Magnets Handbook...AlNiCo, Alnico magnets 2. Magnetic Materials 2.1 Neodymium Magnets - Rare Earth Magnets Neodymium iron boron (Nd 2 Fe 14 B), also known as Neo or NIB, is a type

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Magnets Handbook – ALB Materials Inc

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Magnets Handbook

1. Introduction

2. Magnetic Materials

2.1 Neodymium Magnets - Rare Earth Magnets

2.2 SmCo Magnets - Rare Earth Magnets

2.3 AlNiCo

2.4 Ceramic

3. Magnetic Grades

4. Working Temperatures

5. Platings & Coatings

6. Magnetic Orientations

7. Manufacturing Processes

8. Measuring Magnets

8.1 Magnetic Moment and BH-Curves

8.2 Flux Density

8.3 Pull Force

9. Magnets Packaging

10. Magnets Handling

11. Applications

12. Definitions and Terminology

13. Conversions



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1. Introduction

This handbook is designed to provide the fundamental basics of magnetic materials, magnets

properties, methods of manufacture, and costing so that the user has adequate knowledge when

deciding what type or grade of material should be used in various applications.

Magnets are mainly used to help in the conversion of energy.

For example:

Mechanical to Electrical, such as in generators, sensors and microphones

Electrical to Mechanical, such as in motors, actuators and loudspeakers

Mechanical to Mechanical, such as for couplings, bearing and holding devices

There are four major types of permanent magnet materials:

NdFeB, Neodymium or Neo Rare Earth

SmCo, Samarium Cobalt

Ceramics, Ferrites (SrFe2O3 etc.)

AlNiCo, Alnico magnets

2. Magnetic Materials

2.1 Neodymium Magnets - Rare Earth Magnets

Neodymium iron boron (Nd2Fe14B), also known as Neo or NIB, is a type of rare earth magnetic

material. NdFeB is the strongest and most controversial magnets. They are in the rare earth

family because of the Nd, B, Dy, Ga elements in their composition.

NdFeB magnets have the highest energy approaching 52MGOe. Unprotected NdFeB magnets

are subject to corrosion. Coating/Plating are developed to overcome this disadvantages.

Coating/Plating materials include nickel, copper, silver, gold, zinc, tin and epoxy resin etc.

Typical coating is NiCuNi (Nickel).

2.2 SmCo Magnets - Rare Earth Magnets

Samarium Cobalt (SmCo), also known as Sm-Co, is a type of rare earth magnetic material.

They are in the rare earth family because of the Sm, Co elements in their composition.

Magnetic properties are high and they have very good temperature characteristics. They are also

more expensive than the other magnet materials. They come mostly in two grades: SmCo5 and

Sm2Co17, also known as SmCo 1:5 and 2:17. Common uses are in aerospace, military and

medical industries.



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2.2 Ceramic

Ceramics Magnets, also known as Ferrites, have been in production since the 1950's. They are

primarily made from Iron Oxide (FeO) and the addition of Sr and Ba through a calcining

process. They are the least expensive and most common of all magnet materials. Primary grades

are C1, C5 and C8. They are mostly used in motors and sensors.

2.3 AlNiCo

AlNiCo magnets are one of the oldest commercially available magnets and have been

developed from earlier versions of magnetic steels. Primary composition is Al, Ni and Co.

Although they have a high remanent induction, they have relatively low magnetic values

because of their easy of demagnetization. However, they are resistant to heat and have good

mechanical features. Common applications are in measuring instruments and high temperature

processes such as holding devices in heat treat furnaces.

3. Magnetic Grades

Neodymium Magnets Grade

Type Grade Residual

Induction

/BR(Gauss)

Coercive

Force/Hc

(Oe)

Intrinsic

Coercive

Force/Hci (Koe)

Max.Energy

Product/Bhmax

(MGOe)

Maximum

Operating Temp

(°C/°F)

Curie

Temp

(°C/°F)

N N35 11700 10900 12 35 80/176 310/590

N N38 12200 11300 12 38 80/176 310/590

N N40 12500 11400 12 40 80/176 310/590

N N42 12800 11500 12 42 80/176 310/590

N N45 13200 11600 12 45 80/176 310/590

N N48 13800 11600 12 48 80/176 310/590

N N50 14000 10000 11 50 60/140 310/590

N N52 14300 10000 11 52 60/140 310/590

M N33M 11300 10500 14 33 100/212 340/644



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M N35M 11700 10900 14 35 100/212 340/644

M N38M 12200 11300 14 38 100/212 340/644

M N40M 12500 11600 14 40 100/212 340/644

M N42M 12800 12000 14 42 100/212 340/644

M N45M 13200 12500 14 45 100/212 340/644

M N48M 13600 12900 14 48 100/212 340/644

M N50M 14000 13000 14 50 100/212 340/644

H N35H 11700 10900 17 35 120/248 340/644

H N38H 12200 11300 17 38 120/248 340/644

H N40H 12500 11600 17 40 120/248 340/644

H N42H 12800 12000 17 42 120/248 340/644

H N45H 13200 12100 17 45 120/248 340/644

H N48H 13700 12500 17 48 120/248 340/644

SH N35SH 11700 11000 20 35 150/302 340/644

SH N38SH 12200 11400 20 38 150/302 340/644

SH N40SH 12500 11800 20 40 150/302 340/644

SH N42SH 12800 12400 20 42 150/302 340/644

SH N45SH 13200 12600 20 45 150/302 340/644

UH N28UH 10200 9600 25 28 180/356 350/662

UH N30UH 10800 10200 25 30 180/356 350/662

UH N33UH 11300 10700 25 33 180/356 350/662

UH N35UH 11800 10800 25 35 180/356 350/662



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UH N38UH 12200 11000 25 38 180/356 350/662

UH N40UH 12500 11300 25 40 180/356 350/662

UH N42UH 12800 11300 25 42 180/356 350/662

EH N28EH 10400 9800 30 28 200/392 350/662

EH N30EH 10800 10200 30 30 200/392 350/662

EH N33EH 11300 10500 30 33 200/392 350/662

EH N35EH 11700 11000 30 35 200/392 350/662

EH N38EH 12200 11300 30 38 200/392 350/662

EH N40EH 12500 11300 30 40 200/392 350/662

AH N28AH 10400 9900 33 28 230/446 350/662

AH N30AH 10800 10300 33 30 230/446 350/662

AH N33AH 11300 10600 33 33 230/446 350/662

AH N35AH 11700 11000 33 35 230/446 350/662

AH N38AH 12200 11300 33 38 230/446 350/662

Samarium Cobalt Magnets Grade

Mat

erial

s

Type Gr

ade

Residual

Induction/BR

(Gauss)

Coercive

Force/Hc

(Oe)

Intrinsic

Coercive

Force/Hci

(Koe)

Max.Energy

Product/Bhma

x (MGOe)

Maximum

Operating Temp

(°C/°F)

Curie

Temp

(°C/°F)

Sm1

Co5

N 16 8100 7800 15 16 127/260 482/899

N 18 8500 8300 15 18 143/289 482/899

N 20 9000 8500 15 20 167/332 482/899

N 22 9200 8900 15 22 175/347 482/899

N 24 9600 9200 15 24 190/374 482/899

NS 16

S 7900 7700 23 17 135/275 482/899

NS 18

S 8400 8100 23 19 151/303 482/899



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NS 20

S 8900 8600 23 21 167/332 482/899

NS 22

S 9200 8900 23 23 183/361 482/899

NS 24

S 9600 9300 23 25 199/390 482/899

NX 10

X 6200 6100 23 11 88/190 572/1061

Sm2

Co1

7

NL 24

L 9500 6800 8-12 24 191/375 482/899

NL 26

L 10200 6800

8-12 26 207/404 482/899

NL 28

L 10500 6800

8-12 28 220/428 482/899

NL 30

L 10800 6800

8-12 30 240/464 482/899

NL 32

L 11000 6800

8-12 32 255/491 482/899

NM 26

M 10200 8500 12-18 26 207/404 572/1061

NM 28

M 10500 8500

12-18 28 220/428 572/1061

NM 30

M 10800 8500

12-18 30 240/464 572/1061

NM 32

M 11000 8500

12-18 32 255/491 572/1061

N 24 9500 8700 18 24 191/375 572/1061

N 26 10200 9400 18 26 207/404 572/1061

N 28 10500 9700 18 28 220/428 572/1061

N 30 10800 9900 18 30 240/464 572/1061

N 32 11000 10200 18 32 255/491 572/1061

NH 24

H 9500 8700 25 24 191/375 662/1223

NH 26

H 10200 9400 25 26 207/404 662/1223

NH 28

H 10500 9700 25 28 220/428 662/1223

NH 30

H 10800 9900 25 30 240/464 662/1223

NH 32

H 11000 10200 25 32 255/491 662/1223



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NX 22

X 9400 8400 15-20 22 175/347 572/1061

Ceramic/ Ferrite Magnets Grade

Materi

als

T

y

p

e

Grade

Residual

Induction/B

R(Gauss)

Coercive

Force/Hc

(Oe)

Intrinsic

Coercive

Force/Hci

(Koe)

Max.Energy

Product/Bhmax

(MGOe)

Maximum

Operating

Temp (°C/°F)

Curie

Temp

(°C/°F)

Ferrite N C1 2200 1860 3.25 1.05 300/572 450/842

Ferrite N C5 3800 2400 2.5 3.4 300/572 450/842

Ferrite N C7 3400 3250 4 2.75 300/572 450/842

Ferrite N C8 3850 2950 3.05 3.5 300/572 450/842

Ferrite N C10 4200 2950 3.51 3.82 300/572 450/842

AlNiCo Magnets Grade

Type Grade

Residual

Inductio

n/BR

(Gauss)

Coercive

Force/Hc

(Oe)

Intrinsic

Coercive

Force/Hc

i (Koe)

Max.Energy

Product/Bhmax

(MGOe)

Maximum

Operating

Temp (°C/°F)

Curie

Temp

(°C/°F)

Sintered

Isotropic *FLN8 5200 540 0.5 1.0-1.25 250/480 450/842

Sintered

Isotropic *FLNG12 7000 540 0.5 1.5-1.75 250/480 450/842

Sintered

Isotropic

*FLNGT1

4 5700 980 0.95 1.75-2.0 250/480 450/842

Sintered

Isotropic

*FLNGT1

8 5600 1130 1.1 2.25-2.75 250/480 450/842

Sintered

Anisotropic FLNG28 10500 590 0.58 3.5-4.15 250/480 450/842

Sintered

Anisotropic FLNG34 11000 640 0.63 4.3-4.8 250/480 450/842

Sintered

Anisotropic FLNGT28 10000 710 0.7 3.5-3.8 250/480 450/842

Sintered


Sintered

Anisotropic FLNG33J 6500 1880 1.7 4.15-4.5 250/480 450/842

Sintered




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Sintered


Cast

Isotropic *LN96 800 380

1.13 250/480 450/842

Cast

Isotropic *LN10 6000 500

1.2 250/480 450/842

Cast

Isotropic *LNG12 7200 500

1.5 5250/480 450/842

Cast

Isotropic *LNG13 7000 600

1.6 250/480 450/842

Cast

Anisotropic LNG37 12000 600

4.65 250/480 450/842

Cast


5 250/480 450/842

Cast


5.5 250/480 450/842

Cast


6.5 250/480 450/842

Cast


7.5 250/480 450/842

Cast

Anisotropic LNGT28 10000 720

3.5 250/480 450/842

Cast

Anisotropic LNGT36J 7000 1750

4.5 250/480 450/842

Cast

Anisotropic LNGT52J 9000 1750

6.5 250/480 450/842

Cast

Anisotropic *LNGT18 5800 1250

2.2 250/480 450/842

Cast


4 250/480 450/842

Cast


5 250/480 450/842

Cast


7.5 250/480 450/842

Cast


9 250/480 450/842

Cast


11 250/480 450/842



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4. Maximum Working Temperatures

The following table shows different magnetic materials and their maximum working

temperatures.

Maximum Working Temperature

Material ℃ ℉

NdFeB N 80 176

NdFeB M 100 212

NdFeB H 120 248

NdFeB SH 150 302

NdFeB UH 180 356

NdFeB EH 200 392

Sm1Co5 260 500

Sm2Co17 350 662

AlNiCo 540 1004

Ferrite 400 752

5. Plating & Coatings

There are various plating/coating available for permanent magnets. Samarium cobalt, AlNiCo

and Ferrite magnets are not prone to corrosion. NdFeB magnets are prone to corrosion and need

plating/coating in most conditions. Typical plating/coating for NdFeB magnets is nickel or Ni-

Cu-Ni. Nickel-copper-nickel(Ni-Cu-Ni) plating has proved to be one of the most corrosion

resistant and durable types of plating. Magnets can also be coated with organic coatings such as

epoxy resins. Magnets Plating & Coatings

Magnets Plating & Coatings

Ni-Cu-Ni Double Ni Epoxy

Ni Black Ni Phosphating

Cu White Zn Plastic

Au Color Zn Rubber

Ag Sn Teflon (PTFE)



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6. Magnetic Orientations

A magnet can be magnetized in a variety of directions. Anisotropic materials must be

magnetically oriented during production. Therefore are inclined to a fixed orientation.

Disc & Cylinder Magnets, Ring & Tube Magnets

Axially Magnetized Diametrically Magnetized

Block & Bar & Cube Magnets Sphere & Ball Magnets

Magnetized Through Thickness Axially Magnetized



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Arc & Wedge Magnets

7. Manufacturing Processes

Production Process of Neodymium Magnets:

1) Vacuum Melting

Compositions of neodymium, iron, iron-boron, dysprosium and minor additions including

cobalt, copper, gallium, aluminum and others are mixed and induce-melted to form

Nd2Fe14B phase and other necessary structures required for high performance permanent

magnets. The melting temperature reaches over 1300o C. Usually repeated melting is

needed to produce an even phase and structure distribution.

2) Crushing



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The ingots from the vacuum melting process are crushed into coarse powder directly, or

strip cast followed by HDDR processing into coarse powder.

3) Jet Milling

The coarse powder further milled into required particles sized about 3 microns in diameter

by a jet miller. Those particles become single-domain and anisotropic which are critical for

producing a high coercivity magnet. Jet milling is the most effective way to mill the

particles so far.

4) Pressing

Compact the fine powder to produce block magnets. Usually a magnetic field is applied

during pressing to align those anisotropic particles in order to produce maximum magnetic

output in a particular direction. There are two pressing methods, transverse and axial,

depending on different applications. Isostatic pressing is normally used to further density

magnets to 75-80%.

5) Vacuum Sintering

The compacted magnets are sintered at temperatures above 1000 o C and for many hours to

be solidified and compacted further more up to 99% by shrinking it's body. A required

microstructure between particles for high performance permanent magnets is also formed in

this stage. Some following heat-treatments are needed to stabilize the magnets.

6) Machining

Shrinkage and distortion during sintering is too difficult to control adequately and magnets

normally need at least a “ clean up” grind on the surface. Small parts are cut or sliced

precisely to form a big block to meet the demanding tolerances and different shapes.

7) Surface Treatment

Various surface treatments can be applied on the final products. They include zinc, nickel,

Ni-Cu-Ni multi-layer, e-coating, epoxy and others. They provide different surface finishing,

appearance and corrosion resistance, applicable to different application environments.

8) Inspection

This is the final step. Magnets are inspected based on customer specifications and needs,

including dimensional and magnetic tests.



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8. Measuring Magnets

8.1 Magnetic Moment and BH-Curves

The magnetic moment is a measure of the strength of a magnetic source. Using a fluxmeter and

a helmholtz coil, the magnetic moment of a particular permanent magnet can be determined.

From the magnetic moment, the operating flux desity (Bd), operating field strength (Hd),

coercive force (Hc), residual flux density (Br) and maximum energy product (BHmax) can be

derived.

8.2 Flux Density

The measurement of flux density is made using a gauss/tesla meter. Generally this simple

measurement is made at the surface of the magnet. Most gauss meters use a hall effect sensor to

produce a flux density measurement. The gauss meter provides a constant input current to the

hall sensor which then produces an output voltage that is proportional to the density of the

magnetic field passing through it. The resulting measurement is usually expressed as gauss or

tesla.

8.3 Pull Force

Pull force measurements are a mechanical method of obtaining a measurement of the holding or

pulling strength of a magnet. In this measurement test, a magnet is attached to an actuator with

an integrated strain gauge. The opposite side of the magnet is attached to a fixed piece of

ferromagnetic material such as a plate of mild steel. As the actuator forces the magnet from the

steel plate, the force needed to separate the two is recorded by the strain gauge. Pull force tests

are not standardized and pull force values provided by manufacturers vary widely and should

not be used as the basis of final magnet selection.



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9. Magnets Packing

Magnets are normally shipped in steel lined boxes to shield the magnetic flux from the outside

of the box. In actually, the steel provides a circuit or path for the flux to move. Magnetic flux

can only be redirected it can never really be adsorbed or blocked.

Strong magnets may require separate packaging or spacers to provide a buffer space between

the magnets. These spacers allow the magnets to be separated and more easily handled. In

addition to spacers between magnets, boxes of magnets may require rigid material between the

boxes to prevent the boxes from attracting each other.

10. Magnets Handling

Magnets are produced in a wide array of sizes, shapes, and strengths, but there are similarities

between all magnetic materials. They are all relatively brittle which when coupled with their

magnetic strength present a number of issues.

Handling concerns are common for many our customers, whether it’s in protecting the magnets

or the individuals that are using the magnets. The lack of familiarity in using magnets is quite

common among receiving and inspection personnel.

The two primary issues resulting from incorrect handling are personal injury and damaged

magnets. Personal injury can result in a variety of ways. Strong magnets can draw ferrous

objects or other magnets towards them with surprisingly strong forces resulting in sharp

fragments and pinching hazards. This can happen so fast that the human body is unable to stop

the collision. This action is sudden and will typically catch untrained or uninformed technicians

by surprise. Magnetic fields can also negatively impact people with pacemakers or other

implanted medical devices. Although magnets and magnetic fields are around all of us every

day, we are not always aware of the strength of industrial magnets. People with implanted

medical devices should avoid handling magnets without previously consulting their doctor.

The second opportunity for an issue is damage to the magnets or actually losing the magnet.

Magnets can be damaged both physically and magnetically. Some alloys will lose their

magnetism when not handled properly. Always keep and store the magnets in the manner in

which they were received from the magnet supplier. This will help ensure the magnets do not

chip, get broken, or become demagnetized. The other issue to the magnet is that it can be easily

lost because they attract to ferrous objects.



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We employ a number of techniques to mitigate handling issues that arise from time to time.

When it comes to packaging you should never be concerned about the magnets arriving in a

safe manner. We’ve developed various packaging methods that mean you’ll receive your order

of magnets packaged appropriately for transit, storage, and ultimately safe removal. As a

producer of very powerful magnets and magnetic assemblies, there are occasional and

unavoidable situations that involve risk to either the magnet or the persons working with the

magnets. By default, extreme caution should be practiced when working with all magnets

regardless of one’s familiarity when them. Our commitment is to provide the highest level of

service which includes educating our customers on safe handling procedures and practices. We

urge all of our customers to contact us with any questions regarding handling or storage of our

magnetic products.

Please read the magnet safety warnings before you purchase or use magnets: Magnets Safety

Warnings (https://www.albmagnets.com/magnets-safety-warnings.html)

11. Applications

Machinery and drive engineering:

Electric motors, textile machines, brakes, drive couplings (permanently magnetic), robots

Electrical engineering:

Hall sensor technology, Reed switch, relay, electric tools, proximity sensors

Automotive engineering:

Antilock braking system, tachometers, window regulators, central locking system, wipers,

airbag

Power engineering:

Windmills, dynamos, generators

Conveyer technology:

Pumps, lifts, conveyor bands

Aeronautical and aerospace engineering:

Navigation, control systems, physical facilities

Measurement and regulation technologies:

Scales, magnetic valves, gas, water and electric meters, level measurement

https://www.albmagnets.com/magnets-safety-warnings.html





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Organization and control technologies:

Warehouse labeling, organization, packaging

Medical engineering:

Magnetic resonance tomography

Textile sector:

Magnetic closures

Telecommunication:

Televisions, microphones, telephones, headsets, loudspeakers

Model making:

For the construction of electric motors, cleaning of rails, sensor technology, automation

Furniture production:

Opening mechanisms, supporters

Office requirements:

Pin boards, classification systems, name badges

Garage and Hobby:

Cleaning of motor oil, find and recover objects, fixation of tools and devices, removal of bumps,

fixation of objects

Household:

Pin board, delete media (hard disks, audiotapes, videotapes, cash cards), removal of swarfs

Research and school:

Experiments, atom model

Games and handicraft:

Jewelry, magnetic curtain, decorative magnets, gift ideas, legerdemains



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12. Definitions and Terminology

1. Anisotropic Magnet

A magnet having a preferred direction of magnetic orientation, so that the magnetic

characteristics are optimum in that direction.

2. Coercive force, Hc

The demagnetizing force, measured in Oersted, necessary to reduce observed induction, B to

zero after the magnet has previously been brought to saturation.

3. Curie temperature, Tc

The temperature at which the parallel alignment of elementary magnetic moments

completely disappears, and the materials are no longer able to hold magnetization.

4. Flux

The condition existing in a medium subjected to a magnetizing force. This quantity is

characterized by the fact that an electromotive force is induced in a conductor surrounding

the flux at any time the flux changes in magnitude. The unit of flux in the GCS system is

Maxwell. One Maxwell equals one volt x seconds.

5. Gauss, Gs

A unit of magnetic flux density in the GCS system; the lines of magnetic flux per square

inch. 1 Gauss equals 0.0001 Tesla in the SI system.

6. Hysteresis Loop

A closed curve obtained for a material by plotting corresponding values off magnetic

induction, B (on the abscissa), against magnetizing force, H (on the ordinate).

7. Induction, B

The magnetic flux per unit area of a section normal to the direction of flux. The unit of

induction is Gauss in the GCS system Intrinsic Coercive Force, Hci: An intrinsic ability of a

material to resist demagnetization. Its value is measured in Oersted and corresponds to zero

intrinsic induction in the material after saturation. Permanent magnets with high intrinsic

coercive force are referred as “Hard” permanent magnets, which usually associated with

high temperature stability.

8. Intrinsic Coercive Force, Hci

An intrinsic ability of a material to resist demagnetization. Its value is measured in Oersted

and corresponds to zero intrinsic induction in the material after saturation. Permanent

magnets with high intrinsic coercive force are referred as “Hard” permanent magnets, which

usually associated with high temperature stability.

9. Irreversible Loss

Defined as the partial demagnetization of a magnet caused by external fields or other factors.

These losses are only recoverable by remagnetization. Magnets can be stabilized to prevent

the variation of performance caused by irreversible losses.



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10. Isotropic Magnets

A magnet material whose magnetic properties are the same in any direction, and which can,

therefore, be magnetized in any direction without loss of magnetic characteristics.

11. Magnetic Flex

The total magnetic induction over a given area.

12. Magnetizing Force

The magnetomotive force per unit length at any point in a magnetic circuit. The unit of the

magnetizing force is Oersted in the GCS system.

13. Maximum Energy Product, (BH)max

There is a point at the Hysteresis Loop at which the product of magnetizing force H and

induction B reaches a maximum. The maximum value is called the Maximum Energy

Product. At this point, the volume of magnet material required to project a given energy into

its surrounding is a minimum. This parameter is generally used to describe how “strong”

this permanent magnet material is. Its unit is Gauss Oersted. One MGOe means 1,000,000

Gauss Oersted.

14. Oersted, Oe

A unit of magnetizing force in the GCS system. 1 Oersted equals 79.58 A/m in SI system.

15. Permeability, Recoil

The Average slope of the minor hysteresis loop.

16. Rare Earths

A family of elements with an atomic number from 57 to 71 plus 21 and 39. They are

lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium,

dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, scandium, and yttrium.

17. Remenance, Bd

The magnetic induction which remains in a magnetic circuit after the removal of an applied

magnetizing force. If there is an air gap in the circuit, the remenance will be less than the

residual induction, Br.

18. Reversible Temperature Coefficient

A measure of the reversible changes in flux caused by temperature variations.

19. Residual Induction, Br

A value of induction at the point at Hysteresis Loop, at which Hysteresis loop crosses the B

axis at zero magnetizing force. The Br represents the maximum magnetic flux density

output of this material without an external magnetic field.

20. Saturation

A condition under which induction of a ferromagnetic material has reached its maximum

value with the increase of applied magnetizing force. All elementary magnetic moments

have become oriented in one direction at the saturation status.



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21. Sintering

The bonding of powder compacts by the application of heat to enable one or more of several

mechanisms of atom movement into the particle contact interfaces to occur; the mechanisms

are: viscous flow, liquid phase solution-precipitation, surface diffusion, bulk diffusion, and

evaporation-condensation. Densification is a usual result of sintering.

22. Surface Coatings

Unlike Samarium Cobalt, Alnico and ceramic materials, which are corrosion resistant,

Neodymium Iron

13. Conversions

Reading G mT Oe kA/m

1 G Gauss − 0.1 1 0.07977

1 mT milli Tesla 10 − 10 0.7977

1 Oe Oersted 1 0.1 − 0.07977

1 kA/m kilo Ampere

per meter 12.54 1.254 12.54 −

Documents

Magnets Handbook...AlNiCo, Alnico magnets 2. Magnetic Materials 2.1 Neodymium Magnets - Rare Earth Magnets Neodymium iron boron (Nd 2 Fe 14 B), also known as Neo or NIB, is a type