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Making Equal Rights Real Conference, Montreal May 01 2010 Making Racial Justice Real Grace-Edward Galabuzi Ryerson University

Making Equal Rights Real Conference, Montreal May 01 2010 Making Racial Justice Real Grace-Edward Galabuzi Ryerson University

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Making Equal Rights Real Conference, Montreal May 01 2010

Making Racial Justice Real

Grace-Edward GalabuziRyerson University

Making Racial Justice Real

The Case for Racial JusticeWhat is Racial Justice - definitionsStructural Racism - definitionsWhiteness and White Privilege - definitionsChanging profile of CanadaEconomic exclusionOpportunities: Power and ParticipationBreaking down barriers to participationUsing Racial Equity Impact Assessments (REIA)Racial equity report cards (Colour of Poverty)

The Case for Racial Justice

Canadian values: Racial Justice - Canadian society values equality above all else (Justice Iacobucci)

Legal imperative: Living up to the ideals of our constitution - Charter of Rights Sec 15: Equality Rights; Multiculturalism Act; Employment Equity Act

Social cohesion: Learning to live well togetherThe Business case: Economic sustainabilitySocial Inclusion: Imagining a new Just Canada

projectWho are we really?: Canada ethnic make up is

changing

What is Racial Justice - Definitions

Racial Justice represents a process of reversing the impact of racialization of particular groups in society

Racial Justice is necessary because racialization establishes a system of race-based privileges and disadvantages for collectives within society

‘Race’ -acts as an organizing principle of historical and contemporary life in North America

Racialized outcomes manifest as racial disparities through a variety of social economic indicators - in employment, income, health, education, criminal justice system, political participation and representation and life chances

‘Race’ and Racialization - Definitions

‘Race’ is a socially constructed concept that is used to establish categories of people within the human family

Historically, it has relied on bio-cultural distinctions, such as phenotype, ethnicity but also religion from time to time

It enables the establishment of racial hierarchies in political, economic and social life through a process called racialization.

Ideologically, it is used to justify the differentiation of peoples on the basis of socially selected physical traits for the purpose of acquiring or maintain an advantage for one group or other.

Objects of racialization change in time and space - Irish, Quebecois, Eastern/Southern Europeans, Jews

In the Canadian context, there has been a persistent focus on Aboriginal populations and ‘Visible Minorities’

Structural Racism - Definitions

Structural racism is defined as the establishment of a racial regime whose outcomes are racial inequality that is built into the economic and social structure of society the social order is organized along racial assumptions and norms institutional and social arrangements that determine distribution of societal

resources, benefits and burdens, based on racial concept

It is dependant on the process of ‘othering’ certain racialized groups’ cultures and experiences and universalizing the culture and experience of those in power

One race maintains having a superior position of power and privilege, using it to gain greater political, economic and social advantages than other racial groups. Other groups are subject to disadvantages and burdens

Canadian Anglo-Franco conformity as defining Canadian society – imagined society as one of two founding peoples

Everyday forms of racism - Definitions

Colorblind racism: the status quo is sustained by those who pledge allegiance to race-neutral policies and shifts focus to intent, individual actions and ignore systemic outcomes.

Double-bind racism: those who reference systemic racism and the racial regime or advocate on behalf of anti-racist practices and policies are accused of being racist or “playing the race card.”

Dog-whistle racism: messages are conveyed on a separate frequency through racially coded words and phrases, that reinforce racially attuned subjective decision-making.

Image-borne racism: Images are willfully or unconsciously deployed to trigger deeply ingrained stereotypes - an effort worth a thousand color-coded words.

‘Race’ and Canada: Does race matter?

The dominant Canadian narrative is one of exhaltation of European culture and civilization and inferiorization of ‘others’ – leading to structural racism/race regime

A history of colonizationCanada depicted as a nation of two founding peoplesWars of conquest against Aboriginal peoplesCultural genocide against Aboriginal peoples

The Japanese InternmentThe Chinese Exclusion Acts 1883-1943The Hindu Woman’s QuestionThe story of Africville, Nova ScotiaPersistent discrimination against racialized and First peoples

Anti-racism Action

Structural racism understood and addressed as a social relation (intersecting with class, gender, etc- under capitalism)

Anti-racism focus on racial equity: substantive equality, equity in outcomes, commitment to eradicate racism

Anti-racism action can extent to all other social oppressions - gender, ability, sexuality, etc

Racial Inclusion: Focus is on integrating racialized members and Aboriginal peoples as full and equal participants in society

It represents an holistic approach to building inclusive ideologies, policies, goals, practices, systems, as well as changes in power relations, commitment to empowerment, supportive alliances and solidarity

Anti-Racism Policy Analysis

Dimensions Focus Questions

Ideological Historical disadvantages, Values, Attitudes, Climate

How has the state historically regarded Aboriginal and racialized people

Structural Entitlements/rights, recourse and remedies

Are there effective legal measures for dealing with systemic racism

Participatory Programs, services To what extent do the communities exercize control over the policies and programs that affect them

Developmental Opportunities and resources

To what extent is the potential of the groups being realized

Why address racial inequity - Changing Profile of Canada According to the 2006 Census data, those who self-identified as ‘Visible

Minorities’ (racialized group members) were 16.4% of the Canadian population while immigrants accounted for 19.6%.

By 2031, racialized groups will make up close to a third of Canada’s population – that is one in three Canadians will be racialized. This is a major transformation, from less than 5% of Canada’s population in 1980 to 32% (between 11.4 and 14.4 million) in the next twenty years.

There has been a significant change in the source countries, with over 75% of new immigrants since the 1980s coming from the global South – Asia, Africa, Caribbean, Middle East, Latin America.

Racialized group population grew by 27 per cent between 2001 and 2006, more than five times the increase in the rest of the population at 5.4%.

South Asians now account for a quarter of all racialized people in Canada, or four per cent of the total population. Chinese comprise about another quarter of the country's visible minority population, with some 1.2 million identifying themselves as Chinese. Blacks, Filipinos, Latin Americans, Arabs, Southeast Asians, West Asians, Koreans and Japanese round out the top 10 racialized groups

Social Exclusion in the C21st

“The many varieties of exclusion, the fears of social explosions to which it gives rise, the dangers of social disruption; the complexity of the mechanisms that cause it, the extreme difficulty of finding solutions, have made it the major social issue of our time”

(Yepez Del Castillo , 1994: 614)

Economic exclusion

“Exclusion is the greatest risk accompanying the opportunities of the new economic era. Significant numbers of people lose their hold, first on the labour market, then on the social and political participation in their communities”

R. Dahrendorf et al Report on the Wealth Creation and Social Cohesion in a free Society (London: The Commission on Wealth Creation & Social Cohesion, 1995:15).

Elements of economic exclusion

Racial income inequalityRacial inequality in access to employmentHigher unemployment and under employmentLower labour market participationUneven conversion of human capital into

comparable occupational statusHigher exposure to low income - racialized

poverty

Employment income disparities for immigrants

Immigrant earnings as % of Canadian born (1980-2000)________________________________________________________________Years in Males FemalesCanada 1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000______________________________________________________________________________________

1 year 71.6% 63.4% 63.1% 64.7% 70% 60.5%2 years 86.9% 73.3% 71.4% 79.3% 79.8% 68.4%3 years 93.45 77% 75.5% 84.45 84.4% 71.7%4 years 88.8% 77.1% 77.3% 87.8% 82% 74.3%5 years 92.7% 78.55 77.1% 91.7% 83.8% 77.4%6 years 93.5% 81.55 76.5% 94.9% 83.3% 77.8%7 years 95.1% 84.5% 76.6% 97.9% 87.3% 76.8%8 years 89.9% 97.5% 75.2% 96.3% 94.6% 80.2%9 years 97.3% 97.2% 78.3% 103.1% 93.7% 82.2%10 years 100.4% 90.1% 79.8% 103.1% 93.3% 87.3%______________________________________________________________________________________

Employment Earnings Comparative racialized and non-racialized, 2000 and 2005

% change %NR

___________________________________________________________________________________

2000 2005 2000 2005___________________________________________________________________________________Total Canadian 35,619 36,301 1.9Total Non-Racialized 36,353 37,332 2.7Total Racialized 30,451 30,385 -0.2 84 81Chinese 32,354 32,981 1.9 89 88South Asian 31,486 31,103 -1.2 87 83African Canadian 28,215 28,012 -0.7 78 75Filipino 28,542 29,393 3.0 79 79Latin American 26,034 26,241 0.8 72 70Southeast Asia 28,958 28,880 -0.3 80 77Arab 30,452 29,441 -3.3 84 79West Asian 27,101 26,279 -3.0 75 70Korean 27,149 25,892 -4.6 75 69Japanese 42,579 42,177 -0.9 117 113Racialized (nie) 32,841 30,666 -6.6 90 82____________________________________________________________________________

Poverty is not Colour Blind: The Racialization of povertyThe Racialization of poverty refers to the persistent

and disproportionate exposure to low income experienced by racialized group and Aboriginal people in Canada.

It points to the significance of racialization as a key structural determinant of poverty in Canada and the differential experience of poverty

Racialized groups and Aboriginal people are two to three times more likely to be poor that other Canadians

Strategic Framework for Advancing Racial Justice (Compact for racial Justice - ARC)

Focus on structural and systemic inequality rather than personal prejudice

Focus on impacts rather than intentionsAddress racial inequality explicitly but not exclusivelyPropose solutions that emphasize equity and inclusionDevelop strategies to empower stakeholders and target

institutional power-holdersMake racial justice a high priority in all social justice

efforts

Action for social change: Shared Power and ParticipationAddressing social exclusion/racial justice in a liberal

democratic society requires its victims to be an integral part of the process of change.

That means empowering them to be central actors in the process of change and in the systems and structures that govern decision making in society.

Racialized groups and Aboriginal peoples need to confront the lack of representation in key political, economic, social and cultural institutions especially in the geographic communities in which they live.

For Aboriginal and radicalized peoples to make significant progress in Canadian society, they need to be at the tables where decisions are made

Aboriginal and racialized group change relationship to power

Breaking down barriers to participation

Breaking down barriers means making changes to our institutions that facilitate racial justice and inclusion in every aspect of decision making - sharing power

Requires understanding the connection between majority privilege and minority oppression - acknowledging that racial oppression is necessary to sustain racial privilege.

Coalitions of progressive politics are essential to establishing a politics of racial justice and inclusion in the city, the province and the country.

Progressive institutions are the key ‘switchmen’ in the process of change

Using Racial Equity Impact assessments

A Racial Equity Impact Assessment (REIA) is a systematic examination of how proposed policy action or decision will likely affect different racial, ethnic and Aboriginal groups.

REIAs are used to minimize unanticipated adverse consequences in a variety of contexts, including the analysis of proposed policies, institutional practices, programs, plans and budgetary decisions.

The REIA can be a vital tool for preventing institutional racism and for identifying new options to remedy long-standing inequities.

Racial Equity Impact assessments - (Applied Research Centre - ARC, Oakland, USA)

Identify key stakeholdersEngage stakeholdersIdentify and document racial inequitiesExamine the causesClarify purpose of policy proposalConsider the adverse effectsConsider equitable impactsExamine and present alternativesEnsure viability and sustainabilityIdentify success indicators and monitor progress

Racial Justice/Racial Equity report cards - Key areas to evaluate racial equity in the City of Toronto (Colour of Poverty Campaign, Ontario)1. What measures were taken by elected municipal officials in the past four years to

reduce racial disparities? Were racial equity and economic justice discussed as official policy goals, including in

the municipal budget? How do racial equity and economic justice figure into the election platforms of the

candidates?

2. Was access to services increased for members of racialized communities, for example, education and training programs, after school programs, child care, libraries, emergency services? Were racialized workers hired to help provide these services?

3. Were neighbourhoods of racialized communities adequately served in the past four years in terms of infrastructure: for example, social housing, schools and public transport? If not, how are infrastructure needs accounted for in the election platforms of candidates?

4. Did the police and other emergency services respond to community needs, or work counter to them? Were elected officials helpful in resolving issues raised by the community vis a vis policing/racial profiling, for example? Are these issues addressed in election platforms of candidates standing for election?