Malay Nationalism

8/3/2019 Malay Nationalism

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AUFB5101 MALAYSIAN STUDIESDr. Suffian bin Mansor

MEJ MOHD AZMI BIN ARIFINMEJ AZHAN BIN MOHAMED @ ZAWI

TG 3


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SCOPE

Definition

Nationalism

Malay Nationalism

Malay Nationalism

Factors Armed Struggle

Malay Nationalism Groups

Religious-educated Intellectuals

Malay-educated Intellectuals English-educated Intellectuals

Conclusion


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DEFINITION - NATIONALISM

The determination of a group of people to establishor preservethemselves as a nationand to achieveor maintain statehood - Hans Kohn.

A popular sentiment that places the existence andwell being of the nation highest in the scale ofpolitical loyalty - Grolier Encyclopedia ofKnowledge.

Individual or collective awareness of self belongingtoward the nation which motivate the person to fightagainst colonial rulersand to pursue for thenations independence Dewan Bahasa Pustaka


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Nationalism in Malaya - 19th century

Malay feel cheated of their rights and

yearned to free from foreign colonization

Pangkor Engagementin 1874 - changes in

the administration system of Malaya.

First British Resident - Perak

MALAY NATIONALISM


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The powers of Sultans and pembesarweredecreased and given to the BritishResidents.

Malay groups shape and formed the basis fornationalism in Malaya.

MALAY NATIONALISM


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MALAY NATIONALISM - FACTORS

Internal Factors

Education - Arabic or English most significant factors to foster Malay nationalism spirit

Reaction to British Administration

Traditional Malay institution - reduced functions and power to Britishadministration

Discrimination in education and economy

- education purposely not overeducated*- economy exploitation and monopoly by European and Chinese

enterprise

Development of Communication and Mass Media

Paved road (1910-2,400km)

Newspaper and vernacular media


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MALAY NATIONALISM - FACTORS

External Factors

Indonesian nationalism struggle against Dutch

Sarekat Islam Party 1912

Japanese victory over Russia in Russia-Japanese War(1904-1905)

Showing that Europeans can be beaten by Asians

Islamic reform movement in Egypt

Muhammad Abduh, Syed Jamaluddin al-Afghani


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EARLY STAGES ARMED STRUGGLE

Naning (1831-32) - Penghulu Dol Said

Selangor (1874) Raja Mahadi

Perak (1875) Dato Maharaja Lela, Tok Sagor & Sultan

Abdullah

Pahang (1891-1895) Mat Kilau & Tok Bahaman

Sarawak (1863-1870) Rentap & Sharif Masahor

Sabah (1894-1900) Mat Salleh

Kelantan (1915) Tok Janggut Terengganu (1922-1928)

Hj. Abdul Rahman Limbung

ARMED STRUGGLE


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MALAY NATIONALISM GROUPS

Religious-educated Intellectuals

Malay-educated Intellectuals

English-educated Intellectuals

* William R. Roff


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Influenced with the religious and political

developments in the Middle East (Egypt andTurkey)

20th century - Islamic reformist movement led bySyed Sheikh Muhammad Abduh

Promoted the idea of Pan-Islamism

Encouraged Muslims to participate in economy,politics and social issues

In Malaya- the idea was brought by Syed Sheikh Al-

Hadi

Formed the pro-Islamic movement - Kaum Muda(Youth Group)

RELIGIOUS-EDUCATED INTELLECTUALS


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MisunderstandingsIslam caused the Malays tobecome backwards

Wanted to change the orthodox ideas of the

conservative group - Kaum Tua(Old Group)

Cause many Malays to evaluate their position inrelation to other races in Malaya.

Sheikh Tahir Jalaluddin, Abdul Rahim Kajai, Dr.Burhanuddin al-Hilmi, Haji Abbas MohammadTaha, Sheikh Mohd Salim al-Kalali

RELIGIOUS-EDUCATED INTELLECTUALS

Sheikh Tahir

Rahim Kajai

Dr. Burhanuddin


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Pioneered by Malay-educated from Sultan Idris Teaching College(SITC), Serdang School of Agriculture and Kuala Lumpur TechnicalSchool

Formation Malay associations and clubs throughout the country.

Most radical groups - Kesatuan Melayu Muda(KMM) (Young MalayUnion)-1938 the first political organisation

Led by its president, Ibrahim Yaacob, KMM spread the idea ofgaining independence by revolution

Graduate Malay school teachers of SITC

continued to spread KMM's wings

throughout Malaya

MALAY-EDUCATED INTELLECTUALS


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Influenced by Indonesian revolution - President Sukarno

Non-cooperationwith British colonial rule

Malay backwardness was not due to their intrinsic laziness but due to British colonialism

Criticized the traditional Malay aristocrats for leading self-indulgent lives

British detained Ibrahim and his followers in 1941, but released by the Japanese in 1942

Japanese sponsored Pembela Tanah Ayer (PETA), Kesatuan Rakyat IndonesiaSemenanjung (KRIS)

Ishak Haji Muhamad (Pak Sako) and Ahmad Boestamam

MALAY-EDUCATED INTELLECTUALS

Pak Sako Ahmad Boestamam


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English-educated administrators and governmentservants

Kesatuan Melayu Singapura(KMS)

(Singapore Malay Union) by

Muhammad Eunos Bin Abdullah

- 1926

Aim - to increase the role of Malays in public life, upholdMalay interests with the colonial authorities, andpromote higher and technical education for Malays

ENGLISH-EDUCATED INTELLECTUALS


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Kuala Kangsar Malay College (MCKK) helped to spread theseeds of Malay nationalism

To educate the Malay elite, comprising of royal children and

the sons of Malay nobility

Zainal Abidin bin Ahmad(Zaba), Onn Jaafar

ENGLISH-EDUCATED INTELLECTUALS

Zaba Onn Jaafar


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Malay nationalism groups gradually emerged between1900-1940 can be divided into 3 groups:- Religious-educated, Malay-educated and English-educatedIntellectuals.

The religious and Malay educated intellectuals possessedshallow organizational roots in Malay community

The struggle of the Malay-educated and English-

educated was based upon Malay spiritagainst non-Malaythreats to Malay special rights and privileges

English-educated group contributed to the spread of theMalay spirit - Malays independence in 1957

CONCLUSIONS


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Andaya Barbara Watson and Leonard , Sejarah Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 1983.

Hans Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism: A Study of Its Origins and Background, Macmillan, New York, 1961.

R. S. Milne and Diane K. Mauzy, Politics and Government in Malaysia, Federal Publication (S) Pte Ltd,Singapore, 1978.

R. Suntharalingam and Abdul Rahman Haji Ismail, Nasinalisme Satu Tinjauan Sejarah, Penerbit FajarBakti Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, 1985.

Radin Soernano, Malay Nationalism: 1900-1945, J S E A H , V. 1 March, 1960 .

Syed Farid Alatas, Ideology and Utopia In The Thought of Syed Shaykh Al-Hady, National University of

Singapore, Singapore, 2005.

William R. Roff, The Origins of Malay Nationalism, University of Malaya Press, Singapore, 1967.

http://www.asianscholarship.org/ejourn/article/soh_byungkuk.doc

REFERENCES
http://www.asianscholarship.org/ejourn/article/soh_byungkuk.dochttp://www.asianscholarship.org/ejourn/article/soh_byungkuk.doc


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Documents

Malay Nationalism