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World War I (1914–1918)World War I (1914–1918)

Imperial, territorial, and Imperial, territorial, and economic rivalries led to economic rivalries led to the “Great War” the “Great War” between the between the Central Central PowersPowers and the Allies.Allies.

WHEN…WHEN…

• Austrian Austrian Archduke Francis FerdinandArchduke Francis Ferdinand and wife assassinated by Serbian and wife assassinated by Serbian nationalist, A assassin fromnationalist, A assassin from Secret Secret “BLACK HAND” Society“BLACK HAND” Society • That started a domino effect of wars That started a domino effect of wars in Europe.in Europe.• Austria declares war on Serbia • Britain declares war on Germany

TWO SIDES OF WWI

Great BritainFranceRussiaSerbiaBelgiumU.S. (later)Italy

GermanyAustria-HungaryBulgariaTurkey

ALLIESCENTRAL POWERS

The SUSSEX SUSSEX PLEDGEPLEDGE, a a promise made by promise made by Germany to stop Germany to stop sinking merchant sinking merchant ships, ships, kept the kept the USA out of the USA out of the war for a bit war for a bit longerlonger..

May 17, 1915May 17, 1915A German submarine sank A German submarine sank the British ocean linerthe British ocean liner Lusitania.Lusitania.128 Americans were killed. The people ofThe people of the United States the United States were shocked! Wilson were shocked! Wilson did notdid not declare declare warwar, but instead asked Germany for asked Germany for an apology an apology and for a promise not and for a promise not to attack any more passenger to attack any more passenger ships.ships.

Zimmerman Note

• In March 1917, a German official, Arthur Zimmermann, cabled the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing that Mexico ally itself with Germany. (UNTED STATES ENTERS THE WAR IN 1918)

• In return, Mexico would regain territory it had earlier lost to the United States.

•TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, ANDTEXAS, NEW MEXICO, ANDARIZONA ARIZONA

• To prevent strikes, the government To prevent strikes, the government

established the established the NATIONAL WAR NATIONAL WAR LABOR BOARD (NWLB) in 1918.LABOR BOARD (NWLB) in 1918.

• In exchange for wage In exchange for wage increases, an 8-hour increases, an 8-hour workday, and the right to workday, and the right to organize unions & bargain organize unions & bargain collectivelycollectively, , the labor leaders the labor leaders agreed not to disrupt war agreed not to disrupt war production with a strike.production with a strike.

• This “GREAT MIGRATION”“GREAT MIGRATION” changed the racial makeup of the many Northern citiesNorthern cities.

• Between 300,000 & 500,000 African Americans went from the South to the North.

• Many MEXICANSMEXICANS moved north, providing labor for farmers & ranchers in the AMERICAN SOUTHWEST.AMERICAN SOUTHWEST.

• They faced DISCRIMINATIONDISCRIMINATION .

• It was a draft to build up U.S military It was a draft to build up U.S military forces. Passed in May 1917, the act forces. Passed in May 1917, the act required all men aged 21 to 30 to register required all men aged 21 to 30 to register for military duty. for military duty.

•Espionage (Spy) Act: Detailed antiwar activities that’s demanded fines or imprisonment (Military, Action)

• Sedition (treason) Act: Provided punishment to anyone using, “disloyal to the united states…” (Society, Language)

1.1. Stripped Germany of its armed forcesStripped Germany of its armed forces2.2. Germany must reimburse Allies for Germany must reimburse Allies for

damages.damages.3. Germany must take blame for the start of

WWI.

The treaty marked the end of The treaty marked the end of the War! the War!

• The 14 points laid out Wilson’s ideas for justice to all peoples and nationalities.

• LEAGUE OF NATION: Called for member nations to help preserve peace and prevent future war.

RED SCARE:RED SCARE:

After WWI, Americans After WWI, Americans associated associated communism with disloyalty and unpatriotic communism with disloyalty and unpatriotic behaviorbehavior..

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare Allies and Central Powers Allies and Central Powers dug trenches to dug trenches to

protect themselves from bullets and protect themselves from bullets and bombsbombs..

They put up They put up mazes of barbed wire around mazes of barbed wire around the trenchesthe trenches. .

The The area between the trenches area between the trenches was called "no man's land."was called "no man's land." Soldiers lived in the trenches. Soldiers lived in the trenches.

The trenches caused the war to be a The trenches caused the war to be a “draw”. “draw”.

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

““No Man’s No Man’s Land”Land”

NEW WEAPONS OF WWITANKS – BRITISH FLAME THROWER – GERMANSU-BOATS (UNTERSEEBOOTEN)AIRPLANESGAS

POISONMUSTARD

MACHINE GUNS

Turning Point in WW1Turning Point in WW1 In 1918, John J. In 1918, John J. PershingPershing put put

together a massive attack.together a massive attack.Forced Forced one GERMAN position one GERMAN position after another to fallafter another to fall to the to the advancing American troops.advancing American troops.

On On 1918,11,111918,11,11, Germany signed an , Germany signed an

““SETTLEMENT”SETTLEMENT”, or , or cease-fire, cease-fire, that ended the warthat ended the war..

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans

Government Excess & Government Excess & Threats Threats to the Civil Liberties of to the Civil Liberties of AmericansAmericans3. Schenck v. USSchenck v. US – 1919

- in ordinary times the mailing of the brochures would have been protected by the 1st Amendment. - BUT, every act of speech must be judged to the circumstances in which it was spoken. - If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.