Macromolecules and Energy

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    video

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4DOQ6Xhqsshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4DOQ6Xhqss
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    MACRONUTRIENTS

    These are out directsources of energyfor daily life, physical exercise and workconsumed in large amounts

    There are 3 types:

    1. Protein 2. Carbohydrate 3. Fat

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    PROTEIN

    directly involved in fundamental chemical processes of life

    when ingested:

    -broken down into 20 amino acids

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    PROTEIN

    directly involved in fundamental chemical processes of life

    when ingested:

    -broken down into 20 amino acids

    - 9 essential amino acids attained through food (body

    produces 11 others)

    Complete proteinfood that contains all 9

    amino acids

    - meat, eggs, cheese and milk

    Incomplete proteinfoods containing one but

    not all essential amino acids

    - vegetables and fruits

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    each gram of protein contains 4 Calories of energy

    for every kilogram of body weight, an adult needs 0.8

    grams of protein

    necessary for growth and repair of all tissues, and a

    critical component of hormones, enzymes and the immune

    system

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    FAT

    insulate and protect vital organs

    highest energy yield = 9 calories of energy per gram

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    Saturated

    -animal sources-LDL (low-density lipoproteins)

    -high levels LDL increased cholesterol plaque on

    artery walls heart disease

    Unsaturated

    -plant sources

    - high concentrations of high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

    - flushed out of body

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    CARBOHYDRATE

    most accessible energy source for the bodyis the most abundant organic

    substance in nature

    GLUCOSE -produced by photosynthesis, stored as GLYCOGEN in human

    each gram yields 4 Calories of energy

    If not utilized,

    becomes fat

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    Complex (starch)

    -takes body longer to absorb

    -80 % of total carb intake

    -cereals, fruits, vegetables, legumes and

    pasta

    Simple (sugars)

    -absorb MUCH faster

    - refined white sugar, pop, candy, etc

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    . . .but why is it important that we ingest carbohydrates?

    ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

    - 3 phosphates attached to adenosine

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    Estorage

    = Eintake

    - Eoutput

    Calories

    calorie: the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure

    water by 1C

    Calorie: a measure of the amount of energy that food will produce as it

    passes through the body

    -equals 1 kilocalorie (kcal) or 1 000 calories

    In SI units

    1 calorie = 4.184 joules

    1 Calorie (kcal) = 4 184 joules (4.184 kJ)

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    Daily calor ic need: the number of calories necessary to maintain onescurrent body weight (consists of: basal metabolic

    rate, Calories for activity and the thermal effect of

    food).

    Estorage

    = Eintake

    - Eoutput

    If,

    Eintake< Eoutput= body mass

    Eintake

    > Eoutput

    = body mass

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    MICRONUTRIENTS

    -needed in smaller quantities

    - there are 3 types:

    Vitamins Minerals Water

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    Vitamins and Minerals

    assist the body in: metabolism regulation, energy release and bone and

    muscle synthesis

    Key vitamins: A,B,C,D,E,K, thiamine and riboflavin

    A, D, E, K fat soluble and toxic in high levels

    B and C water soluble

    7 key minerals: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium,

    chloride and sulfur

    Water

    sufficient water is needed to help:

    -aid in digestion, carry nutrients and eliminate waster products

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