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7/28/2019 Madame Curie - Radium and Polonium
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26/11/2012
Research work of Madame Marie SklodowskaCurie for The Nobel Prize in Chemistry,1911
Presented by : ashish
1Topic
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26/11/2012 2Content
Madame CurieAn Introduction.
Double Nobel Laureate.
Radioactivity.
The Discoveries.
Polonium.
Radium.
Isolation of Radium .
Uses.
Harmful Radioactivity.
Bibliography.
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26/11/2012 3Madame CurieAn Introduction
Birth: November 7, 1867 - Warsaw, Poland.
Family: Pierre Curie, Irene Joliot-Curie, Eve Curie.
Native Country: Poland.
Adopted Country: France.
Scientific fields: Physics, Chemistry.
Contributions: Radioactivity, Radium, Polonium.
Death: July 4, 1934Passy, Haute-Novae, France.
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26/11/2012 4Double Nobel Laureate
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 was divided, one half awarded to Antoine Henri
Becquerel "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by hisdiscovery of spontaneous radioactivity", the other half jointly to Pierre Curie and MarieCurie, ne Sklodowska "in recognition of the extraordinary services they haverendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by ProfessorHenri Becquerel".
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 was awarded to Marie Curie "in recognition ofher services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elementsradium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature andcompounds of this remarkable element".
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26/11/2012 5Radioactivity
Henri Becquerels Uranic Rays
Henri Becquerel had observed that uranium compounds gave off certain invisiblerays which could penetrate opaque objects and affect photographic plates. He
named them uranic rays.
The term Radio-activity
While working on uranic rays for her Doctoral thesis, Madame Curie coined theterm radio-active rays and hence, called the phenomenon of emitting these
invisible rays as radio-activity.
Thorium
While studying various compounds for radioactivity, Madame Curie found
Thorium to be radioactive too.
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26/11/2012 6The Discoveries
Pitchblende Ore
While studying the pitchblende ore, Madame Curie found to it to be more
radioactive than uranium and hypothesized that it contained at least 3 previously
unknown elements, which were much much more radioactive than Uranium and
Thorium. Polonium
On 18th July, 1898, Polonium was discovered by the Curies and named in the
honour of Poland, Madame Curies native country.
RadiumOn 26th December, 1898, Radium was discovered and named after the latin word
for ray.
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26/11/2012 7Polonium
Name Polonium
Symbol Po
Atomic number 84
Group number 16
Group Metal
Block p
Half Life of208Po 2.898 years
Half Life of209Po 103 years
Half Life of210
Po 138.37 daysMelting Point 527 K
Boiling Point 1235 K
Electronic Configuration [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4
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26/11/2012 8Radium
Name RadiumSymbol Ra
Atomic number 88
Group number 2
Group Alkaline earth metal
Block s
Half life of 226Ra 1602 years
Half life of 228Ra 6.7 years
Boiling Point 973 K
Melting Point 2010 K
Electronic Configuration [Rn] 7s2
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26/11/2012 9Isolation of Radium
Extraction of radiferous Barium Sulphate.
Conversion of sulphate to chloride.
Separation of radium chloride from barium chloride.
Activity measurements.
Spectroscopic confirmation.
Electrolysis of Radium chloride.
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26/11/2012 10Uses of Radium
Used in medical radioisotopes. Used as a gamma ray source. Used to produce neutrons.
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26/11/2012 11Uses of Polonium
Polonium is also used in anti-static brushes to eliminate dust on
photographic film.
It is sealed in brushes to control the radioactive emissions.
Can be used as a lightweight heat source for thermoelectric power in space
satellites.
Can be mixed or alloyed with Beryllium to provide a source of neutrons.
Polonium is used to eliminate static electricity produced duringprocesses such as rolling paper, wire and sheet metal.
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26/11/2012 12Harmful radioactivity
Deaths of five "Radium Girl" employees who had used radium-basedluminous paints on the dials of watches.
Madame Curie, herself died of aplastic anemia, due to long termexposure to radioactivity.
Irene Joliot-Curie, died of leukemia, 10 years after a capsule ofpolonium exploded on her bench.
Poloniums harmful radioactivity has also been used to a murder
weapon.
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26/11/2012 13A few Curies Quotes
Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to
understand more, so that we may fear less.
Be less curious about people and more curious about ideas.
We must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves. We must
believe that we are gifted for something.
Nothing in life is to be feared. It is to be understood.
We must not forget that when radium was discovered no one knew that it would
prove useful in hospitals. The work was one of pure science. And this is a proof that
scientific work must not be considered from the point of view of the directusefulness of it. It must be done for itself, for the beauty ofscience.
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26/11/2012 14Bibliography
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-
lecture.html
http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htm
http://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/article-9435287#TOP
http://www.aip.org/history/curie/article.htm
http://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3301/5_adloff.html
Radiochemistry and the Discovery of Isotopes(New York: Dover, 1970), A. Dover
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-lecture.htmlhttp://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-lecture.htmlhttp://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/article-9435287http://www.aip.org/history/curie/article.htmhttp://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3301/5_adloff.htmlhttp://www.iupac.org/publications/ci/2011/3301/5_adloff.htmlhttp://www.aip.org/history/curie/article.htmhttp://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/article-9435287http://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/article-9435287http://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/article-9435287http://www.aip.org/history/curie/discover.htmhttp://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-lecture.htmlhttp://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-lecture.htmlhttp://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-lecture.htmlhttp://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-lecture.htmlhttp://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-lecture.html7/28/2019 Madame Curie - Radium and Polonium
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26/11/2012 15End of Presentation