimum poult yield ould be
P P
easuring oult ield
Procedure for e suring Pou ie d
• To accuratel measure oult ield and hatch timing of a s ecific flock monitor the oult ield from at least incubator tra s er machine er flock
• se a scale that is able to weigh a whole incubator tra of eggs or a bo of
oults to an accurac of at least grams . o
Note: his procedure can be easily combined ith the monitoring of egg ater loss.
ill incubator tra with eggs. clude an cracked or oor shell ualit eggs.
e
eigh the full incubator tra and record the weight and number of eggs on tra .
abel the tra so that it can be relocated at transfer.
Note: rays should be located in the incubator so that one is positioned near the top one near the middle and one near the bottom of the incubator rack.
t transfer ensure the hatcher tra is labelled so that it can be associated with the correct egg tra .
e
t hatch ull, ero the balance with the em t oult bo .Note: eigh poults prior to se ing
ount all the good oults from the hatcher basket into the bo and record the number.
e
eigh the full oult bo and record the weight.
e
e
e
e eigh em t incubator tra and record the
weight.
Note: his can be done at setting or transfer.
e
te
te
te
te
easuring oult ield
Pou ie d C cu ion
am le of oult ield recording sheet. This com rehensive sheet also records other ertinent hatch information such as fertilit , egg age, and egg moisture loss.
verage oult eight
verage resh gg eight
oult ield
oult ield
oult ield
oult ield
.
.
.
m t tra . g ull tra set . g umber of eggs ull oult bo hatch . g umber of oults
This calculation also a lies to
im erial measurements
. .
.
WV 86.00% 67.40%
02/19/19 89.73% 12.12%
03/16/19 1.93% 6.41%
03/19/19
Machine # Rack
Flock ID/ Complex # Eggs Set WOL Egg Age
Fertility %
Egg Wt at Set (Kg)
Trans. Wt. (Kg)
Empty Tray (Kg)
Wt. Loss %
# Poults Weighed
Poult Wt (Kg) Yield %
224 A AA-178 11600 16.1 7 95.94% 26.40 23.90 7.050 12.92% 96 6.35 68.37%
224 B AA-178 11600 16.1 7 94.69% 26.60 24.05 7.200 13.14% 97 6.40 67.22%
225 C BB-214 5800 7.1 10 95.62%
225 C BB-214 5800 7.2 9 96.88% 25.95 23.75 7.950 12.22% 103 6.00 64.72%
225 D BB-214 3600 7.2 9 95.83%
225 D BB-214 600 7.2 9 94.17%
225 D BB-214 7400 7.3 8 95.00% 25.05 23.10 6.900 10.74% 103 6.50 69.54%
226 E BB-214 1800 7.3 8 98.75%
226 E BB-214 9800 7.4 7 96.50% 25.05 23.20 7.050 10.28% 98 6.10 69.16%
226 F BB-214 400 7.4 7 96.25%
226 F BB-214 5600 7.5 6 96.00%
226 F CC-3882 5600 10.5 8 94.79% 25.90 23.60 7.050 12.20% 100 6.45 68.44%
227 G CC-3882 11000 10.5 8 95.48%
227 G DD-0144 570 7.1 7 97.50% 25.15 22.90 7.200 12.53% 97 5.85 67.20%
227 H DD-0144 11600 7.1 7 94.79% 25.65 23.45 7.555 12.16% 92 5.60 67.28%
228 I DD-0144 11600 7.1 7 95.83% 25.30 23.00 7.050 12.60% 102 6.20 66.61%
228 J DD-0144 11600 7.1 7 95.42% 25.05 22.85 7.050 12.22% 100 6.20 68.89%
Avg/Total 115970 8.66 8 95.85% 25.61 23.38 7.206 12.12% 6.17 67.40%
HOS Sellable
HOF Sellable
% Culls
Avg Yield
Avg. Weight Loss
Avg. Out. 38 Hrs.
HATCHERY:
SET DATE:
TRANSFER DATE:
HATCH DATE:
HATCH INFORMATION
easuring oult ield
n er re ing esu sThe gra h below shows the oult ield results from
different flocks
ock
n es ig e C use
e e
de
e e
n es ig e C use
ock oult ields are within the acce table range.
o action re uired.
ock lightl higher oult ield but close to the acce table range.
ction heck the oult ield from this flock again and if it is still high, use the table below to investigate the cause of the higher oult ield
Note: his slightly higher yield ould be acceptable if the poults are hauled long distances and or do not arrive on the farm on the same day as hatch.
ock ow oult ield. These oults will be at risk of deh dration.
ction se the table below to determine the cause of the low oult ield.
c ors ffec ing Pou ie do Pou ie d High Pou ie d
. ncubating the eggs too long.
. igh incubation tem erature.
. ow incubator humidit .
. ub o timal egg handling rior to set
. ncubation time too short. This ma be as aconse uence of long egg storage, or eggsfrom ver oung or old breeders.
. ow incubation tem erature.
. igh incubator humidit .
. ub o timal egg handling rior to set
easuring oult ield
n ing H ch e ris
• hatch breakout anal sis involves o ening unhatched eggs to determine at what stage of incubation the embr onic mortalit has occurred. hatch breakout is a useful tool for solving hatch roblems and investigating areas to im rove hatch erformance.
• uantif the number of embr os d ing at the various stages of develo ment and look for an indications of abnormal develo ment and or other otential causes of hatch loss e.g. cracks and microbiological contamination .
• t is normal for there to be some embr onic mortalit during incubation.
o mbr o losses tend to follow a consistent attern although it will var slightl with strain, flock age, and egg age .
• ome embr onic abnormalities have have been shown to be the result of s ecific roblems.
o nal ing embr onic mortalit atterns and abnormalities can hel to identif which as ects of the incubation rocess or breeder farms need to be investigated to im rove hatchabilit and or oult ualit .
or ern of e r o oss during incu ion sho ing e ks in or i during e r nd e incu ion
of ncu ion
Pro
ii o
f r
o e
h
naly ing atch ebris
• dentif sam le setter hatcher tra s er breeder flock and hatch.
o hoose the tra s from different ositions within the incubator.
o The eggs used for the sam le tra s should be clean nest eggs of known flocksource, flock age and egg age.
• t hatch ull obtain the following from each tra
o The number of viable good ualit oults
o The number of dead or oor ualit oults
o The number of unhatched eggs
o e he the sum of the aforementioned categories should equal the number of eggs set less any eggs removed at candling.
• t is advised that clear and or non viable eggs are not removed from these tra s atcandling.
o f eggs are removed, it is im ortant that the amount of infertile and earl deadsare recorded and the tra s are not backfilled with eggs, as this will im act thetrue hatch of set and hatch of fertilit information.
• t ma be difficult to distinguish between infertile and ver earl dead germs atbreakout, therefore a se arate sam le of eggs should be broken out at candling.
o efer to er i i es ing- den if ing nfer i e nd r e ds
• ecord whether the hatch debris was clean or dirt , the oults were still hatching wetoults on tra or if oults were ver thin as this rovides clues as to advanced or late
hatch.
• ll unhatched eggs from all of the sam le tra s should be carefull o ened and itscontents recorded on a standardi ed form.
o ee the H ch esidue re kou n sis sheet for an e am le of a breakoutform.
o esults should then be e ressed as ercent of eggs incubated.
• The stage at which the embr o died and an accom an ing lesions should berecorded
o taging and lesions are described on the following ages.
o efer to r onic e e o en Pos er and the re kou rou eshoo inguide
Procedure for n ing H ch e ris
naly ing atch ebris
a in cle
• nfertile clear albumen and ellow olk with white dot. o sign of embr odevelo ment lacks the resence of clear fluid accumulated behind the blastodiscand or blood vessels.
• resence of larger white disc olk, albumen ma be cloud , no evidence ofblood vessels
• first sign of blood vessels, heart, e e, and embr onic tissue on the olk
• limbs and i ing tooth start to develo and become visible
• feather ores and follicles can be seen. nood, scales and, claws begin toform.
• down begins to cover the bod and full covers the bod
• develo ment is com lete and embr o sim l grows in si e
• da s the embr o turns into the hatching osition head under rightwing , the olk sac is retracted, and i ing begins.
• nternall i ed ead i ed through the inner membrane but embr o died.
• ternall i ed ead i ed through the shell but embr o has died
• i ed live ate shell i ed and embr o still alive.
o embranes and feathers are wet and the inside of the shell has a reddishtinge.
This indicates that the embr o is late hatching
• i ed live hausted shell i ed and embr o still alive.
o embranes and feathers are dr . The birds will also smell of ketones.
This indicates the embr o has been i ed for a long time but hasbeen unable to emerge from the shell
• ecord all cracked, contaminated eggs bacteria or mold as such rather than bstage of embr onic death
o The resence of black li uid around the embr o is not a sign of microbialcontamination this is caused b the normal breakdown of tissues followingdeath.
o ifferentiate between farm egg handling cracks and transfer cracks
r onic ging- C of or i
naly ing atch ebris
• ecording and e amining the accom an ing embr onic lesions can hel with the finetuning of rofiles as well as assist with trouble shooting of ualit and hatch relatedissues. The occurrence of this mal osition should not e ceed . of eggs set.
o ecord all mal ositioned embr os.
ead between legs normal osition before da .
ead in small end of egg.
ead under left wing.
eg over head.
ead on to of right wing.
• ecord all embr onic abnormalities such as ee H ch esidue gg re koun sis and the re kou rou eshoo ing uide for more details
o od abnormalities multi le limbs, deformed head, short legs, o en bod orcranial cavit .
o esidual albumen.
o eformed legs
o warfed small embr o for stage of develo ment.
o e abnormalities missing e e s , e e cataracts.
o eg or head tra ed b olk sac.
o wollen head or bod odema.
o eak deformities short u er or lower, arrot beak, crossed beak or notch inu er beak.
r onic ging- esions
posed brain ye abnormality ctopic visera
Note: ccasional abnormalities are not a cause for concern. urther investigation Is appropriate only if a single malformation occurs at levels over . of the eggs set.
C
naly ing atch ebris
Aviagen Turkeys Limited, Chowley Five, Chowley Oak Business Park, Tattenhall, Cheshire CH3 9GA Tel: +44 (0)1829 772020 Fax: +44 (0)1829 772059 Email: [email protected] Web: www.aviagenturkeys.com
Embryonic DevelopmentDay1Embryonicdisc measures6 -10.5mm
Day5Eyes canbe seen
Day9Limbs continueto grow
Day13Feather folliclescan be seen onthe head
Day17Down firstappears
Day21Growth phase
Day25Yolk sac partiallydrawn into body
Day2Embryomeasures10-26mmdependingon age ofhen and ageof eggs
Day6Headcontinuesto grow
Day10Piping toothappears
Day14Feather folliclesover entire head
Day18Brown coloureddown appears onhead (white turkeys)
Day22Growth phase
Day26Yolk sac almostcompletely intobody
Day3Blood vesselsfirst evident
Day7Head is more thanthe half the size ofthe embryo
Day11Legs and wingsdiscernable
Day15Embryogrowing
Day19Down covers overhalf of body
Day23Growth phase
Day27Yolk saccompletelyinto body
Day4Heartbeatis visible
Day8Limbsgrowing
Day12Limbs becomemore distinctive
Day16Toenailsdistinct
Day20Embryo coveredwith down
Day24Growth phase
Day28Hatched poult
28mm
47mm38mm36mm33mm
64mm56mm53mm48mm
98mm95mm85mm73mm
105mm105mm105mm105mm
120mm 120mm105-110mm
22mm
Poult lengths shown are a guide and will vary depending on age of flock and strain type. Poult images are not to scale. HA24 Version 1
Date: Hatch Residue Egg Breakout Analysis
FlockWOLSample Si eBreakout HOSBreakout HOFBreakout FertilityDay in CycleInfertile
to4to
tototo2
2 to242 da deadInternal ip ead
T ip eadI haustedI ateHatchha t To hellh ate
rackedalformations
ull ggRotsTransfer rackLesions
sperig elllue egseformed egs
Infected olkalpositionsottled olk
ipping uscleResidual lbumenRuptured olk
hort egskin ecrosis
Thin hellrates
Thick embrane
Tray Cullseadhausted
ateull egs
eek of
nfer C -
C -
C -
C -
C -
C -
C
C H
- -
----
ge of r onic e h C in C c e of ncu ion
Interpreting and Analy ing Results
• om are and lot the results obtained against the targeted arameters shown b eek of a in the table belowo nvestigate an results above the targeted acce table arameters
Note : ny assessment of infertility made at the end of incubation during a breakout is likely to be inaccurate as it is very difficult to distinguish true infertiles from early deads. If the early dead plus infertility numbers e ceeds the target then follo the procedures in the e e t t section of this manual before taking further action.
• hile hatch residue breakouts are a owerful tool, one should not rel on them alone
• esults should be combined with other ertinent hatch information such as fertilit readings and or candling breakout results, hatchabilit records, breeder erformance records, incubation records and hatch timing information.
o ots of live i s, clean hatch debris, and wet, fat oults indicates a dela ed hatch
o o s at transfer and rots in the breakouts indicate a contamination issue
o cessive amounts of cracks ma indicate an egg handling roblem
o ong egg storage da s normall increases the incidence of earl dead germs and i ed eggs
t will also dela the hatch
naly ing atch ebris
• n a good hatching flock there are two main eriods of normal embr onic mortalit between da s of incubation and between da s i s as these are the most stressful times in embr onic develo ment.
o igh mortalit at other develo ment stages is abnormal.
o high incidence of mortalit at a articular stage of develo ment can indicate an acute roblem during incubation caused b a machine failure or subo timal incubation and or hatching rofiles
o chronic roblem, such as slight overheating, ma result in mortalit later in incubation
o ecific embr o abnormalities can be associated with s ecific roblemsnutritional, incubation, to ins and disease but it is im ortant to note that the
same abnormalit can be the result of more than one roblem. efer to the H ch esidue rou eshoo ing uide
or e am le e e cataracts have been associated with high incubation tem erature, m coto ins and vitamin deficienc
• erience of hatch breakouts with good hatching flocks is im ortant for differentiating between what is normal and abnormal.
o Therefore it is ver im ortant to routinel conduct egg breakouts regardless of hatch
ne ma or itfall is onl breaking out the oor hatching flocks
Interpreting and Analy ing Results
naly ing atch ebris
Observation Potential Causes
In ertilearm problem treme o erheating chilling prior to or at set earl dead- not a true
infertile
DIC 1-3arm problem with egg handling cooler conditions semen qualit Too long pre-warm ggs
stored for a prolonged period of time DIC 4-6 ame as listed for I - but the insult was less se ere DIC 7-10 re-incubation Too high temp during week ack of turning at setDIC 11-15 ot er common ll pre ious mentioned hatcher issues but to a lesser degree
DIC 16-20 ommon if eggs are o erheated during the 2nd week of incubation ore common in multi-stage s stems
DIC 21-24 Inadequate moisture loss ack of o gen epends on accompan ing lesions DIC 25 ommon e is in accompan ing lesions Externally Pipped Dead
Inadequate moisture loss Hatcher temperature too high eak embr o
Pipped Alive Exhausted
an be similar to t pip dead but to a lesser degree arger hatch window- later hatching poults are not in s nc with the hatcher profile
Pipped Alive Late
Inadequate start time Too long pre-warm Too low of a temperature in incubator or hatcher Humidit spra no le issues
Exhausted Stuck to Shell
oisture loss issues in incubation ost common for o erheating in hatchers ow RH in hatchers
Exhausted Lateower than optimal temps in hatchers mbr o out of s nc with hatcher profile ne en
hatch timing Short Shanks erheating in the second and beginning of third week Inadequate moisture lossDe ormed Legs light o erheating o er a long period of time
Malpositione ere o erheating at an stage of incubation ack of turning ggs stored for prolonged
periods of time
Residual Albumen
Inadequate moisture loss erheating in the second and third week ack of turning at set and during the second and third weeks gg handling ggs did not ha e enough time to breathe prior to set ggs packed in paper
No Visible Lesions
epends on the le el of mortalit T picall indicates a sudden se ere problem
Skin Necrosis erheating in hatchers with or without high humidit rates ooling or o erheating during the second half of incubation
Ruptured Yolk erheating during the third and beginning of fourth week or too rough at transferMal ormations epends on the t pe of malformation
e abnormalities ectopic iscera- High temps I - rain abnormalities- High temp I - arrot beak icromelia- utritional tra limbs - rough handling or arring of the eggs during collection transport
Hatch Residue Troubleshooting Guide
n ging Pou Co for
• oults are not able to control their own bod tem eratures when hatched so it is critical to manage oult comfort and monitor bod tem erature and oult behavior.
• The correct holding tem erature for oults will de end on air s eed and humidit
• oult vent tem eratures highl correlate with core bod tem eratures
o The o timum oult vent tem erature is . . .
• oult comfort can be easil determined b measuring vent tem eratures using a rectal thermometer or an ear tem erature thermometer.
o f an ear thermometer is used it is ver im ortant that the vent is dr
f not entirel dr , eva orative cooling will occur at the ti and result in false lower vent tem erature readings
o ince it is measuring surface tem erature rather than internal tem erature, all readings will be slightl cooler when com ared to a rectal thermometer
• oults ma become stressed and utili e more energ if their core bod tem erature becomes too hot or cold.
• oults will change their behavior in an attem t to tr to control their bod tem erature.
o f oults are too hot, the will start to ant and tr to move awa from the heat source
hen oults ant, the lose moisture at a faster rate.
o f oults are too cold, the tend to bunch together and otentiall ile on to of each other
f oults ile, it can result in congested lungs and com romised hearts.
• oults that are not at the correct tem erature are known to have oorer erformance in the field.
• oult vent tem erature should be routinel monitored in the hatchers, holding rooms, and oult trucks.
• oults should be sam led throughout the area where the are being held and from near the to , middle and bottom of oult bo stacks.
• a e tra attention not to stacks ne t to doors or areas of higher air s eeds
o oults ma ile due to drafts even when at the correct air tem erature
anaging oult omfort
Pou eh ior
oults that are too cold, vent tem eratures below .
. , start to huddle and tend to have cold legs and feet.
oults will often times get louder and have a higher itch chir . These birds tend to sit at
the farm u on deliver .
oults that are too hot, vent tem eratures above . , start
anting. oults will often times get louder and have a higher itch chir . f
birds are too warm for an e tended eriod of time, the become acclimated, will sto anting, and begin to refer
warmer tem eratures after that whether it be in trucks or brooding house. These
oults will tend not to settle at the farm real well.
oults that are comfortable and at the correct bod tem erature
generall will be uiet and evenl s read throughout the bo . n
noise will be low in volume and tone and sound like chatter.
anaging oult omfort
e suring Pou e er ures
• ui ment re uiredo edical grade small ti ed uick ra id result rectal
thermometer• lternativel a medical infrared ear thermometer such as the
raun Thermo can acTem ear thermometer odel T, t e can be used.
Note: If this type of thermometer is used the vent must becompletely clean dry and entire tip must come into contact ithbare skin. ecause this measures skin surface temperature thereading ill naturally read . cooler than the rectalthermometer.
e ake sure that the ti of the thermometer is clean and dr . r a new ti is used in
the case of the infrared thermometer.
e
e
easure a minimum of oults er location. f oults are huddling, do not select oults from the center of the huddle as the are not a true re resentation of the environment.
e ect an oults with wet or dirt vents.
e ick u one oult gentl , and hold it so that ou can see
the vent. ith our thumb, gentl ush the rumtail of the oult u wards, so that the vent is e osed.
e
entl insert the thermometer into the vent, making sure the thermometer is onl inserted enough to cover the metal ti . f using the infrared thermometer, ress the ti of the infrared thermometer against the vent and make sure that ou are making full contact with dr bare skin, no feathers. ress the button. ait for the thermometer to sto changing or the light to flash. ecord the tem erature and location on a recording sheet.
ent tem eratures should be taken within minutes, if removing oults from the environment that ou are checking such as the hatchers or oult truck.
Procedure for e suring en e er ures
te
te
anaging oult omfort
ecording hee nd n er re ion of esu s
Target oult ent Tem erature . .
rontight
To ..
..
. .
. .
. .
. .
kaiddle .
.. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
ottom . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
ronteft
To . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
kaiddle .
.. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
ottom . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
ackight
To . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. . oults
huddling old draft
from door
iddle . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
ottom . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
ackeft
To . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
oultsanting
not enough s ace
between stacks
iddle . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
ottom . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
en e er ure ess h n C
en e er ure ore h n C
ll oults • ncrease holdingtem erature
• ecrease holdingtem erature
ome oults
• old air drafts• et floors• et oults e.g. after
vaccination• neven air circulation
around bo es• oults held too long on
carousels
• oor air circulation aroundchick bo es
• oult bo es- too close together- too close to a wall- too near heater units
anaging oult omfort
ck
oc ion
o in
ck
Pou u er
e n Co en
Pou er icing
• a old oults must be se arated b se at the hatcher for im ortant reasons thetoms and hens have ver different re uirements from each other and need to bemanaged accordingl .
• ifferences include
o utritional
o arn set u ui ment
o loor s ace
o arkets and marketing age
o rowth rates
o eed conversion ratios
• nlike in the chicken, the feather se ing gene has not been successfullincor orated into the turke breeding scheme without significantl im actingoverall feather growth or bod weights. Therefore, turke s cannot be feather se ed,the must be vent se ed.
o ent se ing involves the vent of the bird being inverted b a highl trainedgender technician to determine the se
• eak and or toe nail conditioning, de ending on local regulations, ma be done torevent and or minimi e in uries later in life that ma lead to subse uent infections and
condemnation in the rocessing lant.
• oults ma receive a vaccination and or robiotic
• ll oult services rocesses should onl carried out b full trained ersonnel
en e ing• ent se ing is considered to be an art and must be done b ver s eciali ed and highl
trained individuals in order to revent in ur to the oult and obtain se ing accurac .
• e ing must be done under a good, bright light source if it is to be accurate.
o The set u ma be ver sim le or full automated. ee images on the ne t age .
• ender technicians must gentl handle, se and lace the se ed oult carefull into the correct bo es location without additional stress or harm to the oult.
o are must be taken as to not throw the oults into the bo as this ma result in olk in uries
oult ervicing
u o ed e
i e e
• e or should be routinel checked for accurac and oult in uries damage.o The ratio of toms to hens will normall be around females,
males but will var slightl b week of la of the breeder hen. f the ratio deviates from this, then action needs to be taken.
en e ing
e ing directl out of the oult bo es themselves after hatch ull is a ver sim le setu . The toms are laced directl into the gra bo es and the hens into the white bo es.
more automated setu includes the use of carousels and conve or s stems. The toms hen are laced into their a ro riate chute and conve ored to the ne t rocess or
the se ed oult is given the ne t rocess before moving on.
oult ervicing
er icing- e k nd i Condi ioning ccin ion Pro io ics
• urther servicing of the oults is done with the welfare of that bird in mindo oults ma receive beak conditioning to blunt the ti of the beak as to revent
minimi e in ur later in life t is recommended that the use of infrared technolog be used for this
rocess rather than hot bladeo e ending on the markets, and or local rules and regulations, birds ma or ma not
receive nail conditioning to blunt or revent the regrowth of the nail claw The use of microwave or dielectric technolog to condition the nail is
recommended.o accinations ma be given via in ection and or inhalation
n ection can be highl automated and done in combination with the beakconditioning, semi automated where the bird is held against an automatedin ector, or the bird can be vaccinated manuall .
accines that re uire to be inhaled are given via s ra as a ver fine mist.o accines and robiotics that re uire ingestion are given via gel ucks or gel dro let.
fter administration the oults are laced under bright lights to romote thereening and ingestion of the roduct.
ull automated in ection with beak conditioning
emi automated in ection
ra and gel bar a lication with lights to
romote reening ost a lication.
oult ervicing
Pou er icing-Con
• The ualit of the services that the oults receive can directl im act the birdserformance in the field. Therefore it is of utmost im ortance that rigorous ualit
control rograms are in lace to ensure servicing arameters are alwa s met and if aarameter is to go out of range, it is im ortant that it be uickl recogni ed and rom tl
corrected.o The following areas should be routinel checked
ender Technicians• ender accurac• nternal in ur damage
Toe onditioning• nsure that treatment levels are ade uate er customer re uest and not
over under treated as this will result in otential welfare issues in the fieldo nder treated toes will result in shar or regrown nails that could
result in an increase in scratches and infectionso ver treated toes will result in e cessive tissue treatment and leave
the toes sensitive and shorter oults will be reluctant to walk during the first week in the
field and ma lead to an increase in starting mortalit f toes are too short, this ma affect the gait of the bird as it
grows and lead to subse uent leg issues• nsure that treatment is uniform across all toes
o f not monitored this ma result in toes under and over treated onthe same foot
eak onditioning• nsure that treatment is sufficient
o f treatment is too light, it will result in the regrowth of the sharoint of the beak otentiall resulting in ecking and bird in uries
later in lifeo f too harsh, it ma make the beak sensitive and make them
reluctant to start on feed water otentiall resulting in an increasein starting mortalit
n ection ite• nsure that the entire in ectable is delivered
o artial doses ma result in inade uate vaccine coverageo lood in ection sites indicate that a needle has a burr, and or
misaligned• t is im erative that all in ectables are mi ed in a designated room awa
from the roduction area and mi ed ase ticall .o o not mi robiotics in the same area as the in ectableo e cogni ant of shelf life of in ectables once mi ed
ngested roducts• heck the tongues for residual roduct d e to access u take
o oor or low u takes can im act the indigestible s results ealth lan and elfare uidelines
• nsure com liance
oult ervicing
H cher in en nce
• atcher maintenance is the rocess of checking that all e ui ment is working correctlto minimi e the risk that a machine failure could adversel affect hatch erformance andor oult ualit .
o atcher maintenance also includes the u kee of the hatcher structure andfacilities to ensure that the can be cleaned and ro erl disinfected.
• good maintenance rogram is an essential art of hatcher management and is oftenwhat distinguishes good hatcheries from oor ones.
• good rogram consists of one that has
o outine maintenance schedules that ensures all e ui ment is checked at thecorrect time interval as to minimi e the risk of e ui ment failure . good
reventative maintenance rogram consists of the following information for eachiece of e ui ment
The identit of the e ui ment
The reventative maintenance checks re uired
The e ui ment log of all and an re airs changes made
ate of ne t maintenance
The e ected fre uenc of reventative maintenance dail , weekl ,annuall etc.
• The recommendations of the e ui ment manufacturer should beused to set the minimum fre uenc of reventative maintenancechecks. owever, it ma be necessar to increase the fre uenc ofchecks due to
o ocal regulations
o The im ortance of the e ui ment to the functioning of thehatcher
o re uenc of use.
o ast e erience of the e ui ment, e.g. a histor of fre uentfailure
ee an am le of a T ical atcher aintanencerogram on the following age
o erformance monitoring of all e ui ment in the hatcher so issues can be uicklidentified and rectified. The degree of monitoring re uired will de end on theim ortance to the incubation rocess.
• here critical rocesses are controlled b environmental sensors e.g. thermometers,humidit and sensors , the should be regularl calibrated.
o ee H cher C i r ion
atchery aintenance
ic H cher Pre en i e in en nce Progr
ui en chiner eco ended re uenc eco ended c ions o kencubators atchers ail heck tem erature, humidit , ventilation
setting, and turner o eration. To off wet bulb thermometers if necessar .
gg torage Twice ail heck tem erature and humidit ncubator atcher ooms ail heck tem erature and humidit and static
ressures where re uiredater hillers ail ater tem erature
tandb enerators eekl Test automatic changeover and run under load for hour
atcher larms eekl Test all alarms and alerting s stemsatchers fter efore ver atch . ro erl clean and disinfect.
. ns ect for visual damage or faults.
. ns ect fan belts for wear, s lits and correct tension.
. ll fans and heater bars are working.
. umidit s ra s are working correctl , i.e. no dro lets forming or leaks. ra no les should be removed and cleaned to revent build u of de osits.
. heck for water leaks from cooling and humidification s stem.
. overs to rotect sensors during washing are removed after cleaning.
. e lace wet bulb wicks
e ing carousels tablesconve ors
fter ver atch . ro erl cleaned and disinfected, including undersides of conve or belts.
. isual ins ection for damage or faults.
ncubators fter efore ver et or Transfer
. ro erl cleaned and disinfected.
. isual ins ection for damage or faults.
. ns ect fan belts for wear, s lits and correct tension.
. ll fans and heater bars are working correctl .
. umidit s ra s are working correctl , i.e. no dro lets forming or leaks. ra no les should be removed and cleaned to revent build u of de osits.
. heck for water leaks from cooling and humidification s stem and leaking solenoids.
. e lace wet bulb wicks.
. rease fan bearings and turning mechanism cogs.
. heck turner mechanism for correct angle and smooth o eration.
. ns ect ventilation dam ers and lubricate linkages.
atcher entilation ver months lean and or re lace air filters clean inside all air ducts
ater chillers ir com ressors ver months ns ect and testoom umidifiers ver months ns ect and clean s ra no lesater u l stems ver months heck water treatment and arameters
ncubators atchers aried ased on anufacturer s
ecommendations
alibration
ooner if in higher contamination areas such as the service or holding rooms
H cher in en nce Con
• n the revious age is an e am le of a hatcher maintenance rogram but it shouldnot be treated as com rehensive.
o The rogram should be ada ted to meet the re uirements of each hatcher andthe t e of e ui ment installed
• here machines are o erated continuousl e.g. multi stage incubators it is im ortantto schedule eriods when the machines can be taken out of service for maintenance,cleaning and disinfection as re uired.
• ro erl trained ersonnel should alwa s carr out reventative maintenance or re airsand com l with an local ealth afet egulations. f suitabl trained ersonnel arenot on the hatcher staff, ensure that trained contractors are used.
• ee a com rehensive stock of s are arts for all e ui ment.
• The use of checklists such as the one below can be hel ful to ensure all items arero erl checked during maintenance.
• ncubators and hatchers re uire continuous monitoring, with alarms, to ensuretem erature and humidit sta within the re uired limits. The alarm s stem should beinde endent of the machine control s stem.
o hatever automated alarm s stem is used, it is also recommended that manualtem erature and humidit checks be carried out at least twice dail . nincubators it is also im ortant to check that the eggs have been turned.
• The tem erature and humidit in egg storage, incubator and hatcher rooms should bechecked at least twice dail . hen incubators that re uire static ressure gradientsbetween air inlets and e hausts are used, these should be checked at least twice a da .
ee am le of an ncu or Check ecording hee on the ne t age
o f an monitored variable is found outside the acce table range then rom taction must be taken to determine the cause of the roblem and if necessarrectif the issue.
Pre-se ing checksan belt oka an
eater bars oka an
umidit no les clean an
ri check an
Turning working an
larm working an
lean isinfected an
umidit sensor cover off an
oor thermometer check ob
atchery aintenance
Profi e
P chine Check is
e e
chine
r nsfer e
cks
C e rge
e c u
H rge
H c u
en Posi ion Co en s Ch nges
ck urn
• n the revious age ou will find an e am le of an ncubation ecording heet forroutine visual machine checks. ach incubator and or hatcher should have its own logsheet with its s ecific checks re uirements needed
o o not rel solel on hatcher alarms to track address machine function. Thealarm s stem should be used as a backu s stem and not re lace visual checks.
nce a machine reaches alarm status, it has alread been out ofarameters for a s ecified eriod of time
achines ma run out of arameter but ust short of the alarm range
H cher oni oring
• outine hatcher calibration is re uired to ensure that incubators and hatchers functioncorrectl . ll machine sensors should be calibrated minimall at the intervalsrecommended b the manufacturer.
• ther e ui ment within the hatcher ma also re uire calibration, e.g. sensors controllingroom tem eratures and humidities, and cooling water tem eratures.
• here the e ui ment manufacturer rovides instructions on how to calibrate a sensor,these instructions should be followed.
• Thermometers used for incubator and hatcher calibration should be readable to at least. . accurate to . . and have a stabilit of less than . er ear.
Thermometers with greater readabilit . and accurac . are available andwould be referred but do tend to be e ensive
• ui ment used to calibrate sensors should also be regularl calibrated to a nationalcertified standard b an accredited laborator . The manufacturer s recommendedfre uenc of calibration should be followed, normall annuall .
• rotocols should be written to ensure that calibration is alwa s done e actl the sameever time.
o or e am le, when calibrating incubator tem erature in some machines thedirection of ventilator movement and egg turning will alter the attern of airflowwithin the machine and ma affect the calibration rocedure.
Therefore, it is im ortant that the incubation e ui ment is calibratedaccording to the manufacturers guidelines
H cher C i r ion
atchery aintenance
• deall the calibrating sensor should be laced as close to the machine sensor as ractical
o The calibration sensor should be laced in the machine and allowed to stabili e for aeriod before taking a reading.
o The manufacturer ma give recommended times for stabili ation, but normall hour is sufficient.
f an ad ustments are made to the machine sensor following calibration,allow the machine to re stabili e before checking the reading.
• ee records of the results of the calibration.
o These records should show
dentit of incubator or hatcher and the calibration sensor.
eading on the calibrating sensor.
ncubator or hatcher sensor reading before an ad ustment made.
ncubator or hatcher sensor reading after ad ustment if necessar .
ate of calibration.
ate of ne t calibration.
• ncubators and hatchers should be routinel calibrated, es eciall after an maintenancework carried out on the control s stems.
o owever, the fre uenc of calibration should be modified b e erience fore am le, if large . ad ustments are re uired ever incubator calibration thenit ma indicate that more fre uent calibration is necessar .
H cher C i r ion Con
atchery aintenance
H cher en i ionoo ic Pressure
H C P
• oom ressure is the difference in ressure between the room itself and thereference it is being com ared to.
• f the room ressure is measured at ascals a . nches of ater olumn, and the reference is to the
outside, this means that the air ressurein the room is a . higher thanatmos heric ressure.
• room will show a ositive ressure if itis well sealed, and the volume of air beingsu lied into the room is greater than thevolume of air being e tracted from theroom through the incubators and othere haust s stems.
H P P
• ncubators are designed to o erate with a certain ressure differential between theintake and the e haust.
• Too high or too low ressure differentials across the incubator can im air the flow of airthrough the incubator. This will affect the erformance of the incubator and macom romise embr o develo ment.
• ost hatcheries o erate on a slight ressure gradient between rooms to kee air fromthe dirtiest arts of the hatcher oult and wash rooms from getting into the cleanerareas egg store and setters .
atchery aintenance
ni s of e sure en
• The most common units used to measure room ressures are ascals aor nches of ater olumn .
o There are . a er . .
Pressure e ers• ressure meters come in a variet of t es and are known as manometers.
nches of er Co u n C
P sc s P
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
Connec ion u es
Posi i e Por
eg i e Por
• sim le, ortable and accurate meter is thefloating ball meter. This can measure both
ositive and negative ressure.
• ial t e meters, calibrated to measureboth ositive and negative ressure arealso useful.
• igital meters are also suitable.
• efore bu ing a manometer, confirm the re uired ressure range of our s ecific incubatort e.
o or e am le, do not bu a manometer with a range of a . if ourrooms are onl going to o erate at a . .
atchery aintenance
eference Poin - u side ir Pressure
• oom ressure should alwa s be measured relative to the outsideatmos heric ressure.
• owever, a room in the middle of a hatcher will often have several other roomsbetween it and the outside, all of them o erating at slightl different ressures andnone of them o en to the outside. ere, measure room ressure relative to the roofor a assage, having first confirmed that the reference s ace is at ambient ressure.
Note: It may be impossible to have a reference room at equilibrium to the outside air if so find the reference room pressure relative to the outside air and then add this second measurement to the difference bet een the room of interest and the reference room. o ever this method ill increase the likely error in the measurement so it is orth making every effort to create a proper reference room.
• t is often easiest to use the roof s ace as a reference oint.
• ake sure the roof s ace is neutral b checking the ressurerelative to the outside through a door or roof hatch.
• f the ressure reading is , then the roof s ace is atatmos heric ressure.
• f it is ositive or negative relative to the outside, o en doorsin the roof s ace until the ressure is neutral.
• nce the roof s ace is neutral, measure the ressure of theroom of interest through a small hole in the ceiling of theroom.
e suring re i e o ss ge• irst, check if the assage is at atmos heric ressure.
o This can be done b o ening all internal doors along the assage from the room toa oint where the assage can o en to the outside such as a window or door.
easure the assage ressure at this oint.
o f the ressure reading is , then the assage is at atmos heric ressure.
o f the ressure reading is ositive or negative, o en an e ternal door or window inthe assage to e uali e the ressure to the outside and then measure again.
o nce the assage is neutral, go back to the room of interest kee ing all the innerleading doors along the assage o en and measure the room ressure throughthe door seal.
eference Poin ionse sure re i e o he roof s ce
atchery aintenance
3. Measure directly to the outside• f the room has an outside wall, then a small hole can be made in the wall
directl to the outside.
• The outlet will need to be rotected from the wind such that it is surrounded b still air.
• easure the room ressure directl relative to the outside through the hole.
Ho o se he Pressure e er• ead the o erating instructions, which will give directions on
how to hold the meter while measuring, and how to calibrateit.
• The meter will have both a ositive and a negative ort, andeither one or both of these will have a lastic tube attached.
• tart b assuming that the rooms will be o erating close to their design s ecification, and will berunning at ositive or negative ressure relative to atmos here accordingl .
• f measuring from within a ositive room to the outside roof, then attach one end of the tube tothe negative ort and ut the other end through the hole door so that it is outside the room.
• f standing outside a ositive room in the assage or roof ou want to measure, lace one end ofthe lastic tube on the ositive ort and ut the other end of the tube through the door hole intothe room.
• n both cases above if the meter shows a ositive reading or the dial moves to the right, the room isositive.
• onnect the tubes o osite to the above if measuring a negative ressure room.
C
• The ou side reference oin will need rotection fromthe wind.
• The o ening in o he reference oin should be smallenough to revent an airf low around the tube.
• f e suring cross door or indo fr e, makethe o ening as small as ossible b closing the door orwindow against the tube, making sure not to inch ors uee e the tube in the rocess.
• The manometer should be held verticall .
Drill a 6.5mmopening
Outside reference point
Measuring across a door or window frame
Opening into the reference point
eference Poin ions Con
atchery aintenance
ic Pressure rou eshoo ing
• f the ressure reading seems to fluctuate or is otherwise unstable.
o heck the shield around the reference oint o ening to the outside air.
o witch e tractor fans off in rooms being used as a reference oint and checkthat the room still has a neutral ressure to the outside.
o ake sure that the rubber tube of the manometer is not blocked fromushing it through the measuring hole.
• f room ressure is not as e ected.
o nsure the reference oint is correct.
o heck to make sure that air inlets and filters are not obstructed or dirt .
o heck the fan s eeds, fan belts and fan blades bent or damaged fan bladeswill limit the effectiveness of the fan .
o heck to make sure that the ventilation dam ers are working correctl .
o heck the ir andling nit filters and fan settings.
ir ir fi ers
orn f n e
atchery aintenance
or more information lease visit our website at www.aviagenturke s.us
o The esource Cen er tab contains additional documents regarding reeder erformance b ectives ommercial erformance b ectives utrition anagement uides eneral ird and arm anagement gg roduction and ertilit atcher ealth rocessing conomics
• ew articles and resources coming soon
eed ddi ion infor ioneel free to contact our viagen Technical ervice Team e resentative directl
or contact us using the information rovided below .
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ewisburg, est irginia,
mail turke sinc aviagen.comTel
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