teenth century), the hedonistic (eighteenthcentury), and the aesthetic (nineteenth cen-tury). Iain Fenlon’s “Sounding the City:Music, Monteverdi and Mantuan CityIdentity” shows the important role music canplay in the cultural identity of a city. Hediscusses the discrepancy between how theMantuans perceived their city in the past andthe effects of globalization on the music cre-ated in this city today.

Adrian Rifkin’s “Bayreuth, World City?or: The Provincial Village as GlobalDenkmal...” describes the “old Europe”finding “the other,” the provincial city,within its territories, and how Wagner’ssummer festival has transformed it into aworld city. Steven Brockmann’s “Nurembergand Its Memories” offers a political and socialaccount of Nuremberg as the “imaginary cap-ital” whose status shifted from a national to aglobal city, from its nationalist, Nazi past to“the city of peace and human rights” (142).

The last four essays portray Berlin,Paris, Lisbon, and Madrid, respectively.Weiss-Sussex’s “Berlin: Myth andMemorialization” addresses the two myths,that of “an ever-changing city of flux”(150) [inspired by H. von Wedderkopp’smetaphor of Berlin as “the city built onsand” (160)], and that of a city returningto the “cultural wild child of the 1920s”(155). Michael Sheringham’s “Paris – Cityof Names: Toponymic Trajectories andMutable Identities” provides an outstandingsemiotic study of the city‘s street namesand how they open up a multilayeredvision (mental, physical, textual, and monu-mental) of Parisian history and literature.The analyses of Lisbon and Madrid focuson cinema studies. Paul Melo E. Castro’s“Lisbon on Screen: Aspects of Portugal’sCapital in Portuguese Cinema” describesthe metamorphosis of Lisbon from thewarm center of a petty-bourgeoiscommunity into “the paved solitude” (196)of marginal spaces, through two cinematictrends: the comedia a portugues (1930s and1940s) and the Novo Cinema Portugues(1960s and 1970s). Guido Riggs’s “Madrid:Neo-colonial Spacing in ContemporarySpanish Cinema?” brings up one of themost painful issues of present-day Europeancapitals—migration—by comparing its pres-ence in the official discourse and the

cinematic discourse. Whereas the officialwebsite of Madrid ignores colonialism aspart of the capital’s cultural identity, thecinematic discourse reveals the significantrole of migrants’ bodies in the city’s “sys-tem of the neo-colonial exploitation” (218).

These essays fully justify the adoption ofinterdisciplinary approaches to urban studies,for the “city in between” can only becaptured through the interplay of literary,musical, or cinematic narratives on both theimagined and the real city.

CAMELIA-MIHAELA CMECIU

Danubius University of Galati, Romaniacmeciu75@gmail.com� 2013, Camelia-Mihaela Cmeciuhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2013.773495

Making and Marketing Medicine inRenaissance Florence. By James Shaw andEvelyn Welch (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2011),356 pp. e72.00 cloth.

This is a remarkable study. While it will beof particular interest for economic, medical,and pharmaceutical historians, anyone con-cerned with the details of material cultureand daily life in Renaissance Florence willfind matters of interest. Employing a databasederived from the forty-nine volumes of shoprecords of the spicery/pharmacy, Speziale alGiglio, James Shaw and Evelyn Welch areable to connect information kept in variouskinds of records, and to extract details bymonth or year about what the shop boughtand how much material it kept on hand inlarge quantities; who were its customers,what they purchased, and how; what prod-ucts were made to order and which oneswere more or less standardized; and how theheads of the shop interacted with other mer-chants and medical practitioners, with institu-tions such as gilds and monasteries, and withthe city and (later) Medici court. The resultis a rich bottom-up account, full of exampleswhile addressing major themes of generalinterest.

One of the key findings is how clientsdid business with the shop in a period shorton coins. The authors stress the social basis

380 BOOK REVIEWS

of credit in the local economy, in which theobligations of advancing and owing creditbound people together and assessed theirworth in terms of estimating their futureability to perform as expected. Occasionallythe shop noted sales to people who wereitinerant or of humble rank, who had noaccess to the social networks of the shop, andconsequently paid in coin. But the vast bulkof the shop’s income came from a few regu-lar clients who made purchases of high valueon credit. With very few exceptions, therewas no haggling about the purchase price,but when it came to settling debts the shopoften agreed to settle for a portion of therecorded value, and sometimes in goods inkind as well as in money. Labor was cheap,so most of the costs borne by the shop con-sisted of the price of the materials bought in,with very high mark-ups keeping the shopprofitable. The build-up of bad debt wassubstantial, and debt-collectors were used;threatening to go to the law courts might bea further help in bargaining. The importanceof social networks extended to the mutually-supportive relationships among the merchantsdealing in similar commodities, which wasone of the most important reasons for shopsof a certain kind to be grouped together inlate-medieval and early-modern cities.

The category generating the greatestamount of activity were the items madefrom bees-wax. Most of these were candlesand tapers used for ceremonial occasions,especially for funerals; the shop alsobranched into hiring out other kinds of fit-tings and furnishing for funerals. Sugar andspice made up the next most valuable cate-gory of products, with sweet confectionsbeing made regularly and kept on hand tomeet demand. Apparently, by the early six-teenth century the reaction against “Arab”cooking and medicine meant that suchproducts came to be layered with guilt onthe part of those who indulged in them,shifting patterns of consumption. Medicineswere the third most important kind of prod-uct, varying from common purges and cly-sters to sweet and bitter electuaries, pills,medicinal syrups, and various kinds of exter-nal applications. While these were purchaseddirectly by the clientele, very often theycame with a doctor’s prescription, so thatthe remedy would be properly “tempered”

according to the patient’s condition. Nogreat divide between “popular” and “elite”consumption appears among the medicines,either, although an urban-rural divide isimplied in the records; as would be expectedfrom other accounts of the medical market,diversity was widespread. Finally, a range ofother products, whether for artists’ studiosor princely laboratories, also passed throughthe shop.

The framework of the study is a snapshotof the shop’s activity over the course of anordinary year in the late fifteenth century,but an epilogue puts the story into motion,with a comment on how the Medici courtlater came to influence relationships (and thecredit market). Over time, the authors sug-gest—with their eye on the eighteenth cen-tury and beyond—a more standardizedmarket in medical goods came into being. Inlight of that gradual change, it would be veryilluminating to have their speculations aboutthe possible relationships between the highlypersonalized credit market and the highlypersonalized view of medicine they describeso well: perhaps the more autonomous meth-ods for interacting in the market had a signif-icant effect on promoting a more uniformorientation toward medicines and patients,too. But as it is, the authors’ industry andimagination in making account books speakis remarkable.

HAROLD J. COOK

Brown University, USAharold_cook@brown.edu� 2013, Harold J. Cookhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2013.774263

The Power of Inclusive Exception:Anatomy of Israeli Rule in the OccupiedPalestinian Territories. Edited by AdiOphir, Michal Givoni, and Sari Hanafi(Brooklyn, NY: Zone Books, 2009), 650 pp.$38.95/£28.95 cloth.This book is an intriguing application of somewell-rehearsed Foucauldian ideas to under-standing “occupation” as a technique ofpower in the Palestinian territories. Seekingto move past approaches that frame analysis ofIsrael’s occupation in nationalist/post-colonialterms, this collection seeks to create a Fou-

The European Legacy 381